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Gazzola A, Ratto D, Perrucci F, Occhinegro A, Leone R, Giammello F, Balestrieri A, Pellitteri-Rosa D, Rossi P, Brandalise F. Predation cues induce predator specific changes in olfactory neurons encoding defensive responses in agile frog tadpoles. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302728. [PMID: 38696517 PMCID: PMC11065311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although behavioural defensive responses have been recorded several times in both laboratory and natural habitats, their neural mechanisms have seldom been investigated. To explore how chemical, water-borne cues are conveyed to the forebrain and instruct behavioural responses in anuran larvae, we conditioned newly hatched agile frog tadpoles using predator olfactory cues, specifically either native odonate larvae or alien crayfish kairomones. We expected chronic treatments to influence the basal neuronal activity of the tadpoles' mitral cells and alter their sensory neuronal connections, thereby impacting information processing. Subsequently, these neurons were acutely perfused, and their responses were compared with the defensive behaviour of tadpoles previously conditioned and exposed to the same cues. Tadpoles conditioned with odonate cues differed in both passive and active cell properties compared to those exposed to water (controls) or crayfish cues. The observed upregulation of membrane conductance and increase in both the number of active synapses and receptor density at the postsynaptic site are believed to have enhanced their responsiveness to external stimuli. Odonate cues also affected the resting membrane potential and firing rate of mitral cells during electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings, suggesting a rearrangement of the repertoire of voltage-dependent conductances expressed in cell membranes. These recorded neural changes may modulate the induction of an action potential and transmission of information. Furthermore, the recording of neural activity indicated that the lack of defensive responses towards non-native predators is due to the non-recognition of their olfactory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gazzola
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Ratto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Occhinegro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Leone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Giammello
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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2
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Quijón PA. Predator-prey interactions in a coastal setting: Linking crab feeding rates to small scale distribution of clams. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106452. [PMID: 38492324 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
A coastal predator-prey system, juvenile green crabs (Carcinus maenas) preying upon juvenile hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), was used to explore the link between crab predation rates and clam density and small-scale distribution patterns. The channel working area of a racetrack flume was adapted to form a sedimentary arena in a flowing seawater system (5 cm s-1) to assess crab predation rates in relation to clam density and distribution patterns (clams clustered in one patch vs two nearby vs two farther apart). The trials detected significant differences in relation to clam initial density and distribution with strong (∼50%) declines in clam mortality levels among spatial arrangements (one patch > two nearby > two farther apart). Feeding of clams was associated with the time taken by crabs to handle the first clam (first patch), and the frequency of three distinct types of crab behavior (eating, resting, and searching). Altogether these results suggest that small-scale changes in number and distribution of juvenile clams matter and may have unexpectedly strong effects on the outcome of predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Quijón
- Coastal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A4P3, Canada.
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3
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Hubáček J, Gvoždík L. Terrestrial amphibians respond to rapidly changing temperatures with individual plasticity of exploratory behaviour. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103757. [PMID: 38043243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ectotherms react to acute changes in environmental temperatures by adjusting their behaviour. Evaluating the adaptive potential of these behavioural adjustments requires information on their repeatability and plasticity. We examined behavioural response (exploration) to acute temperature change in two amphibian taxa, alpine (Ichthyosaura alpestris) and smooth (Lissotriton vulgaris) newts. These responses were investigated at both population and individual levels under multiple thermal contexts (dimensions), represented by the direction and range of changing temperature and rearing thermal regimes. Population-level analyses showed species-specific, non-additive effects of direction and range of temperature change on acute thermal reaction norms for exploration, but explained only a low amount (7-23%) of total variation in exploration. In contrast, within- and among-individual variation in acute thermal reaction norm parameters explained 42-50% of total variation in the examined trait. Although immediate thermal responses varied among individuals (repeatability = 0.07 to 0.53), they were largely shaped by environmental contexts during repeated trials. We conclude that these amphibians respond to acute temperature change through individual plasticity of behavioural traits. A repeated-measures approach under multiple thermal contexts will be needed to identify the selective and plastic potential of behavioural responses used by juvenile newts and perhaps other ectotherm taxa to cope with rapidly changing environmental temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Hubáček
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lumír Gvoždík
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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4
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Gu L, Yang Y, Chen X, Liu Q, Sun Y, Zhang L, Yang Z. Delicate plasticity: Maladaptive responses to fish predation risk in Daphnia magna caused by sertraline pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140393. [PMID: 37820873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
An emerging environmental pollutant may have a greater impact on phenotypic plasticity than its direct toxicity, causing maladaptive responses of organisms to their current environment. To better understand such ecological risks, we proposed a delicate plasticity hypothesis: if an emerging stressor acts on the fundamental processes underlying a specific adaptive plastic response, it is more likely to pose high risks to the phenotypic plasticity. Endocrine regulation is one of the critical processes of plasticity and is becoming a target for emerging pollutants. To test this hypothesis, we measured individual traits and the expression of endocrine-related genes in Daphnia magna in response to fish predation risk under exponentially increasing concentrations of the antidepressant sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The results showed that sertraline impaired most of the defense responses of D. magna at concentrations lower than the effective concentrations of its direct toxicity. The high risks of sertraline on inducible defenses were also visually reflected in the relationships between toxicity and plasticity strength, that is, most of the defense responses exponentially decayed with an increase in sertraline toxicity. In addition, the expression of genes involved in serotonin synthesis was significantly correlated with the expression of other endocrine-related genes and with changes in morphological traits. These results revealed that environmental sertraline pollution could disturb endocrine regulation and cause high risks to inducible defenses of D. magna, providing evidence supporting the delicate plasticity hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xihua Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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5
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Polo-Cavia N, Arribas R, Caballero-Díaz C, Baltanás Á, Gomez-Mestre I. Widespread learned predator recognition to an alien predator across populations in an amphibian species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14599. [PMID: 37669978 PMCID: PMC10480198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alien predators are a major cause of decline and extinction of species worldwide, since native organisms are rarely equipped with specific antipredatory strategies to cope with them. However, phenotypic plasticity and learned predator recognition may help prey populations to survive novel predators. Here we examine geographical variation in the learning ability of larval spadefoot toads (Pelobates cultripes) to recognize invasive predatory crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). We compare the learning-mediated behavioural responses of tadpoles from six populations across two regions in Spain (central and southern), with different histories of exposure to the presence of the invasive species. Two of the populations showed innate recognition of chemical cues from the invasive crayfish, whereas three of them learned to recognize such cues as a threat after conditioning with conspecific alarm cues. Learning abilities did not differ among southern populations, but they did among central populations. We assessed patterns of genetic variation within and among these two regions through microsatellite markers and found low genetic divergence among the southern populations but greater differentiation among the central ones. We hypothesize that similar responses to the invasive crayfish in southern populations may have arisen from a combination of extended historical exposure to this introduced predator (~ 50 y) and higher levels of gene flow, as they inhabit a highly interconnected pond network. In contrast, populations from central Spain show lower connectivity, have been exposed to the invasive crayfish for a shorter period of time, and are more divergent in their plastic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Polo-Cavia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Arribas
