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Quinn JM, Wang Y, Wood M, Flozak AS, Le PM, Yemelyanov A, Oakes PW, Gottardi CJ. α-catenin middle- and actin-binding domain unfolding mutants differentially impact epithelial strength and sheet migration. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar65. [PMID: 38507238 PMCID: PMC11151094 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
α-catenin (α-cat) displays force-dependent unfolding and binding to actin filaments through direct and indirect means, but features of adherens junction structure and function most vulnerable to loss of these allosteric mechanisms have not been directly compared. By reconstituting an α-cat F-actin-binding domain unfolding mutant known to exhibit enhanced binding to actin (α-cat-H0-FABD+) into α-cat knockout Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, we show that partial loss of the α-cat catch bond mechanism (via an altered H0 α-helix) leads to stronger epithelial sheet integrity with greater colocalization between the α-cat-H0-FABD+ mutant and actin. α-cat-H0-FABD+ -expressing cells are less efficient at closing scratch-wounds, suggesting reduced capacity for more dynamic cell-cell coordination. Evidence that α-cat-H0-FABD+ is equally accessible to the conformationally sensitive α18 antibody epitope as WT α-cat and shows similar vinculin recruitment suggests this mutant engages lower tension cortical actin networks, as its M-domain is not persistently open. Conversely, α-cat-M-domain salt-bridge mutants with persistent recruitment of vinculin and phosphorylated myosin light chain show only intermediate monolayer adhesive strengths, but display less directionally coordinated and thereby slower migration speeds during wound-repair. These data show α-cat M- and FABD-unfolding mutants differentially impact cell-cell cohesion and migration properties, and suggest signals favoring α-cat-cortical actin interaction without persistent M-domain opening may improve epithelial monolayer strength through enhanced coupling to lower tension actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Quinn
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Yuou Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Megan Wood
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Annette S. Flozak
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Phuong M. Le
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Alex Yemelyanov
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Cara J. Gottardi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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Liu W, Xiu L, Zhou M, Li T, Jiang N, Wan Y, Qiu C, Li J, Hu W, Zhang W, Wu J. The Critical Role of the Shroom Family Proteins in Morphogenesis, Organogenesis and Disease. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 4:187-202. [PMID: 38884059 PMCID: PMC11169129 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The Shroom (Shrm) family of actin-binding proteins has a unique and highly conserved Apx/Shrm Domain 2 (ASD2) motif. Shroom protein directs the subcellular localization of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), which remodels the actomyosin cytoskeleton and changes cellular morphology via its ability to phosphorylate and activate non-muscle myosin II. Therefore, the Shrm-ROCK complex is critical for the cellular shape and the development of many tissues, including the neural tube, eye, intestines, heart, and vasculature system. Importantly, the structure and expression of Shrm proteins are also associated with neural tube defects, chronic kidney disease, metastasis of carcinoma, and X-link mental retardation. Therefore, a better understanding of Shrm-mediated signaling transduction pathways is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies to minimize damage resulting in abnormal Shrm proteins. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the various Shrm proteins and their roles in morphogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Lei Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Mingzhe Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Monglia University, Hohhot, 010030 China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, 200052 China
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Balashova OA, Panoutsopoulos AA, Visina O, Selhub J, Knoepfler PS, Borodinsky LN. Noncanonical function of folate through folate receptor 1 during neural tube formation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1642. [PMID: 38388461 PMCID: PMC10883926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Folate supplementation reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs), birth defects consisting in the failure of the neural tube to form and close. The mechanisms underlying NTDs and their prevention by folate remain unclear. Here we show that folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is necessary for the formation of neural tube-like structures in human-cell derived neural organoids. FOLR1 knockdown in neural organoids and in Xenopus laevis embryos leads to NTDs that are rescued by pteroate, a folate precursor that is unable to participate in metabolism. We demonstrate that FOLR1 interacts with and opposes the function of CD2-associated protein, molecule essential for apical endocytosis and turnover of C-cadherin in neural plate cells. In addition, folates increase Ca2+ transient frequency, suggesting that folate and FOLR1 signal intracellularly to regulate neural plate folding. This study identifies a mechanism of action of folate distinct from its vitamin function during neural tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Balashova
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Alexios A Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Olesya Visina
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jacob Selhub
- Tufts-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul S Knoepfler
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Paul A, Lawlor A, Cunanan K, Gaheer PS, Kalra A, Napoleone M, Lanktree MB, Bridgewater D. The Good and the Bad of SHROOM3 in Kidney Development and Disease: A Narrative Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2023; 10:20543581231212038. [PMID: 38107159 PMCID: PMC10722951 DOI: 10.1177/20543581231212038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review Multiple large-scale genome-wide association meta-analyses studies have reliably identified an association between genetic variants within the SHROOM3 gene and chronic kidney disease. This association extends to alterations in known markers of kidney disease including baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and blood urea nitrogen. Yet, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the association of SHROOM3 and kidney disease remains poorly communicated. We conducted a narrative review to summarize the current state of literature regarding the genetic and molecular relationships between SHROOM3 and kidney development and disease. Sources of information PubMed, PubMed Central, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases, as well as review of references from relevant studies and independent Google Scholar searches to fill gaps in knowledge. Methods A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying SHROOM3 and kidney development, function, and disease. Key findings SHROOM3 is a unique protein, as it is the only member of the SHROOM group of proteins that regulates actin dynamics through apical constriction and apicobasal cell elongation. It holds a dichotomous role in the kidney, as subtle alterations in SHROOM3 expression and function can be both pathological and protective toward kidney disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants near the transcription start site of the SHROOM3 gene associated with chronic kidney disease. SHROOM3 also appears to protect the glomerular structure and function in conditions such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. However, little is known about the exact mechanisms by which this protection occurs, which is why SHROOM3 binding partners remain an opportunity for further investigation. Limitations Our search was limited to English articles. No structured assessment of study quality was performed, and selection bias of included articles may have occurred. As we discuss future directions and opportunities, this narrative review reflects the academic views of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Paul
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kristina Cunanan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pukhraj S. Gaheer
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aditya Kalra
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melody Napoleone
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew B. Lanktree
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Darren Bridgewater
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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5
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Tidball AM, Niu W, Ma Q, Takla TN, Walker JC, Margolis JL, Mojica-Perez SP, Sudyk R, Deng L, Moore SJ, Chopra R, Shakkottai VG, Murphy GG, Yuan Y, Isom LL, Li JZ, Parent JM. Deriving early single-rosette brain organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2498-2514. [PMID: 37995702 PMCID: PMC10724074 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoid methods are complicated by multiple rosette structures and morphological variability. We have developed a human brain organoid technique that generates self-organizing, single-rosette cortical organoids (SOSR-COs) with reproducible size and structure at early timepoints. Rather than patterning a 3-dimensional embryoid body, we initiate brain organoid formation from a 2-dimensional monolayer of human pluripotent stem cells patterned with small molecules into neuroepithelium and differentiated to cells of the developing dorsal cerebral cortex. This approach recapitulates the 2D to 3D developmental transition from neural plate to neural tube. Most monolayer fragments form spheres with a single central lumen. Over time, the SOSR-COs develop appropriate progenitor and cortical laminar cell types as shown by immunocytochemistry and single-cell RNA sequencing. At early time points, this method demonstrates robust structural phenotypes after chemical teratogen exposure or when modeling a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, and should prove useful for studies of human brain development and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Tidball
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qianyi Ma
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taylor N Takla
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Clayton Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joshua L Margolis
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Roksolana Sudyk
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shannon J Moore
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ravi Chopra
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yukun Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Boëda B, Michel V, Etournay R, England P, Rigaud S, Mary H, Gobaa S, Etienne-Manneville S. SCRIB controls apical contractility during epithelial differentiation. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211113. [PMID: 37930352 PMCID: PMC10626209 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mutations in the SCRIB gene lead to multiple morphological organ defects in vertebrates, the molecular pathway linking SCRIB to organ shape anomalies remains elusive. Here, we study the impact of SCRIB-targeted gene mutations during the formation of the gut epithelium in an organ-on-chip model. We show that SCRIB KO gut-like epithelia are flatter with reduced exposed surface area. Cell differentiation on filters further shows that SCRIB plays a critical role in the control of apical cell shape, as well as in the basoapical polarization of myosin light chain localization and activity. Finally, we show that SCRIB serves as a molecular scaffold for SHROOM2/4 and ROCK1 and identify an evolutionary conserved SHROOM binding site in the SCRIB carboxy-terminal that is required for SCRIB function in the control of apical cell shape. Our results demonstrate that SCRIB plays a key role in epithelial morphogenesis by controlling the epithelial apical contractility during cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batiste Boëda
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université Paris Cité, UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- Institut de l’Audition, Inserm UMRS 1120, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Etournay
- Plasticity of Central Auditory Circuit Unit, Institut de l’Audition, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Molecular Biophysics Core Facility, Université Paris Cité, UMR3528 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Rigaud
- Image Analysis Hub, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Mary
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université Paris Cité, UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Balashova OA, Panoutsopoulos AA, Visina O, Selhub J, Knoepfler PS, Borodinsky LN. Non-canonical function of folate/folate receptor 1 during neural tube formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549718. [PMID: 37503108 PMCID: PMC10370062 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Folate supplementation reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects, one of the most common and serious birth defects, consisting in the failure of the neural tube to form and close early in pregnancy. The mechanisms underlying neural tube defects and folate action during neural tube formation remain unclear. Here we show that folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is necessary for the formation of neural tube-like structures in human-cell derived neural organoids. Knockdown of FOLR1 in human neural organoids as well as in the Xenopus laevis in vivo model leads to neural tube defects that are rescued by pteroate, a folate precursor that binds to FOLR1 but is unable to participate in metabolic pathways. We demonstrate that FOLR1 interacts with and opposes the function of CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), a molecule that we find is essential for apical endocytosis and the spatiotemporal turnover of the cell adherens junction component C-cadherin in neural plate cells. The counteracting action of FOLR1 on these processes is mediated by regulating CD2AP protein level via a degradation-dependent mechanism. In addition, folate and pteroate increase Ca 2+ transient frequency in the neural plate in a FOLR1-dependent manner, suggesting that folate/FOLR1 signal intracellularly to regulate neural plate folding. This study identifies a mechanism of action of folate distinct from its vitamin function during neural tube formation.
