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Samarth N, Gulhane P, Singh S. Investigation through naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene on mutated EGFR mediated autophagy in NSCLC: Cellular model system unleashing therapeutic potential. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 39275879 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has emerged as a key cause of carcinogenesis and therapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which continues to pose a serious threat to world health. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the complex molecular pathways of EGFR-mediated autophagy signaling in NSCLC. We identified naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene, an anthraquinolone derivative, to be a promising investigational drug that targets EGFR-mediated autophagy using a cellular model system. By utilizing systems biology, we developed a computational model that explained the signaling of EGFR-mediated autophagy and identified critical crosstalk sites that could be inhibited therapeutically. As a lead compound, naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene was confirmed by molecular docking experiments. It was found to be cytotoxic to NSCLC cells, impact migration, induce apoptosis, and arrest cell cycle, both on its own and when combined with standard drugs. The anticancer efficacy of naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene was validated in vivo on CDX nude mice. It showed synergistic activity against NSCLC when coupled with gefitinib, chloroquine, and radiation. Altogether, our study highlights naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene's therapeutic promise in NSCLC by focusing on EGFR-mediated autophagy and providing a new strategy to fight drug resistance and tumor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Samarth
- Systems Medicine Laboratory, Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Centre for Cell Science (BRIC-NCCS), NCCS Complex, Pune, India
| | - Pooja Gulhane
- Systems Medicine Laboratory, Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Centre for Cell Science (BRIC-NCCS), NCCS Complex, Pune, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- Systems Medicine Laboratory, Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Centre for Cell Science (BRIC-NCCS), NCCS Complex, Pune, India
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2
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Elshazly AM, Xu J, Melhem N, Abdulnaby A, Elzahed AA, Saleh T, Gewirtz DA. Is Autophagy Targeting a Valid Adjuvant Strategy in Conjunction with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2989. [PMID: 39272847 PMCID: PMC11394573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16172989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent a relatively large class of small-molecule inhibitors that compete with ATP for the catalytic binding site of tyrosine kinase proteins. While TKIs have demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of multiple malignancies, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, gastrointestinal tumors, non-small cell lung cancers, and HER2-overexpressing breast cancers, as is almost always the case with anti-neoplastic agents, the development of resistance often imposes a limit on drug efficacy. One common survival response utilized by tumor cells to ensure their survival in response to different stressors, including anti-neoplastic drugs, is that of autophagy. The autophagic machinery in response to TKIs in multiple tumor models has largely been shown to be cytoprotective in nature, although there are a number of cases where autophagy has demonstrated a cytotoxic function. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature examining the role that autophagy plays in response to TKIs in different preclinical tumor model systems in an effort to determine whether autophagy suppression or modulation could be an effective adjuvant strategy to increase efficiency and/or overcome resistance to TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Jingwen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nebras Melhem
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Alsayed Abdulnaby
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Aya A Elzahed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Lv M, Feng Y, Zeng S, Zhang Y, Shen W, Guan W, E X, Zeng H, Zhao R, Yu J. Hotspots and frontiers of autophagy and chemotherapy in lung cancer: a bibliometric and visualization analysis from 2003 to 2023. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03354-7. [PMID: 39120721 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy was considered to induce resistance in chemotherapy, which was significantly associated with proliferation of cancer; however, few bibliometric studies on the relation between autophagy and chemotherapy in lung cancer are available. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of autophagy and chemotherapy in lung cancer by bibliometric analysis. Publications related to autophagy and chemotherapy in lung cancer from 2003 to 2023 were searched on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. The bibliometric analysis was conducted by using VOSviewers, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix." A total of 675 articles from 70 countries, led by China and the United States, were included in the analysis. The number of publications related to autophagy and chemotherapy in lung cancer is increasing year by year. Nanjing Medical University, Zhejiang University, China Medical University, and Sichuan University are among the main research institutions contributing to this field. The journal Cancers is the most popular publication in this area, with Autophagy being the most co-cited journal. These publications involve 4481 authors, with Chiu Chien-chih and Gewirtz David having published the most papers, and Noboru Mizushima being the most frequently co-cited author. Studying the relation between autophagy and chemotherapy in the occurrence and development of lung cancer, and exploring therapeutic strategies involving autophagy and chemotherapy in lung cancer, are the primary topics in this research field. "Tumor stem cells," "microRNA," and "EGFR" emerge as the primary keywords in the emerging research hotspots. Indeed, this bibliometric study provides valuable insights into the research trends and developments concerning autophagy and chemotherapy in lung cancer. By identifying recent research frontiers and highlighting hot directions, this study serves as a valuable reference for scholars interested in understanding the relationship between autophagy and chemotherapy in lung cancer. The comprehensive summary of findings offers a foundation for further exploration and advancement in this critical area of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghe Lv
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenhui Guan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiangyu E
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongwei Zeng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ruping Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jingping Yu
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Morais TS. Recent Advances in the Development of Hybrid Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:889. [PMID: 39065586 PMCID: PMC11279447 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the search for innovative, selective, effective, and safer treatment strategies, hybrid drugs have gained worldwide momentum [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia S. Morais
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Ayub A, Hasan MK, Mahmud Z, Hossain MS, Kabir Y. Dissecting the multifaceted roles of autophagy in cancer initiation, growth, and metastasis: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Med Oncol 2024; 41:183. [PMID: 38902544 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cytoplasmic defense mechanism that cells use to break and reprocess their intracellular components. This utilization of autophagy is regarded as a savior in nutrient-deficient and other stressful conditions. Hence, autophagy keeps contact with and responds to miscellaneous cellular tensions and diverse pathways of signal transductions, such as growth signaling and cellular death. Importantly, autophagy is regarded as an effective tumor suppressor because regular autophagic breakdown is essential for cellular maintenance and minimizing cellular damage. However, paradoxically, autophagy has also been observed to promote the events of malignancies. This review discussed the dual role of autophagy in cancer, emphasizing its influence on tumor survival and progression. Possessing such a dual contribution to the malignant establishment, the prevention of autophagy can potentially advocate for the advancement of malignant transformation. In contrast, for the context of the instituted tumor, the agents of preventing autophagy potently inhibit the advancement of the tumor. Key regulators, including calpain 1, mTORC1, and AMPK, modulate autophagy in response to nutritional conditions and stress. Oncogenic mutations like RAS and B-RAF underscore autophagy's pivotal role in cancer development. The review also delves into autophagy's context-dependent roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). It also discusses the therapeutic effectiveness of autophagy for several cancers. The recent implication of autophagy in the control of both innate and antibody-mediated immune systems made it a center of attention to evaluating its role concerning tumor antigens and treatments of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Ayub
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, National University, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, National University, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh.
