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Brönmark C, Hellström G, Baktoft H, Hansson LA, McCallum ES, Nilsson PA, Skov C, Brodin T, Hulthén K. Ponds as experimental arenas for studying animal movement: current research and future prospects. Mov Ecol 2023; 11:68. [PMID: 37880741 PMCID: PMC10601242 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Animal movement is a multifaceted process that occurs for multiple reasons with powerful consequences for food web and ecosystem dynamics. New paradigms and technical innovations have recently pervaded the field, providing increasingly powerful means to deliver fine-scale movement data, attracting renewed interest. Specifically in the aquatic environment, tracking with acoustic telemetry now provides integral spatiotemporal information to follow individual movements in the wild. Yet, this technology also holds great promise for experimental studies, enhancing our ability to truly establish cause-and-effect relationships. Here, we argue that ponds with well-defined borders (i.e. "islands in a sea of land") are particularly well suited for this purpose. To support our argument, we also discuss recent experiences from studies conducted in an innovative experimental infrastructure, composed of replicated ponds equipped with modern aquatic telemetry systems that allow for unparalleled insights into the movement patterns of individual animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology building, Sölvegatan 37 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Gustav Hellström
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology building, Sölvegatan 37 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erin S McCallum
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology building, Sölvegatan 37 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology building, Sölvegatan 37 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
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2
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Vinterstare J, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Langerhans RB, Chauhan P, Hansson B, Hulthén K. Sex matters: predator presence induces sexual dimorphism in a monomorphic prey, from stress genes to morphological defences. Evolution 2023; 77:304-317. [PMID: 36625450 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inducible defences allow prey to increase survival chances when predators are present while avoiding unnecessary costs in their absence. Many studies report considerable inter-individual variation in inducible defence expression, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. A classic vertebrate example of a predator-induced morphological defence is the increased body depth in crucian carp (Carassius carassius), which reduces the risk of predation from gape-size limited predators. Here, we report that among-individual variation in morphological defence expression can be linked to sex. We documented sexual dimorphism in lakes in which crucian carp coexisted with predators, where females showed shallower relative body depths than males, but not in a predator-free lake. When exposing crucian carp from a population without predators to perceived predation risk in a laboratory environment (presence/absence of pike, Esox lucius), we found that males expressed significantly greater morphological defence than females, causing sexual dimorphism only in the presence of predators. We uncovered a correlative link between the sex-specific inducible phenotypic response and gene expression patterns in major stress-related genes (POMC, MC3R, and MC4R). Together, our results highlight that sex-specific responses may be an important, yet underappreciated, component underlying inter-individual differences in the expression of inducible defences, even in species without pronounced sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerker Vinterstare
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Pallavi Chauhan
- Department of Biology, SexGen and MEEL, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, SexGen and MEEL, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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3
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Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Hansson LA, Skov C, Brodersen J, Brönmark C. Timing and synchrony of migration in a freshwater fish: Consequences for survival. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:2103-2112. [PMID: 35899786 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal migration is one of the most spectacular and visible behavioural phenomena in nature with profound implications for a range of ecological and evolutionary processes. Successful migration hinges on the ability to exploit temporary resources (e.g. food) and evade threats (e.g. predators) as they arise, and thus the timing of migration is often regarded as a dominant predictor of individual migratory success. However, with the exception of intensively studied taxa (mainly birds), relatively few studies have investigated inter-individual annual and seasonal variation in migratory timing and performance, or tested predictions on how migration across high and low predation-risk habitats may exert selection on migratory timing. In particular, studies that assess the survival consequences of variation in migratory timing remain rare, which is most likely due to the logistical challenges associated with monitoring survival success and population-level characteristics simultaneously. Here, we address the above-mentioned questions using roach Rutilus rutilus, a fish that migrates from lakes characterised by high predation risk into low-risk streams during winter. Specifically, we used individual-based tracking of roach in two European lake systems over multiple migration periods (9 and 7 years respectively), to obtain highly detailed (year-round scheduling, repeat journeys and the fate of individuals) data on the variability/synchrony of migratory timing in spring and autumn respectively. We report seasonal differences in the variability of migratory timing, with lower variance and higher migration synchrony in spring lake arrival timing as compared to autumn lake departure timing. Furthermore, the timing of autumn migration is more variable across years than the timing of spring migration. Second, we find that later arrival to the lake habitat is positively associated with apparent survival from 1 year to the next, whereas we found no effect of lake departure timing on survival probability. These findings represent rare evidence showing how intraspecific variation in timing in migratory fish differs across years and seasons, and how variation in timing can translate into survival consequences for prey in systems characterised by high predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Division of Evolution and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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4
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van Deurs M, Persson A, Nilsson PA, Jørgensen C. Fish resist temptation from junk food: state‐dependent diet choice in reproductive Atlantic cod
Gadus morhua
facing seasonal fluxes of lipid‐rich prey. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael van Deurs
- Dept of Biology, Lund Univ. Lund Sweden
- National Inst. for Aquatic Resources – Section for Ecosystem Based Marine Management, Technical Univ. of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
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5
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Andersson ML, Hulthén K, Blake C, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA. Linking behavioural type with cannibalism in Eurasian perch. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260938. [PMID: 34860864 PMCID: PMC8641868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity to kill and consume conspecifics (cannibalism) varies greatly between and within species, but the underlying mechanisms behind this variation remain poorly understood. A rich literature has documented that consistent behavioural variation is ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. Such inter-individual behavioural differences, sometimes referred to as personality traits, may have far-reaching ecological consequences. However, the link between predator personality traits and the propensity to engage in cannibalistic interactions remains understudied. Here, we first quantified personality in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), measured as activity (time spent moving) and sociability (time spent near conspecifics). We then gave perch of contrasting behavioural types the option to consume either conspecific or heterospecific (roach, Rutilus rutilus) prey. Individual perch characterized by a social-active behavioural phenotype (n = 5) selected roach before being cannibalistic, while asocial-inactive perch (n = 17) consumed conspecific and heterospecific prey evenly. Thus, asocial-inactive perch expressed significantly higher rates of cannibalism as compared to social-active individuals. Individual variation in cannibalism, linked to behavioural type, adds important mechanistic understanding to complex population and community dynamics, and also provides insight into the diversity and maintenance of animal personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda L. Andersson
- Division of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Division of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlie Blake
- Division of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Division of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Division of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences—Biology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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6