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8
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Takla TN, Luo J, Sudyk R, Huang J, Walker JC, Vora NL, Sexton JZ, Parent JM, Tidball AM. A Shared Pathogenic Mechanism for Valproic Acid and SHROOM3 Knockout in a Brain Organoid Model of Neural Tube Defects. Cells 2023; 12:1697. [PMID: 37443734 PMCID: PMC10340169 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs), including anencephaly and spina bifida, are common major malformations of fetal development resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube. These conditions lead to either universal death (anencephaly) or severe lifelong complications (spina bifida). Despite hundreds of genetic mouse models of neural tube defect phenotypes, the genetics of human NTDs are poorly understood. Furthermore, pharmaceuticals, such as antiseizure medications, have been found clinically to increase the risk of NTDs when administered during pregnancy. Therefore, a model that recapitulates human neurodevelopment would be of immense benefit to understand the genetics underlying NTDs and identify teratogenic mechanisms. Using our self-organizing single rosette cortical organoid (SOSR-COs) system, we have developed a high-throughput image analysis pipeline for evaluating the SOSR-CO structure for NTD-like phenotypes. Similar to small molecule inhibition of apical constriction, the antiseizure medication valproic acid (VPA), a known cause of NTDs, increases the apical lumen size and apical cell surface area in a dose-responsive manner. GSK3β and HDAC inhibitors caused similar lumen expansion; however, RNA sequencing suggests VPA does not inhibit GSK3β at these concentrations. The knockout of SHROOM3, a well-known NTD-related gene, also caused expansion of the lumen, as well as reduced f-actin polarization. The increased lumen sizes were caused by reduced cell apical constriction, suggesting that impingement of this process is a shared mechanism for VPA treatment and SHROOM3-KO, two well-known causes of NTDs. Our system allows the rapid identification of NTD-like phenotypes for both compounds and genetic variants and should prove useful for understanding specific NTD mechanisms and predicting drug teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N. Takla
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - Jinghui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - Roksolana Sudyk
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - Joy Huang
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - John Clayton Walker
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - Neeta L. Vora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Andrew M. Tidball
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
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Lawlor A, Cunanan K, Cunanan J, Paul A, Khalili H, Ko D, Khan A, Gros R, Drysdale T, Bridgewater D. Minimal Kidney Disease Phenotype in Shroom3 Heterozygous Null Mice. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2023; 10:20543581231165716. [PMID: 37313360 PMCID: PMC10259099 DOI: 10.1177/20543581231165716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shroom family member 3 (SHROOM3) encodes an actin-associated protein that regulates epithelial morphology during development. Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variances primarily in the 5' region of SHROOM3, associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and poor transplant outcomes. These genetic variants are associated with alterations in Shroom3 expression. Objective Characterize the phenotypic abnormalities associated with reduced Shroom3 expression in postnatal day 3-, 1-month and 3-month-old mice. Methods The Shroom3 protein expression pattern was determined by immunofluorescence. We generated Shroom3 heterozygous null mice (Shroom3Gt/+) and performed comparative analyses with wild type littermates based on somatic and kidney growth, gross renal anatomy, renal histology, renal function at postnatal day 3, 1 month, and 3 months. Results The Shroom3 protein expression localized to the apical regions of medullary and cortical tubular epithelium in postnatal wild type kidneys. Co-immunofluorescence studies confirmed protein expression localized to the apical side of the tubular epithelium in proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts. While Shroom3 heterozygous null mice exhibited reduced Shroom3 protein expression, no differences in somatic and kidney growth were observed when compared to wild type mice. Although, rare cases of unilateral hypoplasia of the right kidney were observed at postnatal 1 month in Shroom3 heterozygotes. Yet renal histological analysis did not reveal any overt abnormalities in overall kidney structure or in glomerular and tubular organization in Shroom3 heterozygous null mice when compared to wild type mice. Analysis of the apical-basolateral orientation of the tubule epithelium demonstrated alterations in the proximal convoluted tubules and modest disorganization in the distal convoluted tubules at 3 months in Shroom3 heterozygotes. Additionally, these modest abnormalities were not accompanied by tubular injury or physiological defects in renal and cardiovascular function. Conclusion Taken together, our results describe a mild kidney disease phenotype in adult Shroom3 heterozygous null mice, suggesting that Shroom3 expression and function may be required for proper structure and maintenance of the various tubular epithelial parenchyma of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristina Cunanan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna Cunanan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Paul
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hadiseh Khalili
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doyun Ko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahsan Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Drysdale
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren Bridgewater
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Takla TN, Luo J, Sudyk R, Huang J, Walker JC, Vora NL, Sexton JZ, Parent JM, Tidball AM. A Shared Pathogenic Mechanism for Valproic Acid and SHROOM3 Knockout in a Brain Organoid Model of Neural Tube Defects. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536245. [PMID: 37090564 PMCID: PMC10120643 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) including anencephaly and spina bifida are common major malformations of fetal development resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube. These conditions lead to either universal death (anencephaly) or life-long severe complications (spina bifida). Despite hundreds of genetic mouse models having neural tube defect phenotypes, the genetics of human NTDs are poorly understood. Furthermore, pharmaceuticals such as antiseizure medications have been found clinically to increase the risk of NTDs when administered during pregnancy. Therefore, a model that recapitulates human neurodevelopment would be of immense benefit to understand the genetics underlying NTDs and identify teratogenic mechanisms. Using our self-organizing single rosette spheroid (SOSRS) brain organoid system, we have developed a high-throughput image analysis pipeline for evaluating SOSRS structure for NTD-like phenotypes. Similar to small molecule inhibition of apical constriction, the antiseizure medication valproic acid (VPA), a known cause of NTDs, increases the apical lumen size and apical cell surface area in a dose-responsive manner. This expansion was mimicked by GSK3β and HDAC inhibitors; however, RNA sequencing suggests VPA does not inhibit GSK3β at these concentrations. Knockout of SHROOM3, a well-known NTD-related gene, also caused expansion of the lumen as well as reduced f-actin polarization. The increased lumen sizes were caused by reduced cell apical constriction suggesting that impingement of this process is a shared mechanism for VPA treatment and SHROOM3-KO, two well-known causes of NTDs. Our system allows the rapid identification of NTD-like phenotypes for both compounds and genetic variants and should prove useful for understanding specific NTD mechanisms and predicting drug teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N. Takla
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jinghui Luo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Roksolana Sudyk
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joy Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J. Clayton Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Neeta L. Vora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew M. Tidball
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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11
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Baldwin AT, Kim JH, Wallingford JB. In vivo high-content imaging and regression analysis reveal non-cell autonomous functions of Shroom3 during neural tube closure. Dev Biol 2022; 491:105-112. [PMID: 36113571 PMCID: PMC10118288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During neural tube closure, neural ectoderm cells constrict their apical surfaces to bend and fold the tissue into a tube that will become the central nervous system. Recent data from mice and humans with neural tube defects suggest that key genes required for neural tube closure can exert non-cell autonomous effects on cell behavior, but the nature of these effects remains obscure. Here, we coupled tissue-scale, high-resolution time-lapse imaging of the closing neural tube of Xenopus to multivariate regression modeling, and we show that medial actin accumulation drives apical constriction non-autonomously in neighborhoods of cells, rather than solely in individual cells. To further explore this effect, we examined mosaic crispant embryos and identified both autonomous and non-autonomous effects of the apical constriction protein Shroom3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Baldwin
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Juliana H Kim
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - John B Wallingford
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States.
