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Patalakh I, Revka O, Gołaszewska A, Bielicka N, Misztal T. Integration of clotting and fibrinolysis: central role of platelets and factor XIIIa. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240332. [PMID: 39212493 PMCID: PMC11427729 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to establish the role of platelets and activated factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) in the structuring of the fibrin network as well as to clarify the effect of network compaction on clot lysis. METHODS Turbidimetry was used for the one-stage clotting test where platelet-free plasma (PFP) is regarded as single factor-deficient plasma (platelets as lacking factor) and autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as deficiency corrected plasma. Structural features of the developed and subsequently lysed fibrin network, formed under static and flow conditions, were visualized by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Thrombin-initiated plasma clotting revealed changes in the shape of the absorption curve, more pronounced in the presence of platelets. These changes correlate with the transformation of the fibrin scaffold during clot maturing. With the combined action of platelets, thrombin and Ca2+, plasma clotting passes through two phases: initial formation of a platelet-fibrin network (first peak in the polymerization curve), and then the compaction of fibrin, driven by FXIIIa (the second peak) which can be further modulate by the contractile action of platelets. These structural changes, mediated by platelets and FXIIIa, have been shown to determine subsequent clot lysis. CONCLUSIONS Platelet aggregates serve as organizing centers that determine the distribution of fibrin in clot volume. The openwork structure of the platelet-transformed fibrin provides the necessary prerequisites for its timely lysis. The revealed aspects of the interaction of platelets and FXIIIa, which accompanies the maturation of a fibrin clot, may lead to new approaches in the pharmacological correction of disorders associated with both thrombotic episodes and bleeding tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Patalakh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Enzymes, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Olga Revka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Enzymes, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Agata Gołaszewska
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, 15089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Bielicka
- Department of Biopharmacy and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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2
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Undas A. Reviewing the Rich History of Fibrin Clot Research with a Focus on Clinical Relevance. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50:751-759. [PMID: 38604228 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1785485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Fibrin, described on a single-lens microscopy for the first time by Malpighi in 1666 and named by de Fourcroy, has been extensively studied by biochemists, biophysicists, and more recently by clinicians who recognized that fibrin is the major component of most thrombi. Elucidation of key reactions leading to fibrin clot formation in the 1950s and 1960s grew interest in the clinical relevance of altered fibrin characteristics. Implementation of scanning electron microscopy to image fibrin clots in 1947 and clot permeation studies in the 1970s to evaluate an average pore size enabled plasma clot characterization in cohorts of patients. Unfavorably altered fibrin clot structure was demonstrated by Blombäck's group in coronary artery disease in 1992 and in diabetes in 1996. Fifteen years ago, similar plasma fibrin clot alterations were reported in patients following venous thromboembolism. Multiple myeloma was the first malignant disease to be found to lead to abnormal fibrin clot phenotype in the 1970s. Apart from anticoagulant agents, in 1998, aspirin was first shown to increase fibrin clot permeability in cardiovascular patients. The current review presents key data on the rich history of fibrin research, in particular, those that first documented abnormal fibrin clot properties in a variety of human disease states, as well as factors affecting fibrin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Undas
- Department of Thromboembolic Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, and Center for Research and Medical Technology, John Paul II Hospital, Cracow, Poland
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3
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Zohravi E, Moreno N, Ellero M. Computational mesoscale framework for biological clustering and fractal aggregation. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7399-7411. [PMID: 37743687 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01090b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical clustering due to diffusion and reaction is a widespread occurrence in natural phenomena, displaying fractal behavior with non-integer size scaling. The study of this phenomenon has garnered interest in both biological systems such as morphogenesis and blood clotting, and synthetic systems such as colloids and polymers. The modeling of biological clustering can be difficult, as it can occur on a variety of scales and involve multiple mechanisms, necessitating the use of various methods to capture its behavior. Here, we propose a novel framework, the generalized-mesoscale-clustering (GMC), for the study of complex hierarchical clustering phenomena in biological systems. The GMC framework incorporates the effects of hydrodynamic interactions, bonding, and surface tension, and allows for the analysis of both static and dynamic states of cluster development. The framework is applied to a range of biological clustering mechanisms, with a focus on blood-related clustering from fibrin network formation to platelet aggregation. Our study highlights the importance of a comprehensive characterization of the structural properties of the cluster, including fractal dimension, pore-scale diffusion, initiation time, and consolidation time, in fully understanding the behavior of biological clustering systems. The GMC framework also provides the potential to investigate the temporal evolution and mechanical properties of the clusters by tracking bond density and including hydrodynamic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Zohravi
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48009, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Moreno
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48009, Spain.
| | - Marco Ellero
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48009, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Calle de Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
- Zienkiewicz Center for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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4
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Gao C, Bao B, Bao C, Wu W. Fungi Fibrinolytic Compound 1 Plays a Core Role in Modulating Fibrinolysis, Altering Plasma Clot Structure, and Promoting Susceptibility to Lysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2320. [PMID: 37765289 PMCID: PMC10536852 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrin clot structure and function are major determinants of venous and arterial thromboembolic diseases, as well as the key determinants of the efficiency of clot lysis. Studies have revealed that fungi fibrinolytic compound 1 (FGFC1) is a novel marine pyranisoindolone natural product with fibrinolytic activity. Here, we explore the impacts of FGFC1 on clot structure, lysis, and plasminogen activation in vitro using turbidimetric, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, confocal and electron microscopy, urokinase, or plasmin chromogenic substrate. Clots formed in the presence of FGFC1 expressed reduced fibrin polymerization rate and maximum turbidity; however, they did not influence the lag phase of fibrin polymerization. In the absence of scu-PA (single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator), microscopy revealed that FGFC1 increased the number of protofibrils within fibrin fiber and the pore diameter between protofibrils, inducing clots to form a region of thinner and looser networks separated by large pores. The effects of FGFC1 on scu-PA-mediated plasma clot structure were similar to those in the absence of scu-PA. In addition, FGFC1 promoted the lysis of clots and increased the D-dimer concentration in lysate. FGFC1 increased the generation rate of p-nitroaniline in plasma. These results show that FGFC1 has fibrinolytic activity in plasma, leading to interference with the release of fibrinopeptide B to affect lateral aggregation of protofibrils and increase clot susceptibility to fibrinolysis by altering its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Gao
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.G.)
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.G.)
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chunling Bao
- The Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.G.)