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Zimam Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Sabbir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, National University, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Yearul Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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Han J, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Kapilevich L, Zhang XA. Noncoding RNAs: the crucial role of programmed cell death in osteoporosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1409662. [PMID: 38799506 PMCID: PMC11116712 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1409662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common skeletal disease characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone remodeling. Osteoporosis can lead to bone loss and bone microstructural deterioration. This increases the risk of bone fragility and fracture, severely reducing patients' mobility and quality of life. However, the specific molecular mechanisms involved in the development of osteoporosis remain unclear. Increasing evidence suggests that multiple noncoding RNAs show differential expression in the osteoporosis state. Meanwhile, noncoding RNAs have been associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Noncoding RNAs are an important class of factors at the level of gene regulation and are mainly involved in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death. Programmed cell death is a genetically-regulated form of cell death involved in regulating the homeostasis of the internal environment. Noncoding RNA plays an important role in the programmed cell death process. The exploration of the noncoding RNA-programmed cell death axis has become an interesting area of research and has been shown to play a role in many diseases such as osteoporosis. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the mechanism of noncoding RNA-mediated programmed cell death on bone homeostasis imbalance leading to osteoporosis. And we provide a deeper understanding of the role played by the noncoding RNA-programmed cell death axis at the gene regulatory level of osteoporosis. We hope to provide a unique opportunity to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Han
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Leonid Kapilevich
- Faculty of Physical Education, Tomsk Stаte University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Xin-an Zhang
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
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Chan SM, Raglow Z, Pal A, Gitlin SD, Legendre M, Thomas D, Mehta RK, Tan M, Nyati MK, Rehemtulla A, Markovitz DM. A molecularly engineered lectin destroys EGFR and inhibits the growth of non-small cell lung cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585535. [PMID: 38562773 PMCID: PMC10983887 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Survival rates for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain low despite the advent of novel therapeutics. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in NSCLC have significantly improved mortality but are plagued with challenges--they can only be used in the small fraction of patients who have susceptible driver mutations, and resistance inevitably develops. Aberrant glycosylation on the surface of cancer cells is an attractive therapeutic target as these abnormal glycosylation patterns are typically specific to cancer cells and are not present on healthy cells. H84T BanLec (H84T), a lectin previously engineered by our group to separate its antiviral activity from its mitogenicity, exhibits precision binding of high mannose, an abnormal glycan present on the surface of many cancer cells, including NSCLC. Here, we show that H84T binds to and inhibits the growth of diverse NSCLC cell lines by inducing lysosomal degradation of EGFR and leading to cancer cell death through autophagy. This is a mechanism distinct from EGFR TKIs and is independent of EGFR mutation status; H84T inhibited proliferation of both cell lines expressing wild type EGFR and those expressing mutant EGFR that is resistant to all TKIs. Further, H84T binds strongly to multiple and diverse clinical samples of both pulmonary adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. H84T is thus a promising potential therapeutic in NSCLC, with the ability to circumvent the challenges currently faced by EGFR TKIs.
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Liu BN, Chen J, Piao Y. Global research and emerging trends in autophagy in lung cancer: a bibliometric and visualized study from 2013 to 2022. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1352422. [PMID: 38476332 PMCID: PMC10927969 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1352422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To highlight the knowledge structure and evolutionary trends in research on autophagy in lung cancer. Methods: Research publications on autophagy in lung cancer were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. VOSviewer and CiteSpace data analysis software were used for the bibliometric and visualization analysis of countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords related to this field. Results: From 2013 to 2022, research on autophagy in lung cancer developed rapidly, showing rising trends in annual publications and citations. China (1,986 papers; 48,913 citations), Shandong University (77 publications; 1,460 citations), and Wei Zhang (20 publications; 342 citations) were the most productive and influential country, institution, and author, respectively. The journal with the most publications and citations on autophagy in lung cancer was the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (93 publications; 3,948 citations). An analysis of keyword co-occurrence showed that related research topics were divided into five clusters: 1) Mechanisms influencing autophagy in lung cancer and the role of autophagy in lung cancer; 2) Effect of autophagy on the biological behavior of lung cancer; 3) Regulatory mechanisms of 2 cell death processes: autophagy and apoptosis in lung cancer cells; 4) Role of autophagy in lung cancer treatment and drug resistance; and 5) Role of autophagy-related genes in the occurrence and development of lung cancer. Cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and tumor microenvironment were the latest high-frequency keywords that represented promising future research directions. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive study describing the knowledge structure and emerging frontiers of research on autophagy in lung cancer from 2013 to 2022 by means of a bibliometric analysis. The study points to promising future research directions focusing on in-depth autophagy mechanisms, clinical applications, and potential therapeutic strategies, providing a valuable reference for researchers in the field. Systematic Review Registration: [https://systematicreview.gov/], identifier [registration number].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Piao
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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9
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Kiruthiga C, Niharika K, Devi KP. Phytol and α-Bisabolol Synergy Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in A549 Cells and Additional Molecular Insights through Comprehensive Proteome Analysis via Nano LC-MS/MS. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:773-788. [PMID: 38415491 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206289038240214102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a malignancy with a significant prevalence and aggressive nature, posing a considerable challenge in terms of therapeutic interventions. Autophagy and apoptosis, two intricate cellular processes, are integral to NSCLC pathophysiology, each affecting the other through shared signaling pathways. Phytol (Phy) and α-bisabolol (Bis) have shown promise as potential anticancer agents individually, but their combined effects in NSCLC have not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE The present study was to examine the synergistic impact of Phy and Bis on NSCLC cells, particularly in the context of autophagy modulation, and to elucidate the resulting differential protein expression using LCMS/ MS analysis. METHODS The A549 cell lines were subjected to the patented effective concentration of Phy and Bis, and subsequently, the viability of the cells was evaluated utilizing the MTT assay. The present study utilized real-time PCR analysis to assess the expression levels of crucial apoptotic genes, specifically Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-9, as well as autophagy-related genes, including Beclin-1, SQSTM1, Ulk1, and LC3B. The confirmation of autophagy marker expression (Beclin-1, LC3B) and the autophagy-regulating protein SQSTM1 was achieved through the utilization of Western blot analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were found using LC-MS/MS analysis. RESULTS The combination of Phy and Bis demonstrated significant inhibition of NSCLC cell growth, indicating their synergistic effect. Real-time PCR analysis revealed a shift towards apoptosis, with downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax and Caspase-9, suggesting a shift towards apoptosis. Genes associated with autophagy regulation, including Beclin-1, SQSTM1 (p62), Ulk1, and LC3B, showed significant upregulation, indicating potential induction of autophagy. Western blot analysis confirmed increased expression of autophagy markers, such as Beclin-1 and LC3B, while the autophagy-regulating protein SQSTM1 exhibited a significant decrease. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed differential expression of 861 proteins, reflecting the modulation of cellular processes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis highlighted key proteins involved in apoptotic and autophagic pathways, including STOML2, YWHAB, POX2, B2M, CDA, CAPN2, TXN, ECHS1, PEBP1, PFN1, CDC42, TUBB1, HSPB1, PXN, FGF2, and BAG3, emphasizing their crucial roles. Additionally, PANTHER pathway analysis uncovered enriched pathways associated with the differentially expressed proteins, revealing their involvement in a diverse range of biological processes, encompassing cell signaling, metabolism, and cellular stress responses. CONCLUSION The combined treatment of Phy and Bis exerts a synergistic inhibitory effect on NSCLC cell growth, mediated through the interplay of apoptosis and autophagy. The differential protein expression observed, along with the identified proteins and enriched pathways, provides valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings offer a foundation for further exploration of the therapeutic potential of Phy and Bis in the management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kambati Niharika
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Sporbeck K, Haas ML, Pastor-Maldonado CJ, Schüssele DS, Hunter C, Takacs Z, Diogo de Oliveira AL, Franz-Wachtel M, Charsou C, Pfisterer SG, Gubas A, Haller PK, Knorr RL, Kaulich M, Macek B, Eskelinen EL, Simonsen A, Proikas-Cezanne T. The ABL-MYC axis controls WIPI1-enhanced autophagy in lifespan extension. Commun Biol 2023; 6:872. [PMID: 37620393 PMCID: PMC10449903 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human WIPI β-propellers function as PI3P effectors in autophagy, with WIPI4 and WIPI3 being able to link autophagy control by AMPK and TORC1 to the formation of autophagosomes. WIPI1, instead, assists WIPI2 in efficiently recruiting the ATG16L1 complex at the nascent autophagosome, which in turn promotes lipidation of LC3/GABARAP and autophagosome maturation. However, the specific role of WIPI1 and its regulation are unknown. Here, we discovered the ABL-ERK-MYC signalling axis controlling WIPI1. As a result of this signalling, MYC binds to the WIPI1 promoter and represses WIPI1 gene expression. When ABL-ERK-MYC signalling is counteracted, increased WIPI1 gene expression enhances the formation of autophagic membranes capable of migrating through tunnelling nanotubes to neighbouring cells with low autophagic activity. ABL-regulated WIPI1 function is relevant to lifespan control, as ABL deficiency in C. elegans increased gene expression of the WIPI1 orthologue ATG-18 and prolonged lifespan in a manner dependent on ATG-18. We propose that WIPI1 acts as an enhancer of autophagy that is physiologically relevant for regulating the level of autophagic activity over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sporbeck
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian L Haas
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen J Pastor-Maldonado
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David S Schüssele
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Catherine Hunter
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Takacs
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana L Diogo de Oliveira
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Proteome Center Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chara Charsou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon G Pfisterer
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Gubas
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Medical School, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patricia K Haller
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland L Knorr
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Biology, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
- Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Frontiers Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Medical School, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Proteome Center Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Fl-00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Lei Z, Tian Q, Teng Q, Wurpel JND, Zeng L, Pan Y, Chen Z. Understanding and targeting resistance mechanisms in cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e265. [PMID: 37229486 PMCID: PMC10203373 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cancer therapies has been a commonly observed phenomenon in clinical practice, which is one of the major causes of treatment failure and poor patient survival. The reduced responsiveness of cancer cells is a multifaceted phenomenon that can arise from genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors. Various mechanisms have been discovered and extensively studied, including drug inactivation, reduced intracellular drug accumulation by reduced uptake or increased efflux, drug target alteration, activation of compensatory pathways for cell survival, regulation of DNA repair and cell death, tumor plasticity, and the regulation from tumor microenvironments (TMEs). To overcome cancer resistance, a variety of strategies have been proposed, which are designed to enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment or reduce drug resistance. These include identifying biomarkers that can predict drug response and resistance, identifying new targets, developing new targeted drugs, combination therapies targeting multiple signaling pathways, and modulating the TME. The present article focuses on the different mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer and the corresponding tackling approaches with recent updates. Perspectives on polytherapy targeting multiple resistance mechanisms, novel nanoparticle delivery systems, and advanced drug design tools for overcoming resistance are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Ning Lei
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - Qin Tian
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Qiu‐Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - John N. D. Wurpel
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - Leli Zeng
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Yihang Pan
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Zhe‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
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12
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Xiao Z, Li M, Zhang X, Rong X, Xu H. TRIP13 overexpression promotes gefitinib resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer via regulating autophagy and phosphorylation of the EGFR signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2023; 49:84. [PMID: 36896765 PMCID: PMC10035062 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of lung cancers and remains the most common cause of cancer‑related death. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‑TKIs) have been used as first‑line treatment for patients with NSCLC showing EGFR mutations. Unfortunately, drug resistance is a crucial barrier affecting the treatment of patients with NSCLC. Thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13 (TRIP13) is an ATPase that is overexpressed in numerous tumors and is involved in drug resistance. However, whether TRIP13 plays a role in regulating sensitivity to EGFR‑TKIs in NSCLC remains unknown. TRIP13 expression was evaluated in gefitinib‑sensitive (HCC827) and ‑resistant (HCC827GR and H1975) cell lines. The effect of TRIP13 on gefitinib sensitivity was assessed using the MTS assay. The expression of TRIP13 was upregulated or knocked down to determine its effect on cell growth, colony formation, apoptosis and autophagy. Additionally, the regulatory mechanism of TRIP13 on EGFR and its downstream pathways in NSCLC cells were examined using western blotting, immunofluorescence and co‑immunoprecipitation assays. The expression levels of TRIP13 were significantly higher in gefitinib‑resistant than in gefitinib‑sensitive NSCLC cells. TRIP13 upregulation enhanced cell proliferation and colony formation while reducing the apoptosis of gefitinib‑resistant NSCLC cells, suggesting that TRIP13 may facilitate gefitinib resistance in NSCLC cells. In addition, TRIP13 improved autophagy to desensitize gefitinib in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, TRIP13 interacted with EGFR and induced its phosphorylation and downstream pathways in NSCLC cells. The present study demonstrated that TRIP13 overexpression promotes gefitinib resistance in NSCLC by regulating autophagy and activating the EGFR signaling pathway. Thus, TRIP13 could be used as a biomarker and therapeutic target for gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxian Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xuezhu Rong