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12
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Optogenetic control of apical constriction induces synthetic morphogenesis in mammalian tissues. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5400. [PMID: 36104355 PMCID: PMC9474505 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe emerging field of synthetic developmental biology proposes bottom-up approaches to examine the contribution of each cellular process to complex morphogenesis. However, the shortage of tools to manipulate three-dimensional (3D) shapes of mammalian tissues hinders the progress of the field. Here we report the development of OptoShroom3, an optogenetic tool that achieves fast spatiotemporal control of apical constriction in mammalian epithelia. Activation of OptoShroom3 through illumination in an epithelial Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell sheet reduces the apical surface of the stimulated cells and causes displacements in the adjacent regions. Light-induced apical constriction provokes the folding of epithelial cell colonies on soft gels. Its application to murine and human neural organoids leads to thickening of neuroepithelia, apical lumen reduction in optic vesicles, and flattening in neuroectodermal tissues. These results show that spatiotemporal control of apical constriction can trigger several types of 3D deformation depending on the initial tissue context.
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13
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Al-Farsi H, Al-Azwani I, Malek JA, Chouchane L, Rafii A, Halabi NM. Discovery of new therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer through identifying significantly non-mutated genes. J Transl Med 2022; 20:244. [PMID: 35619151 PMCID: PMC9134657 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutated and non-mutated genes interact to drive cancer growth and metastasis. While research has focused on understanding the impact of mutated genes on cancer biology, understanding non-mutated genes that are essential to tumor development could lead to new therapeutic strategies. The recent advent of high-throughput whole genome sequencing being applied to many different samples has made it possible to calculate if genes are significantly non-mutated in a specific cancer patient cohort. METHODS We carried out random mutagenesis simulations of the human genome approximating the regions sequenced in the publicly available Cancer Growth Atlas Project for ovarian cancer (TCGA-OV). Simulated mutations were compared to the observed mutations in the TCGA-OV cohort and genes with the largest deviations from simulation were identified. Pathway analysis was performed on the non-mutated genes to better understand their biological function. We then compared gene expression, methylation and copy number distributions of non-mutated and mutated genes in cell lines and patient data from the TCGA-OV project. To directly test if non-mutated genes can affect cell proliferation, we carried out proof-of-concept RNAi silencing experiments of a panel of nine selected non-mutated genes in three ovarian cancer cell lines and one primary ovarian epithelial cell line. RESULTS We identified a set of genes that were mutated less than expected (non-mutated genes) and mutated more than expected (mutated genes). Pathway analysis revealed that non-mutated genes interact in cancer associated pathways. We found that non-mutated genes are expressed significantly more than mutated genes while also having lower methylation and higher copy number states indicating that they could be functionally important. RNAi silencing of the panel of non-mutated genes resulted in a greater significant reduction of cell viability in the cancer cell lines than in the non-cancer cell line. Finally, as a test case, silencing ANKLE2, a significantly non-mutated gene, affected the morphology, reduced migration, and increased the chemotherapeutic response of SKOV3 cells. CONCLUSION We show that we can identify significantly non-mutated genes in a large ovarian cancer cohort that are well-expressed in patient and cell line data and whose RNAi-induced silencing reduces viability in three ovarian cancer cell lines. Targeting non-mutated genes that are important for tumor growth and metastasis is a promising approach to expand cancer therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joel A Malek
- Genomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arash Rafii
- Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Najeeb M Halabi
- Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
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14
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Matsuda M, Chu CW, Sokol SY. Lmo7 recruits myosin II heavy chain to regulate actomyosin contractility and apical domain size in Xenopus ectoderm. Development 2022; 149:275389. [PMID: 35451459 PMCID: PMC9188752 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Apical constriction, or a reduction in size of the apical domain, underlies many morphogenetic events during development. Actomyosin complexes play an essential role in apical constriction; however, the detailed analysis of molecular mechanisms is still pending. Here, we show that Lim domain only protein 7 (Lmo7), a multidomain adaptor at apical junctions, promotes apical constriction in the Xenopus superficial ectoderm, whereas apical domain size increases in Lmo7-depleted cells. Lmo7 is primarily localized at apical junctions and promotes the formation of the dense circumferential actomyosin belt. Strikingly, Lmo7 binds non-muscle myosin II (NMII) and recruits it to apical junctions and the apical cortex. This NMII recruitment is essential for Lmo7-mediated apical constriction. Lmo7 knockdown decreases NMIIA localization at apical junctions and delays neural tube closure in Xenopus embryos. Our findings suggest that Lmo7 serves as a scaffold that regulates actomyosin contractility and apical domain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Matsuda
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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15
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Li Z, Mei Z, Ding S, Chen L, Li H, Feng K, Huang T, Cai YD. Identifying Methylation Signatures and Rules for COVID-19 With Machine Learning Methods. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:908080. [PMID: 35620480 PMCID: PMC9127386 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.908080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a serious challenge to global public health. Definitive and effective treatments for COVID-19 are still lacking, and targeted antiviral drugs are not available. In addition, viruses can regulate host innate immunity and antiviral processes through the epigenome to promote viral self-replication and disease progression. In this study, we first analyzed the methylation dataset of COVID-19 using the Monte Carlo feature selection method to obtain a feature list. This feature list was subjected to the incremental feature selection method combined with a decision tree algorithm to extract key biomarkers, build effective classification models and classification rules that can remarkably distinguish patients with or without COVID-19. EPSTI1, NACAP1, SHROOM3, C19ORF35, and MX1 as the essential features play important roles in the infection and immune response to novel coronavirus. The six significant rules extracted from the optimal classifier quantitatively explained the expression pattern of COVID-19. Therefore, these findings validated that our method can distinguish COVID-19 at the methylation level and provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi Mei
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijian Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaiyan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Huang, ; Yu-Dong Cai,
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Huang, ; Yu-Dong Cai,
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16
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Baldwin AT, Kim JH, Seo H, Wallingford JB. Global analysis of cell behavior and protein dynamics reveals region-specific roles for Shroom3 and N-cadherin during neural tube closure. eLife 2022; 11:e66704. [PMID: 35244026 PMCID: PMC9010020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Failures of neural tube closure are common and serious birth defects, yet we have a poor understanding of the interaction of genetics and cell biology during neural tube closure. Additionally, mutations that cause neural tube defects (NTDs) tend to affect anterior or posterior regions of the neural tube but rarely both, indicating a regional specificity to NTD genetics. To better understand the regional specificity of cell behaviors during neural tube closure, we analyzed the dynamic localization of actin and N-cadherin via high-resolution tissue-level time-lapse microscopy during Xenopus neural tube closure. To investigate the regionality of gene function, we generated mosaic mutations in shroom3, a key regulator or neural tube closure. This new analytical approach elucidates several differences between cell behaviors during cranial/anterior and spinal/posterior neural tube closure, provides mechanistic insight into the function of shroom3, and demonstrates the ability of tissue-level imaging and analysis to generate cell biological mechanistic insights into neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Juliana H Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Hyemin Seo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
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17
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Royer C, Sandham E, Slee E, Schneider F, Lagerholm CB, Godwin J, Veits N, Hathrell H, Zhou F, Leonavicius K, Garratt J, Narendra T, Vincent A, Jones C, Child T, Coward K, Graham C, Fritzsche M, Lu X, Srinivas S. ASPP2 maintains the integrity of mechanically stressed pseudostratified epithelia during morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:941. [PMID: 35177595 PMCID: PMC8854694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, pseudostratified epithelia undergo large scale morphogenetic events associated with increased mechanical stress. Using a variety of genetic and imaging approaches, we uncover that in the mouse E6.5 epiblast, where apical tension is highest, ASPP2 safeguards tissue integrity. It achieves this by preventing the most apical daughter cells from delaminating apically following division events. In this context, ASPP2 maintains the integrity and organisation of the filamentous actin cytoskeleton at apical junctions. ASPP2 is also essential during gastrulation in the primitive streak, in somites and in the head fold region, suggesting that it is required across a wide range of pseudostratified epithelia during morphogenetic events that are accompanied by intense tissue remodelling. Finally, our study also suggests that the interaction between ASPP2 and PP1 is essential to the tumour suppressor function of ASPP2, which may be particularly relevant in the context of tissues that are subject to increased mechanical stress. The early embryo maintains its structure in the face of large mechanical stresses during morphogenesis. Here they show that ASPP2 acts to preserve epithelial integrity in regions of high apical tension during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Royer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Sandham