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Monitoring Team on Natural Processes ICTS-RBD, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Caballero-Díaz
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Baltanás
- Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Gomez-Mestre
- Ecology, Evolution and Development Group, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, E-41092, Seville, Spain
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6
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Jiang B, Yao Y, Mauersberger R, Mikolajewski DJ. Allometry of Defense: Predator Shift Alters Ontogenetic Growth Patterns in an Antipredator Trait. INSECTS 2023; 14:712. [PMID: 37623422 PMCID: PMC10456028 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Predation is a major factor driving prey trait diversification and promoting ecological speciation. Consequently, antipredator traits are widely studied among prey species. However, comparative studies that examine how different predators shape the ontogenetic growth of antipredator traits are scarce. In larval dragonflies, abdominal spines are effective traits against predatory fish in fish lakes, which prefer larger prey. However, defensive spines increase mortality in habitats dominated by invertebrate predators (invertebrate lakes), which prefer smaller prey. Thus, species from fish lakes may accelerate spine growth at a later body size compared to species from invertebrate lakes when growing into the preferred prey size range of predatory fish. In this study, we constructed the allometric relationship between spine length and body size and compared the inflexion point of those growth curves in five species of Leucorrhinia dragonfly larvae. We found that fish-lake Leucorrhinia species accelerated spine growth at a larger body size than congenerics from invertebrate lakes. Further, rather than extending spine length constantly through development, fish-lake species rapidly accelerated spine growth at a larger body size. This is likely to be adaptive for avoiding invertebrate predation at an early life stage, which are also present in fish lakes, though in smaller numbers. Our results highlight that comparative studies of ontogenetic patterns in antipredator traits might be essential to develop an integrated understanding of predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China;
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Yu Yao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China;
| | - Rüdiger Mauersberger
- Förderverein Feldberg-Uckermärkische Seenlandschaft e.V., 17268 Templin, Germany;
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7
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Cabej NR. On the origin and nature of nongenetic information in eumetazoans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023. [PMID: 37154677 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nongenetic information implies all the forms of biological information not related to genes and DNA in general. Despite the deep scientific relevance of the concept, we currently lack reliable knowledge about its carriers and origins; hence, we still do not understand its true nature. Given that genes are the targets of nongenetic information, it appears that a parsimonious approach to find the ultimate source of that information is to trace back the sequential steps of the causal chain upstream of the target genes up to the ultimate link as the source of the nongenetic information. From this perspective, I examine seven nongenetically determined phenomena: placement of locus-specific epigenetic marks on DNA and histones, changes in snRNA expression patterns, neural induction of gene expression, site-specific alternative gene splicing, predator-induced morphological changes, and cultural inheritance. Based on the available evidence, I propose a general model of the common neural origin of all these forms of nongenetic information in eumetazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson R Cabej
- Department of Biology, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
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8
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Stevens DR, Graham MA, Bardjis CI, Foster SA, Baker JA, Mathis KA. Evolution of chemical-cue-mediated antipredator behavior in threespine stickleback populations experiencing northern pike predation. Biol Invasions 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-02996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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9
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Li J, Yu Z, Warren A, Lin X. Predation risk affects the ecotoxicity evaluation of antibiotics: Population growth and antioxidase activity in the ciliate Paramecium jenningsi. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114536. [PMID: 36634479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although predation risk exists under natural conditions, its role is usually ignored when evaluating the ecotoxicity of environmental contaminants, and the interaction between predation risk and antibiotic ecotoxicity is not yet clear. To investigate the nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) of predation on the ecotoxicity evaluation of antibiotics, the median lethal concentration (LC50), relative population growth rate (RGR), and activities of three antioxidases were measured in the ciliate Paramecium jenningsi exposed to graded concentrations of the antibiotics nitrofurazone (NFZ) or erythromycin (ERY) in the presence or absence of a predator, i.e., the ciliate Didinium nasutum. The results showed that (1) NCEs significantly reduced the LC50 of NFZ but had no effect on that of ERY; (2) predation pressure alone had no significant effect on the inhibitory rate of the P. jenningsi population, but the interaction with NFZ was synergistic, while that with CRY was additive; (3) the concentrationresponse (i.e., mortality) model for each antibiotic exposure with and without predation pressure differed significantly in the parameter slope; (4) RGRs were significantly reduced by antibiotic exposure or NCEs; only in NFZ-exposed groups did the RGRs decrease linearly with increasing exposure concentration; and (5) the activities of all three antioxidases significantly increased due to NCEs or following exposure to antibiotics. In brief, NCEs were detected in P. jenningsi, and these had additive or synergistic effects on antibiotic ecotoxicity, but their magnitude depended on the properties and exposure concentrations of the antibiotics. Our findings suggest that it is necessary to consider the roles of NCEs in the ecotoxicity evaluation of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ziyue Yu
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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10
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Effects of predation risk on the sensory asymmetries and defensive strategies of Bufotes balearicus tadpoles. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:491-501. [PMID: 36100805 PMCID: PMC9950214 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lateralization consists of the differential use of bilateral organs or limbs and is well described in many taxa and in several contexts. Common ecological frameworks where it can be observed are foraging and predatory ones, with benefits related to both visual and auditory lateralization such as faster response or increasing neural processing ability. Anuran amphibians are considered relevant models for investigating lateralization, due to their great ecological variety and the possibility of easily being raised under laboratory conditions. By adopting the "rotational preference test", we used Balearic green toad tadpoles to test the effects of behavioural defensive responses triggered by different predator types (native vs alien, i.e. dragonfly larvae Aeshna cyanea and adult red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii) and diets (fasted vs. tadpole-fed predators) on their lateralization. We recorded tadpoles' responses to five different chemical cues: clean water (control treatment), fasted dragonfly larvae and crayfish, and tadpole-fed dragonfly larvae and crayfish. Green toad tadpoles did not show a bias in a predominant direction, although lateralization occurred at the individual level, as shown by the intensity index (LA). Perceived predation risk was the highest in tadpoles exposed to the combined chemical cues of conspecific prey and native predators, which elicited both changes in the intensity of lateralization and a marked reduction in tadpoles' activity level. Our results suggest that contextual predation threat may induce very rapid changes in the expression of asymmetries at the individual level, and might play a role as part of the complex defensive strategies adopted by prey in the attempt to escape predators.