- Putuo Sub-Center of International Joint Research Center for Marine Biological Sciences, Zhongke Road, Putuo District, Zhoushan 316104, China
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Lane 218, Haiji Sixth Road, Shanghai 201306, China
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5
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De Michele M, Lorenzano S, Bertuccini L, Iosi F, Toni D. " Time lost is clot resolution lost": the neglected perspective of the therapeutic time window for ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1177609. [PMID: 37292132 PMCID: PMC10244716 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1177609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Lorenzano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy
| | - Lucia Bertuccini
- Core Facilities, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Lazio, Italy
| | - Francesca Iosi
- Core Facilities, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Lazio, Italy
| | - Danilo Toni
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy
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6
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Bakulina AA, Musina GR, Gavdush AA, Efremov YM, Komandin GA, Vosough M, Shpichka AI, Zaytsev KI, Timashev PS. PEG-fibrin conjugates: the PEG impact on the polymerization dynamics. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2430-2437. [PMID: 36930054 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01504h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin and its modifications, particularly those with functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG), remain highly attractive as a biomaterial in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Despite the extensive knowledge of fibrinogenesis, there is little information on the processes occurring after its modification. Previously, we found structural differences between native fibrin and its conjugates with PEG that allows us to hypothesize that a combination of methods such as terahertz (THz) pulsed spectroscopy and rheology may contribute to the characterization of gelation and reveal the effect of PEG on the polymerization dynamics. Compared to native fibrin, PEGylated fibrins had a homogenously soft surface; PEGylation also led to a significant decrease in the gelation time: from 42.75 min for native fibrin to 31.26 min and 35.09 min for 5 : 1 and 10 : 1 PEGylated fibrin, respectively. It is worth noting that THz pulsed spectroscopy makes it possible to reliably investigate only the polymerization process itself, while it does not allow us to observe statistically significant differences between the distinct PEGylated fibrin gels. The polymerization time constant of native fibrin measured by THz pulsed spectroscopy was 14.4 ± 2.8 min. However, it could not be calculated for PEGylated fibrin because the structural changes were too rapid. These results, together with those previously reported, led us to speculate that PEG-fibrin conjugates formed homogenously distributed highly water-shelled aggregates without bundling compared to native fibrin, ensuring rapid gelation and stabilization of the system without increasing its complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia A Bakulina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Guzel R Musina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Arsenii A Gavdush
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yuri M Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Gennady A Komandin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia I Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill I Zaytsev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Nelson AC, Fogelson AL. Towards understanding the effect of fibrinogen interactions on fibrin gel structure. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:024413. [PMID: 36932478 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.024413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin gelation involves the enzymatic conversion of the plasma protein fibrinogen to fibrin monomers which then polymerize to form the gel that is a major structural component of a blood clot. Because fibrinogen provides the material from which fibrin is made, it is generally regarded as promoting the gelation process. However, fibrinogen can bind to a site on a fibrin oligomer, preventing another fibrin oligomer from binding there, thus slowing the polymerization process. "Soluble fibrin oligomers," which are mixtures of fibrin and fibrinogen, are found in the blood plasma and serve as biomarkers for various clotting disorders, so understanding the interplay between fibrin and fibrinogen during fibrin polymerization may have medical importance. We present a kinetic gelation model of fibrin polymerization which accounts for the dual and antagonistic roles of fibrinogen. It builds on our earlier model of fibrin polymerization that proposed a novel mechanism for branch formation, which is a necessary component of gelation. This previous model captured salient experimental observations regarding the determinants of the structure of the gel, but did not include fibrinogen binding. Here, we add to that model reactions between fibrinogen and fibrin, so oligomers are now mixtures of fibrin and fibrinogen, and characterizing their dynamics leads to equations of substantially greater complexity than previously. Using a moment generating function approach, we derive a closed system of moment equations and we track their dynamics until the finite time blow-up of specific second moments indicates that a gel has formed. In simulations begun with an initial mixture of fibrin and fibrinogen monomers, a sufficiently high relative concentration of fibrinogen prevents gelation; the critical concentration increases with the branch formation rate. In simulations begun with only fibrinogen monomers that are converted to fibrin at a specified rate, the rates of conversion, fibrinogen binding to oligomers, and branch formation together determine whether a gel forms, how long it takes to form, and the structural properties of the gel that results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Nelson
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Box 90320, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0320, USA
| | - Aaron L Fogelson
- Departments of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 155 South 1400 East, Room 233, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0090, USA
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8
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Plasma from patients with pulmonary embolism show aggregates that reduce after anticoagulation. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:12. [PMID: 36709220 PMCID: PMC9883810 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microclots, a term also used for amyloid fibrin(ogen) particles and henceforth named aggregates, have recently been reported in the plasma of patients with COVID-19 and long COVID. These aggregates have been implicated in the thrombotic complications of these diseases. METHODS Plasma samples from 35 patients with acute pulmonary embolism were collected and analysed by laser scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy before and after clotting. RESULTS Here we confirm the presence of aggregates and show that they also occur in the plasma of patients with pulmonary embolism, both before and after clotting. Aggregates vary in size and consist of fibrin and platelets. We show that treatment with low-molecular weight heparin reduces aggregates in the samples of patients with pulmonary embolism. Double centrifugation of plasma does not eliminate the aggregates. CONCLUSIONS These data corroborate the existence of microclots or aggregates in diseases associated with venous thromboembolism. Important questions are raised regarding their pathophysiological relevance and further studies are warranted to investigate whether they represent cause or consequence of clinical thrombosis.
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9
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Tran DQ, Stelflug N, Hall A, Nallan Chakravarthula T, Alves NJ. Microplastic Effects on Thrombin-Fibrinogen Clotting Dynamics Measured via Turbidity and Thromboelastography. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121864. [PMID: 36551292 PMCID: PMC9775992 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro/nanoplastics, whether manufactured or resulting from environmental degradation, can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal pathways. Previous research has found that nanoplastics with diameters of ≤100 nm can translocate into the circulatory system in a dose-dependent manner and potentially impact thrombosis and hemostasis. To investigate the direct effects of microplastics on fibrin clot formation, a simplified ex vivo human thrombin/fibrinogen clot model was utilized. The 100 nm polystyrene particles (non-functionalized [nPS] and aminated [aPS]) were preincubated (0-200 µg/mL) with either thrombin or fibrinogen, and fibrin clot formation was characterized via turbidity and thromboelastography (TEG). When the particles were preincubated with fibrinogen, little effect was observed for aPS or nPS on turbidity or TEG up through 100 µg/mL. TEG results demonstrated a significant impact on clot formation rate and strength, in the case of nPS preincubated with thrombin exhibiting a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the presence of microplastics can have inhibitory effects on fibrin clot formation that are dependent upon both particle surface charge and concentration. Negatively charged nPS exhibited the most significant impacts to clot strength, turbidity, and rate of fibrin formation when first incubated with thrombin, with its impact being greatly diminished when preincubated with fibrinogen in this simplified fibrin clot model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Q. Tran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nathan Stelflug
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Abigail Hall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tanmaye Nallan Chakravarthula
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nathan J. Alves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Kelley MA, Leiderman K. Mathematical modeling to understand the role of bivalent thrombin-fibrin binding during polymerization. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010414. [PMID: 36107837 PMCID: PMC9477365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is an enzyme produced during blood coagulation that is crucial to the formation of a stable clot. Thrombin cleaves soluble fibrinogen into fibrin, which polymerizes and forms an insoluble, stabilizing gel around the growing clot. A small fraction of circulating fibrinogen is the variant γA/γ′, which has been associated with high-affinity thrombin binding and implicated as a risk factor for myocardial infarctions, deep vein thrombosis, and coronary artery disease. Thrombin is also known to be strongly sequestered by polymerized fibrin for extended periods of time in a way that is partially regulated by γA/γ′. However, the role of γA/γ′-thrombin interactions during fibrin polymerization is not fully understood. Here, we present a mathematical model of fibrin polymerization that considered the interactions between thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin, including those with γA/γ′. In our model, bivalent thrombin-fibrin binding greatly increased thrombin residency times and allowed for thrombin-trapping during fibrin polymerization. Results from the model showed that early in fibrin polymerization, γ′ binding to thrombin served to localize the thrombin to the fibrin(ogen), which effectively enhanced the enzymatic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. When all the fibrin was fully generated, however, the fibrin-thrombin binding persisted but the effect of fibrin on thrombin switched quickly to serve as a sink, essentially removing all free thrombin from the system. This dual role for γ′-thrombin binding during polymerization led to a paradoxical decrease in trapped thrombin as the amount of γ′ was increased. The model highlighted biochemical and biophysical roles for fibrin-thrombin interactions during polymerization and agreed well with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Kelley