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Elizabeth Slee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Falk Schneider
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Christoffer B Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Godwin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Nisha Veits
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Holly Hathrell
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Felix Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Karolis Leonavicius
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.,Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jemma Garratt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.,Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tanaya Narendra
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.,Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anna Vincent
- Oxford Fertility, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2HW, UK
| | - Celine Jones
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tim Child
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Fertility, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2HW, UK
| | - Kevin Coward
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Chris Graham
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.,Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, OX11 0QS, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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18
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Razmara P, Pyle GG. Effect of copper nanoparticles and copper ions on the architecture of rainbow trout olfactory mucosa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112876. [PMID: 34634597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory epithelial cells are in direct contact with myriad environmental contaminants which may consequently disrupt their structure and function. Copper ions (Cu2+) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are two types of olfactory neurotoxicants. However, their effects on the structure of olfactory epithelium are largely uninvestigated. The density of olfactory goblet cells in CuNP- and Cu2+ - exposed rainbow trout was assessed using light microscopy throughout time. In both copper (Cu) treatments, the number of goblet cells increased initially over the 24 h exposure and then recovered to normal throughout the 96 h exposure. These data suggested the 96 h exposure to Cu contaminants interfered with protective barrier provided by goblet cells. Nonetheless, lamellar and epithelial thickness of olfactory rosette did not change in the Cu-exposed fish. The gene transcript profile of olfactory mucosa studied by RNA-seq indicated Cu2+ and CuNPs differentially targeted the molecular composition of cell junctions. In the Cu2+ treatment, reduced mRNA abundances of tight junctions, adherens junction, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, suggest that Cu2+-exposed olfactory mucosal cells had weak junctional complexes. In the CuNP treatment, on the other hand, the transcript abundances of cell junction compositions, except adherens junction, were upregulated. Transcripts associated with gap junctional channels were increased in both Cu treatments. The elevated transcript levels of gap junctions in both Cu treatments suggested that the demand for intercellular communication was increased in the Cu-exposed olfactory mucosa. Overall, our findings suggested that Cu2+ induced greater adverse effects on the molecular composition of olfactory cell junctions relative to CuNPs. Impairment of junctional complexes may disrupt the structural integrity of olfactory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Razmara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Gregory G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Oya R, Tsukamoto O, Sato T, Kato H, Matsuoka K, Oshima K, Kamakura T, Ohta Y, Imai T, Takashima S, Inohara H. Phosphorylation of MYL12 by Myosin Light Chain Kinase Regulates Cellular Shape Changes in Cochlear Hair Cells. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2021; 22:425-441. [PMID: 33877471 PMCID: PMC8329122 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-021-00796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The organ of Corti is an auditory organ located in the cochlea, comprising hair cells (HCs) and other supporting cells. Cellular shape changes of HCs are important for the development of auditory epithelia and hearing function. It was previously observed that HCs and inner sulcus cells (ISCs) demonstrate cellular shape changes similar to the apical constriction of the neural epithelia. Apical constriction is induced via actomyosin cable contraction in the apical junctional complex and necessary for the physiological function of the epithelium. Actomyosin cable contraction is mainly regulated by myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). However, MRLC and MLCK isoforms expressed in HCs and ISCs are unknown. Hence, we investigated the expression patterns and roles of MRLCs and MLCKs in HCs. Droplet digital PCR revealed that HCs expressed MYL12A/B and MYL9, which are non-muscle MRLC and smooth muscle MLCK (smMLCK), respectively. Immunofluorescence staining throughout the organ of Corti demonstrated that only MYL12 was expressed in the apical portion of HCs, whereas MYL12 and MYL9 were expressed on ISCs. In addition, purified MYL12B was phosphorylated by smMLCK in vitro, and the harvested HCs contained phosphorylated MYL12. Furthermore, accompanied by the expansion of the cell area of outer HCs, MYL12 phosphorylation was reduced by ML-7, which is an inhibitor of smMLCK. In conclusion, MYL12 phosphorylation by smMLCK contributed to the apical constriction-like cellular shape change of HCs possibly relating to the development of auditory epithelia and hearing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Oya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Tsukamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Kato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Oshima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kamakura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Ohta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Imai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Takashima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Composite morphogenesis during embryo development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:119-132. [PMID: 34172395 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis drives the formation of functional living shapes. Gene expression patterns and signaling pathways define the body plans of the animal and control the morphogenetic processes shaping the embryonic tissues. During embryogenesis, a tissue can undergo composite morphogenesis resulting from multiple concomitant shape changes. While previous studies have unraveled the mechanisms that drive simple morphogenetic processes, how a tissue can undergo multiple and simultaneous changes in shape is still not known and not much explored. In this chapter, we focus on the process of concomitant tissue folding and extension that is vital for the animal since it is key for embryo gastrulation and neurulation. Recent pioneering studies focus on this problem highlighting the roles of different spatially coordinated cell mechanisms or of the synergy between different patterns of gene expression to drive composite morphogenesis.
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21
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The origin and the mechanism of mechanical polarity during epithelial folding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:94-107. [PMID: 34059419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are sheet-like tissue structures that line the inner and outer surfaces of animal bodies and organs. Their remarkable ability to actively produce, or passively adapt to, complex surface geometries has fascinated physicists and biologists alike for centuries. The most simple and yet versatile process of epithelial deformation is epithelial folding, through which curved shapes, tissue convolutions and internal structures are produced. The advent of quantitative live imaging, combined with experimental manipulation and computational modeling, has rapidly advanced our understanding of epithelial folding. In particular, a set of mechanical principles has emerged to illustrate how forces are generated and dissipated to instigate curvature transitions in a variety of developmental contexts. Folding a tissue requires that mechanical loads or geometric changes be non-uniform. Given that polarity is the most distinct and fundamental feature of epithelia, understanding epithelial folding mechanics hinges crucially on how forces become polarized and how polarized differential deformation arises, for which I coin the term 'mechanical polarity'. In this review, five typical modules of mechanical processes are distilled from a diverse array of epithelial folding events. Their mechanical underpinnings with regard to how forces and polarity intersect are analyzed to accentuate the importance of mechanical polarity in the understanding of epithelial folding.
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22
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MAGIs regulate aPKC to enable balanced distribution of intercellular tension for epithelial sheet homeostasis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:337. [PMID: 33712709 PMCID: PMC7954791 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Constriction of the apical plasma membrane is a hallmark of epithelial cells that underlies cell shape changes in tissue morphogenesis and maintenance of tissue integrity in homeostasis. Contractile force is exerted by a cortical actomyosin network that is anchored to the plasma membrane by the apical junctional complexes (AJC). In this study, we present evidence that MAGI proteins, structural components of AJC whose function remained unclear, regulate apical constriction of epithelial cells through the Par polarity proteins. We reveal that MAGIs are required to uniformly distribute Partitioning defective-3 (Par-3) at AJC of cells throughout the epithelial monolayer. MAGIs recruit ankyrin-repeat-, SH3-domain- and proline-rich-region-containing protein 2 (ASPP2) to AJC, which modulates Par-3-aPKC to antagonize ROCK-driven contractility. By coupling the adhesion machinery to the polarity proteins to regulate cellular contractility, we propose that MAGIs play essential and central roles in maintaining steady state intercellular tension throughout the epithelial cell sheet. Matsuzawa et al. show that adhesion-related molecules MAGI-1 and MAGI-3 localize partitioning defective-3 (Par-3) at apical junctional complexes of cells throughout the epithelial monolayer. This study provides insights into how tension distribution contributes to cellular contractility in epithelial tissue homeostasis.