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11
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Antipredator responses of Indosylvirana indica tadpoles do not match the level of predation risk. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Aquatic insects differentially affect lake sturgeon larval phenotypes and egg surface microbial communities. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277336. [PMID: 36409729 PMCID: PMC9678266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Documentation of how interactions among members of different stream communities [e.g., microbial communities and aquatic insect taxa exhibiting different feeding strategies (FS)] collectively influence the growth, survival, and recruitment of stream fishes is limited. Considerable spatial overlap exists between early life stages of stream fishes, including species of conservation concern like lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), and aquatic insects and microbial taxa that abundantly occupy substrates on which spawning occurs. Habitat overlap suggests that species interactions across trophic levels may be common, but outcomes of these interactions are poorly understood. We conducted an experiment where lake sturgeon eggs were fertilized and incubated in the presence of individuals from one of four aquatic insect FS taxa including predators, facultative and obligate-scrapers, collector-filterers/facultative predators, and a control (no insects). We quantified and compared the effects of different insect taxa on the taxonomic composition and relative abundance of egg surface bacterial and lower eukaryotic communities, egg size, incubation time to hatch, free embryo body size (total length) at hatch, yolk-sac area, (a measure of resource utilization), and percent survival to hatch. Mean egg size varied significantly among insect treatments. Eggs exposed to predators had a lower mean percent survival to hatch. Eggs exposed to predators had significantly shorter incubation periods. At hatch, free embryos exposed to predators had significantly smaller yolk sacs and total length. Multivariate analyses revealed that egg bacterial and lower eukaryotic surface community composition varied significantly among insect treatments and between time periods (1 vs 4 days post-fertilization). Quantitative PCR documented significant differences in bacterial 16S copy number, and thus abundance on egg surfaces varied across insect treatments. Results indicate that lethal and non-lethal effects associated with interactions between lake sturgeon eggs and free embryos and aquatic insects, particularly predators, contributed to lake sturgeon trait variability that may affect population levels of recruitment.
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Hardy AR, Hale ME. Extraoral Taste Buds on the Paired Fins of Damselfishes. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac035. [PMID: 36060866 PMCID: PMC9428928 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some fish species have taste buds on the surface of their bodies and fins, as well as in the oral cavity. The extraoral taste system of fish has traditionally been studied in species that inhabit environments and/or employ feeding strategies where vision is limited. Here we examined taste sensation in a new ecological context by investigating the paired fins of damselfish (Pomacentridae), a group of diurnal midwater fishes that inhabit the light-rich waters of coral reefs. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of taste buds on the paired fins of Chromis viridis, including on the distal tips of elongate leading-edge pelvic fin rays, where they are particularly densely packed, suggesting specialization for chemosensation. Similar anatomical results were also recorded from two other species, Pomacentrus amboinensis and Pomacentrus coelestis. We found that afferent pectoral fin nerves of C. viridis responded to a food-derived stimulus. By investigating the extraoral taste system in a new phylogenetic and ecological context, these results show that taste buds on fins are more widespread amongst fish than previously known and are present even in highly visual environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Hardy
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago , 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melina E Hale
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago , 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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14
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Vodrážková M, Šetlíková I, Navrátil J, Berec M. Presence of an alien turtle accelerates hatching of common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.74.82250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a predator affects prey populations either by direct predation or by modifying various parts of their life history. We investigated whether the hatching time, developmental stage, and body size at hatching of common frog (Rana temporaria) embryos would alter in the presence of a red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) as a predator. The presence of a predator affected all factors examined. We found that in the absence of the slider, the embryos hatched in 12 days, while hatching was accelerated by two days in slider treatment. At the same time, the embryos hatched smaller and at a lower stage of development with the slider than without it. Our study extends the range of predators studied, including the effect on different phases of development of potential amphibian prey.
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15
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Oliver A, Cavalheri HB, Lima TG, Jones NT, Podell S, Zarate D, Allen E, Burton RS, Shurin JB. Phenotypic and transcriptional response of Daphnia pulicaria to the combined effects of temperature and predation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265103. [PMID: 35834446 PMCID: PMC9282536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Daphnia, an ecologically important zooplankton species in lakes, shows both genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in response to temperature and fish predation, but little is known about the molecular basis of these responses and their potential interactions. We performed a factorial experiment exposing laboratory-propagated Daphnia pulicaria clones from two lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California to normal or high temperature (15°C or 25°C) in the presence or absence of fish kairomones, then measured changes in life history and gene expression. Exposure to kairomones increased upper thermal tolerance limits for physiological activity in both clones. Cloned individuals matured at a younger age in response to higher temperature and kairomones, while size at maturity, fecundity and population intrinsic growth were only affected by temperature. At the molecular level, both clones expressed more genes differently in response to temperature than predation, but specific genes involved in metabolic, cellular, and genetic processes responded differently between the two clones. Although gene expression differed more between clones from different lakes than experimental treatments, similar phenotypic responses to predation risk and warming arose from these clone-specific patterns. Our results suggest that phenotypic plasticity responses to temperature and kairomones interact synergistically, with exposure to fish predators increasing the tolerance of Daphnia pulicaria to stressful temperatures, and that similar phenotypic responses to temperature and predator cues can be produced by divergent patterns of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Oliver
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hamanda B. Cavalheri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ecology Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thiago G. Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ecology Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Natalie T. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ecology Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sheila Podell
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniela Zarate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ecology Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Allen
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Burton
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ecology Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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16
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Evans TG, Bible JM, Maynard A, Griffith KR, Sanford E, Kültz D. Proteomic changes associated with predator-induced morphological defenses in oysters. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4254-4270. [PMID: 35754098 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inducible prey defenses occur when organisms undergo plastic changes in phenotype to reduce predation risk. When predation pressure varies persistently over space or time, such as when predator and prey co-occur over only part of their biogeographic ranges, prey populations can become locally adapted in their inducible defenses. In California estuaries, native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) populations have evolved disparate phenotypic responses to an invasive predator, the Atlantic oyster drill (Urosalpinx cinerea). In this study, oysters from an estuary with drills, and oysters from an estuary without drills, were reared for two generations in a laboratory common garden, and subsequently exposed to cues from Atlantic drills. Comparative proteomics was then used to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying conserved and divergent aspects of their inducible defenses. Both populations developed smaller, thicker, and harder shells after drill exposure, and these changes in shell phenotype were associated with up-regulation of calcium transport proteins that could influence biomineralization. Inducible defenses evolve in part because defended phenotypes incur fitness costs when predation risk is low. Immune proteins were down-regulated by both oyster populations after exposure to drills, implying a trade-off between biomineralization and immune function. Following drill exposure, oysters from the population that co-occurs with drills grew smaller shells than oysters inhabiting the estuary not yet invaded by the predator. Variation in the response to drills between populations was associated with isoform-specific protein expression. This trend suggests that a stronger inducible defense response evolved in oysters that co-occur with drills through modification of an existing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Jillian M Bible
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies, Washington College, Chestertown, MD 21620, USA
| | - Ashley Maynard
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Kaylee R Griffith
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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17
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Kruppert S, Horstmann M, Weiss LC, Konopka E, Kubitza N, Poppinga S, Westermeier AS, Speck T, Tollrian R. Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea's Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6474. [PMID: 35742915 PMCID: PMC9223663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Every ecosystem shows multiple levels of species interactions, which are often difficult to isolate and to classify regarding their specific nature. For most of the observed interactions, it comes down to either competition or consumption. The modes of consumption are various and defined by the nature of the consumed organism, e.g., carnivory, herbivory, as well as the extent of the consumption, e.g., grazing, parasitism. While the majority of consumers are animals, carnivorous plants can also pose a threat to arthropods. Water fleas of the family Daphniidae are keystone species in many lentic ecosystems. As most abundant filter feeders, they link the primary production to higher trophic levels. As a response to the high predatory pressures, water fleas have evolved various inducible defenses against animal predators. Here we show the first example, to our knowledge, in Ceriodaphnia dubia of such inducible defenses of an animal against a coexisting plant predator, i.e., the carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia x neglecta Lehm, Lentibulariaceae). When the bladderwort is present, C. dubia shows changes in morphology, life history and behavior. While the morphological and behavioral adaptations improve C. dubia's survival rate in the presence of this predator, the life-history parameters likely reflect trade-offs for the defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kruppert
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution & Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (M.H.); (L.C.W.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.P.); (A.S.W.); (T.S.)