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Vinterstare J, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Langerhans RB, Berglund O, Örjes J, Brodin T, Fick J, Hulthén K. Antipredator phenotype in crucian carp altered by a psychoactive drug. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9435-9446. [PMID: 34306633 PMCID: PMC8293787 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Predator-inducible defenses constitute a widespread form of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and such defenses have recently been suggested linked with the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system is a target of endocrine disruptors, such as psychoactive pharmaceuticals, which are common aquatic contaminants. We hypothesized that exposure to an antidepressant pollutant, fluoxetine, influences the physiological stress response in our model species, crucian carp, affecting its behavioral and morphological responses to predation threat. We examined short- and long-term effects of fluoxetine and predator exposure on behavior and morphology in crucian carp. Seventeen days of exposure to a high dose of fluoxetine (100 µg/L) resulted in a shyer phenotype, regardless of the presence/absence of a pike predator, but this effect disappeared after long-term exposure. Fluoxetine effects on morphological plasticity were context-dependent as a low dose (1 µg/L) only influenced crucian carp body shape in pike presence. A high dose of fluoxetine strongly influenced body shape regardless of predator treatment. Our results highlight that environmental pollution by pharmaceuticals could disrupt physiological regulation of ecologically important inducible defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerker Vinterstare
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - R. Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Olof Berglund
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jennie Örjes
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) – UmeåUmeåSweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of ChemistryUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of BiologyAquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology BuildingLund UniversityLundSweden
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7
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Ericsson P, Persson A, Behrens JW, Brodin T, Hirsch PE, Sundelin A, van Deurs M, von Friesen LW, Nilsson PA. Personality-dependent inter- and intraspecific foraging competition in the invasive round goby, Neogobius melanostomus. J Fish Biol 2021; 98:1234-1241. [PMID: 33345296 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the impact of boldness on foraging competition of the highly invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus Pallas 1815. Individual risk tolerance, or boldness, was measured as the time to resume movement after a simulated predation strike. Fish that resumed movement faster were categorized as "bold," fish that took more time to resume movement were categorized as "shy" and those that fell in between these two categories were determined to have "intermediate" boldness. Competitive impacts of boldness in N. melanostomus were determined in a laboratory foraging experiment in which interspecific (juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua Linnaeus 1758) and intraspecific (intermediate N. melanostomus) individuals were exposed to either bold or shy N. melanostomus competitors. G. morhua consumed fewer prey when competing with bold N. melanostomus than when competing with shy N. melanostomus, whereas intermediately bold N. melanostomus foraging was not affected by competitor boldness. Bold and shy N. melanostomus consumed similar amounts of prey, and the number of interactions between paired fish did not vary depending on the personality of N. melanostomus individuals. Therefore, intraspecific foraging competition was not found to be personality dependent. This study provides evidence that individual differences in boldness can mediate competitive interactions in N. melanostomus; nonetheless, results also show that competition is also governed by other mechanisms that require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ericsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Boldrewood Innovation Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK
| | - Anders Persson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jane W Behrens
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philipp Emanuel Hirsch
- Program Man-Society-Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Sundelin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikael van Deurs
- International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Boldrewood Innovation Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK
| | - Lisa W von Friesen
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences - Biology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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8
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Pärssinen V, Hulthén K, Brönmark C, Björnerås C, Ekelund Ugge G, Gollnisch R, Hansson L, Herzog SD, Hu N, Johansson E, Lee M, Rengefors K, Sha Y, Škerlep M, Vinterstare J, Zhang H, Langerhans RB, Nilsson PA. Variation in predation regime drives sex‐specific differences in mosquitofish foraging behaviour. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | | | | | - Gustaf Ekelund Ugge
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
- Univ. of Skövde, School of Bioscience Skövde Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Nan Hu
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | - Emma Johansson
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | - Marcus Lee
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | | | - Yongcui Sha
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | - Martin Škerlep
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | | | - Huan Zhang
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Hydrobiology Wuhan China
| | - R. Brian Langerhans
- North Carolina State Univ., Dept of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology Raleigh USA
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
- Karlstad Univ., River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Dept of Environmental and Life Sciences Karlstad Sweden
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9
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Nilsson PA, Pettersson IJ, Tamario C, Degerman E, Elghagen J, Watz J, Calles O. Substrate-size choice in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) elvers is not altered by piscivore chemical cues. J Fish Biol 2020; 96:1534-1537. [PMID: 32278333 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The European eel Anguilla anguilla Linnaeus 1758 is critically endangered with recruitment estimated at 5-10% of historical levels. Enhancing survival of recruits is pivotal for conservation, and restoration should consider habitat choice of elvers ascending river systems. We experimentally show that newly ascended elvers choose small pebble habitat over finer and larger substrates, regardless of the presence or absence of piscivore chemical cues, indicating no predator-induced change in substrate choice. Enriching habitats with this substrate fraction should enhance eel recruitment as well as biodiversity at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Ivi J Pettersson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Tamario
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Erik Degerman
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Watz
- River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Olle Calles
- River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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10
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Skov C, Hansen JH, Baktoft H, Brönmark C, Brodersen J, Chapman BB, Hansson LA, Hulthén K, Nilsson PA. A field evaluation of long-term effects of PIT tagging. J Fish Biol 2020; 96:1055-1059. [PMID: 32060922 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagging is commonly used in behavioural studies of fish, although long-term evaluations of effects from tagging under natural conditions are scarce. We PIT-tagged common bream Abramis brama, European perch Perca fluviatilis, pike Esox lucius and roach Rutilus rutilus, released them in their lakes of origin and recaptured them after 103-3269 days. Overall, tagged fish did not differ in condition from non-tagged fish, except for small R. rutilus that had a lower length-specific body mass in one lake in 1 year. We conclude that PIT-tagging in general has negligible long-term effects on fish condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Skov
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Inland Fisheries and Ecology, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Joan H Hansen