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Song J. Advances in laboratory assessment of thrombosis and hemostasis. Blood Res 2022; 57:93-100. [PMID: 35483933 PMCID: PMC9057656 DOI: 10.5045/br.2022.2022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies in laboratory diagnostics are changing fast with progress in understanding and therapy of diseases. Unfortunately, new analyzers are often needed to be installed in a clinical laboratory to implement such techniques. The demand for new hardware is a bottleneck in improving the diagnostic services for many facilities with limited resources. In this regard, hemostasis laboratories take a slightly different position. Because many in vitro diagnostic tests target the functional aspects of hemostasis, further meaningful information can be obtained from the same analyzers as in current use. Automated coagulometers are good candidates for such further utilization. Clot waveform analysis is a leading example. Behind the simple values reported as clotting time, clotting curves exist that represent the process of fibrin clot formation. Clot waveform analysis examines the clotting curves and derives new parameters other than clotting times. The clot waveform parameters are now in active use in assessing the hemostatic potential of hemorrhagic patients. Clinical application of coagulometers can also be widened by modifying the reagent formulation. For example, the chromogenic factor VIII assay with bovine source reagent compositions has recently been introduced for hemophilia A patients on emicizumab prophylaxis. Also, new immunoturbidimetric functional assays for von Willebrand factor have been developed recently. Thus, new clinically relevant information can be mined from the automated coagulometers that are based on old technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Whyte CS, Rastogi A, Ferguson E, Donnarumma M, Mutch NJ. The Efficacy of Fibrinogen Concentrates in Relation to Cryoprecipitate in Restoring Clot Integrity and Stability against Lysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2944. [PMID: 35328366 PMCID: PMC8949572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of fibrinogen is a feature of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC), and restoring this clotting factor is protective against hemorrhages. We compared the efficacy of cryoprecipitate, and of the fibrinogen concentrates RiaSTAP® and FibCLOT® in restoring the clot integrity in models of TIC. Cryoprecipitate and FibCLOT® produced clots with higher maximal absorbance and enhanced resistance to lysis relative to RiaSTAP®. The fibrin structure of clots, comprising cryoprecipitate and FibCLOT®, mirrored those of normal plasma, whereas those with RiaSTAP® showed stunted fibers and reduced porosity. The hemodilution of whole blood reduced the maximum clot firmness (MCF) as assessed by thromboelastography. MCF could be restored with the inclusion of 1 mg/mL of fibrinogen, but only FibCLOT® was effective at stabilizing against lysis. The overall clot strength, measured using the Quantra® hemostasis analyzer, was restored with both fibrinogen concentrates but not cryoprecipitate. α2antiplasmin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were constituents of cryoprecipitate but were negligible in RiaSTAP® and FibCLOT®. Interestingly, cryoprecipitate and FibCLOT® contained significantly higher factor XIII (FXIII) levels, approximately three-fold higher than RiaSTAP®. Our data show that 1 mg/mL fibrinogen, a clinically achievable concentration, can restore adequate clot integrity. However, FibCLOT®, which contained more FXIII, was superior in normalizing the clot structure and in stabilizing hemodiluted clots against mechanical and fibrinolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicola J. Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.S.W.); (A.R.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
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13
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Fogelson AL, Nelson AC, Zapata-Allegro C, Keener JP. DEVELOPMENT OF FIBRIN BRANCH STRUCTURE BEFORE AND AFTER GELATION. SIAM JOURNAL ON APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2022; 82:267-293. [PMID: 36093310 PMCID: PMC9455619 DOI: 10.1137/21m1401024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In [Fogelson and Keener, Phys. Rev. E, 81 (2010), 051922], we introduced a kinetic model of fibrin polymerization during blood clotting that captured salient experimental observations about how the gel branching structure depends on the conditions under which the polymerization occurs. Our analysis there used a moment-based approach that is valid only before the finite time blow-up that indicates formation of a gel. Here, we extend our analyses of the model to include both pre-gel and post-gel dynamics using the PDE-based framework we introduced in [Fogelson and Keener, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 75 (2015), pp. 1346-1368]. We also extend the model to include spatial heterogeneity and spatial transport processes. Studies of the behavior of the model reveal different spatial-temporal dynamics as the time scales of the key processes of branch formation, monomer introduction, and diffusion are varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Fogelson
- Departments of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (http://www.math.utah.edu/~fogelson)
| | - Anna C Nelson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - James P Keener
- Departments of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (http://www.math.utah.edu/~keener)
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14
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Mishra A, Natanasabapathy V, Suresh N. The influence of sodium hypochlorite concentration on the fibrin structure of human blood clots and transforming growth factor-beta 1 release: an ex vivo study. Restor Dent Endod 2022; 47:e42. [DOI: 10.5395/rde.2022.47.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Mishra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College & Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, TN, India
| | - Velmurugan Natanasabapathy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College & Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, TN, India
| | - Nandini Suresh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College & Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, TN, India
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15
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Mathematical models of fibrin polymerization: past, present, and future. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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Takeishi N, Shigematsu T, Enosaki R, Ishida S, Ii S, Wada S. Development of a mesoscopic framework spanning nanoscale protofibril dynamics to macro-scale fibrin clot formation. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210554. [PMID: 34753310 PMCID: PMC8580471 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombi form a micro-scale fibrin network consisting of an interlinked structure of nanoscale protofibrils, resulting in haemostasis. It is theorized that the mechanical effect of the fibrin clot is caused by the polymeric protofibrils between crosslinks, or to their dynamics on a nanoscale order. Despite a number of studies, however, it is still unknown, how the nanoscale protofibril dynamics affect the formation of the macro-scale fibrin clot and thus its mechanical properties. A mesoscopic framework would be useful to tackle this multi-scale problem, but it has not yet been established. We thus propose a minimal mesoscopic model for protofibrils based on Brownian dynamics, and performed numerical simulations of protofibril aggregation. We also performed stretch tests of polymeric protofibrils to quantify the elasticity of fibrin clots. Our model results successfully captured the conformational properties of aggregated protofibrils, e.g., strain-hardening response. Furthermore, the results suggest that the bending stiffness of individual protofibrils increases to resist extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takeishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Taiki Shigematsu
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryogo Enosaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shunichi Ishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ii
- Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeo Wada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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17
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Padilla S, Nurden AT, Prado R, Nurden P, Anitua E. Healing through the lens of immunothrombosis: Biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapies. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121205. [PMID: 34710794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolution, from invertebrates to mammals, has yielded and shaped immunoclotting as a defense and repair response against trauma and infection. This mosaic of immediate and local wound-sealing and pathogen-killing mechanisms results in survival, restoration of homeostasis, and tissue repair. In mammals, immunoclotting has been complemented with the neuroendocrine system, platelets, and contact system among other embellishments, adding layers of complexity through interconnecting blood-born proteolytic cascades, blood cells, and the neuroendocrine system. In doing so, immunothrombosis endows humans with survival advantages, but entails vulnerabilities in the current unprecedented and increasingly challenging environment. Immunothrombosis and tissue repair appear to go hand in hand with common mechanisms mediating both processes, a fact that is underlined by recent advances that are deciphering the mechanisms of the repair process and of the biochemical pathways that underpins coagulation, hemostasis and thrombosis. This review is intended to frame both the universal aspects of tissue repair and the therapeutic use of autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-as-a-drug approach in the context of the evolutionary changes in coagulation and hemostasis. In addition, we will try to shed some light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the use of the autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Padilla
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Alan T Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Roberto Prado
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Paquita Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
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18
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Elastin-Plasma Hybrid Hydrogels for Skin Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132114. [PMID: 34203144 PMCID: PMC8271496 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermo-epidermal equivalents based on plasma-derived fibrin hydrogels have been extensively studied for skin engineering. However, they showed rapid degradation and contraction over time and low mechanical properties which limit their reproducibility and lifespan. In order to achieve better mechanical properties, elasticity and biological properties, we incorporated a elastin-like recombinamer (ELR) network, based on two types of ELR, one modified with azide (SKS-N3) and other with cyclooctyne (SKS-Cyclo) chemical groups at molar ratio 1:1 at three different SKS (serine-lysine-serine sequence) concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt.%), into plasma-derived fibrin hydrogels. Our results showed a decrease in gelation time and contraction, both in the absence and presence of the encapsulated human primary fibroblasts (hFBs), higher mechanical properties and increase in elasticity when SKSs content is equal or higher than 3%. However, hFBs proliferation showed an improvement when the lowest SKS content (1 wt.%) was used but started decreasing when increasing SKS concentration at day 14 with respect to the plasma control. Proliferation of human primary keratinocytes (hKCs) seeded on top of the hybrid-plasma hydrogels containing 1 and 3% of SKS showed no differences to plasma control and an increase in hKCs proliferation was observed for hybrid-plasma hydrogels containing 5 wt.% of SKS. These promising results showed the need to achieve a balance between the reduced contraction, the better mechanical properties and biological properties and indicate the potential of using this type of hydrogel as a testing platform for pharmaceutical products and cosmetics, and future work will elucidate their potential.