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23
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Sakakibara S, Mizutani K, Sugiura A, Sakane A, Sasaki T, Yonemura S, Takai Y. Afadin regulates actomyosin organization through αE-catenin at adherens junctions. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151595. [PMID: 32227204 PMCID: PMC7199863 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin-undercoated adherens junctions are critical for epithelial cell integrity and remodeling. Actomyosin associates with adherens junctions through αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and E-cadherin in vivo; however, in vitro biochemical studies in solution showed that αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin binds to F-actin less efficiently than αE-catenin that is not complexed with β-catenin. Although a "catch-bond model" partly explains this inconsistency, the mechanism for this inconsistency between the in vivo and in vitro results remains elusive. We herein demonstrate that afadin binds to αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and enhances its F-actin-binding activity in a novel mechanism, eventually inducing the proper actomyosin organization through αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and E-cadherin at adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayumu Sugiura
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sakane
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Researches for Medicine and Photonics, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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24
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Hildebrand JD, Leventry AD, Aideyman OP, Majewski JC, Haddad JA, Bisi DC, Kaufmann N. A modifier screen identifies regulators of cytoskeletal architecture as mediators of Shroom-dependent changes in tissue morphology. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.055640. [PMID: 33504488 PMCID: PMC7875558 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell architecture is critical in the formation of tissues during animal development. The mechanisms that control cell shape must be both dynamic and stable in order to establish and maintain the correct cellular organization. Previous work has identified Shroom family proteins as essential regulators of cell morphology during vertebrate development. Shroom proteins regulate cell architecture by directing the subcellular distribution and activation of Rho-kinase, which results in the localized activation of non-muscle myosin II. Because the Shroom-Rock-myosin II module is conserved in most animal model systems, we have utilized Drosophila melanogaster to further investigate the pathways and components that are required for Shroom to define cell shape and tissue architecture. Using a phenotype-based heterozygous F1 genetic screen for modifiers of Shroom activity, we identified several cytoskeletal and signaling protein that may cooperate with Shroom. We show that two of these proteins, Enabled and Short stop, are required for ShroomA-induced changes in tissue morphology and are apically enriched in response to Shroom expression. While the recruitment of Ena is necessary, it is not sufficient to redefine cell morphology. Additionally, this requirement for Ena appears to be context dependent, as a variant of Shroom that is apically localized, binds to Rock, but lacks the Ena binding site, is still capable of inducing changes in tissue architecture. These data point to important cellular pathways that may regulate contractility or facilitate Shroom-mediated changes in cell and tissue morphology. Summary: Using Drosophila as a model system, we identify F-actin and microtubules as important determinants of how cells and tissues respond to Shroom induced contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Adam D Leventry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Omoregie P Aideyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - John C Majewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - James A Haddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Dawn C Bisi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nancy Kaufmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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25
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Collinet C, Lecuit T. Programmed and self-organized flow of information during morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:245-265. [PMID: 33483696 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How the shape of embryos and organs emerges during development is a fundamental question that has fascinated scientists for centuries. Tissue dynamics arise from a small set of cell behaviours, including shape changes, cell contact remodelling, cell migration, cell division and cell extrusion. These behaviours require control over cell mechanics, namely active stresses associated with protrusive, contractile and adhesive forces, and hydrostatic pressure, as well as material properties of cells that dictate how cells respond to active stresses. In this Review, we address how cell mechanics and the associated cell behaviours are robustly organized in space and time during tissue morphogenesis. We first outline how not only gene expression and the resulting biochemical cues, but also mechanics and geometry act as sources of morphogenetic information to ultimately define the time and length scales of the cell behaviours driving morphogenesis. Next, we present two idealized modes of how this information flows - how it is read out and translated into a biological effect - during morphogenesis. The first, akin to a programme, follows deterministic rules and is hierarchical. The second follows the principles of self-organization, which rests on statistical rules characterizing the system's composition and configuration, local interactions and feedback. We discuss the contribution of these two modes to the mechanisms of four very general classes of tissue deformation, namely tissue folding and invagination, tissue flow and extension, tissue hollowing and, finally, tissue branching. Overall, we suggest a conceptual framework for understanding morphogenetic information that encapsulates genetics and biochemistry as well as mechanics and geometry as information modules, and the interplay of deterministic and self-organized mechanisms of their deployment, thereby diverging considerably from the traditional notion that shape is fully encoded and determined by genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Collinet
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille, France. .,Collège de France, Paris, France.
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26
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Song Y, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Chen Z, Tang Y, Ma X, Lv C, Bi X, Deng M, Bu L, Tian Y, Liu R, Zhao R, Xu J, Sheng X, Du S, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Shan SJ, Chen HD, Zhao Y, Zhou G, Shuai J, Ren F, Xue L, Ying Z, Dai X, Lengner CJ, Andersen B, Plikus MV, Nie Q, Yu Z. The Msi1-mTOR pathway drives the pathogenesis of mammary and extramammary Paget's disease. Cell Res 2020; 30:854-872. [PMID: 32457396 PMCID: PMC7608215 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary and extramammary Paget's Diseases (PD) are a malignant skin cancer characterized by the appearance of Paget cells. Although easily diagnosed, its pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, single-cell RNA-sequencing identified distinct cellular states, novel biomarkers, and signaling pathways - including mTOR, associated with extramammary PD. Interestingly, we identified MSI1 ectopic overexpression in basal epithelial cells of human PD skin, and show that Msi1 overexpression in the epidermal basal layer of mice phenocopies human PD at histopathological, single-cell and molecular levels. Using this mouse model, we identified novel biomarkers of Paget-like cells that translated to human Paget cells. Furthermore, single-cell trajectory, RNA velocity and lineage-tracing analyses revealed a putative keratinocyte-to-Paget-like cell conversion, supporting the in situ transformation theory of disease pathogenesis. Mechanistically, the Msi1-mTOR pathway drives keratinocyte-Paget-like cell conversion, and suppression of mTOR signaling with Rapamycin significantly rescued the Paget-like phenotype in Msi1-overexpressing transgenic mice. Topical Rapamycin treatment improved extramammary PD-associated symptoms in humans, suggesting mTOR inhibition as a novel therapeutic treatment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Song
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Changchun, Jilin, 100132, China
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Mathematics, NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Yichen Tang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xianghui Ma
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cong Lv
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueyun Bi
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Min Deng
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lina Bu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhua Tian
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiuzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaole Sheng
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sujuan Du
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Yunlu Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Shi-Jun Shan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangbiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and, College of Food Sciences and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Medical Research Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhaoxia Ying
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Xing Dai
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19082, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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27
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Durbin MD, O'Kane J, Lorentz S, Firulli AB, Ware SM. SHROOM3 is downstream of the planar cell polarity pathway and loss-of-function results in congenital heart defects. Dev Biol 2020; 464:124-136. [PMID: 32511952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect, and the leading cause of death due to birth defects, yet causative molecular mechanisms remain mostly unknown. We previously implicated a novel CHD candidate gene, SHROOM3, in a patient with CHD. Using a Shroom3 gene trap knockout mouse (Shroom3gt/gt) we demonstrate that SHROOM3 is downstream of the noncanonical Wnt planar cell polarity signaling pathway (PCP) and loss-of-function causes cardiac defects. We demonstrate Shroom3 expression within cardiomyocytes of the ventricles and interventricular septum from E10.5 onward, as well as within cardiac neural crest cells and second heart field cells that populate the cardiac outflow tract. We demonstrate that Shroom3gt/gt mice exhibit variable penetrance of a spectrum of CHDs that include ventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricle, and thin left ventricular myocardium. This CHD spectrum phenocopies what is observed with disrupted PCP. We show that during cardiac development SHROOM3 interacts physically and genetically with, and is downstream of, key PCP signaling component Dishevelled 2. Within Shroom3gt/gt hearts we demonstrate disrupted terminal PCP components, actomyosin cytoskeleton, cardiomyocyte polarity, organization, proliferation and morphology. Together, these data demonstrate SHROOM3 functions during cardiac development as an actomyosin cytoskeleton effector downstream of PCP signaling, revealing SHROOM3's novel role in cardiac development and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Durbin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James O'Kane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Samuel Lorentz
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Cell and tissue shape changes are the fundamental elements of morphogenesis that drive normal development of embryos into fully functional organisms. This requires a variety of cellular processes including establishment and maintenance of polarity, tissue growth and apoptosis, and cell differentiation, rearrangement, and migration. It is widely appreciated that the cytoskeletal networks play an important role in regulating many of these processes and, in particular, that pulsed actomyosin contractions are a core cellular mechanism driving cell shape changes and cell rearrangement. In this review, we discuss the role of pulsed actomyosin contractions during developmental morphogenesis, advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating actomyosin pulsing, and novel techniques to probe the role of pulsed actomyosin processes in
in vivo model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sutherland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alyssa Lesko
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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29