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Inland Fisheries and Ecology, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Inland Fisheries and Ecology, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Evolution and Genomic Sciences Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Behrens JW, von Friesen LW, Brodin T, Ericsson P, Hirsch PE, Persson A, Sundelin A, van Deurs M, Nilsson PA. Personality- and size-related metabolic performance in invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Physiol Behav 2020; 215:112777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Vinterstare J, Hulthén K, Nilsson PA, Nilsson Sköld H, Brönmark C. Experimental manipulation of perceived predation risk and cortisol generates contrasting trait trajectories in plastic crucian carp. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb213611. [PMID: 31974218 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Most animals constitute potential prey and must respond appropriately to predator-mediated stress in order to survive. Numerous prey also adaptively tailor their response to the prevailing level of risk and stress imposed by their natural enemies, i.e. they adopt an inducible defence strategy. Predator exposure may activate the stress axis, and drive the expression of anti-predator traits that facilitate survival in a high-risk environment (the predation-stress hypothesis). Here, we quantified two key morphological anti-predator traits, body morphology and coloration, in crucian carp reared in the presence or absence of a predator (pike) in addition to experimental manipulation of physiological stress via implants containing either cortisol or a cortisol inhibitor. We found that predator-exposed fish expressed a deeper-bodied phenotype and darker body coloration as compared with non-exposed individuals. Skin analyses revealed that an increase in the amount of melanophores caused the dramatic colour change in predator-exposed fish. Increased melanization is costly, and the darker body coloration may act as an inducible defence against predation, via a conspicuous signal of the morphological defence or by crypsis towards dark environments and a nocturnal lifestyle. By contrast, the phenotype of individuals carrying cortisol implants did not mirror the phenotype of predator-exposed fish but instead exhibited opposite trajectories of trait change: a shallow-bodied morphology with a lighter body coloration as compared with sham-treated fish. The cortisol inhibitor did not influence the phenotype of fish i.e. neither body depth nor body coloration differed between this group and predator-exposed fish with a sham implant. However, our results illuminate a potential link between stress physiology and morphological defence expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerker Vinterstare
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | | | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Berglund E, Fogelberg V, Nilsson PA, Hollander J. Microplastics in a freshwater mussel (Anodonta anatina) in Northern Europe. Sci Total Environ 2019; 697:134192. [PMID: 32380629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alarming amounts of microplastics have recently been shown to accumulate in the environment. Recent focus has been on synthetic material contaminating the marine environment, while effects on freshwater habitats and organisms have received less attention. We here confirm and analyse occurrence of microplastics in the duck mussel, Anodonta anatina, in a Swedish river. All analysed mussels contained microplastics, and the number of microplastic debris found in the mussels increased with mussel size. In addition, we demonstrate higher concentrations of microplastics downstream urban areas with wastewater treatment plants compared to a rural upstream location. Both fibres and particles were found in the mussels, indicating that the emissions of these pollutants may have varying origin. Our study indicates that microplastics can be suspended in the water column in streams and that concentrations are higher downstream anthropogenic activity. We discuss our results in light of potential pathways in rural versus surrounding arable land, and highlight a number of required research directions in the aquatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Berglund
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - V Fogelberg
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P A Nilsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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14
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Lee M, Zhang H, Sha Y, Hegg A, Ugge GE, Vinterstare J, Škerlep M, Pärssinen V, Herzog SD, Björnerås C, Gollnisch R, Johansson E, Hu N, Nilsson PA, Hulthén K, Rengefors K, Langerhans RB, Brönmark C, Hansson LA. Low-latitude zooplankton pigmentation plasticity in response to multiple threats. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:190321. [PMID: 31417735 PMCID: PMC6689576 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean copepods in high-latitude lakes frequently alter their pigmentation facultatively to defend themselves against prevailing threats, such as solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visually oriented predators. Strong seasonality in those environments promotes phenotypic plasticity. To date, no one has investigated whether low-latitude copepods, experiencing continuous stress from UVR and predation threats, exhibit similar inducible defences. We here investigated the pigmentation levels of Bahamian 'blue hole' copepods, addressing this deficit. Examining several populations varying in predation risk, we found the lowest levels of pigmentation in the population experiencing the highest predation pressure. In a laboratory experiment, we found that, in contrast with our predictions, copepods from these relatively constant environments did show some changes in pigmentation subsequent to the removal of UVR; however, exposure to water from different predation regimes induced minor and idiosyncratic pigmentation change. Our findings suggest that low-latitude zooplankton in inland environments may exhibit reduced, but non-zero, levels of phenotypic plasticity compared with their high-latitude counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lee
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcui Sha
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Hegg
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Martin Škerlep
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Varpu Pärssinen
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Raphael Gollnisch
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Johansson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Karin Rengefors
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - R. Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Nilsson PA, Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Hansson LA, Brodersen J, Baktoft H, Vinterstare J, Brönmark C, Skov C. Species integrity enhanced by a predation cost to hybrids in the wild. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0208. [PMID: 28747533 PMCID: PMC5543021 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species integrity can be challenged, and even eroded, if closely related species can hybridize and produce fertile offspring of comparable fitness to that of parental species. The maintenance of newly diverged or closely related species therefore hinges on the establishment and effectiveness of pre- and/or post-zygotic reproductive barriers. Ecological selection, including predation, is often presumed to contribute to reduced hybrid fitness, but field evidence for a predation cost to hybridization remains elusive. Here we provide proof-of-concept for predation on hybrids being a postzygotic barrier to gene flow in the wild. Cyprinid fishes commonly produce fertile, viable hybrid offspring and therefore make excellent study organisms to investigate ecological costs to hybrids. We electronically tagged two freshwater cyprinid fish species (roach Rutilus rutilus and bream Abramis brama) and their hybrids in 2005. Tagged fish were returned to their lake of origin, exposing them to natural predation risk from apex avian predators (great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo). Scanning for regurgitated tags under cormorant roosts 3-4 years later identified cormorant-killed individual fish and allowed us to directly test for a predation cost to hybrids in the wild. Hybrid individuals were found significantly more susceptible to cormorant predation than individuals from either parental species. Such ecological selection against hybrids contributes to species integrity, and can enhance species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden .,Department of Environmental and Life Sciences-Biology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Evolution and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jerker Vinterstare
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
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16
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Van Deurs M, Andersson A, Vinterstare J, Didenko A, Persson A, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA. Using accelerometry to quantify prey attack and handling behaviours in piscivorous pike Esox lucius. J Fish Biol 2017; 90:2462-2469. [PMID: 28393360 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometer technology was used to evaluate behaviours in the teleost ambush predator pike Esox lucius foraging on crucian carp Carassius carassius. Automated rule-based estimates of prey-size determined handling time were obtained and are compared with video-recorded behaviours. Solutions to tag attachment and the limitations imposed by battery-time and data-logging capacities are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van Deurs
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Section for Marine Living Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborgs Alle 1, DK-2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Vinterstare
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Didenko
- Institute of Fisheries of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Obukhivka St. 135, 03164, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - A Persson
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - P A Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences-Biology, Karlstad University, SE-651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
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17