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19
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Montero A, Quílez C, Valencia L, Girón P, Jorcano JL, Velasco D. Effect of Fibrin Concentration on the In Vitro Production of Dermo-Epidermal Equivalents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136746. [PMID: 34201667 PMCID: PMC8269027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human plasma-derived bilayered skin substitutes were successfully used by our group to produce human-based in vitro skin models for toxicity, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical testing. However, mechanical weakness, which causes the plasma-derived fibrin matrices to contract significantly, led us to attempt to improve their stability. In this work, we studied whether an increase in fibrin concentration from 1.2 to 2.4 mg/mL (which is the useful fibrinogen concentration range that can be obtained from plasma) improves the matrix and, hence, the performance of the in vitro skin cultures. The results show that this increase in fibrin concentration indeed affected the mechanical properties by doubling the elastic moduli and the maximum load. A structural analysis indicated a decreased porosity for the 2.4 mg/mL hydrogels, which can help explain this mechanical behavior. The contraction was clearly reduced for the 2.4 mg/mL matrices, which also allowed for the growth and proliferation of primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes, although at a somewhat reduced rate compared to the 1.2 mg/mL gels. Finally, both concentrations of fibrin gave rise to organotypic skin cultures with a fully differentiated epidermis, although their lifespans were longer (25–35%) in cultures with more concentrated matrices, which improves their usefulness. These systems will allow the generation of much better in vitro skin models for the testing of drugs, cosmetics and chemicals, or even to “personalized” skin for the diagnosis or determination of the most effective treatment possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Montero
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.); (C.Q.); (L.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Cristina Quílez
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.); (C.Q.); (L.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Leticia Valencia
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.); (C.Q.); (L.V.); (P.G.)
| | - Paula Girón
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.); (C.Q.); (L.V.); (P.G.)
| | - José Luis Jorcano
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.); (C.Q.); (L.V.); (P.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.J.); (D.V.)
| | - Diego Velasco
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.); (C.Q.); (L.V.); (P.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.J.); (D.V.)
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20
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Luo D, Chelales EM, Beard MM, Kasireddy N, Khismatullin DB. Drop-of-blood acoustic tweezing technique for integrative turbidimetric and elastometric measurement of blood coagulation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3369-3379. [PMID: 33796930 PMCID: PMC8016159 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many patients develop coagulation abnormalities due to chronic and hereditary disorders, infectious disease, blood loss, extracorporeal circulation, and oral anticoagulant misuse. These abnormalities lead to bleeding or thrombotic complications, the risk of which is assessed by coagulation analysis. Current coagulation tests pose safety concerns for neonates and small children due to large sample volume requirement and may be unreliable for patients with coagulopathy. This study introduces a containerless drop-of-blood method for coagulation analysis, termed "integrated quasi-static acoustic tweezing thromboelastometry" (i-QATT™), that addresses these needs. In i-QATT™, a single drop of blood is forced to levitate and deform by the acoustic radiation force. Coagulation-induced changes in drop turbidity and firmness are measured simultaneously at different instants. The parameters describing early, intermediate, and late stages of the coagulation process are evaluated from the resulting graphical outputs. i-QATT™ rapidly (<10 min) detected hyper- and hypo-coagulable states and identified single deficiency in coagulation factors VII, VIII, IX, X, and XIII. The linear relationship (r2 > 0.9) was established between fibrinogen concentration and two i-QATT™ parameters: maximum clot firmness and maximum fibrin level. Factor XIII activity was uniquely measured by the fibrin network formation time (r2 = 0.9). Reaction time, fibrin formation rate, and time to firm clot formation were linearly correlated with heparin concentration (r2 > 0.7). tPA-induced hyperfibrinolysis was detected in the clot firmness output at 10 min. i-QATT™ provides comprehensive coagulation analysis in point-of-care or laboratory settings, well suited to the needs of neonatal and pediatric patients and adult patients with anemia or blood collection issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishen Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Tulane Institute for Integrative Engineering for Health and Medicine, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Erika M Chelales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Tulane Institute for Integrative Engineering for Health and Medicine, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Millicent M Beard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Tulane Institute for Integrative Engineering for Health and Medicine, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Nithya Kasireddy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Tulane Institute for Integrative Engineering for Health and Medicine, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Damir B Khismatullin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Tulane Institute for Integrative Engineering for Health and Medicine, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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21
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Platelet-Rich Plasma Applications for Achilles Tendon Repair: A Bridge between Biology and Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020824. [PMID: 33467646 PMCID: PMC7830415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Achilles tendon ruptures are very common tendon ruptures and their incidence is increasing in modern society, resulting in work incapacity and months off sport, which generate a need for accelerated and successful therapeutic repair strategy. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is emerging as adjuvant human blood-derived constructs to assist Achilles tendon rupture treatment. However, myriad PRP preparation methods in conjunction with poor standardization in the modalities of their applications impinge on the consistent effectiveness of clinical and structural outcomes regarding their therapeutic efficacy. The purpose of this review is to provide some light on the application of PRP for Achilles tendon ruptures. PRP has many characteristics that make it an attractive treatment. Elements such as the inclusion of leukocytes and erythrocytes within PRP, the absence of activation and activation ex vivo or in vivo, the modality of application, and the adjustment of PRP pH can influence the biology of the applied product and result in misleading therapeutic conclusions. The weakest points in demonstrating their consistent effectiveness are primarily the result of myriad PRP preparation methods and the poor standardization of modalities for their application. Selecting the right biological scaffold and applying it correctly to restitutio ad integrum of ruptured Achilles tendons remains a daunting and complex task.
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22
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Abstract
Fibrinogen is a large glycoprotein, synthesized primarily in the liver. With a normal plasma concentration of 1.5-3.5 g/L, fibrinogen is the most abundant blood coagulation factor. The final stage of blood clot formation is the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin, the polymeric scaffold for blood clots that stop bleeding (a protective reaction called hemostasis) or obstruct blood vessels (pathological thrombosis). Fibrin is a viscoelastic polymer and the structural and mechanical properties of the fibrin scaffold determine its effectiveness in hemostasis and the development and outcome of thrombotic complications. Fibrin polymerization comprises a number of consecutive reactions, each affecting the ultimate 3D porous network structure. The physical properties of fibrin clots are determined by structural features at the individual fibrin molecule, fibrin fiber, network, and whole clot levels and are among the most important functional characteristics, enabling the blood clot to withstand arterial blood flow, platelet-driven clot contraction, and other dynamic forces. This chapter describes the molecular structure of fibrinogen, the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, the mechanical properties of fibrin as well as its structural origins and lastly provides evidence for the role of altered fibrin clot properties in both thrombosis and bleeding.