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Méhes E, Biri-Kovács B, Isai DG, Gulyás M, Nyitray L, Czirók A. Matrigel patterning reflects multicellular contractility. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007431. [PMID: 31652274 PMCID: PMC6834294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin II (NMII)-induced multicellular contractility is essential for development, maintenance and remodeling of tissue morphologies. Dysregulation of the cytoskeleton can lead to birth defects or enable cancer progression. We demonstrate that the Matrigel patterning assay, widely used to characterize endothelial cells, is a highly sensitive tool to evaluate cell contractility within a soft extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. We propose a computational model to explore how cell-exerted contractile forces can tear up the cell-Matrigel composite material and gradually remodel it into a network structure. We identify measures that are characteristic for cellular contractility and can be obtained from image analysis of the recorded patterning process. The assay was calibrated by inhibition of NMII activity in A431 epithelial carcinoma cells either directly with blebbistatin or indirectly with Y27632 Rho kinase inhibitor. Using Matrigel patterning as a bioassay, we provide the first functional demonstration that overexpression of S100A4, a calcium-binding protein that is frequently overexpressed in metastatic tumors and inhibits NMIIA activity by inducing filament disassembly, effectively reduces cell contractility. Sensing and exerting forces is a fundamental aspect of tissue organization. We demonstrate that contractile cells form an intricate network structure when placed in a pliable culture environment, a phenomenon often associated with vascular networks and is being actively used to characterize endothelial cells in culture. We propose a computational model that operates with mechanical stresses, plastic deformation and material failure within the cell-extracellular matrix composite to explain the patterning process. In addition to re-interpret a decades-old tool of experimental cell biology, our work suggests a potentially high throughput computational assay to characterize cellular contractility within a soft ECM environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Előd Méhes
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dona G. Isai
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Márton Gulyás
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyitray
- Department of Biochemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Czirók
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Awadia S, Huq F, Arnold TR, Goicoechea SM, Sun YJ, Hou T, Kreider-Letterman G, Massimi P, Banks L, Fuentes EJ, Miller AL, Garcia-Mata R. SGEF forms a complex with Scribble and Dlg1 and regulates epithelial junctions and contractility. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2699-2725. [PMID: 31248911 PMCID: PMC6683736 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Scribble polarity complex is implicated in regulation of epithelial junctions and apical polarity. Here, we show that SGEF, a RhoG-specific GEF, forms a ternary complex with Scribble and Dlg1, two members of the Scribble complex. SGEF targets to apical junctions in a Scribble-dependent fashion and functions in the regulation of actomyosin-based contractility and barrier function at tight junctions as well as E-cadherin-mediated formation of adherens junctions. Surprisingly, SGEF does not control the establishment of polarity. However, in 3D cysts, SGEF regulates the formation of a single open lumen. Interestingly, SGEF's nucleotide exchange activity regulates the formation and maintenance of adherens junctions, and in cysts the number of lumens formed, whereas SGEF's scaffolding activity is critical for regulation of actomyosin contractility and lumen opening. We propose that SGEF plays a key role in coordinating junctional assembly and actomyosin contractility by bringing together Scribble and Dlg1 and targeting RhoG activation to cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahezeel Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Farah Huq
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Torey R Arnold
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Young Joo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Titus Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Paola Massimi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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31
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Ambrosini A, Rayer M, Monier B, Suzanne M. Mechanical Function of the Nucleus in Force Generation during Epithelial Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2019; 50:197-211.e5. [PMID: 31204174 PMCID: PMC6658619 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are critical regulators of cell shape changes and developmental morphogenetic processes. Forces generated along the epithelium apico-basal cell axis have recently emerged as essential for tissue remodeling in three dimensions. Yet the cellular machinery underlying those orthogonal forces remains poorly described. We found that during Drosophila leg folding cells eventually committed to die produce apico-basal forces through the formation of a dynamic actomyosin contractile tether connecting the apical surface to a basally relocalized nucleus. We show that the nucleus is anchored to basal adhesions by a basal F-actin network and constitutes an essential component of the force-producing machinery. Finally, we demonstrate force transmission to the apical surface and the basal nucleus by laser ablation. Thus, this work reveals that the nucleus, in addition to its role in genome protection, actively participates in mechanical force production and connects the contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton to basal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Ambrosini
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mégane Rayer
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Monier
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Magali Suzanne
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Araya C, Häkkinen HM, Carcamo L, Cerda M, Savy T, Rookyard C, Peyriéras N, Clarke JDW. Cdh2 coordinates Myosin-II dependent internalisation of the zebrafish neural plate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1835. [PMID: 30755665 PMCID: PMC6372647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue internalisation is a key morphogenetic mechanism by which embryonic tissues generate complex internal organs and a number of studies of epithelia have outlined a general view of tissue internalisation. Here we have used quantitative live imaging and mutant analysis to determine whether similar mechanisms are responsible for internalisation in a tissue that apparently does not have a typical epithelial organisation - the zebrafish neural plate. We found that although zebrafish embryos begin neurulation without a conventional epithelium, medially located neural plate cells adopt strategies typical of epithelia in order to constrict their dorsal surface membrane during cell internalisation. Furthermore, we show that Myosin-II activity is a significant driver of this transient cell remodeling which also depends on Cdh2 (N-cadherin). Abrogation of Cdh2 results in defective Myosin-II distribution, mislocalised internalisation events and defective neural plate morphogenesis. Our work suggests Cdh2 coordinates Myosin-II dependent internalisation of the zebrafish neural plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Araya
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile. .,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), UACh, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Hanna-Maria Häkkinen
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Carcamo
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mauricio Cerda
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia, 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thierry Savy
- UPS3611 Complex Systems Institute Paris Ile-de-France (ISC-PIF), CNRS, Paris, France.,USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur- Yvette, France
| | - Christopher Rookyard
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Peyriéras
- UPS3611 Complex Systems Institute Paris Ile-de-France (ISC-PIF), CNRS, Paris, France.,USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur- Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan D W Clarke
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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Martin JB, Muccioli M, Herman K, Finnell RH, Plageman TF. Folic acid modifies the shape of epithelial cells during morphogenesis via a Folr1 and MLCK dependent mechanism. Biol Open 2019; 8:8/1/bio041160. [PMID: 30670450 PMCID: PMC6361208 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Folic acid supplementation can prevent neural tube defects, but the specific molecular mechanisms by which it does have not been elucidated. During neural plate morphogenesis, epithelial cell apical constriction cooperates with other events to drive tissue-bending, and when defective, can result in neural tube defects. A Rho-kinase deficient binding mutant of the apical constriction regulating protein, Shroom3 (Shroom3R1838C), is one of only a handful of mouse mutant lines with neural tube defects that can be rescued by folic acid supplementation. This provided a unique opportunity to probe the functional rescue of a protein linked to neural tube development by folic acid. Utilizing an epithelial cell culture model of apical constriction, it was observed that treatment with exogenous folic acid, as well as co-expression of the folic acid receptor Folr1, can rescue the function of the Rho-kinase binding deficient mutant of Shroom3 in vitro It was also determined that the rescuing ability of folic acid is RhoA and Rho-kinase independent but myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and Src-kinase dependent. Inhibition of Rho-kinase-dependent apical constriction in chick embryo neural epithelium was also observed to be rescued by exogenous folic acid and that treatment with folic acid is accompanied by elevated activated myosin light chain and MLCK. Furthermore, doubly heterozygous mouse embryos lacking one copy each of Shroom3 and Folr1 exhibit a low rate of neural tube defects and also have lower levels of activated myosin light chain and MLCK. These studies suggest a novel mechanism by which folic acid modifies epithelial cell shape during morphogenesis, shedding light onto how folic acid may prevent neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Martin
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Muccioli
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kenneth Herman
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Timothy F Plageman
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Popov IK, Ray HJ, Skoglund P, Keller R, Chang C. The RhoGEF protein Plekhg5 regulates apical constriction of bottle cells during gastrulation. Development 2018; 145:dev168922. [PMID: 30446627 PMCID: PMC6307888 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apical constriction regulates epithelial morphogenesis during embryonic development, but how this process is controlled is not understood completely. Here, we identify a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) gene plekhg5 as an essential regulator of apical constriction of bottle cells during Xenopus gastrulation. plekhg5 is expressed in the blastopore lip and its expression is sufficient to induce ectopic bottle cells in epithelia of different germ layers in a Rho-dependent manner. This activity is not shared by arhgef3, which encodes another organizer-specific RhoGEF. Plekhg5 protein is localized in the apical cell cortex via its pleckstrin homology domain, and the GEF activity enhances its apical recruitment. Plekhg5 induces apical actomyosin accumulation and cell elongation. Knockdown of plekhg5 inhibits activin-induced bottle cell formation and endogenous blastopore lip formation in gastrulating frog embryos. Apical accumulation of actomyosin, apical constriction and bottle cell formation fail to occur in these embryos. Taken together, our data indicate that transcriptional regulation of plekhg5 expression at the blastopore lip determines bottle cell morphology via local polarized activation of Rho by Plekhg5, which stimulates apical actomyosin activity to induce apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Popov
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Heather J Ray
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul Skoglund
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ray Keller
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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35