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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13
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Zhang S, Qian Y, Ye L. Delineating the twin role of autophagy in lung cancer. Biol Futur 2023:10.1007/s42977-023-00165-4. [PMID: 37120768 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy represents an intracellular defense mechanism equipped within each eukaryotic cells to enable them to cope with variety of physical, chemical, and biological stresses. This mechanism helps to restore the homeostasis and preserve the cellular integrity and function of the cells. In these conditions, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, inhibition of protein synthesis or microbial attack, the process of autophagy is upregulated to maintain cellular homeostasis. The role of autophagy in cancer is an intriguing topic which needs further exploration. This process of autophagy has been many times referred as a double-edged sword in the process of tumorigenesis. In the initial stages, it may act as a tumor suppressor and enable to quench the damaged organelles and harmful molecules generated. In more advanced stages, autophagy has been shown to act as a tumor-promoting system as it may help the cancer cells to cope better with stressful microenvironments. Besides this, autophagy has been associated with development of resistance to anticancer drugs as well as promoting the immune evasion in cancer cells, representing a serious obstacle in cancer treatment and its outcome. Also, autophagy is associated with hallmarks of cancer that may lead to activation of invasion and metastasis. The information on this twin role needs further exploration and deeper understanding of the pathways involved. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of autophagy during tumor development, from early to late stages of tumor growth. Both the protective role of autophagy in preventing tumor growth and the underlying mechanisms adopted with evidence from past studies have been detailed. Further, the role of autophagy in conferring resistance to distinct lung cancer treatment and immune shielding properties has also been discussed. This is essential for further improving on treatment outcome and success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Zhang
- Department of Chest Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Qian
- Department of Oncology, Hai 'an Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Haian, 226600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luhai Ye
- Department of Chest Surgery, Xinchang Country Hospital of TCM, Shaoxing, 312500, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Belyaeva E, Loginova N, Schroeder BA, Goldlust IS, Acharya A, Kumar S, Timashev P, Ulasov I. The spectrum of cell death in sarcoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114683. [PMID: 37031493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between cell death and cell survival is a highly coordinated process by which cells break down and remove unnecessary or harmful materials in a controlled, highly regulated, and compartmentalized manner. Cell exposure to various stresses, such as oxygen starvation, a lack of nutrients, or exposure to radiation, can initiate autophagy. Autophagy is a carefully orchestrated process with multiple steps, each regulated by specific genes and proteins. Autophagy proteins impact cellular maintenance and cell fate in response to stress, and targeting this process is one of the most promising methods of anti-tumor therapy. It is currently not fully understood how autophagy affects different types of tumor cells, which makes it challenging to predict outcomes when this process is manipulated. In this review, we will explore the mechanisms of autophagy and investigate it as a potential and promising therapeutic target for aggressive sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Belyaeva
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nina Loginova
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Brett A Schroeder
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ian S Goldlust
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Centre "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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15
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Takano N, Hiramoto M, Yamada Y, Kokuba H, Tokuhisa M, Hino H, Miyazawa K. Azithromycin, a potent autophagy inhibitor for cancer therapy, perturbs cytoskeletal protein dynamics. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1838-1849. [PMID: 36871041 PMCID: PMC10147625 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy plays an important role in tumour cell growth and survival and also promotes resistance to chemotherapy. Hence, autophagy has been targeted for cancer therapy. We previously reported that macrolide antibiotics including azithromycin (AZM) inhibit autophagy in various types of cancer cells in vitro. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for autophagy inhibition remains unclear. Here, we aimed to identify the molecular target of AZM for inhibiting autophagy. METHODS We identified the AZM-binding proteins using AZM-conjugated magnetic nanobeads for high-throughput affinity purification. Autophagy inhibitory mechanism of AZM was analysed by confocal microscopic and transmission electron microscopic observation. The anti-tumour effect with autophagy inhibition by oral AZM administration was assessed in the xenografted mice model. RESULTS We elucidated that keratin-18 (KRT18) and α/β-tubulin specifically bind to AZM. Treatment of the cells with AZM disrupts intracellular KRT18 dynamics, and KRT18 knockdown resulted in autophagy inhibition. Additionally, AZM treatment suppresses intracellular lysosomal trafficking along the microtubules for blocking autophagic flux. Oral AZM administration suppressed tumour growth while inhibiting autophagy in tumour tissue. CONCLUSIONS As drug-repurposing, our results indicate that AZM is a potent autophagy inhibitor for cancer treatment, which acts by directly interacting with cytoskeletal proteins and perturbing their dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoharu Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kokuba
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tokuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hino
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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DeLuca VJ, Saleh T. Insights into the role of senescence in tumor dormancy: mechanisms and applications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:19-35. [PMID: 36681750 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the most formidable challenges in oncology and tumor biology research is to provide an accurate understanding of tumor dormancy mechanisms. Dormancy refers to the ability of tumor cells to go undetected in the body for a prolonged period, followed by "spontaneous" escape. Various models of dormancy have been postulated, including angiogenic, immune-mediated, and cellular dormancy. While the former two propose mechanisms by which tumor growth may remain static at a population level, cellular dormancy refers to molecular processes that restrict proliferation at the cell level. Senescence is a form of growth arrest, during which cells undergo distinct phenotypic, epigenetic, and metabolic changes. Senescence is also associated with the development of a robust secretome, comprised of various chemokines and cytokines that interact with the surrounding microenvironment, including other tumor cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Both tumor and non-tumor cells can undergo senescence following various stressors, many of which are present during tumorigenesis and therapy. As such, senescent cells are present within forming tumors and in residual tumors post-treatment and therefore play a major role in tumor biology. However, the contributions of senescence to dormancy are largely understudied. Here, we provide an overview of multiple processes that have been well established as being involved in tumor dormancy, and we speculate on how senescence may contribute to these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J DeLuca
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan.