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Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Hansson LA, Skov C, Brodersen J, Vinterstare J, Brönmark C. A predation cost to bold fish in the wild. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1239. [PMID: 28450699 PMCID: PMC5430796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of predator-mediated selection on behaviour are critical for our understanding of the evolution and maintenance of behavioural diversity in natural populations. Consistent individual differences in prey behaviour, especially in the propensity to take risks ("boldness"), are widespread in the animal kingdom. Theory predicts that individual behavioural types differ in a cost-benefit trade-off where bolder individuals benefit from greater access to resources while paying higher predation-risk costs. However, explicitly linking predation events to individual behaviour under natural conditions is challenging and there is currently little data from the wild. We assayed individual behaviour and electronically tagged hundreds of fish (roach, Rutilus rutilus) before releasing them into their lake of origin, thereby exposing them to predation risk from avian apex predators (cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo). Scanning for regurgitated tags at the cormorant roosting site provided data on individual predation events. We found that fish with higher boldness have a greater susceptibility to cormorant predation compared to relatively shy, risk-averse individuals. Our findings hereby provide unique and direct evidence of behavioural type-dependent predation vulnerability in the wild, i.e. that there is a predation cost to boldness, which is critical for our understanding of the evolution and maintenance of behavioural diversity in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Division of Evolution and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M139PL, UK
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences - Biology, Karlstad University, SE-651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Seestrasse 79, 6047, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Jerker Vinterstare
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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18
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van Deurs M, Persson A, Lindegren M, Jacobsen C, Neuenfeldt S, Jørgensen C, Nilsson PA. Marine ecosystem connectivity mediated by migrant-resident interactions and the concomitant cross-system flux of lipids. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4076-87. [PMID: 27516865 PMCID: PMC4972233 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating research argues that migrants influence the functioning and productivity of local habitats and ecosystems along migration routes and potentially drive cross-system energy fluxes of considerable magnitude, yet empirical documentation of local ecological effects and descriptions of the underlying mechanisms are surprisingly rare. In this study, we discovered migrant-resident interactions and substantial cross-system lipid transportation in the transition zone between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea where a resident cod population (predators) was found to interact with a herring population (prey) on a seasonal basis. We traced the lipids, using fatty acid trophic markers (FATM), from the herring feeding grounds in the North Sea to the cod livers in the Western Baltic Sea. Time series analysis of population dynamics indicated that population-level production of cod is positively affected by the herring subsidies. However, the underlying mechanisms were more complicated than anticipated. During the herring season, large cod received most of its dietary lipids from the herring, whereas smaller cod were prevented from accessing the lipid pool due to a mismatch in predator-prey size ratio. Furthermore, while the herring were extremely rich in bulk energy, they were surprisingly poor in a specific functional fatty acid. Hence, our study was the first to illustrate how the magnitude cross-system fluxes of subsidies in migrant-resident systems are potentially constrained by the size structure of the resident predator population and the nutritional quality of the migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael van Deurs
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology Lund University Ecology Building SE-223 62 Lund Sweden; National Institute for Aquatic resources - Section for Marine Living Resources Technical University of Denmark Jægersborgs alle 1DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
| | - Anders Persson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology Lund University Ecology Building SE-223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Martin Lindegren
- National Institute for Aquatic resources - Section for Marine Living Resources Technical University of Denmark Jægersborgs alle 1 DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Søltofts plads Building 221 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Stefan Neuenfeldt
- National Institute for Aquatic resources - Section for Marine Living Resources Technical University of Denmark Jægersborgs alle 1 DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
| | - Christian Jørgensen
- Department of Biology - Theoretical Ecology Group and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics University of Bergen N-5020 Bergen Norway
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology - Aquatic Ecology Lund University Ecology Building SE-223 62 Lund Sweden; Department of Environmental and Life Sciences - Biology Karlstad University SE-651 88 Karlstad Sweden
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19
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Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Vinterstare J, Hansson LA, Skov C, Brodersen J, Baktoft H, Brönmark C. Escaping peril: perceived predation risk affects migratory propensity. Biol Lett 2016; 11:rsbl.2015.0466. [PMID: 26311158 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although migratory plasticity is increasingly documented, the ecological drivers of plasticity are not well understood. Predation risk can influence migratory dynamics, but whether seasonal migrants can adjust their migratory behaviour according to perceived risk is unknown. We used electronic tags to record the migration of individual roach (Rutilus rutilus), a partially migratory fish, in the wild following exposure to manipulation of direct (predator presence/absence) and indirect (high/low roach density) perceived predation risk in experimental mesocosms. Following exposure, we released fish in their lake summer habitat and monitored individual migration to connected streams over an entire season. Individuals exposed to increased perceived direct predation risk (i.e. a live predator) showed a higher migratory propensity but no change in migratory timing, while indirect risk (i.e. roach density) affected timing but not propensity showing that elevated risk carried over to alter migratory behaviour in the wild. Our key finding demonstrates predator-driven migratory plasticity, highlighting the powerful role of predation risk for migratory decision-making and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad 651 88, Sweden
| | - Jerker Vinterstare
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund 223 62, Sweden
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20
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Chapman BB, Hulthén K, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Skov C, Hansson LA, Brodersen J. Shape up or ship out: migratory behaviour predicts morphology across spatial scale in a freshwater fish. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1187-93. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben B. Chapman
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Karlstad University; Karlstad 651 88 Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National institute of Aquatic Resources; Technical University of Denmark; Silkeborg DK-8600 Denmark
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
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21
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Ahlgren J, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Brönmark C. Individual boldness is linked to protective shell shape in aquatic snails. Biol Lett 2015; 11:20150029. [PMID: 25904320 PMCID: PMC4424617 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of consistent individual differences in behaviour ('animal personality') has been well documented in recent years. However, how such individual variation in behaviour is maintained over evolutionary time is an ongoing conundrum. A well-studied axis of animal personality is individual variation along a bold-shy continuum, where individuals differ consistently in their propensity to take risks. A predation-risk cost to boldness is often assumed, but also that the reproductive benefits associated with boldness lead to equivalent fitness outcomes between bold and shy individuals over a lifetime. However, an alternative or complementary explanation may be that bold individuals phenotypically compensate for their risky lifestyle to reduce predation costs, for instance by investing in more pronounced morphological defences. Here, we investigate the 'phenotypic compensation' hypothesis, i.e. that bold individuals exhibit more pronounced anti-predator defences than shy individuals, by relating shell shape in the aquatic snail Radix balthica to an index of individual boldness. Our analyses find a strong relationship between risk-taking propensity and shell shape in this species, with bolder individuals exhibiting a more defended shell shape than shy individuals. We suggest that this supports the 'phenotypic compensation' hypothesis and sheds light on a previously poorly studied mechanism to promote the maintenance of personality variation among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ahlgren