| | - Martin Horstmann
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution & Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (M.H.); (L.C.W.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Linda C. Weiss
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution & Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (M.H.); (L.C.W.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Elena Konopka
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution & Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (M.H.); (L.C.W.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Nadja Kubitza
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution & Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (M.H.); (L.C.W.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.P.); (A.S.W.); (T.S.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, Schnittspahnstraße 2, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anna S. Westermeier
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.P.); (A.S.W.); (T.S.)
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.P.); (A.S.W.); (T.S.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ralph Tollrian
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution & Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; (M.H.); (L.C.W.); (E.K.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
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18
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Gu L, Qin S, Sun Y, Huang J, Akbar S, Zhang L, Yang Z. Coping with antagonistic predation risks: Predator-dependent unique responses are dominant in Ceriodaphnia cornuta. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3951-3962. [PMID: 35621395 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inducible defences of prey are evolved under diverse and variable predation risks. However, during the co-evolution of prey and multiple predators, the responses of prey to antagonistic predation risks, which may put the prey into a dilemma of responding to predators, remain unclear. Based on antagonistic predation pressure from an invertebrate (Chaoborus larvae) and a vertebrate (Rhodeus ocellatus) predator, we studied the responses of multiple traits and transcriptomes of the freshwater crustacean Ceriodaphnia cornuta under multiple predation risks. Chaoborus predation risk altered the expression of genes encoding cuticle proteins and modulated the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, cutin, suberine, and wax, leading to the development of horns and increase in size at the late developmental stage. Meanwhile, fish predation risk primarily triggered genes encoding ribosomes and those involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and cysteine and methionine metabolism, resulting in smaller individual size and earlier reproduction. Inducible responses of both transcriptome and individual traits revealed that predator-dependent unique responses were dominant and the dilemma of antagonistic responses was relatively limited. However, the unique individual traits in response to invertebrate predation could be significantly impaired by vertebrate predation risk, even though the unique responses to different predators were extremely weakly correlated and could be elicited simultaneously. These results indicate that diverse predator-dependent unique responses are favoured by Ceriodaphnia during its co-evolution with multiple predators. Nonetheless, Ceriodaphnia is not a generalist that can fully adopt all predator-dependent unique responses simultaneously under multiple predation risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siddiq Akbar
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Więski K, Ślusarczyk M. On the different role of alarm substances and fish kairomones in diapause induction in a freshwater planktonic crustacean. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2022; 44:278-287. [PMID: 36479192 PMCID: PMC9718797 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many aquatic organisms anticipate predation risk via infochemical detection. In a laboratory experiment, we investigated the expression of life-history responses in planktonic Daphnia magna under long-lasting exposure to various concentrations of fish kairomones (FK) and alarm substances of Daphnia (AS). Daphnia were exposed to one of six concentrations of AS (0, 0.0005, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5 homogenized D. magna/L) mixed with the highest concentration of FK, or to one of six concentrations of FK (diluted fish feces of 0, 0.001, 0.002, 0.01, 0.02, 0.1 fish/L) accompanied by the highest concentration of AS. FK alone at the highest concentration were sufficient to induce diapause in 21% of Daphnia, while AS alone at the highest concentration did not trigger diapause. Mixed at the highest concentrations, both cues induced diapause in 94% of Daphnia, whereas in the control treatment free of infochemicals no ephippial individuals occurred. No significant size or fecundity changes accompanied the diapause response. The graded type of diapause response observed across a wide concentration AS concentrations suggests that Daphnia use AS concentration as a proxy for the level of non-specific predation risk. In contrast, the abrupt change of diapause response across a narrow concentration of FK suggests that they were more critical to identify predator origin than level of risk.
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20
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Curi L, Cuzziol Boccioni A, Peltzer P, Attademo A, Bassó A, León E, Lajmanovich R. Signals from predators, injured conspecifics, and pesticide modify the swimming behavior of the gregarious tadpole of the Dorbigny’s Toad, Rhinella dorbignyi (Anura: Bufonidae). CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tadpoles detect chemical signals released from predators and conspecifics, as well as those present in the environment, and adjust their behavioral responses. This study evaluated the swimming activity of Dorbigny’s Toad (Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)) tadpoles exposed to chemical signals, including cues from a predator fish, the marbled swamp eel (Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795), and an injured conspecific; sublethal concentration of insecticide cypermethrin; and their combination. Swimming behavior (total distance moved, mean speed, global activity, number of contacts between tadpoles) was evaluated in an individual (1) and groups of different size (3, 5, 7, and 10 tadpoles) using a video-tracking software tool. Predator exposure modified behavioral parameters, reducing encounters with predators and, therefore, mortality. Total distance moved and mean speed increased in trials involving 1 tadpole and 3 interacting tadpoles exposed to injured conspecifics, whereas global activity increased in all group sizes, showing that gregarious tadpoles may be affected by alarm cues and their behavior may be disrupted. The insecticide treatments (alone and combined) increased parameters in all group sizes, causing hyperactivity due to its neurotoxic effect. The different responses observed after exposure to alarm cues and environmental signals in the different group sizes modified the normal behavior and the ecological dynamics of gregarious tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Curi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ictiología del Nordeste (INICNE), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (FCV, UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2139, CP 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - A.P. Cuzziol Boccioni
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P.M. Peltzer
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A.M. Attademo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A. Bassó
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E.J. León
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Conservación de tetrápodos (INALI-UNL- CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN n° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R.C. Lajmanovich
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FBCB-UNL-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo”, RN N° 168, Km 472, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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21
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Gazzola A, Balestrieri A, Brazzale G, Pellitteri-Rosa D. Effects of conspecific density on tadpole risk assessment and defensive behaviour. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Prey species assess predation risk by using either direct and indirect cues and both may contribute to a proper evaluation of the actual risk. As postulated by the risk assessment hypothesis, conspecific density may also provide useful information for tuning defensive responses. We tested this hypothesis using a combination of five density levels (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 individuals) of Italian agile frog Rana latastei tadpoles and three treatments (control, predatory cues of common backswimmer Notonecta glauca and a waterjet of tap water as mechanical disturbance). Tadpole activity decreased in response to all stimuli but, as expected, backswimmer cues induced a stronger and lasting response. However, tadpole activity level did not vary with group size, thus providing no support for the risk assessment hypothesis and confirming that conspecific density might have less consistent effects on short-term behavioural responses than morphological and life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Balestrieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Brazzale
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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22