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17
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Sun Y, He P, Li L, Ding X. The significance of the crosstalk between ubiquitination or deubiquitination and ncRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 12:969032. [PMID: 36727069 PMCID: PMC9884829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.969032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most critical type of LC. It seriously threatens the life and health of patients because of its early metastasis, late clinical symptoms, limited early screening methods, and poor treatment outcomes. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), participate in cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Several previous studies have proven that ncRNAs are vital regulators of tumorigenesis. Ubiquitination plays the most crucial role in protein post-translational modification (PTM). Deubiquitination and ubiquitination form a homeostasis. In summary, ubiquitination and deubiquitination play essential roles in mediating the degradation or overexpression of a range of crucial proteins in various cancers. A growing number of researchers have found that interactions between ncRNAs and ubiquitination (or deubiquitination) play a crucial role in NSCLC. This review presents several typical examples of the important effects of ncRNAs and ubiquitination (or deubiquitination) in NSCLC, aiming to provide more creative ideas for exploring the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Sun
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Ping He,
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Ding
- General Medicine Department, Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, China
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18
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Negi S, Chaudhuri A, Kumar DN, Dehari D, Singh S, Agrawal AK. Nanotherapeutics in autophagy: a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2589-2612. [PMID: 35149969 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process in which an organism responds to its nutrient or metabolic emergencies. It involves the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles by forming double-membrane vesicles called "autophagosomes." They sequester cargoes, leading them to degradation in the lysosomes. Although autophagy acts as a protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis through cellular recycling, it is ostensibly a cause of certain cancers, but a cure for others. In other words, insufficient autophagy, due to genetic or cellular dysfunctions, can lead to tumorigenesis. However, many autophagy modulators are developed for cancer therapy. Diverse nanoparticles have been documented to induce autophagy. Also, the highly stable nanoparticles show blockage to autophagic flux. In this review, we revealed a general mechanism by which autophagy can be induced or blocked via nanoparticles as well as several studies recently performed to prove the stated fact. In addition, we have also elucidated the paradoxical roles of autophagy in cancer and how their differential role at different stages of various cancers can affect its treatment outcomes. And finally, we summarize the breakthroughs in cancer disease treatments by using metallic, polymeric, and liposomal nanoparticles as potent autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shloka Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
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19
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The brain-specific splice variant of the CDC42 GTPase works together with the kinase ACK to downregulate the EGF receptor in promoting neurogenesis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102564. [PMID: 36206843 PMCID: PMC9663532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase CDC42 plays essential roles in neurogenesis and brain development. Previously, we showed that a CDC42 splice variant that has a ubiquitous tissue distribution specifically stimulates the formation of neural progenitor cells, whereas a brain-specific CDC42 variant, CDC42b, is essential for promoting the transition of neural progenitor cells to neurons. These specific roles of CDC42 and CDC42b in neurogenesis are ascribed to their opposing effects on mTORC1 activity. Specifically, the ubiquitous form of CDC42 stimulates mTORC1 activity and thereby upregulates tissue-specific transcription factors that are essential for neuroprogenitor formation, whereas CDC42b works together with activated CDC42-associated kinase (ACK) to downregulate mTOR expression. Here, we demonstrate that the EGF receptor (EGFR) is an additional and important target of CDC42b and ACK, which is downregulated by their combined actions in promoting neurogenesis. The activation status of the EGFR determines the timing by which neural progenitor cells derived from P19 embryonal carcinoma terminally differentiate into neurons. By promoting EGFR degradation, we found that CDC42b and ACK stimulate autophagy, which protects emerging neurons from apoptosis and helps trigger neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons. Moreover, our results reveal that CDC42b is localized in phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate-enriched microdomains on the plasma membrane, mediated through its polybasic sequence 185KRK187, which is essential for determining its distinct functions. Overall, these findings now highlight a molecular mechanism by which CDC42b and ACK regulate neuronal differentiation and provide new insights into the functional interplay between EGFR degradation and autophagy that occurs during embryonic neurogenesis.