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23
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Wang X, Luo Y, Yang Y, Zheng B, Yan F, Wei F, Friis TE, Crawford RW, Xiao Y. Alteration of clot architecture using bone substitute biomaterials (beta-tricalcium phosphate) significantly delays the early bone healing process. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:8204-8213. [PMID: 32254940 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01747f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
When a bone substitute biomaterial is implanted into the body, the material's surface comes into contact with circulating blood, which results in the formation of a peri-implant hematoma or blood clot. Although hematoma formation is vital for the early bone healing process, knowledge concerning the biomaterial-induced structural properties of blood clots is limited. Here, we report that implantation of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in a bone defect healing model in rats resulted in significantly delayed early bone healing compared to empty controls (natural healing). In vitro studies showed that β-TCP had a profound effect on the overall structure of hematomas, as was observed by fibrin turbidity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compaction assays, and fibrinolysis. Under the influence of β-TCP, clot formation had a significantly shortened lag time and there was enhanced lateral fibrin aggregation during the clot polymerization, which resulted in clots composed of thinner fibers. Furthermore, fibrin clots that formed around β-TCP exhibited reduced compaction and increased resistance to fibrinolysis. Together, these results provide a plausible mechanism for how implanted bone-substitute materials may impact the structural properties of the hematoma, thereby altering the early bone healing processes, such as cell infiltration, growth factor release and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
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24
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Artocarpus altilis latex polypeptides: An insight into its fibrino(geno)lytic activity. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Leon-Valdivieso CY, Wedgwood J, Lallana E, Donno R, Roberts I, Ghibaudi M, Tirella A, Tirelli N. Fibroblast migration correlates with matrix softness. A study in knob-hole engineered fibrin. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:036102. [PMID: 31069320 PMCID: PMC6481723 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion of a matrix by migrating cells is a key step in its remodelling. At least in 2D migration models, cells tend to localize in stiffer areas (durotaxis). Here, we show that mechanical properties affect differently the 3D migration rate: non-proteolytic 3D cell migration is facilitated in softer matrices. In these gels, the modulus was varied by introducing defects in fibres, leaving largely intact the nanostructure. The matrices derive from fibrin via functionalization with a bioinert polymer [poly(ethylene glycol), PEG] through an affinity mechanism identical to that presiding to fibrin own self-assembly. Peptidic end groups on PEG were used to bind fibrinogen globular D regions [GPRP (glycine-proline-arginine-proline) for a holes, GHRP (glycine-histidine-arginine-proline) for b holes; Kd evaluated via isothermal titration calorimetry or fluorescence anisotropy]. In a dose-dependent manner, both PEGylated peptides decreased gel stiffness, but most other properties at a macroscopic [e.g., overall elastic character, strain hardening, and high (>0.5) Poisson ratio] or nano/micro level (fibre dimension and pore size) were largely unaffected, suggesting that the softening effect was due to the introduction of defects within fibres, rather than to differences in the network architecture. In these matrices, the key determinant of fibroblast migration was found to be the elastic modulus, rather than the identity or the dose of the PEGylated peptide; softer materials allowed a faster invasion, even if this meant a higher content of non-adhesive PEG. This does not conflict with fibroblast durotaxis (where stiffness controls accumulation but not necessarily the speed of migration) and indicates a way to fine tune the speed of cell colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Wedgwood
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Lallana
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Donno
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Iwan Roberts
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Annalisa Tirella
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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26
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Arata PX, Genoud V, Lauricella AM, Ciancia M, Quintana I. Alterations of fibrin networks mediated by sulfated polysaccharides from green seaweeds. Thromb Res 2017; 159:1-4. [PMID: 28934617 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula X Arata
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Genoud
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Hemostasia y Trombosis, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Lauricella
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Hemostasia y Trombosis, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Quintana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Hemostasia y Trombosis, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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27
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Kurniawan N, van Kempen THS, Sonneveld S, Rosalina TT, Vos BE, Jansen KA, Peters GWM, van de Vosse FN, Koenderink GH. Buffers Strongly Modulate Fibrin Self-Assembly into Fibrous Networks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6342-6352. [PMID: 28558246 PMCID: PMC5489959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin is a plasma protein with a central role in blood clotting and wound repair. Upon vascular injury, fibrin forms resilient fibrillar networks (clots) via a multistep self-assembly process, from monomers, to double-stranded protofibrils, to a branched network of thick fibers. In vitro, fibrin self-assembly is sensitive to physicochemical conditions like the solution pH and ionic strength, which tune the strength of the noncovalent driving forces. Here we report a surprising finding that the buffer-which is necessary to control the pH and is typically considered to be inert-also significantly influences fibrin self-assembly. We show by confocal microscopy and quantitative light scattering that various common buffering agents have no effect on the initial assembly of fibrin monomers into protofibrils but strongly hamper the subsequent lateral association of protofibrils into thicker fibers. We further find that the structural changes are independent of the molecular structure of the buffering agents as well as of the activation mechanism and even occur in fibrin networks formed from platelet-poor plasma. This buffer-mediated decrease in protofibril bundling results in a marked reduction in the permeability of fibrin networks but only weakly influences the elastic modulus of fibrin networks, providing a useful tuning parameter to independently control the elastic properties and the permeability of fibrin networks. Our work raises the possibility that fibrin assembly in vivo may be regulated by variations in the acute-phase levels of bicarbonate and phosphate, which act as physiological buffering agents of blood pH. Moreover, our findings add a new example of buffer-induced effects on biomolecular self-assembly to recent findings for a range of proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
A. Kurniawan
- Department
of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam 1009 DB, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering & Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. S. van Kempen
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering & Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Sonneveld
- Department
of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam 1009 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Tilaï T. Rosalina
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering & Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Bart E. Vos
- Department
of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam 1009 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Karin A. Jansen
- Department
of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam 1009 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit W. M. Peters
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering & Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Frans N. van de Vosse
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering & Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H. Koenderink
- Department
of Systems Biophysics, AMOLF, Amsterdam 1009 DB, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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28
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Abstract
Fibrinogen and fibrin are essential for hemostasis and are major factors in thrombosis, wound healing, and several other biological functions and pathological conditions. The X-ray crystallographic structure of major parts of fibrin(ogen), together with computational reconstructions of missing portions and numerous biochemical and biophysical studies, have provided a wealth of data to interpret molecular mechanisms of fibrin formation, its organization, and properties. On cleavage of fibrinopeptides by thrombin, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin monomers, which interact via knobs exposed by fibrinopeptide removal in the central region, with holes always exposed at the ends of the molecules. The resulting half-staggered, double-stranded oligomers lengthen into protofibrils, which aggregate laterally to make fibers, which then branch to yield a three-dimensional network. Much is now known about the structural origins of clot mechanical properties, including changes in fiber orientation, stretching and buckling, and forced unfolding of molecular domains. Studies of congenital fibrinogen variants and post-translational modifications have increased our understanding of the structure and functions of fibrin(ogen). The fibrinolytic system, with the zymogen plasminogen binding to fibrin together with tissue-type plasminogen activator to promote activation to the active proteolytic enzyme, plasmin, results in digestion of fibrin at specific lysine residues. In spite of a great increase in our knowledge of all these interconnected processes, much about the molecular mechanisms of the biological functions of fibrin(ogen) remains unknown, including some basic aspects of clotting, fibrinolysis, and molecular origins of fibrin mechanical properties. Even less is known concerning more complex (patho)physiological implications of fibrinogen and fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Whyte CS, Chernysh IN, Domingues MM, Connell S, Weisel JW, Ariens RAS, Mutch NJ. Polyphosphate delays fibrin polymerisation and alters the mechanical properties of the fibrin network. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:897-903. [PMID: 27610454 PMCID: PMC5228039 DOI: 10.1160/th16-01-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) binds to fibrin(ogen) and alters fibrin structure, generating a heterogeneous network composed of ‘knots’ interspersed by large pores. Here we show platelet-derived polyP elicits similar structural changes in fibrin and examine the mechanism by which polyP alters fibrin structure. Polymerisation of fibrinogen with thrombin and CaCl2 was studied using spinning disk confocal (SDC) microscopy. PolyP delayed fibrin polymerisation generating shorter protofibrils emanating from a nucleus-type structure. Consistent with this, cascade blue-polyP accumulated in fibrin ‘knots’. Protofibril formation was visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) ± polyP. In the presence of polyP abundant monomers of longer length were visualised by AFM, suggesting that polyP binds to monomeric fibrin. Shorter oligomers form in the presence of polyP, consistent with the stunted protofibrils visualised by SDC microscopy. We examined whether these structural changes induced by polyP alter fibrin’s viscoelastic properties by rheometry. PolyP reduced the stiffness (G’) and ability of the fibrin network to deform plastically G’’, but to different extents. Consequently, the relative plastic component (loss tangent (G’’/G’)) was 61 % higher implying that networks containing polyP are less stiff and more plastic. Local rheological measurements, performed using magnetic tweezers, indicate that the fibrin dense knots are stiffer and more plastic, reflecting the heterogeneity of the network. Our data show that polyP impedes fibrin polymerisation, stunting protofibril growth producing ‘knotted’ regions, which are rich in fibrin and polyP. Consequently, the mechanical properties of the fibrin network are altered resulting in clots with overall reduced stiffness and increased ability to deform plastically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola J Mutch