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Vinterstare J, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Langerhans RB, Berglund O, Örjes J, Brodin T, Fick J, Hulthén K. Antipredator phenotype in crucian carp altered by a psychoactive drug. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9435-9446. [PMID: 34306633 PMCID: PMC8293787 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Predator-inducible defenses constitute a widespread form of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and such defenses have recently been suggested linked with the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system is a target of endocrine disruptors, such as psychoactive pharmaceuticals, which are common aquatic contaminants. We hypothesized that exposure to an antidepressant pollutant, fluoxetine, influences the physiological stress response in our model species, crucian carp, affecting its behavioral and morphological responses to predation threat. We examined short- and long-term effects of fluoxetine and predator exposure on behavior and morphology in crucian carp. Seventeen days of exposure to a high dose of fluoxetine (100 µg/L) resulted in a shyer phenotype, regardless of the presence/absence of a pike predator, but this effect disappeared after long-term exposure. Fluoxetine effects on morphological plasticity were context-dependent as a low dose (1 µg/L) only influenced crucian carp body shape in pike presence. A high dose of fluoxetine strongly influenced body shape regardless of predator treatment. Our results highlight that environmental pollution by pharmaceuticals could disrupt physiological regulation of ecologically important inducible defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerker Vinterstare
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - R. Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Olof Berglund
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jennie Örjes
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) – UmeåUmeåSweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of ChemistryUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
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23
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Denver RJ. Stress hormones mediate developmental plasticity in vertebrates with complex life cycles. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100301. [PMID: 33614863 PMCID: PMC7879041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment experienced by developing organisms can shape the timing and character of developmental processes, generating different phenotypes from the same genotype, each with different probabilities of survival and performance as adults. Chordates have two basic modes of development, indirect and direct. Species with indirect development, which includes most fishes and amphibians, have a complex life cycle with a free-swimming larva that is typically a growth stage, followed by a metamorphosis into the adult form. Species with direct development, which is an evolutionarily derived developmental mode, develop directly from embryo to the juvenile without an intervening larval stage. Among the best studied species with complex life cycles are the amphibians, especially the anurans (frogs and toads). Amphibian tadpoles are exposed to diverse biotic and abiotic factors in their developmental habitat. They have extensive capacity for developmental plasticity, which can lead to the expression of different, adaptive morphologies as tadpoles (polyphenism), variation in the timing of and size at metamorphosis, and carry-over effects on the phenotype of the juvenile/adult. The neuroendocrine stress axis plays a pivotal role in mediating environmental effects on amphibian development. Before initiating metamorphosis, if tadpoles are exposed to predators they upregulate production of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT), which acts directly on the tail to cause it to grow, thereby increasing escape performance. When tadpoles reach a minimum body size to initiate metamorphosis they can vary the timing of transformation in relation to growth opportunity or mortality risk in the larval habitat. They do this by modulating the production of thyroid hormone (TH), the primary inducer of metamorphosis, and CORT, which synergizes with TH to promote tissue transformation. Hypophysiotropic neurons that release the stress neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) are activated in response to environmental stress (e.g., pond drying, food restriction, etc.), and CRF accelerates metamorphosis by directly inducing secretion of pituitary thyrotropin and corticotropin, thereby increasing secretion of TH and CORT. Although activation of the neuroendocrine stress axis promotes immediate survival in a deteriorating larval habitat, costs may be incurred such as reduced tadpole growth and size at metamorphosis. Small size at transformation can impair performance of the adult, reducing probability of survival in the terrestrial habitat, or fecundity. Furthermore, elevations in CORT in the tadpole caused by environmental stressors cause long term, stable changes in neuroendocrine function, behavior and physiology of the adult, which can affect fitness. Comparative studies show that the roles of stress hormones in developmental plasticity are conserved across vertebrate taxa including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Denver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
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24
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Zhang C, Jones M, Govaert L, Viant M, De Meester L, Stoks R. Resurrecting the metabolome: Rapid evolution magnifies the metabolomic plasticity to predation in a natural Daphnia population. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2285-2297. [PMID: 33720474 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Populations rely on already present plastic responses (ancestral plasticity) and evolution (including both evolution of mean trait values, constitutive evolution, and evolution of plasticity) to adapt to novel environmental conditions. Because of the lack of evidence from natural populations, controversy remains regarding the interplay between ancestral plasticity and rapid evolution in driving responses to new stressors. We addressed this topic at the level of the metabolome utilizing a resurrected natural population of the water flea Daphnia magna that underwent a human-caused increase followed by a reduction in predation pressure within ~16 years. Predation risk induced plastic changes in the metabolome which were mainly related to shifts in amino acid and sugar metabolism, suggesting predation risk affected protein and sugar utilization to increase energy supply. Both the constitutive and plastic components of the metabolic profiles showed rapid, probably adaptive evolution whereby ancestral plasticity and evolution contributed nearly equally to the total changes of the metabolomes. The subpopulation that experienced the strongest fish predation pressure and showed the strongest phenotypic response, also showed the strongest metabolomic response to fish kairomones, both in terms of the number of responsive metabolites and in the amplitude of the multivariate metabolomic reaction norm. More importantly, the metabolites with higher ancestral plasticity showed stronger evolution of plasticity when predation pressure increased, while this pattern reversed when predation pressure relaxed. Our results therefore highlight that the evolution in response to a novel pressure in a natural population magnified the metabolomic plasticity to this stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Jones
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lynn Govaert
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mark Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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25
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Vorsatz LD, Pattrick P, Porri F. Fine-scale conditions across mangrove microhabitats and larval ontogeny contributes to the thermal physiology of early stage brachyurans (Crustacea: Decapoda). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab010. [PMID: 33927883 PMCID: PMC8059134 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most marine ectotherms require the successful completion of a biphasic larval stage to recruit into adult populations. Recruitment of larvae into benthic habitats largely depends on biological interactions and favourable environmental conditions such as the inescapable diurnal thermal and tidal exposures. Hence, assessing how different taxa metabolically respond to variations in temperature is imperative to understand the community and ecosystem dynamics at both local and global scales. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of acute temperature variation on the physiology of stage-specific brachyuran larvae collected from different microhabitats at two mangrove forests in South Africa. Results indicate that the conditions within microhabitats, which larvae experience, likely influence their physiology, based on respirometry, to short-term acute temperature exposures. Furthermore, the larval thermal optimum shifted ontogenetically to become increasingly eurythermic as individuals developed from stage I zoea through to megalopa. Mangrove crab larvae in their early stages are hence increasingly vulnerable to acute temperature exposures, which could be particularly harmful to the persistence of populations if thermally stressful events increase in magnitude and frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Vorsatz
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda 6139, South Africa
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and the Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - P Pattrick
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda 6139, South Africa
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Elwandle Coastal Node, Port Elizabeth 6070, South Africa
| | - F Porri
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda 6139, South Africa
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26
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Fraker ME, Ludsin SA, Luttbeg B, Denver RJ. Stress hormone-mediated antipredator morphology improves escape performance in amphibian tadpoles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4427. [PMID: 33627747 PMCID: PMC7904905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete functional descriptions of the induction sequences of phenotypically plastic traits (perception to physiological regulation to response to outcome) should help us to clarify how plastic responses develop and operate. Ranid tadpoles express several plastic antipredator traits mediated by the stress hormone corticosterone, but how they influence outcomes remains uncertain. We investigated how predator-induced changes in the tail morphology of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles influenced their escape performance over a sequence of time points when attacked by larval dragonflies (Anax junius). Tadpoles were raised with no predator exposure, chemical cues of dragonflies added once per day, or constant exposure to caged dragonflies crossed with no exogenous hormone added (vehicle control only), exogenous corticosterone, or metyrapone (a corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor). During predation trials, we detected no differences after four days, but after eight days, tadpoles exposed to larval dragonflies and exogenous corticosterone had developed deeper tail muscles and exhibited improved escape performance compared to controls. Treatment with metyrapone blocked the development of a deeper tail muscle and resulted in no difference in escape success. Our findings further link the predator-induced physiological stress response of ranid tadpoles to the development of an antipredator tail morphology that confers performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Fraker