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Brown JM, García-García MJ. Secretory pathway calcium ATPase 1 (SPCA1) controls mouse neural tube closure by regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Development 2018; 145:dev.170019. [PMID: 30228103 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube closure relies on the apical constriction of neuroepithelial cells. Research in frog and fly embryos has found links between the levels of intracellular calcium, actomyosin dynamics and apical constriction. However, genetic evidence for a role of calcium in apical constriction during mammalian neurulation is still lacking. Secretory pathway calcium ATPase (SPCA1) regulates calcium homeostasis by pumping cytosolic calcium into the Golgi apparatus. Loss of function in Spca1 causes cranial exencephaly and spinal cord defects in mice, phenotypes previously ascribed to apoptosis. However, our characterization of a novel allele of Spca1 revealed that neurulation defects in Spca1 mutants are not due to cell death, but rather to a failure of neuroepithelial cells to apically constrict. We show that SPCA1 influences cell contractility by regulating myosin II localization. Furthermore, we found that loss of Spca1 disrupts actin dynamics and the localization of the actin remodeling protein cofilin 1. Taken together, our results provide evidence that SPCA1 promotes neurulation by regulating the cytoskeletal dynamics that promote apical constriction and identify cofilin 1 as a downstream effector of SPCA1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - María J García-García
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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36
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Ortega-Olvera JM, Winkler R, Quintanilla-Vega B, Shibayama M, Chávez-Munguía B, Martín-Tapia D, Alarcón L, González-Mariscal L. The organophosphate pesticide methamidophos opens the blood-testis barrier and covalently binds to ZO-2 in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:257-272. [PMID: 30291936 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methamidophos (MET) is an organophosphate (OP) pesticide widely used in agriculture in developing countries. MET causes adverse effects in male reproductive function in humans and experimental animals, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We explored the effect of MET on mice testes (5 mg/kg/day/4 days), finding that this pesticide opens the blood-testis barrier and perturbs spermatogenesis, generating the appearance of immature germ cells in the epididymis. In the seminiferous tubules, MET treatment changed the level of expression or modified the stage-specific localization of tight junction (TJ) proteins ZO-1, ZO-2, occludin, and claudin-3. In contrast, claudin-11 was barely altered. MET also modified the shape of claudin-11, and ZO-2 at the cell border, from a zigzag to a more linear pattern. In addition, MET diminished the expression of ZO-2 in spermatids present in seminiferous tubules, induced the phosphorylation of ZO-2 and occludin in testes and reduced the interaction between these proteins assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. MET formed covalent bonds with ZO-2 in serine, tyrosine and lysine residues. The covalent modifications formed on ZO-2 at putative phosphorylation sites might interfere with ZO-2 interaction with regulatory molecules and other TJ proteins. MET bonds formed at ZO-2 ubiquitination sites likely interfere with ZO-2 degradation and TJ sealing, based on results obtained in cultured epithelial cells transfected with ZO-2 mutated at a MET target lysine residue. Our results shed light on MET male reproductive toxicity and are important to improve regulations regarding the use of OP pesticides and to protect the health of agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | | | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Dolores Martín-Tapia
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Alarcón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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37
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Emergent mechanics of actomyosin drive punctuated contractions and shape network morphology in the cell cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006344. [PMID: 30222728 PMCID: PMC6171965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous actin (F-actin) and non-muscle myosin II motors drive cell motility and cell shape changes that guide large scale tissue movements during embryonic morphogenesis. To gain a better understanding of the role of actomyosin in vivo, we have developed a two-dimensional (2D) computational model to study emergent phenomena of dynamic unbranched actomyosin arrays in the cell cortex. These phenomena include actomyosin punctuated contractions, or "actin asters" that form within quiescent F-actin networks. Punctuated contractions involve both formation of high intensity aster-like structures and disassembly of those same structures. Our 2D model allows us to explore the kinematics of filament polarity sorting, segregation of motors, and morphology of F-actin arrays that emerge as the model structure and biophysical properties are varied. Our model demonstrates the complex, emergent feedback between filament reorganization and motor transport that generate as well as disassemble actin asters. Since intracellular actomyosin dynamics are thought to be controlled by localization of scaffold proteins that bind F-actin or their myosin motors we also apply our 2D model to recapitulate in vitro studies that have revealed complex patterns of actomyosin that assemble from patterning filaments and motor complexes with microcontact printing. Although we use a minimal representation of filament, motor, and cross-linker biophysics, our model establishes a framework for investigating the role of other actin binding proteins, how they might alter actomyosin dynamics, and makes predictions that can be tested experimentally within live cells as well as within in vitro models. Recent genetic and mechanical studies of embryonic development reveal a critical role for intracellular scaffolds in generating the shape of the embryo and constructing internal organs. In this paper we developed computer simulations of these scaffolds, composed of filamentous actin (F-actin), a rod-like protein polymer, and mini-thick filaments, composed of non-muscle myosin II, forming a two headed spring-like complex of motor proteins that can walk on, and remodel F-actin networks. Using simulations of these dynamic interactions, we can carry out virtual experiments where we change the physics and chemistry of F-actin polymers, their associated myosin motors, and cross-linkers and observe the changes in scaffolds that emerge. For example, by modulating the motor stiffness of the myosin motors in our model we can observe the formation or loss of large aster-like structures. Such fine-grained control over the physical properties of motors or filaments within simulations are not currently possible with biological experiments, even where mutant proteins or small molecule inhibitors can be targeted to specific sites on filaments or motors. Our approach reflects a growing adoption of simulation methods to investigate microscopic features that shape actomyosin arrays and the mesoscale effects of molecular scale processes. We expect predictions from these models will drive more refined experimental approaches to expose the many roles of actomyosin in development.
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38
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Sivakumar A, Kurpios NA. Transcriptional regulation of cell shape during organ morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2987-3005. [PMID: 30061107 PMCID: PMC6122985 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of transcriptional regulation of cell shape changes aims to address the critical question of how gene expression programs produce a change in cell shape. Together with cell growth, division, and death, changes in cell shape are essential for organ morphogenesis. Whereas most studies of cell shape focus on posttranslational events involved in protein organization and distribution, cell shape changes can be genetically programmed. This review highlights the essential role of transcriptional regulation of cell shape during morphogenesis of the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. We emphasize the evolutionary conservation of these processes across different model organisms and discuss perspectives on open questions and research avenues that may provide mechanistic insights toward understanding birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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39
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Kim EJY, Korotkevich E, Hiiragi T. Coordination of Cell Polarity, Mechanics and Fate in Tissue Self-organization. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:541-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Chu CW, Xiang B, Ossipova O, Ioannou A, Sokol SY. The Ajuba family protein Wtip regulates actomyosin contractility during vertebrate neural tube closure. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213884. [PMID: 29661847 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ajuba family proteins are implicated in the assembly of cell junctions and have been reported to antagonize Hippo signaling in response to cytoskeletal tension. To assess the role of these proteins in actomyosin contractility, we examined the localization and function of Wtip, a member of the Ajuba family, in Xenopus early embryos. Targeted in vivo depletion of Wtip inhibited apical constriction in neuroepithelial cells and elicited neural tube defects. Fluorescent protein-tagged Wtip showed predominant punctate localization along the cell junctions in the epidermis and a linear junctional pattern in the neuroectoderm. In cells undergoing Shroom3-induced apical constriction, the punctate distribution was reorganized into a linear pattern. Conversely, the linear junctional pattern of Wtip in neuroectoderm changed to a more punctate distribution in cells with reduced myosin II activity. The C-terminal fragment of Wtip physically associated with Shroom3 and interfered with Shroom3 activity and neural fold formation. We therefore propose that Wtip is a tension-sensitive cytoskeletal adaptor that regulates apical constriction during vertebrate neurulation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Olga Ossipova
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andriani Ioannou
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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41
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Chen Z, Kuang L, Finnell RH, Wang H. Genetic and functional analysis of SHROOM1-4 in a Chinese neural tube defect cohort. Hum Genet 2018; 137:195-202. [PMID: 29423651 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs), which include spina bifida and anencephaly, are the second most common form of human structural congenital malformations. While it is well established that SHROOM3 plays a pivotal role in the complex morphogenetic processes involved in neural tube closure (NTC), the underlying genetic contributions of SHROOM gene family members in the etiology of human NTDs remain poorly understood. Herein, we systematically investigated the mutation patterns of SHROOM1-4 in a Chinese population composed of 343 NTD cases and 206 controls, using targeted next-generation sequencing. Functional variants were further confirmed by western blot and the mammalian two-hybrid assays. Loss of function (LoF) variants were identified in SHROOM3. We observed 1.56 times as many rare [minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.01] coding variants (p = 2.9 × 10-3) in SHROOM genes, and 4.5 times as many rare D-Mis (deleterious missense) variants in SHROOM2 genes in the NTD cases compared with the controls. D-Mis variants of SHROOM2 (p.A1331S; p.R1557H) were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, and these variants were determined to have profound effects on gene function that disrupted their binding with ROCK1 in vitro. These findings provide genetic and molecular insights into the effects of rare damaging variants in SHROOM2, indicating that such variants of SHROOM2 might contribute to the risk of human NTDs. This research enhances our understanding of the genetic contribution of the SHROOM gene family to the etiology of human NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lele Kuang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Jiangwan Campus, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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42
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Pasiliao CC, Hopyan S. Cell ingression: Relevance to limb development and for adaptive evolution. Genesis 2017; 56. [PMID: 29280270 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell ingression is an out-of-plane type of cell intercalation that is essential for the formation of multiple embryonic structures including the limbs. In particular, cell ingression underlies epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of lateral plate cells to initiate limb bud growth, delamination of neural crest cells to generate peripheral nerve sheaths, and emigration of myoblasts from somites to assemble muscles. Individual cells that ingress undergo apical constriction to generate bottle shaped cells, diminish adhesion to their epithelial cell neighbors, and generate protrusive blebs that likely facilitate their ingression into a subepithelial tissue layer. How signaling pathways regulate the progression of delamination is important for understanding numerous developmental events. In this review, we focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive cell ingression and draw comparisons between different morphogenetic contexts in various model organisms. We speculate that cell behaviors that facilitated tissue invagination among diploblasts subsequently drove individual cell ingression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Future insights that link signalling pathways to biophysical mechanisms will likely advance our comprehension of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa C Pasiliao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