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20
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Li N, Sun S, Ma G, Hou H, Ma Q, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Wang H, Ying Z. Gefitinib facilitates PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy by enhancing mitochondrial recruitment of OPTN. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:807-816. [PMID: 38933121 PMCID: PMC11197598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib, a well-known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the targeted therapy of lung cancer, induces autophagy in association with drug resistance. However, it remains unclear whether gefitinib treatment can affect the selective form of autophagy (i.e., mitophagy) and be beneficial for the treatment of human diseases with decreased autophagy, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we show that gefitinib treatment promotes PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in both nonneuronal and neuronal cells, and this effect is independent of EGFR. Moreover, we found that gefitinib treatment increases the recruitment of the autophagy receptor optineurin (OPTN) to damaged mitochondria, which is a downstream signaling event in PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. In addition, gefitinib treatment significantly alleviated neuronal damage in TBK1-deficient neurons, resulting in impeded mitophagy. In conclusion, our study suggests that gefitinib promotes PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy via OPTN and may be beneficial for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with defective mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guoqiang Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hongyu Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qilian Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zheng Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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21
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Concept of Hybrid Drugs and Recent Advancements in Anticancer Hybrids. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091071. [PMID: 36145292 PMCID: PMC9500727 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, and its treatment is a big challenge, with variable efficacy of conventional anticancer drugs. A two-drug cocktail hybrid approach is a potential strategy in recent drug discovery that involves the combination of two drug pharmacophores into a single molecule. The hybrid molecule acts through distinct modes of action on several targets at a given time with more efficacy and less susceptibility to resistance. Thus, there is a huge scope for using hybrid compounds to tackle the present difficulties in cancer medicine. Recent work has applied this technique to uncover some interesting molecules with substantial anticancer properties. In this study, we report data on numerous promising hybrid anti-proliferative/anti-tumor agents developed over the previous 10 years (2011–2021). It includes quinazoline, indole, carbazole, pyrimidine, quinoline, quinone, imidazole, selenium, platinum, hydroxamic acid, ferrocene, curcumin, triazole, benzimidazole, isatin, pyrrolo benzodiazepine (PBD), chalcone, coumarin, nitrogen mustard, pyrazole, and pyridine-based anticancer hybrids produced via molecular hybridization techniques. Overall, this review offers a clear indication of the potential benefits of merging pharmacophoric subunits from multiple different known chemical prototypes to produce more potent and precise hybrid compounds. This provides valuable knowledge for researchers working on complex diseases such as cancer.
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22
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Semba Y, Yamamoto S, Takahashi S, Shinomiya T, Nagahara Y. C-kit inhibitor masitinib induces reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis in c-kit-negative HepG2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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An Z, Chiang WC, Fernández ÁF, Franco LH, He C, Huang SY, Lee E, Liu Y, Sebti S, Shoji-Kawata S, Sirasanagandla S, Wang RC, Wei Y, Zhao Y, Vega-Rubin-de-Celis S. Beth Levine’s Legacy: From the Discovery of BECN1 to Therapies. A Mentees’ Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:891332. [PMID: 35832792 PMCID: PMC9273008 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.891332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With great sadness, the scientific community received the news of the loss of Beth Levine on 15 June 2020. Dr. Levine was a pioneer in the autophagy field and work in her lab led not only to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the pathway, but also its implications in multiple physiological and pathological conditions, including its role in development, host defense, tumorigenesis, aging or metabolism. This review does not aim to provide a comprehensive view of autophagy, but rather an outline of some of the discoveries made by the group of Beth Levine, from the perspective of some of her own mentees, hoping to honor her legacy in science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi An
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Wei-Chung Chiang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Álvaro F. Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis H. Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - CongCong He
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eunmyong Lee
- InnoCure Therapeutics Inc., Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Salwa Sebti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Silvia Vega-Rubin-de-Celis
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Silvia Vega-Rubin-de-Celis, ,
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24
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Hatat AS, Benoit-Pilven C, Pucciarelli A, de Fraipont F, Lamothe L, Perron P, Rey A, Giaj Levra M, Toffart AC, Auboeuf D, Eymin B, Gazzeri S. Altered splicing of ATG16-L1 mediates acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors of EGFR by blocking autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3490-3508. [PMID: 35593080 PMCID: PMC9533692 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the initial efficacy of using tyrosine kinase inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TKIs) for treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), resistance inevitably develops. Recent studies highlight a link between alternative splicing and cancer drug response. Therefore, we aimed to identify deregulated splicing events that play a role in resistance to EGFR-TKI. By using RNA sequencing, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and RNA interference, we showed that overexpression of a splice variant of the autophagic gene ATG16-L1 that retains exon 8 and encodes the β-isoform of autophagy-related protein 16-1 (ATG16-L1-β) concurs acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI in NSCLC cells. Using matched biopsies, we found increased levels of ATG16-L1-β at the time of progression in 3 of 11 NSCLC patients treated with EGFR-TKI. Mechanistically, gefitinib-induced autophagy was impaired in resistant cells that accumulated ATG16-L1-β. Neutralization of ATG16-L1-β restored autophagy in response to gefitinib, induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of in ovo tumor xenografts. Conversely, overexpression of ATG16-L1-β in parental sensitive cells prevented gefitinib-induced autophagy and increased cell survival. These results support a role for defective autophagy in acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs and identify splicing regulation of ATG16-L1 as a therapeutic vulnerability that could be explored for improving EGFR-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Hatat
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Clara Benoit-Pilven
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, 46 Allée d'Italie, Site Jacques Monod, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Pucciarelli
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Florence de Fraipont
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Molecular Genetic Unit, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Lamothe
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Perron
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Amandine Rey
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, 46 Allée d'Italie, Site Jacques Monod, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Matteo Giaj Levra
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Thoracic Oncology Unit, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Claire Toffart
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.,Thoracic Oncology Unit, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Auboeuf
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, 46 Allée d'Italie, Site Jacques Monod, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Beatrice Eymin
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Gazzeri
- Team "RNA splicing, cell signaling and response to therapies", Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
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25