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Present Address: Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for the Environment and Sustainability, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Stuart A. Ludsin
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212 USA
| | - Barney Luttbeg
- grid.65519.3e0000 0001 0721 7331Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Robert J. Denver
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Guimarães ATB, Estrela FN, Rodrigues ASDL, Chagas TQ, Pereira PS, Silva FG, Malafaia G. Nanopolystyrene particles at environmentally relevant concentrations causes behavioral and biochemical changes in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123864. [PMID: 33264938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biometric, behavioral and biochemical toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) in aquatic freshwater vertebrates and in environmentally relevant concentrations remains poorly known. Thus, using different toxicity biomarkers we tested the hypothesis that the exposure of Ctenopharyngodon idella juveniles to small PS NPs concentrations (0.04 ng/L, 34 ng/L and 34 μg/L), for a short period-of-time, may affect their growth/development, individual and collective behavior, and biochemical parameters. Animals exposed to NPs did not show increased biometric parameters (i.e.: body biomass, total and standard length, peduncle height, head height and visceral somatic and hepatosomatic indices). Despite the lack of damage on the locomotor (open field test) and visual (visual stimulus test) abilities of the evaluated fish, the expected increase in locomotor activity during the vibratory stimulus test was not evident in animals exposed to NPs. Non-exposed animals were the only ones showing increased activity/locomotion time in the presence of the predatory stimulus during the individual anti-predatory response test. The behavior of animals directly confronted with a potential predator has evidenced the influence of NPs on shoals' aggregation and on the distance kept by individuals from the predatory stimulus. These changes were associated with PS NPs accumulation in animals' brains, oxidative stress and increased acetylcholinesterase activity (hepatic and cerebral). Therefore, the current study has confirmed the initial hypothesis and showed that, even at low concentrations, PS NPs can affect the health of C. idella individuals at early life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Neves Estrela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Thales Quintão Chagas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil.
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Yin W, Xue Q, Tian B, Yang S, Li Z, Chen Z, Ryan MJ, Hoffmann AA. Flexible habitat choice by aphids exposed to multiple cues reflecting present and future benefits. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mothers choose suitable habitats for laying offspring to maximize fitness. Because habitat quality varies in space and time, mothers gather information to choose among available habitats through multiple cues reflecting different aspects of habitat quality at present and in the future. However, it is unclear how females assess and integrate different cues associated with current rewards and future safety to optimize oviposition/larviposition decisions, especially across small spatial scales. Here, we tested the individual and interactive effects of leaf surface, leaf orientation, and leaf bending direction on larviposition site choice and fitness benefits of wheat aphids (Metopolophium dirhodum) within individual leaves. We found that females preferred upper over lower surfaces for gaining current food-related rewards, downward- over upward-facing surfaces for avoiding potential abiotic risks, and sunken over protruding surfaces for avoiding potential biotic risks. When facing conflicting cues during larviposition, females preferred downward-facing/sunken surfaces over upper surfaces, suggesting that females prioritize potential safety at the cost of current rewards during decision making. Most importantly, our combined-cue experiments showed females still assessed secondary cues (i.e., the upper surface) when first-ranked cues (i.e., the downward-facing/sunken surface) are available, even though females only gained relatively small fitness rewards through secondary cues, and females can integrate different cues associated with current rewards and potential safety in a multiplicative way to make flexible and complex larviposition decisions. Overall, our findings provide new insights into how animals collect and process multi-cue information associated with current rewards and potential safety to maximize fitness at small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Baoliang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shujian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Zhengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Zhaozhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, University Station, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tams V, Nickel JH, Ehring A, Cordellier M. Insights into the genetic basis of predator-induced response in Daphnia galeata. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13095-13108. [PMID: 33304520 PMCID: PMC7713943 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plastic responses allow organisms to rapidly adjust when facing environmental challenges-these responses comprise morphological, behavioral but also life-history changes. Alteration of life-history traits when exposed to predation risk have been reported often in the ecological and genomic model organism Daphnia. However, the molecular basis of this response is not well understood, especially in the context of fish predation. Here, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of two Daphnia galeata clonal lines with opposed life histories when exposed to fish kairomones. First, we conducted a differential gene expression, identifying a total of 125 candidate transcripts involved in the predator-induced response, uncovering substantial intraspecific variation. Second, we applied a gene coexpression network analysis to find clusters of tightly linked transcripts revealing the functional relations of transcripts underlying the predator-induced response. Our results showed that transcripts involved in remodeling of the cuticle, growth, and digestion correlated with the response to environmental change in D. galeata. Furthermore, we used an orthology-based approach to gain functional information for transcripts lacking gene ontology (GO) information, as well as insights into the evolutionary conservation of transcripts. We could show that our candidate transcripts have orthologs in other Daphnia species but almost none in other arthropods. The unique combination of methods allowed us to identify candidate transcripts, their putative functions, and evolutionary history associated with predator-induced responses in Daphnia. Our study opens up to the question as to whether the same molecular signature is associated with fish kairomones-mediated life-history changes in other Daphnia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Tams
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery ScienceUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Anne Ehring
- Institute of ZoologyUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
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30
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Guo H, Hegab IM, Tan Y, Yao B, Wang C, Cai Z, Ji W, Su J. Exposure to eagle owl feces induces anti-predator behavior, physiology, and hypothalamic gene responses in a subterranean rodent, the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Tariel J, Plénet S, Luquet É. Transgenerational Plasticity in the Context of Predator-Prey Interactions. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.548660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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32
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Karythis S, Cornwell TO, Noya LG, McCarthy ID, Whiteley NM, Jenkins SR. Prey vulnerability and predation pressure shape predator-induced changes in O2 consumption and antipredator behaviour. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Kadye WT, Leigh S, Booth AJ. Predator naïve minnows respond to their conspecific alarm substance but not the odour from a non‐native predator. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert T. Kadye
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
| | - Simon Leigh
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
| | - Anthony J. Booth
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
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34
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Daphnia magna responses to fish kairomone and chlorpromazine exposures. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 325:109123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Pijanowska J, Markowska M, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Dawidowicz P, Ślusarczyk M, Biesaga M. Kairomone-like activity of bile and bile components: A step towards revealing the chemical nature of fish kairomone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7037. [PMID: 32341368 PMCID: PMC7184620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the efforts of a number of research groups worldwide, we still have a poor understanding of the chemical nature of the fish kairomones which induce defensive morphology, life history and behavior in their planktonic prey. Bile excreted by foraging fish play a crucial role in their signaling systems. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we revealed the presence of primary and secondary bile acids and bile salts in fish-conditioned water, similar as in carp bile. Upon exposure to either fish bile or commercially acquired bile salts, Daphnia demonstrated similar changes in life history and behavior as when exposed to fish kairomones. The synergic effect of the injured Daphnia alarm substance with fish bile on Daphnia life history is similar to the adaptive effect of the same alarm substance combined with fish kairomones. This strongly supports the view that fish bile or selected bile acids/salts may be responsible for the biological activity of kairomones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pijanowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Markowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dawidowicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Ślusarczyk