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ben B Chapman
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden Department of Environmental and Life Sciences-Biology, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology-Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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22
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Schleeh J, Mateos J, Íñiguez-de-la-Torre I, Wadefalk N, Nilsson PA, Grahn J, Minnich AJ. Phonon black-body radiation limit for heat dissipation in electronics. Nat Mater 2015; 14:187-192. [PMID: 25384166 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermal dissipation at the active region of electronic devices is a fundamental process of considerable importance. Inadequate heat dissipation can lead to prohibitively large temperature rises that degrade performance, and intensive efforts are under way to mitigate this self-heating. At room temperature, thermal resistance is due to scattering, often by defects and interfaces in the active region, that impedes the transport of phonons. Here, we demonstrate that heat dissipation in widely used cryogenic electronic devices instead occurs by phonon black-body radiation with the complete absence of scattering, leading to large self-heating at cryogenic temperatures and setting a key limit on the noise floor. Our result has important implications for the many fields that require ultralow-noise electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schleeh
- GigaHertz Centre, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Mateos
- Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - N Wadefalk
- Low Noise Factory AB, SE-431 44 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - P A Nilsson
- GigaHertz Centre, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Grahn
- GigaHertz Centre, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A J Minnich
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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23
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Ranåker L, Persson J, Jönsson M, Nilsson PA, Brönmark C. Piscivore-prey fish interactions: mechanisms behind diurnal patterns in prey selectivity in brown and clear water. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102002. [PMID: 25379665 PMCID: PMC4224368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental change may affect predator-prey interactions in lakes through deterioration of visual conditions affecting foraging success of visually oriented predators. Environmental change in lakes includes an increase in humic matter causing browner water and reduced visibility, affecting the behavioural performance of both piscivores and prey. We studied diurnal patterns of prey selection in piscivorous pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) in both field and laboratory investigations. In the field we estimated prey selectivity and prey availability during day and night in a clear and a brown water lake. Further, prey selectivity during day and night conditions was studied in the laboratory where we manipulated optical conditions (humic matter content) of the water. Here, we also studied the behaviours of piscivores and prey, focusing on foraging-cycle stages such as number of interests and attacks by the pikeperch as well as the escape distance of the prey fish species. Analyses of gut contents from the field study showed that pikeperch selected perch (Perca fluviatilis) over roach (Rutilus rutilus) prey in both lakes during the day, but changed selectivity towards roach in both lakes at night. These results were corroborated in the selectivity experiments along a brown-water gradient in day and night light conditions. However, a change in selectivity from perch to roach was observed when the optical condition was heavily degraded, from either brown-stained water or light intensity. At longer visual ranges, roach initiated escape at distances greater than pikeperch attack distances, whereas perch stayed inactive making pikeperch approach and attack at the closest range possible. Roach anti-predatory behaviour decreased in deteriorated visual conditions, altering selectivity patterns. Our results highlight the importance of investigating both predator and prey responses to visibility conditions in order to understand the effects of degrading optical conditions on piscivore-prey interaction strength and thereby ecosystem responses to brownification of waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ranåker
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Jens Persson
- Swedish Agency for Marin and Water Management, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Jönsson
- Department of Biology, Functional zoology, Biology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Hedgespeth ML, Nilsson PA, Berglund O. Ecological implications of altered fish foraging after exposure to an antidepressant pharmaceutical. Aquat Toxicol 2014; 151:84-7. [PMID: 24380369 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues are increasingly detected in environmental and biological samples, some at levels known to adversely affect non-target organisms; however, less is known of how these organism-level effects relate to the ecology of aquatic systems. Foraging processes may be used as behavioral endpoints that link effects on individuals to the population and community levels, enabling risk assessment of environmental contaminants at larger ecological scales. In this study, we performed feeding trials using juvenile Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) exposed to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline to test the hypothesis that sertraline alters foraging ecology of the fish in terms of their functional response. We found an exposure-dependent decrease in feeding with increasing sertraline concentrations. Further experiments revealed that feeding rates decrease at both low and high prey densities, indicating effects on both attack rate and handling time, respectively. Because the functional response can shape consumer-resource dynamics, such effects may alter the stability of predator-prey systems and consequently, community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hedgespeth
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
| | - P Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olof Berglund
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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25
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Brodersen J, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Skov C, Hansson LA, Brönmark C. Fixed and flexible: coexistence of obligate and facultative migratory strategies in a freshwater fish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90294. [PMID: 24594698 PMCID: PMC3940839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is an important event in many animal life histories, but the degree to which individual animals participate in seasonal migrations often varies within populations. The powerful ecological and evolutionary consequences of such partial migration are now well documented, but the underlying mechanisms are still heavily debated. One potential mechanism of partial migration is between-individual variation in body condition, where animals in poor condition cannot pay the costs of migration and hence adopt a resident strategy. However, underlying intrinsic traits may overrule such environmental influence, dictating individual consistency in migratory patterns. Unfortunately, field tests of individual consistency compared to the importance of individual condition on migratory propensity are rare. Here we analyse 6 years of field data on roach migration, gathered by tagging almost 3000 individual fish and monitoring their seasonal migrations over extended periods of time. Our aims were to provide a field test of the role of condition in wild fish for migratory decisions, and also to assess individual consistency in migratory tendency. Our analyses reveal that (1) migratory strategy, in terms of migration/residency, is highly consistent within individuals over time and (2) there is a positive relationship between condition and the probability of migration, but only in individuals that adopt a migratory strategy at some point during their lives. However, life-long residents do not differ in condition to migrants, hence body condition is only a good predictor of migratory tendency in fish with migratory phenotypes and not a more general determinant of migratory tendency for the population. As resident individuals can achieve very high body condition and still remain resident, we suggest that our data provides some of the first field evidence to show that both facultative and obligate strategies can co-exist within populations of migratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
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26