- Dr Nicola J. Mutch, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK, Tel.: +44 1224 437492, E-mail:
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Aper T, Wilhelmi M, Gebhardt C, Hoeffler K, Benecke N, Hilfiker A, Haverich A. Novel method for the generation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts based on a highly compacted fibrin matrix. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:21-32. [PMID: 26472610 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tissue-engineered blood vessel substitutes remains an ongoing challenge for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Full biocompatibility and immediate availability have emerged as central issues for clinical use. To address these issues, we developed a technique that allows the generation of highly stable tubular fibrin segments. The process is based on the compaction of fibrin in a custom-made high-speed rotation mold. In an automated process, fibrin is precipitated from plasma by means of the Vivostat® system. Following application to the rotating mold, the fibrin was compacted by centrifugal force and excess fluid was pressed out. This compaction results in increasing cross-links between the fibrin fibrils and a corresponding significant increase of biomechanical stability up to a burst strength of 230mm of mercury. The molding process allows for a simultaneous seeding procedure. In a first in vivo evaluation in a sheep model, segments of the carotid artery were replaced by tissue-engineered vascular grafts, generated immediately prior to implantation (n=6). Following subjection to the body's remodeling mechanisms, the segments showed a high structural similarity to a native artery after explantation at 6months. Thus, this technique may represent a powerful tool for the generation of biomechanically stable vascular grafts immediately prior to implantation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Fibrin has previously been shown to be suitable as a matrix for the seeding of different celltypes and for that reason was widely used as scaffold in different fields of tissue engineering. Nevertheless, fibrin's lack of stability has strongly limited its application. Our study describes a novel moulding technique for the generation of a highly compacted fibrin matrix. Using this approach, it was possible to optimize the engineering process of tubular fibrin segments to provide bioartificial vascular grafts within one hour with sufficient stability for immediate implantation in the arterial system. Thus, this technique may represent a powerful tool to get closer to the ultimate aim of an optimal bioartificial vascular graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Aper
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mathias Wilhelmi
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christin Gebhardt
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Hoeffler
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Benecke
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andres Hilfiker
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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31
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Song J, Yoon JH, Jo Y, Park R. Baseline Characteristics of Derivative Peaks of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Coagulometric Turbidometry Curve. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.14345/ceth.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Development of tailored and self-mineralizing citric acid-crosslinked hydrogels for in situ bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2015; 68:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Hayashi Y, Brun MA, Machida K, Nagasawa M. Principles of Dielectric Blood Coagulometry as a Comprehensive Coagulation Test. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10072-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Hayashi
- LOC Development Department, R&D Division, Medical Business Unit, Sony Corporation, in Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Marc-Aurèle Brun
- LOC Development Department, R&D Division, Medical Business Unit, Sony Corporation, in Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenzo Machida
- LOC Development Department, R&D Division, Medical Business Unit, Sony Corporation, in Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nagasawa
- Department
of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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34
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van Kempen THS, Bogaerds ACB, Peters GWM, van de Vosse FN. A constitutive model for a maturing fibrin network. Biophys J 2015; 107:504-513. [PMID: 25028892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood clot formation is crucial to maintain normal physiological conditions but at the same time involved in many diseases. The mechanical properties of the blood clot are important for its functioning but complicated due to the many processes involved. The main structural component of the blood clot is fibrin, a fibrous network that forms within the blood clot, thereby increasing its mechanical rigidity. A constitutive model for the maturing fibrin network is developed that captures the evolving mechanical properties. The model describes the fibrin network as a network of fibers that become thicker in time. Model parameters are related to the structural properties of the network, being the fiber length, bending stiffness, and mass-length ratio. Results are compared with rheometry experiments in which the network maturation is followed in time for various loading frequencies and fibrinogen concentrations. Three parameters are used to capture the mechanical behavior including the mass-length ratio. This parameter agrees with values determined using turbidimetry experiments and is subsequently used to derive the number of protofibrils and fiber radius. The strength of the model is that it describes the mechanical properties of the maturing fibrin network based on it structural quantities. At the same time the model is relatively simple, which makes it suitable for advanced numerical simulations of blood clot formation during flow in blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H S van Kempen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Gerrit W M Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Frans N van de Vosse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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35
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Nabiullina RM, Mustafin IG, Zuev YF, Faizullin DA, Litvinov RI, Zubairova LD. Effect of blood microparticles on the kinetics of polymerization and enzymatic hydrolysis of fibrin. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2015; 462:151-4. [PMID: 26163207 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672915030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Nabiullina
- Kazan State Medical University, ul. Butlerova 49, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russia
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36
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Xu X, Teng X. Effect of fibrinogen on blood coagulation detected by optical coherence tomography. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:4185-95. [PMID: 25955503 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/10/4185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated that an optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique and the parameter 1/e light penetration depth (d1/e) were able to characterize the whole blood coagulation process in contrast to existing optical tests that are performed on plasma samples. To evaluate the feasibility of the technique for quantifying the effect of fibrinogen (Fbg) on blood coagulation, a dynamic study of d1/e of blood in various Fbg concentrations was performed in static state. Two groups of blood samples of hematocrit (HCT) in 35, 45, and 55% were reconstituted of red blood cells with: 1) treated plasma with its intrinsic Fbg removed and commercial Fbg added (0-8 g L(-1)); and 2) native plasma with commercial Fbg added (0-8 g L(-1)). The results revealed a typical behavior due to coagulation induced by calcium ions and the clotting time is Fbg concentration-dependent. The clotting time was decreased by the increasing amount of Fbg in both groups. Besides, the blood of lower HCT with various levels of Fbg took shorter time to coagulate than that of higher HCT. Consequently, the OCT method is a useful and promising tool for the detection of blood-coagulation processes induced with different Fbg levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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37
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Total knee arthroplasty in a patient with hypofibrinogenemia. Arthroplast Today 2015; 2:177-182. [PMID: 28326424 PMCID: PMC5247511 DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with afibrinogenemia or hypofibrinogenemia present a unique challenge to the arthroplasty surgeon as fibrinogen is a key contributor to hemostasis. Patients with these disorders are known to have a higher risk for postsurgical bleeding complications. We present the case of a patient with hypofibrinogenemia who underwent an elective total knee arthroplasty. Our colleagues in hematology-oncology guided us initially to achieve and maintain appropriate fibrinogen levels in the early perioperative period. However, the patient developed an acute joint effusion and subsequent infection 4 weeks after her initial operation. Her fibrinogen levels were noted to have fallen below the target range by that time, and it was also revealed that the patient failed to follow-up with hematology-oncology to monitor her levels. Based on our review of the available literature, we recommend that patient's fibrinogen levels be closely monitored and maintained ideally >100 mg/dL not only in the initial perioperative window but perhaps for the first 4-6 weeks postoperatively as well.