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Biesaga
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity in defensive traits is an appropriate mechanism to cope with the variable hazard of a frequently changing predator spectrum. In the animal kingdom these so-called inducible defences cover the entire taxonomic range from protozoans to vertebrates. The inducible defensive traits range from behaviour, morphology, and life-history adaptations to the activation of specific immune systems in vertebrates. Inducible defences in prey species play important roles in the dynamics and functioning of food webs. Freshwater zooplankton show the most prominent examples of inducible defences triggered by chemical cues, so-called kairomones, released by predatory invertebrates and fish. The objective of this review is to highlight recent progress in research on inducible defences in freshwater zooplankton concerning behaviour, morphology, and life-history, as well as difficulties of studies conducted in a multipredator set up. Furthermore, we outline costs associated with the defences and discuss difficulties as well as the progress made in characterizing defence-inducing cues. Finally, we aim to indicate further possible routes in this field of research and provide a comprehensive table of inducible defences with respect to both prey and predator species.
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37
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Gu L, Qin S, Zhu S, Lu N, Sun Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, Lyu K, Chen Y, Yang Z. Microcystis aeruginosa affects the inducible anti-predator responses of Ceriodaphnia cornuta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113952. [PMID: 31935614 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing problem in a more eutrophic world. It is still a challenge to fully understand the influence of cyanobacteria on the interactions between predator and prey at higher trophic levels. The present study was mainly undertaken to understand the inducible anti-predator responses of cladocerans while using cyanobacteria as part of food. Specifically speaking, we focused on the anti-predator strategies of Ceriodaphnia cornuta in response to different predators (fish and Chaoborus larvae) under food with different proportions of Microcystis aeruginosa. The morphological (i.e., body size and the induction of horns) and life history traits (e.g., time to first reproduction, offspring number, and survival time) responses were measured under different proportions of M. aeruginosa (i.e., 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). Our results showed that both the life history and the inducible anti-predator responses of C. cornuta were significantly affected by different concentrations of M. aeruginosa. Specifically, lower concentrations of Microcystis (20%-60%) can significantly promote the horns induction under Chaoborus predation risks, and higher Microcystis concentrations (60%-100%) tend to enhance reproduction in response to fish predation risks, such as larger body size, decreased time to first reproduction, and increased total offspring number. Additionally, an increasing concentration of M. aeruginosa decreased the ability of C. cornuta to reverse horns when predation risks removed. Our findings indicated that cyanobacteria affecting life history traits and the subsequent indirect effects on anti-predator responses in cladocerans could impact the interactions between predator and prey at higher trophic levels and may consequently contribute to shaping the structure of the community in a cyanobacteria bloom area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Na Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kai Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yafen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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South J, Botha TL, Wolmarans NJ, Wepener V, Weyl OLF. Playing with food: Detection of prey injury cues stimulates increased functional foraging traits in Xenopus laevis. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1723439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josie South
- DST/NRF Research Chair in Inland Fisheries and Freshwater Ecology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nico J Wolmarans
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Victor Wepener
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Olaf LF Weyl
- DST/NRF Research Chair in Inland Fisheries and Freshwater Ecology, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Grahamstown, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Supekar S, Gramapurohit N. Does temporal variation in predation risk affect antipredator responses of larval Indian Skipper Frogs ( Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis)? CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Predation risk varies on a moment-to-moment basis, through day and night, lunar and seasonal cycles, and over evolutionary time. Hence, it is adaptive for prey animals to exhibit environment-specific behaviour, morphology, and (or) life-history traits. Herein, the effects of temporally varying predation risk on growth, behaviour, morphology, and life-history traits of larval Indian Skipper Frogs (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799)) were studied by exposing them to no risk, continuous, predictable, and unpredictable risks at different time points. Our results show that larval E. cyanophlyctis could learn the temporal pattern of risk leading to weaker behavioural responses under predictable risk and stronger responses to unpredictable risk. Temporally varying predation risk had a significant impact on tadpole morphology. Tadpoles facing continuous risk had narrow tail muscles. Tadpoles facing predictable risk during the day were heavy with wide and deep tail muscles, whereas those facing predictable risk at night had long tails. Tadpoles facing unpredictable risk were heavy with narrow tail muscles. Metamorphic traits of E. cyanophlyctis were also affected by the temporal variation in predation risk. Tadpoles facing predictable risk during the day emerged at the largest size. However, tadpoles facing predictable risk at night and unpredictable risk metamorphosed earlier, whereas those facing continuous risk metamorphosed later.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.C. Supekar
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - N.P. Gramapurohit
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
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40
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Mayflies avoid sweets: fish skin mucus amino sugars stimulate predator avoidance behaviour of Baetis larvae. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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de Campos RP, Chagas TQ, da Silva Alvarez TG, Mesak C, de Andrade Vieira JE, Paixão CFC, de Lima Rodrigues AS, de Menezes IPP, Malafaia G. Analysis of ZnO nanoparticle-induced changes in Oreochromis niloticus behavior as toxicity endpoint. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:561-571. [PMID: 31128370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has been investigated in different animal models. However, concentrations tested in most studies are often much higher than the ones potentially identified in the environment. Therefore, such toxicity limits the application of these studies to evaluate ecotoxicological risks posed by these nanopollutants. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the impacts of ZnO NPs (at environmentally relevant concentrations - 760 μg/L and 76,000 μg/L, for 72 h) on the behavioral responses of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) exposed to it. Results did not evidence harmful effects of NPs on animals' locomotor abilities (evaluated through open-field and light-dark transition tests), or anxiety-predictive behavior. On the other hand, Zn bioaccumulation in the body tissues of the analyzed tilapias was correlated to changes in eating behavior (motivated by ration pellets), as well as to deficits in antipredatory defensive behavior (under individual and collective conditions). Tilapia exposed to ZnO NPs recorded lower avoidance, flight and territorialist behavior rates when they were individually confronted with potential predators (Salminus brasiliensis). However, collectively exposed animals were unable to recognize their predators, as well as to differentiate them from artificial baits ("false predators"). The present study is the first to report biological impacts resulting from the short exposure of fish-group representatives to ZnO NPs. Thus, we believe that it may be relevant to improve the knowledge about ecotoxicological risks posed by these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Pires de Campos
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institution - Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Thales Quintão Chagas
- Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institution - Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Mesak
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institution - Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Caroliny Fátima Chaves Paixão
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institution - Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institution - Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Ivandilson Pessoa Pinto de Menezes
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institution - Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institution - Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil.