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Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Hansson LA, Skov C, Baktoft H, Brodersen J, Brönmark C. Sex identification and PIT-tagging: tools and prospects for studying intersexual differences in freshwater fishes. J Fish Biol 2014; 84:503-512. [PMID: 24490936 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated a technique to allow the long-term monitoring of individual fishes of known sex in the wild using sex confirmation in close proximity to the reproductive period combined with individual tagging. Hundreds of partially migratory roach Rutilus rutilus were tagged with passive integrated transponders (PIT) following sex determination in spring and various performance measures were compared with fish tagged outside the reproductive period in autumn. Short-term survival was >95% for R. rutilus sexed and tagged under natural field conditions. Total length (LT ) did not affect the probability of survival within the size range tagged (119-280 mm), nor were there differences in timing of migration the following season between individuals sexed and tagged in spring and individuals tagged in autumn (i.e. outside the reproductive period). Also, a similar per cent of R. rutilus sexed and tagged in spring and tagged in autumn migrated the following season (34·5 and 34·7%). Moreover, long-term recapture data revealed no significant differences in body condition between R. rutilus individuals sexed and tagged in spring, individuals tagged in autumn and unmanipulated individuals. The observed sex ratio of recaptured fish did not differ from the expected values of equal recapture rates between males and females. Hence, there is no observable evidence for an adverse effect of tagging close to the reproductive period and therefore this method is suitable for studying intersexual differences and other phenotypic traits temporarily expressed during reproduction at the individual level in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hulthén
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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27
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Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Hollander J, Brönmark C. Express yourself: bold individuals induce enhanced morphological defences. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132703. [PMID: 24335987 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms display an impressive array of defence strategies in nature. Inducible defences (changes in morphology and/or behaviour within a prey's lifetime) allow prey to decrease vulnerability to predators and avoid unnecessary costs of expression. Many studies report considerable interindividual variation in the degree to which inducible defences are expressed, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. Here, we show that individuals differing in a key personality trait also differ in the magnitude of morphological defence expression. Crucian carp showing risky behaviours (bold individuals) expressed a significantly greater morphological defence response when exposed to a natural enemy when compared with shy individuals. Furthermore, we show that fish of different personality types differ in their behavioural plasticity, with shy fish exhibiting greater absolute plasticity than bold fish. Our data suggest that individuals with bold personalities may be able to compensate for their risk-prone behavioural type by expressing enhanced morphological defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, , Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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28
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Chapman BB, Eriksen A, Baktoft H, Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Hulthen K, Brönmark C, Hansson LA, Grønkjær P, Skov C. A foraging cost of migration for a partially migratory cyprinid fish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61223. [PMID: 23723967 PMCID: PMC3665772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration has evolved as a strategy to maximise individual fitness in response to seasonally changing ecological and environmental conditions. However, migration can also incur costs, and quantifying these costs can provide important clues to the ultimate ecological forces that underpin migratory behaviour. A key emerging model to explain migration in many systems posits that migration is driven by seasonal changes to a predation/growth potential (p/g) trade-off that a wide range of animals face. In this study we assess a key assumption of this model for a common cyprinid partial migrant, the roach Rutilus rutilus, which migrates from shallow lakes to streams during winter. By sampling fish from stream and lake habitats in the autumn and spring and measuring their stomach fullness and diet composition, we tested if migrating roach pay a cost of reduced foraging when migrating. Resident fish had fuller stomachs containing more high quality prey items than migrant fish. Hence, we document a feeding cost to migration in roach, which adds additional support for the validity of the p/g model of migration in freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben B Chapman
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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29
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Skov C, Chapman BB, Baktoft H, Brodersen J, Brönmark C, Hansson LA, Hulthén K, Nilsson PA. Migration confers survival benefits against avian predators for partially migratory freshwater fish. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20121178. [PMID: 23445943 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of predation risk in shaping patterns of animal migration is not well studied, mostly owing to difficulties in accurately quantifying predation risk for migratory versus resident individuals. Here, we present data from an extensive field study, which shows that migration in a freshwater fish (roach, Rutilus rutilus) that commonly migrates from lakes to streams during winter confers a significant survival benefit with respect to bird (cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo spp.) predation. We tagged over 2000 individual fish in two Scandinavian lakes over 4 years and monitored migratory behaviour using passive telemetry. Next, we calculated the predation vulnerability of fish with differing migration strategies, by recovering data from passive integrated transponder tags of fish eaten by cormorants at communal roosts close to the lakes. We show that fish can reduce their predation risk from cormorants by migrating into streams, and that probability of being preyed upon by cormorants is positively related to the time individuals spend in the lake during winter. Our data add to the growing body of evidence that highlights the importance of predation for migratory dynamics, and, to our knowledge, is one of the first studies to directly quantify a predator avoidance benefit to migrants in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), , Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark.
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Abstract
The introduction, establishment and spread of alien species is a major threat to biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services for human wellbeing. In order to reduce further loss of biodiversity and maintain productive and sustainable ecosystems, understanding the ecological mechanisms underlying species invasions and avoiding potentially harmful effects on native communities is urgently needed, but largely lacking. We here demonstrate, by means of hydroacoustics and advanced spatial modelling, how native fish species as a result of previous exposure to native predators may successfully respond to invasive novel predators through a complicated game of hide and seek, minimizing spatio-temporal overlap with predators, and potentially facilitating coexistence between native prey species (Galaxiids) and introduced novel predators (Salmonids) in a deep Andean lake, Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lindegren
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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31
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Chapman BB, Skov C, Hulthén K, Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Hansson LA, Brönmark C. Partial migration in fishes: definitions, methodologies and taxonomic distribution. J Fish Biol 2012; 81:479-499. [PMID: 22803721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Partial migration, where populations are composed of both migratory and resident individuals, is extremely widespread across the animal kingdom. Researchers studying fish movements have long recognized that many fishes are partial migrants, however, no detailed taxonomic review has ever been published. In addition, previous work and synthesis has been hampered by a varied lexicon associated with this phenomenon in fishes. In this review, definitions and important concepts in partial migration research are discussed, and a classification system of the different forms of partial migration in fishes introduced. Next, a detailed taxonomic overview of partial migration in this group is considered. Finally, methodological approaches that ichthyologists can use to study this fascinating phenomenon are reviewed. Partial migration is more widespread amongst fishes than previously thought, and given the array of techniques available to fish biologists to study migratory variation the future of the field looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Chapman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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32
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Abstract