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38
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Gannavarpu R, Bhaduri B, Tangella K, Popescu G. Spatiotemporal characterization of a fibrin clot using quantitative phase imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111381. [PMID: 25386701 PMCID: PMC4227684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the dynamics of fibrin clot formation and its morphology is an important problem in biology and has significant impact for several scientific and clinical applications. We present a label-free technique based on quantitative phase imaging to address this problem. Using quantitative phase information, we characterized fibrin polymerization in real-time and present a mathematical model describing the transition from liquid to gel state. By exploiting the inherent optical sectioning capability of our instrument, we measured the three-dimensional structure of the fibrin clot. From this data, we evaluated the fractal nature of the fibrin network and extracted the fractal dimension. Our non-invasive and speckle-free approach analyzes the clotting process without the need for external contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshekhar Gannavarpu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Basanta Bhaduri
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Krishnarao Tangella
- Department of Pathology, Christie Clinic, and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Kotzé RCM, Ariëns RAS, de Lange Z, Pieters M. CVD risk factors are related to plasma fibrin clot properties independent of total and or γ' fibrinogen concentration. Thromb Res 2014; 134:963-9. [PMID: 25213709 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are associated with total fibrinogen concentration and/or altered clot structure. It is however, unclear whether such associations with clot structure are ascribed to fibrinogen concentration or other independent mechanisms. We aimed to determine whether CVD risk factors associated with increased total and/or γ' fibrinogen concentration, were also associated with altered fibrin clot properties and secondly whether such associations were due to the fibrinogen concentration or through independent associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a plasma setting CVD risk factors (including total and γ' fibrinogen concentration) were cross-sectionally analysed in 2010 apparently healthy black South African participants. Kinetics of clot formation (lag time, slope and maximum absorbance) as well as clot lysis times were calculated from turbidity curves. RESULTS Of the measured CVD risk factors age, metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein (CRP), high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and homocysteine were significantly associated with altered fibrin clot properties after adjustment for total and or γ' fibrinogen concentration. Aging was associated with thicker fibres (p=0.004) while both metabolic syndrome and low HDL-cholesterol levels were associated with lower rates of lateral aggregation (slope), (p=0.0004 and p=0.0009), and the formation of thinner fibres (p=0.007 and p=0.0004). Elevated CRP was associated with increased rates of lateral aggregation (p=0.002) and consequently thicker fibres (p<0.0001). Hyperhomocysteinemia was associated with increased rates of lateral aggregation (p=0.0007) without affecting fibre thickness. CONCLUSION Final clot structure may contribute to increased CVD risk in vivo through associations with other CVD risk factors independent from total or γ' fibrinogen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retha C M Kotzé
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Theme Thrombosis, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre and Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Zelda de Lange
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marlien Pieters
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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40
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Ding G, Zhang Z, Chopp M, Li L, Zhang L, Li Q, Wei M, Jiang Q. MRI evaluation of BBB disruption after adjuvant AcSDKP treatment of stroke with tPA in rat. Neuroscience 2014; 271:1-8. [PMID: 24769225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary limitation of thrombolytic treatment of ischemic stroke with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the hemorrhagic risk. We tested AcSDKP (N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline), as an auxiliary therapeutic agent, to reduce blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in a combination tPA thrombolytic treatment of stroke. Wistar rats subjected to embolic stroke were randomly assigned to either the tPA monotherapy group (n=9) or combination of tPA and AcSDKP treatment group (n=9) initiated at 4 h after ischemia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements were performed before and after the treatments. Immunohistochemical staining and measurements were performed to confirm MRI findings. Longitudinal MRI permeability measurements with gadolinium-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) demonstrated that combination treatment of acute embolic stroke with AcSDKP and tPA significantly reduced BBB leakage, compared to tPA monotherapy, at 3 and 6 days (18.3±9.8 mm3 vs. 65.0±21.0 mm3, p<0.001) after the onset of stroke, although BBB leakage was comparable between the two groups prior to the treatments (6.8±4.4 mm3 vs. 4.3±3.3 mm3, p>0.18). The substantial reduction of BBB leakage observed in the combination treatment group was closely associated with reduced ischemic lesions measured by T2 maps (113.6±24.9 mm3 vs. 188.1±60.8 mm3, p<0.04 at 6 days). Histopathological analysis of the same population of rats showed that the combination treatment significantly reduced parenchymal fibrin deposition (0.063±0.059 mm2 vs. 0.172±0.103 mm2, p<0.03) and infarct volume (146.7±35.9 mm3 vs. 199.3±60.4 mm3, p<0.05) compared to the tPA monotherapy at 6days after stroke. MRI provides biological insight into the therapeutic benefit of combination treatment of stroke with tPA and AcSDKP 4h after onset, and demonstrates significantly improved cerebrovascular integrity with neuroprotective effects compared with tPA monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ding
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - M Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - L Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Q Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - M Wei
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Q Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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41
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Hethershaw EL, Cilia La Corte AL, Duval C, Ali M, Grant PJ, Ariëns RAS, Philippou H. The effect of blood coagulation factor XIII on fibrin clot structure and fibrinolysis. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:197-205. [PMID: 24261582 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor XIII is a 320 kDa tetramer, comprising two enzymatic A-subunits and two carrier B-subunits (FXIII A₂ B₂). Activated FXIII (FXIIIa) catalyses the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl covalent bonds between γ-γ, γ-α and α-α chains of adjacent fibrin molecules and also cross-links the major plasmin inhibitor, α2-antiplasmin, to fibrin. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of FXIII cross-linking of fibrin directly in clot morphology and its functional effect on clot formation and lysis, in the absence of α2-antiplasmin. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the presence of FXIII during clot formation results in fibrin clots that have a significant 2.1-fold reduction in pore size, as determined by the Darcy constant, Ks, and formed thinner fibers (74.7 ± 1.5 nm) and higher density of fibers compared with those without FXIII (86.0 ± 1.7 nm, P < 0.001), as determined by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, fibrinolysis showed a significant increase in the time to lysis for clots formed in the presence of FXIII in both static and flow systems. These data demonstrate that independent of α2-antiplasmin, FXIII activity plays a role in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot by altering its structure and increasing the resistance to fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Hethershaw
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute for Genetics Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Fibronectin alters the rate of formation and structure of the fibrin matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:395-9. [PMID: 24309108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma fibronectin is a vital component of the fibrin clot; however its role on clot structure is not clearly understood. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of fibronectin on the kinetics of formation, structural characteristics and composition of reconstituted fibrin clots or fibrin matrices. Fibrin matrices were formed by adding thrombin to 1, 2 or 4 mg/ml fibrinogen supplemented with 0-0.4 mg/ml fibronectin. The rate of fibrin matrix formation was then monitored by measuring light absorbance properties at different time points. Confocal microscopy of fluorescein conjugated fibrinogen was used to visualize the structural characteristics of fibrin matrices. The amount of fibronectin in fibrin matrices was determined through electrophoresis and immunoblotting of solubilized matrices. Fibronectin concentration positively correlated with the initial rate of fibrin matrix formation and with steady state light absorbance values of fibrin matrices. An increase in fibronectin concentration resulted in thinner and denser fibers in the fibrin matrices. Electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that fibronectin was covalently and non-covalently bound to fibrin matrices and in the form of high molecular weight multimers. The formation of fibronectin multimers was attributed to cross-linking of fibronectin by trace amounts Factor XIIIa. These findings are novel because they link results from light absorbance studies to microcopy analyses and demonstrate an influence of fibronectin on fibrin matrix structural characteristics. This data is important in developing therapies that destabilize fibrin clots.