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Yamazaki K, Hoshi M, Tezuka H, Morita N, Hirayama M, Sato F, Yoshida S, Saito K. D‑allose enhances the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine against Lewis lung carcinoma cell growth by inducing autophagy. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:117. [PMID: 35543153 PMCID: PMC9115634 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Various cancer cells require massive amounts of glucose as an energy source for their dysregulated growth. Although D‑allose, a rare sugar, inhibits tumor cell growth via inhibition of glucose uptake, a few cells can survive after treatment. However, the mechanism by which D‑allose‑resistant cells are generated remains unclear. Here, we investigated the properties of D‑allose‑resistant cells and evaluated the efficacy of combined treatment with this rare sugar and antitumor drugs. To this end, we established a D‑allose‑resistant tumor cell line and prepared a C57BL/6J mouse tumor xenograft model using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. Xenograft‑bearing mice were treated with D‑allose (9 g/kg) and/or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ, 60 mg/kg), an autophagy inhibitor, for two weeks. Although D‑allose inhibited LLC cell growth in a dose‑dependent manner, a few cells survived. The upregulation of LC3‑II, a classical autophagy marker, and the downregulation of mTOR and its downstream molecule Beclin1 were observed in established D‑allose‑resistant LLC cells, which were more sensitive to cell death induced by HCQ. Similarly, in the tumor xenograft model, the tumor volume in mice co‑treated with D‑allose and HCQ was considerably smaller than that in untreated or HCQ‑treated mice. Importantly, the administration of D‑allose induced autophagy selectively at the tumor site of the xenograft‑bearing mice. These results provide a new therapeutic strategy targeting autophagy which is induced in tumor cells by D‑allose administration, and may be used to improve therapies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoka Yamazaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tezuka
- Department of Cellular Function Analysis, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Nanaka Morita
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Hirayama
- Department of Morphology and Diagnostic Pathology, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshida
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
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26
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Guo W, Du K, Luo S, Hu D. Recent Advances of Autophagy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Application. Front Oncol 2022; 12:861959. [PMID: 35600411 PMCID: PMC9115384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.861959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is characterized by the most common oncological disease and leading cause of cancer death worldwide, of which a group of subtypes known as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85%. In the past few decades, important progression in the therapies of NSCLC has enhanced our understanding of the biology and progression mechanisms of tumor. The application of immunotherapy and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors has brought significant clinical benefits in certain patients. However, early metastasis and the emergence of resistance to antitumor therapy have resulted in the relatively low overall cure and survival rates for NSCLC. Autophagy is a conserved process that allows cells to recycle unused or damaged organelles and cellular components. It has been reported to be related to the progression of NSCLC and resistance to targeted therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Therefore, autophagy is considered as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC. Mounting results have been reported about the combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and inhibitors of autophagy in models of NSCLC. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review on the roles of autophagy in NSCLC, focusing on related clinical data of agents that regulate autophagy in NSCLC. Furthermore, this study will provide a theoretical basis for further improvement of autophagy-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Guo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keye Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Department of immunology, Hubei Clinical Research Center of Cancer Immunotherapy, Wuhan, China
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27
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Ravichandran R, PriyaDharshini LC, Sakthivel KM, Rasmi RR. Role and regulation of autophagy in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166400. [PMID: 35341960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative mechanism which responds to cellular conditions like stress or starvation and plays a key role in regulating cell metabolism, energy homeostasis, starvation adaptation, development and cell death. Numerous studies have stipulated the participation of autophagy in cancer, but the role of autophagy either as tumor suppressor or tumor promoter is not clearly understood. However, mechanisms by which autophagy promotes cancer involves a diverse range of modifications of autophagy associated proteins such as ATGs, Beclin-1, mTOR, p53, KRAS etc. and autophagy pathways like mTOR, PI3K, MAPK, EGFR, HIF and NFκB. Furthermore, several researches have highlighted a context-dependent, cell type and stage-dependent regulation of autophagy in cancer. Alongside this, the interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment including hypoxia has a great potential in modulating autophagy response in favour to substantiate cancer cell metabolism, self-proliferation and metastasis. In this review article, we highlight the mechanism of autophagy and their contribution to cancer cell proliferation and development. In addition, we discuss about tumor microenvironment interaction and their consequence on selective autophagy pathways and the involvement of autophagy in various tumor types and their therapeutic interventions concentrated on exploiting autophagy as a potential target to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Ravichandran
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kunnathur Murugesan Sakthivel
- Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajan Radha Rasmi
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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28
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Ji X, Ma H, Du Y. Role and mechanism of action of LAPTM4B in EGFR‑mediated autophagy (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:109. [PMID: 35242237 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Ji
- Department of Cytology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Hua Ma
- Department of Cytology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yun Du
- Department of Cytology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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29
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Bradley ST, Lee YS, Gurel Z, Kimple RJ. Autophagy awakens-the myriad roles of autophagy in head and neck cancer development and therapeutic response. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:243-253. [PMID: 34780672 PMCID: PMC8799495 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cell survival mechanism that degrades damaged proteins and organelles to generate cellular energy during times of stress. Recycling of these cellular components occurs in a series of sequential steps with multiple regulatory points. Mechanistic dysfunction can lead to a variety of human diseases and cancers due to the complexity of autophagy and its ability to regulate vital cellular functions. The role that autophagy plays in both the development and treatment of cancer is highly complex, especially given the fact that most cancer therapies modulate autophagy. This review aims to discuss the balance of autophagy in the development, progression, and treatment of head and neck cancer, as well as highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of what is still unknown about autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha T Bradley
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zafer Gurel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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30
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Wang J, Gong M, Fan X, Huang D, Zhang J, Huang C. Autophagy-related signaling pathways in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:385-393. [PMID: 34757567 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in both men and women across the globe. The disease has a quiet phenotype at first, which leads to chronic tumor development. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common kind of lung cancer, accounting for 85 percent of all lung malignancies. Autophagy has been described as an intracellular "recycle bin" where damaged proteins and molecules are degraded. Autophagy regulation is mainly dependent on signaling pathways such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), AKT, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In the context of NSCLC, studies on these signaling pathways are inconsistent, but our literature review suggests that the inhibition of mTOR, PI3K/AKT, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways by different medications can active autophagy and inhibit NSCLC progression. In conclusion, signaling pathways related to autophagy are effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen City, 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mei Gong
- Department of Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen City, 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xirong Fan
- Department of Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen City, 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dalu Huang
- Department of Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen City, 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jinshu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen City, 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen City, 361006, Fujian Province, China.