Partial migration, where only some individuals from a population migrate, has been widely reported in a diverse range of animals. In this paper, what is known about the causes and consequences of partial migration in fishes is reviewed. Firstly, the ultimate and proximate drivers of partial migration are reflected upon: what ecological factors can shape the evolution of migratory dimorphism? How is partial migration maintained over evolutionary timescales? What proximate mechanisms determine whether an individual is migratory or remains resident? Following this, the consequences of partial migration are considered, in an ecological and evolutionary context, and also in an applied sense. Here it is argued that understanding the concept of partial migration is crucial for fisheries and ecosystem managers, and can provide information for conservation strategies. The review concludes with a reflection on the future opportunities in this field, and the avenues of research that are likely to be fruitful to shed light on the enduring puzzle of partial migration in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Chapman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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33
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Ranåker L, Nilsson PA, Brönmark C. Effects of degraded optical conditions on behavioural responses to alarm cues in a freshwater fish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38411. [PMID: 22745663 PMCID: PMC3380061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prey organisms often use multiple sensory cues to gain reliable information about imminent predation threat. In this study we test if a freshwater fish increases the reliance on supplementary cues when the reliability of the primary cue is reduced. Fish commonly use vision to evaluate predation threat, but may also use chemical cues from predators or injured conspecifics. Environmental changes, such as increasing turbidity or water colour, may compromise the use of vision through changes in the optical properties of water. In an experiment we tested if changes in optical conditions have any effects on how crucian carp respond to chemical predator cues. In turbidity treatments we added either clay or algae, and in a brown water colour treatment we added water with a high humic content. We found that carp reduced activity in response to predator cues, but only in the turbidity treatments (clay, algae), whereas the response in the brown water treatment was intermediate, and not significantly different from, clear and turbid water treatments. The increased reliance on chemical cues indicates that crucian carp can compensate for the reduced information content from vision in waters where optical conditions are degraded. The lower effect in brown water may be due to the reduction in light intensity, changes in the spectral composition (reduction of UV light) or to a change in chemical properties of the cue in humic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ranåker
- Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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34
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Nilsson PA, Baktoft H, Boel M, Meier K, Jacobsen L, Rokkjaer EM, Clausen T, Skov C. Visibility conditions and diel period affect small-scale spatio-temporal behaviour of pike Esox lucius in the absence of prey and conspecifics. J Fish Biol 2012; 80:2384-2389. [PMID: 22551189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pike Esox lucius in the absence of prey and conspecifics were shown to have the highest habitat-change activity during dusk and to decrease preference for complex habitats in turbid water. As the behaviours indicate routine responses in the absence of behavioural interactions, E. lucius spatio-temporal distributions should be directly affected and thereby more easily assessed and avoided by prey, with potential consequences for encounter rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nilsson
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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35
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Brönmark C, Lakowitz T, Nilsson PA, Ahlgren J, Lennartsdotter C, Hollander J. Costs of inducible defence along a resource gradient. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30467. [PMID: 22291961 PMCID: PMC3265497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to having constitutive defence traits, many organisms also respond to predation by phenotypic plasticity. In order for plasticity to be adaptive, induced defences should incur a benefit to the organism in, for example, decreased risk of predation. However, the production of defence traits may include costs in fitness components such as growth, time to reproduction, or fecundity. To test the hypothesis that the expression of phenotypic plasticity incurs costs, we performed a common garden experiment with a freshwater snail, Radix balthica, a species known to change morphology in the presence of molluscivorous fish. We measured a number of predator-induced morphological and behavioural defence traits in snails that we reared in the presence or absence of chemical cues from fish. Further, we quantified the costs of plasticity in fitness characters related to fecundity and growth. Since plastic responses may be inhibited under limited resource conditions, we reared snails in different densities and thereby levels of competition. Snails exposed to predator cues grew rounder and thicker shells, traits confirmed to be adaptive in environments with fish. Defence traits were consistently expressed independent of density, suggesting strong selection from predatory molluscivorous fish. However, the expression of defence traits resulted in reduced growth rate and fecundity, particularly with limited resources. Our results suggest full defence in predator related traits regardless of resource availability, and costs of defence consequently paid in traits related to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lakowitz
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Ahlgren
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Hollander
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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36
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37
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Brodersen J, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Jönsson M, Hansson LA, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Nicolle A, Berglund O. Temperature and resource availability may interactively affect over-wintering success of juvenile fish in a changing climate. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24022. [PMID: 21998627 PMCID: PMC3188530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted global warming may affect freshwater systems at several organizational levels, from organism to ecosystem. Specifically, in temperate regions, the projected increase of winter temperatures may have important effects on the over-winter biology of a range of organisms and especially for fish and other ectothermic animals. However, temperature effects on organisms may be directed strongly by resource availability. Here, we investigated whether over-winter loss of biomass and lipid content of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) was affected by the physiologically relatively small (2-5°C) changes of winter temperatures predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), under both natural and experimental conditions. This was investigated in combination with the effects of food availability. Finally, we explored the potential for a correlation between lake temperature and resource levels for planktivorous fish, i.e., zooplankton biomass, during five consecutive winters in a south Swedish lake. We show that small increases in temperature (+2°C) affected fish biomass loss in both presence and absence of food, but negatively and positively respectively. Temperature alone explained only a minor part of the variation when food availability was not taken into account. In contrast to other studies, lipid analyses of experimental fish suggest that critical somatic condition rather than critical lipid content determined starvation induced mortality. Our results illustrate the importance of considering not only changes in temperature when predicting organism response to climate change but also food-web interactions, such as resource availability and predation. However, as exemplified by our finding that zooplankton over-winter biomass in the lake was not related to over-winter temperature, this may not be a straightforward task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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38
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Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Chapman BB, Skov C, Hansson LA, Brönmark C. Variable individual consistency in timing and destination of winter migrating fish. Biol Lett 2011; 8:21-3. [PMID: 21813551 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is an important event in the life history of many animals, but there is considerable variation within populations in the timing and final destination. Such differential migration at the population level can be strongly determined by individuals showing different consistencies in migratory traits. By tagging individual cyprinid fish with uniquely coded electronic tags, and recording their winter migrations from lakes to streams for 6 consecutive years, we obtained highly detailed long-term information on the differential migration patterns of individuals. We found that individual migrants showed consistent site fidelities for over-wintering streams over multiple migratory seasons and that they were also consistent in their seasonal timing of migration. Our data also suggest that consistency itself can be considered as an individual trait, with migrants that exhibit consistent site fidelity also showing consistency in migratory timing. The finding of a mixture of both consistent and inconsistent individuals within a population furthers our understanding of intrapopulation variability in migration strategies, and we hypothesize that environmental variation can maintain such different strategies.