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43
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Brzezińska-Kolarz B, Kolarz M, Wałach A, Undas A. Weight Reduction Is Associated With Increased Plasma Fibrin Clot Lysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2013; 20:832-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029613486016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of vascular thrombotic events. We sought to investigate how obesity and weight loss affect plasma fibrin clot properties. A total of 29 obese patients were studied before and after 3-month low-fat diet. Plasma fibrin clot parameters, including fibrin clot permeation coefficient ( Ks), the lag phase of the turbidity curve, clot lysis time ( t50%), maximum rate of increase in D-dimer levels, and maximum D-dimer concentrations, were determined. Low-fat diet resulted in the reduction of body weight ( P < .0001), body mass index ( P < .0001), fat mass ( P < .0001), total cholesterol ( P < .0001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P = .0005), triglycerides ( P = .008), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( P = .02), but not in fibrinogen or C-reactive protein. The only change in fibrin clot variables was shorter t50% ( P = .02). Baseline t50%, but not posttreatment, correlated with waist circumference ( r = .44, p = .02). This study demonstrates that weight loss in obese people can increase the efficiency of fibrin clot lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Kolarz
- Avitum Poland, Hemodialysis Unit in Miechów, Miechów, Poland
| | | | - Anetta Undas
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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44
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Evidence that fibrinogen γ′ regulates plasma clot structure and lysis and relationship to cardiovascular risk factors in black Africans. Blood 2013; 121:3254-60. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-471482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
This paper describes the effect of fibrinogen γ′ on clot structure in plasma (previously shown in purified systems). This paper also describes the respective roles of total fibrinogen, fibrinogen γ′ concentration, and ratio on clot structure and lysis rates.
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Münster S, Jawerth LM, Fabry B, Weitz DA. Structure and mechanics of fibrin clots formed under mechanical perturbation. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:557-60. [PMID: 23489915 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The modelling of blood coagulation using the quartz crystal microbalance. J Biomech 2013; 46:437-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Research on all stages of fibrin polymerization, using a variety of approaches including naturally occurring and recombinant variants of fibrinogen, x-ray crystallography, electron and light microscopy, and other biophysical approaches, has revealed aspects of the molecular mechanisms involved. The ordered sequence of fibrinopeptide release is essential for the knob-hole interactions that initiate oligomer formation and the subsequent formation of 2-stranded protofibrils. Calcium ions bound both strongly and weakly to fibrin(ogen) have been localized, and some aspects of their roles are beginning to be discovered. Much less is known about the mechanisms of the lateral aggregation of protofibrils and the subsequent branching to yield a 3-dimensional network, although the αC region and B:b knob-hole binding seem to enhance lateral aggregation. Much information now exists about variations in clot structure and properties because of genetic and acquired molecular variants, environmental factors, effects of various intravascular and extravascular cells, hydrodynamic flow, and some functional consequences. The mechanical and chemical stability of clots and thrombi are affected by both the structure of the fibrin network and cross-linking by plasma transglutaminase. There are important clinical consequences to all of these new findings that are relevant for the pathogenesis of diseases, prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Visualization of the dynamics of fibrin clot growth 1 molecule at a time by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Blood 2012; 121:1455-8. [PMID: 23233658 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-451518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual fluorescently labeled fibrin(ogen) molecules and their assembly to make a clot were observed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). We used the bleaching of the fluorescent labels to determine the number of active fluorophores attached nonspecifically to each molecule. From the total intensity of bleaching steps, as single-molecule signature events, and the distribution of active labeling, we developed a new single-molecule intensity calibration, which accounts for all molecules, including those “not seen.” Live observation of fibrin polymerization in TIRFM by diffusive mixing of thrombin and plasma revealed the real-time growth kinetics of individual fibrin fibers quantitatively at the molecular level. Some fibers thickened in time to thousands of molecules across, equivalent to hundreds of nanometers in diameter, whereas others reached an early stationary state at smaller diameters. This new approach to determine the molecular dynamics of fiber growth provides information important for understanding clotting mechanisms and the associated clinical implications.
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S-nitrosoglutathione acts as a small molecule modulator of human fibrin clot architecture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43660. [PMID: 22916291 PMCID: PMC3423378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered fibrin clot architecture is increasingly associated with cardiovascular diseases; yet, little is known about how fibrin networks are affected by small molecules that alter fibrinogen structure. Based on previous evidence that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) alters fibrinogen secondary structure and fibrin polymerization kinetics, we hypothesized that GSNO would alter fibrin microstructure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Accordingly, we treated human platelet-poor plasma with GSNO (0.01-3.75 mM) and imaged thrombin induced fibrin networks using multiphoton microscopy. Using custom designed computer software, we analyzed fibrin microstructure for changes in structural features including fiber density, diameter, branch point density, crossing fibers and void area. We report for the first time that GSNO dose-dependently decreased fibrin density until complete network inhibition was achieved. At low dose GSNO, fiber diameter increased 25%, maintaining clot void volume at approximately 70%. However, at high dose GSNO, abnormal irregularly shaped fibrin clusters with high fluorescence intensity cores were detected and clot void volume increased dramatically. Notwithstanding fibrin clusters, the clot remained stable, as fiber branching was insensitive to GSNO and there was no evidence of fiber motion within the network. Moreover, at the highest GSNO dose tested, we observed for the first time, that GSNO induced formation of fibrin agglomerates. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, low dose GSNO modulated fibrin microstructure generating coarse fibrin networks with thicker fibers; however, higher doses of GSNO induced abnormal fibrin structures and fibrin agglomerates. Since GSNO maintained clot void volume, while altering fiber diameter it suggests that GSNO may modulate the remodeling or inhibition of fibrin networks over an optimal concentration range.
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Allan P, Uitte de Willige S, Abou-Saleh RH, Connell SD, Ariëns RAS. Evidence that fibrinogen γ' directly interferes with protofibril growth: implications for fibrin structure and clot stiffness. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1072-80. [PMID: 22463367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen contains an alternatively spliced γ-chain (γ'), which mainly exists as a heterodimer with the common γA-chain (γA/γ'). Fibrinogen γ' has been reported to inhibit thrombin and modulate fibrin structure, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underpinning the influence of γ' on fibrin polymerization, structure and viscoelasticity. METHODS γA/γA and γA/γ' fibrinogens were separated using anion exchange chromatography. Cross-linking was controlled with purified FXIIIa and a synthetic inhibitor. Fibrin polymerization was analyzed by turbidity and gel-point time was measured using a coagulometer. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image protofibril formation while final clot structure was assessed by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Clot viscoelasticity was measured using a magnetic microrheometer. RESULTS γA/γ' fibrin formed shorter oligomers by AFM than γA/γA, which in addition gelled earlier. γA/γ' clots displayed a non-homogenous arrangement of thin fibers compared with the uniform arrangements of thick fibers for γA/γA clots. These differences in clot structure were not due to thrombin inhibition as demonstrated in clots made with reptilase. Non-cross-linked γA/γA fibrin was approximately 2.7 × stiffer than γA/γ'. Cross-linking by FXIIIa increased the stiffness of both fibrin variants; however, the difference in stiffness increased to approximately 4.6 × (γA/γA vs. γA/γ'). CONCLUSIONS Fibrinogen γ' is associated with the formation of mechanically weaker, non-uniform clots composed of thin fibers. This is caused by direct disruption of protofibril formation by γ'.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Allan
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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