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43
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Rajendiran N, Durrant JD. Pyrite: A blender plugin for visualizing molecular dynamics simulations using industry-standard rendering techniques. J Comput Chem 2017; 39:748-755. [PMID: 29280166 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide critical insights into many biological mechanisms. Programs such as VMD, Chimera, and PyMOL can produce impressive simulation visualizations, but they lack many advanced rendering algorithms common in the film and video-game industries. In contrast, the modeling program Blender includes such algorithms but cannot import MD-simulation data. MD trajectories often require many gigabytes of memory/disk space, complicating Blender import. We present Pyrite, a Blender plugin that overcomes these limitations. Pyrite allows researchers to visualize MD simulations within Blender, with full access to Blender's cutting-edge rendering techniques. We expect Pyrite-generated images to appeal to students and non-specialists alike. A copy of the plugin is available at http://durrantlab.com/pyrite/, released under the terms of the GNU General Public License Version 3. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Rajendiran
- Department of Biological Sciences, 4200 Fifth Ave, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
| | - Jacob D Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, 4200 Fifth Ave, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
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44
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Pearl EJ, Li J, Green JBA. Cellular systems for epithelial invagination. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0526. [PMID: 28348256 PMCID: PMC5379028 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial invagination is a fundamental module of morphogenesis that iteratively occurs to generate the architecture of many parts of a developing organism. By changing the physical properties such as the shape and/or position of a population of cells, invagination drives processes ranging from reconfiguring the entire body axis during gastrulation, to forming the primordia of the eyes, ears and multiple ducts and glands, during organogenesis. The epithelial bending required for invagination is achieved through a variety of mechanisms involving systems of cells. Here we provide an overview of the different mechanisms, some of which can work in combination, and outline the circumstances in which they apply. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J Pearl
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jeremy B A Green
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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45
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Ropp P, Friedman A, Durrant JD. Scoria: a Python module for manipulating 3D molecular data. J Cheminform 2017; 9:52. [PMID: 29086076 PMCID: PMC5603467 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Third-party packages have transformed the Python programming language into a powerful computational-biology tool. Package installation is easy for experienced users, but novices sometimes struggle with dependencies and compilers. This presents a barrier that can hinder the otherwise broad adoption of new tools. We present Scoria, a Python package for manipulating three-dimensional molecular data. Unlike similar packages, Scoria requires no dependencies, compilation, or system-wide installation. One can incorporate the Scoria source code directly into their own programs. But Scoria is not designed to compete with other similar packages. Rather, it complements them. Our package leverages others (e.g. NumPy, SciPy), if present, to speed and extend its own functionality. To show its utility, we use Scoria to analyze a molecular dynamics trajectory. Our FootPrint script colors the atoms of one chain by the frequency of their contacts with a second chain. We are hopeful that Scoria will be a useful tool for the computational-biology community. A copy is available for download free of charge (Apache License 2.0) at http://durrantlab.com/scoria/.. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ropp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Aaron Friedman
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jacob D Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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Shindo A. Models of convergent extension during morphogenesis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 7. [PMID: 28906063 PMCID: PMC5763355 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) is a fundamental and conserved collective cell movement that forms elongated tissues during embryonic development. Thus far, studies have demonstrated two different mechanistic models of collective cell movements during CE. The first, termed the crawling mode, was discovered in the process of notochord formation in Xenopus laevis embryos, and has been the established model of CE for decades. The second model, known as the contraction mode, was originally reported in studies of germband extension in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and was recently demonstrated to be a conserved mechanism of CE among tissues and stages of development across species. This review summarizes the two modes of CE by focusing on the differences in cytoskeletal behaviors and relative expression of cell adhesion molecules. The upstream molecules regulating these machineries are also discussed. There are abundant studies of notochord formation in X. laevis embryos, as this was one of the pioneering model systems in this field. Therefore, the present review discusses these findings as an approach to the fundamental biological question of collective cell regulation. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e293. doi: 10.1002/wdev.293 This article is categorized under:
Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Shindo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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47
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Gloushankova NA, Rubtsova SN, Zhitnyak IY. Cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions in normal and cancer cells. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1356900. [PMID: 28783415 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1356900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are molecular complexes that mediate cell-cell adhesive interactions and play pivotal roles in maintenance of tissue organization in adult organisms and at various stages of development. AJs consist of cadherin adhesion receptors, providing homophilic ligation with cadherins on adjacent cells, and members of the catenin protein family: p120, β- and α-catenin. α-catenin's linkage with the actin cytoskeleton defines the linear or punctate organization of AJs in different cell types. Myosin II-dependent tension drives vinculin recruitment by α-catenin and stabilizes the linkage of the cadherin/catenin complex to F-actin. Neoplastic transformation leads to prominent changes in the organization, regulation and stability of AJs. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) whereby epithelial cells lose stable cell-cell adhesion, and reorganize their cytoskeleton to acquire migratory activity, plays the central role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Recent data demonstrated that a partial EMT resulting in a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype with retention of E-cadherin is essential for cancer cell dissemination. E-cadherin and E-cadherin-based AJs are required for collective invasion and migration, survival in circulation, and metastatic outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Gloushankova
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Svetlana N Rubtsova
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Irina Y Zhitnyak
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
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Des Marteaux LE, McKinnon AH, Udaka H, Toxopeus J, Sinclair BJ. Effects of cold-acclimation on gene expression in Fall field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus) ionoregulatory tissues. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:357. [PMID: 28482796 PMCID: PMC5422886 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cold tolerance is a key determinant of temperate insect distribution and performance. Chill-susceptible insects lose ion and water homeostasis during cold exposure, but prior cold acclimation improves both cold tolerance and defense of homeostasis. The mechanisms underlying these processes are mostly unknown; cold acclimation is thought to enhance ion transport in the cold and/or prevent leak of water and ions. To identify candidate mechanisms of cold tolerance plasticity we generated transcriptomes of ionoregulatory tissues (hindgut and Malpighian tubules) from Gryllus pennsylvanicus crickets and compared gene expression in warm- and cold-acclimated individuals. Results We assembled a G. pennsylvanicus transcriptome de novo from 286 million 50-bp reads, yielding 70,037 contigs (~44% of which had putative BLAST identities). We compared the transcriptomes of warm- and cold-acclimated hindguts and Malpighian tubules. Cold acclimation led to a ≥ 2-fold change in the expression of 1493 hindgut genes (733 downregulated, 760 upregulated) and 2008 Malpighian tubule genes (1009 downregulated, 999 upregulated). Cold-acclimated crickets had altered expression of genes putatively associated with ion and water balance, including: a downregulation of V-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase in the Malpighian tubules and an upregulation of Na+-K+ ATPase in the hindgut. We also observed acclimation-related shifts in the expression of cytoskeletal genes in the hindgut, including actin and actin-anchoring/stabilizing proteins, tubulin, α-actinin, and genes involved in adherens junctions organization. In both tissues, cold acclimation led to differential expression of genes encoding cytochrome P450s, glutathione-S-transferases, apoptosis factors, DNA repair, and heat shock proteins. Conclusions This is the first G. pennsylvanicus transcriptome, and our tissue-specific approach yielded new candidate mechanisms of cold tolerance plasticity. Cold acclimation may reduce loss of hemolymph volume in the cold by 1) decreasing primary urine production via reduced expression of carbonic anhydrase and V-ATPase in the Malpighian tubules and 2) by increasing Na+ (and therefore water) reabsorption across the hindgut via increase in Na+-K+ ATPase expression. Cold acclimation may reduce chilling injury by remodeling and stabilizing the hindgut epithelial cytoskeleton and cell-to-cell junctions, and by increasing the expression of genes involved in DNA repair, detoxification, and protein chaperones. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3711-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander H McKinnon
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Present Address: Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hiroko Udaka
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Present Address: Graduate School of Science, Biological Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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49
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Sculpting the labyrinth: Morphogenesis of the developing inner ear. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 65:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Umetsu D, Kuranaga E. Planar polarized contractile actomyosin networks in dynamic tissue morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:90-96. [PMID: 28419933 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex shapes of animal bodies are constructed through a sequence of simple physical interactions of constituent cells. Mechanical forces generated by cellular activities, such as division, death, shape change and rearrangement, drive tissue morphogenesis. By confining assembly or disassembly of actomyosin networks within the three-dimensional space of the cell, cells can localize forces to induce tissue deformation. Tissue-scale morphogenesis emerges from a collective behavior of cells that coordinates the force generation in space and time. Thus, the molecular mechanisms that govern the temporal and spatial regulation of forces in individual cells are elemental to organogenesis, and the tissue-scale coordination of forces generated by individual cells is key to determining the final shape of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Umetsu
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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