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39
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Chapman BB, Hulthén K, Blomqvist DR, Hansson LA, Nilsson JÅ, Brodersen J, Anders Nilsson P, Skov C, Brönmark C. To boldly go: individual differences in boldness influence migratory tendency. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:871-6. [PMID: 21718420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben B Chapman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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40
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Jönsson M, Hylander S, Ranåker L, Nilsson PA, Brönmark C. Foraging success of juvenile pike Esox lucius depends on visual conditions and prey pigmentation. J Fish Biol 2011; 79:290-7. [PMID: 21722125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Young-of-the-year pike Esox lucius foraging on copepods experienced different foraging success depending on prey pigmentation in water visually degraded by brown colouration or algae. Both attack rate and prey consumption rate were higher for E. lucius foraging on transparent prey in brown water, whereas the opposite was true in algal turbid water. Pigments in copepod prey may have a cryptic function in brown water instead of a photo-protective function even if prey-size selectivity was stronger than selection based on pigmentation in juvenile E. lucius.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jönsson
- Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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41
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Ekström SM, Kritzberg ES, Kleja DB, Larsson N, Nilsson PA, Graneli W, Bergkvist B. Effect of acid deposition on quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter in soil-water. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:4733-9. [PMID: 21528901 DOI: 10.1021/es104126f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how acid deposition may affect the concentration and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil-water. This was done by a small-scale acidification experiment during two years where 0.5 × 0.5 m(2) plots were artificially irrigated with water with different sulfuric acid content, and soil-water was sampled using zero-tension lysimeters under the O-horizon. The DOM was characterized using absorbance, fluorescence, and size exclusion chromatography analyses. Our results showed lower mobility of DOM in the high acid treatment. At the same time, there was a significant change in the DOM quality. Soil-water in the high acid treatment exhibited DOM that was less colored, less hydrophobic, less aromatic, and of lower molecular weight, compared to the low acid treatment. This supports the hypothesis that reduction in sulfur deposition is an important driver behind the ongoing brownification of surface waters in many regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Ekström
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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42
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Nicolle A, Hansson LA, Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Brönmark C. Interactions between predation and resources shape zooplankton population dynamics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16534. [PMID: 21304980 PMCID: PMC3031578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the relative importance of predation and resources in population dynamics has a long tradition in ecology, while interactions between them have been studied less intensively. In order to disentangle the effects of predation by juvenile fish, algal resource availability and their interactive effects on zooplankton population dynamics, we conducted an enclosure experiment where zooplankton were exposed to a gradient of predation of roach (Rutilus rutilus) at different algal concentrations. We show that zooplankton populations collapse under high predation pressure irrespective of resource availability, confirming that juvenile fish are able to severely reduce zooplankton prey when occurring in high densities. At lower predation pressure, however, the effect of predation depended on algal resource availability since high algal resource supply buffered against predation. Hence, we suggest that interactions between mass-hatching of fish, and the strong fluctuations in algal resources in spring have the potential to regulate zooplankton population dynamics. In a broader perspective, increasing spring temperatures due to global warming will most likely affect the timing of these processes and have consequences for the spring and summer zooplankton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nicolle
- Institute of Ecology/Limnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Skov C, Baktoft H, Brodersen J, Brönmark C, Chapman BB, Hansson LA, Nilsson PA. Sizing up your enemy: individual predation vulnerability predicts migratory probability. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:1414-8. [PMID: 20980300 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial migration, in which a fraction of a population migrate and the rest remain resident, occurs in an extensive range of species and can have powerful ecological consequences. The question of what drives differences in individual migratory tendency is a contentious one. It has been shown that the timing of partial migration is based upon a trade-off between seasonal fluctuations in predation risk and growth potential. Phenotypic variation in either individual predation risk or growth potential should thus mediate the strength of the trade-off and ultimately predict patterns of partial migration at the individual level (i.e. which individuals migrate and which remain resident). We provide cross-population empirical support for the importance of one component of this model--individual predation risk--in predicting partial migration in wild populations of bream Abramis brama, a freshwater fish. Smaller, high-risk individuals migrate with a higher probability than larger, low-risk individuals, and we suggest that predation risk maintains size-dependent partial migration in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark.
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Skov C, Aarestrup K, Baktoft H, Brodersen J, Brönmark C, Hansson LA, Nielsen EE, Nielsen T, Nilsson PA. Influences of environmental cues, migration history, and habitat familiarity on partial migration. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Nilsson E, Persson A, Nilsson PA. Interspecific competition and predation: relative effects on foragers and their densities. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jönsson M, Skov C, Koed A, Anders Nilsson P. Temporal clumping of prey and coexistence of unequal interferers: experiments on social forager groups of brown trout feeding on invertebrate drift. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Ammitzbøll J, Hansson LA, Skov C, Brönmark C. Optimal swimming speed in head currents and effects on distance movement of winter-migrating fish. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2156. [PMID: 18478053 PMCID: PMC2359855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is a commonly described phenomenon in nature that is often caused by spatial and temporal differences in habitat quality. However, as migration requires energy, the timing of migration may depend not only on differences in habitat quality, but also on temporal variation in migration costs. Such variation can, for instance, arise from changes in wind or current velocity for migrating birds and fish, respectively. Whereas behavioural responses of birds to such changing environmental conditions have been relatively well described, this is not the case for fish, although fish migrations are both ecologically and economically important. We here use passive and active telemetry to study how winter migrating roach regulate swimming speed and distance travelled per day in response to variations in head current velocity. Furthermore, we provide theoretical predictions on optimal swimming speeds in head currents and relate these to our empirical results. We show that fish migrate farther on days with low current velocity, but travel at a greater ground speed on days with high current velocity. The latter result agrees with our predictions on optimal swimming speed in head currents, but disagrees with previously reported predictions suggesting that fish ground speed should not change with head current velocity. We suggest that this difference is due to different assumptions on fish swimming energetics. We conclude that fish are able to adjust both swimming speed and timing of swimming activity during migration to changes in head current velocity in order to minimize energy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Ecology/Limnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Hansson LA, Skov C, Brönmark C. CONDITION-DEPENDENT INDIVIDUAL DECISION-MAKING DETERMINES CYPRINID PARTIAL MIGRATION. Ecology 2008; 89:1195-200. [DOI: 10.1890/07-1318.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brönmark C, Skov C, Brodersen J, Nilsson PA, Hansson LA. Seasonal migration determined by a trade-off between predator avoidance and growth. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1957. [PMID: 18414660 PMCID: PMC2288673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is a common phenomenon in many organisms, terrestrial as well as aquatic, and considerable effort has been spent to understand the evolution of migratory behaviour and its consequences for population and community dynamics. In aquatic systems, studies on migration have mainly been focused on commercially important fish species, such as salmon and trout. However, seasonal mass-migrations may occur also among other freshwater fish, e.g. in cyprinids that leave lakes and migrate into streams and wetlands in the fall and return back to the lake in spring. In a conceptual model, we hypothesized that this is an adaptive behaviour in response to seasonal changes in predation (P) and growth (G) and that migrating fish change habitat so as to minimise the ratio between predation mortality and growth rate (P/G). Estimates from bioenergetic modelling showed that seasonal changes in the ratio between predator consumption rate and prey growth rate followed the predictions from the conceptual model and also gave more precise predictions for the timing of the habitat change. By quantifying the migration of more than 1800 individually marked fish, we showed that actual migration patterns followed predictions with a remarkable accuracy, suggesting that migration patterns have evolved in response to seasonally fluctuating trade-offs between predator avoidance and foraging gains. Thus, the conceptual model provides a mechanistic understanding to mass-migration in prey fish. Further, we also show that the dominant prey fish is actually absent from the lake during a major part of the year, which should have strong implications for the dynamics of the lake ecosystem through direct and indirect food-web interactions.
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