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Landeira-Dabarca A, Näslund J, Johnsson JI, Álvarez M. Cue recognition and behavioural responses in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) under risk of fish predation. Acta Ethol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-019-00324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bairos-Novak KR, Ferrari MCO, Chivers DP. A novel alarm signal in aquatic prey: Familiar minnows coordinate group defences against predators through chemical disturbance cues. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1281-1290. [PMID: 30997683 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animal signalling systems outside the realm of human perception remain largely understudied. These systems consist of four main components: a signalling context, a voluntary signal, receiver responses and resulting fitness benefits to both the signaller and receiver(s). It is often most difficult to determine incidental cues from voluntary signals. One example is chemical disturbance cues released by aquatic prey during predator encounters that may serve to alert conspecifics of nearby risk and initiate tighter shoaling. We aimed to test whether disturbance cues are released incidentally (i.e. as a cue) or are produced voluntarily depending on a specific signalling context such as the audience surrounding the individual, and thus constitute a signal. We hypothesized that if receivers use disturbance cues to communicate risk among themselves, they would produce more (or more potent) disturbance cues when present in a group of conspecifics rather than when they are isolated (presence/absence of an audience) and use disturbance cues more when present alongside familiar rather than unfamiliar conspecifics (audience composition effect). We placed fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in groups with familiar fish, unfamiliar fish or as isolated individuals with no audience present, and then simulated a predator chase to evoke disturbance cues. We used bioassays with independent receivers to assess whether the disturbance cues produced differed depending on the signallers' audience. We found evidence of voluntary signalling, as minnows responded to disturbance cues from groups of fish with tighter shoaling while disturbance cues from isolated minnows did not evoke a significant shoaling response (presence/absence audience effect). Receivers also increased shoaling, freezing and dashing more in response to disturbance cues from familiar groups compared to disturbance cues from unfamiliar groups or isolated minnows (audience composition effect). Together, these findings support our hypothesis that disturbance cues are used as an antipredator signal to initiate coordinated group defences among familiar conspecifics involving shoaling, freezing and dashing. This study represents the strongest evidence to date that chemicals released by aquatic prey upon disturbance by predators serve as voluntary signals rather than simply cues that prey have evolved to detect when assessing their risk of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Bairos-Novak
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Marine Biology and Aquaculture & ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Qld, Australia
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Mechanisms underlying predator-driven biotic resistance against introduced barnacles on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Weiss LC. Sensory Ecology of Predator-Induced Phenotypic Plasticity. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:330. [PMID: 30713490 PMCID: PMC6345714 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities are organized in trophic levels that share manifold interactions forming complex food webs. Infochemicals can further modify these interactions, e.g., by inducing defenses in prey. The micro-crustacean Daphnia is able to respond to predator-specific chemical cues indicating an increased predation risk. Daphnia shows plastic responses by adapting its morphology, behavior, and physiology, increasing organism, and population fitness. This stabilizes community structures. This review will describe the progress that has been made in understanding the high degree of plasticity observed in the model crustacean Daphnia. I summarize current knowledge on the processes of predator detection, ranging from the nature of biologically active chemical cues to the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. With this, I aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the molecular mechanisms of ad hoc environmental phenotypic adaptation. In times of climate change and pollution understanding information transfer in aquatic systems is valuable as it will allow us to predict whether and how community structures are being affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C. Weiss
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Bairos-Novak KR, Crane AL, Chivers DP, Ferrari MCO. Better the devil you know? How familiarity and kinship affect prey responses to disturbance cues. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam L Crane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Seuront L. Microplastic leachates impair behavioural vigilance and predator avoidance in a temperate intertidal gastropod. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0453. [PMID: 30487257 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics are a ubiquitous source of contaminations in marine ecosystems, and have major implications for marine life. Much effort has been devoted to assessing the various effects of microplastics on marine life. No evidence exists, however, on the effects of microplastic leachates on chemically mediated predator-prey interactions and the ability of prey to detect and avoid its predator. This study shows that microplastic leachates have direct biological effects by disturbing the behavioural response of the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea to the presence of Carcinus maenas chemical cues, hence increasing their vulnerability to predation. Leachates from virgin and beached pellets respectively impaired and inhibited L. littorea vigilance and antipredator behaviours. These results suggest that the biological effects from microplastic leachates may have major implications for marine ecosystems on taxa that rely on chemosensory cues to escape predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Seuront
- CNRS, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F 62930 Wimereux, France
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Hloušková M, Balogová M, Kršáková V, Gvoždík L. No trade-offs in interspecific interference ability and predation susceptibility in newt larvae. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9095-9104. [PMID: 30271569 PMCID: PMC6157682 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coexistence of species with similar requirements is allowed, among others, through trade-offs between competitive ability and other ecological traits. Although interspecific competition is based on two mechanisms, exploitation of resources and physical interference, trade-off studies largely consider only species' ability to exploit resources. Using a mesocosm experiment, we examined the trade-off between interference competition ability and susceptibility to predation in larvae of two newt species, Ichthyosaura alpestris and Lissotriton vulgaris. In the presence of heterospecifics, L. vulgaris larvae slowed somatic growth and developmental rates, and experienced a higher frequency of injuries than in conspecific environments which suggests asymmetrical interspecific interference. During short-term predation trials, L. vulgaris larvae suffered higher mortality than I. alpestris. Larvae of the smaller species, L. vulgaris, had both lower interference and antipredator performance than the larger I. alpestris, which suggests a lack of trade-off between interference competition ability and predator susceptibility. We conclude that interference competition may produce a positive rather than negative relationship with predation susceptibility, which may contribute to the elimination of subordinate species from common habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hloušková
- Department of Botany and ZoologyMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Monika Balogová
- Institute of Biology and EcologyFaculty of ScienceP.J. Šafárik UniversityKošiceSlovakia
| | - Veronika Kršáková
- Department of Botany and ZoologyMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Lumír Gvoždík
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
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de Faria CM, de Souza Sá F, Costa DDL, da Silva MM, da Silva BC, Young RJ, de Azevedo CS. Captive-born collared peccary (Pecari tajacu, Tayassuidae) fails to discriminate between predator and non-predator models. Acta Ethol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-018-0298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Defense investments and growth responses under different predation risks and gape-limitation predation threats in a tadpole prey. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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