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31
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Research Progress and Prospects of Autophagy in the Mechanism of Multidrug Resistance in Tumors. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7032614. [PMID: 35136409 PMCID: PMC8818414 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7032614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the treatment of cancer has made great strides in clinical practice, its high morbidity and fatality rates remain a major threat to human health. Multidrug resistance (MDR) often appears in the process of tumor treatment, leading to tumor refractory and aggravating the risk of tumor recurrence. Therefore, antitumor MDR plays a key role in tumor chemotherapy. Autophagy is an important process for the turnover of intracellular materials, which is commonly seen in the treatment of sensitive and multidrug-resistant tumors, and it can play different roles in various types of MDR tumor cells and tissues. Autophagy plays a dual regulatory role in MDR tumors. On the one hand, autophagy can promote the formation of MDR in tumor cells, weaken the killing effect of chemotherapy drugs on tumor cells, and play a protective role in tumor survival. On the other hand, autophagy production in the cellular environment can kill MDR tumor cells, reverse tumor resistance and enhance the efficiency of chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, the regulation of autophagy to overcome MDR has become increasingly significant in tumor chemotherapy. In this article, we discussed and summarized the research progress of autophagy in MDR tumors, mainly involving the different characteristics of autophagy in MDR cancer cells.
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32
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Martin-Fernandez ML. Fluorescence Imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030686. [PMID: 35158954 PMCID: PMC8833717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with a low (<21%) 5-year survival rate. Lung cancer is often driven by the misfunction of molecules on the surface of cells of the epithelium, which orchestrate mechanisms by which these cells grow and proliferate. Beyond common non-specific treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, among molecular-specific treatments, a number of small-molecule drugs that block cancer-driven molecular activity have been developed. These drugs initially have significant success in a subset of patients, but these patients systematically develop resistance within approximately one year of therapy. Substantial efforts towards understanding the mechanisms of resistance have focused on the genomics of cancer progression, the response of cells to the drugs, and the cellular changes that allow resistance to develop. Fluorescence microscopy of many flavours has significantly contributed to the last two areas, and is the subject of this review. Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a complex disease often driven by activating mutations or amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, which expresses a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Targeted anti-EGFR treatments include small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), among which gefitinib and erlotinib are the best studied, and their function more often imaged. TKIs block EGFR activation, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells addicted to EGFR signals. It is not understood why TKIs do not work in tumours driven by EGFR overexpression but do so in tumours bearing classical activating EGFR mutations, although the latter develop resistance in about one year. Fluorescence imaging played a crucial part in research efforts to understand pro-survival mechanisms, including the dysregulation of autophagy and endocytosis, by which cells overcome the intendedly lethal TKI-induced EGFR signalling block. At their core, pro-survival mechanisms are facilitated by TKI-induced changes in the function and conformation of EGFR and its interactors. This review brings together some of the main advances from fluorescence imaging in investigating TKI function and places them in the broader context of the TKI resistance field, highlighting some paradoxes and suggesting some areas where super-resolution and other emerging methods could make a further contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
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33
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Salimi-Jeda A, Ghabeshi S, Gol Mohammad Pour Z, Jazaeri EO, Araiinejad M, Sheikholeslami F, Abdoli M, Edalat M, Abdoli A. Autophagy Modulation and Cancer Combination Therapy: A Smart Approach in Cancer Therapy. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 30:100512. [PMID: 35026533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The autophagy pathway is the process whereby cells keep cellular homeostasis and respond to stress via recycling their damaged cellular proteins, organelles, and other cellular components. In the context of cancer, autophagy is a dual-edge sword pro- and anti-tumorigenic role depending on the oncogenic context and stage of tumorigenesis. Cancer cells have a higher dependency on autophagy compared with normal cells because of cellular damages and high demands for energy. The carbon, nitrogen, and molecular oxygen are building blocks for highly proliferative cancer cells which extremely depend on glutaminolysis and aerobic glycolysis; when a cancer cell is restricted to glucose and glutamine, it initiates to activate a stress response pathway using autophagy. Oncogenic tyrosine kinases (OncTKs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activation result in autophagy modulation through activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 and RAS/MAPK signaling pathways. Targeted inhibition of tyrosine kinases (TKs) and RTKs have recently been considered as cancer therapy but drug resistance and cancer relapse continue to be a major limitation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Manipulation of autophagy pathway along with TKIs may be a promising strategy to circumvent unknown existing drug-resistance mechanisms that may emerge in a treated patient. In this way, clinical trials are ongoing to modulate autophagy to treat cancer. This review aims to summarize the combination therapy of autophagy affecting compounds with anticancer drugs which target cell signaling pathways, metabolism mechanisms, and epigenetics modification to improve therapeutic efficacy against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salimi-Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soad Ghabeshi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Ollah Jazaeri
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Araiinejad
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sheikholeslami
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran Iran
| | - Mohsen Abdoli
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Edalat
- Department of medical laboratory sciences, Paramedical Sciences, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551, Iran.
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34
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Collier JJ, Suomi F, Oláhová M, McWilliams TG, Taylor RW. Emerging roles of ATG7 in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14824. [PMID: 34725936 PMCID: PMC8649875 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardinal stages of macroautophagy are driven by core autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, whose ablation largely abolishes intracellular turnover. Disrupting ATG genes is paradigmatic of studying autophagy deficiency, yet emerging data suggest that ATG proteins have extensive biological importance beyond autophagic elimination. An important example is ATG7, an essential autophagy effector enzyme that in concert with other ATG proteins, also regulates immunity, cell death and protein secretion, and independently regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis. Recently, a direct association between ATG7 dysfunction and disease was established in patients with biallelic ATG7 variants and childhood-onset neuropathology. Moreover, a prodigious body of evidence supports a role for ATG7 in protecting against complex disease states in model organisms, although how dysfunctional ATG7 contributes to manifestation of these diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration and infection, in humans remains unclear. Here, we systematically review the biological functions of ATG7, discussing the impact of its impairment on signalling pathways and human pathology. Future studies illuminating the molecular relationship between ATG7 dysfunction and disease will expedite therapies for disorders involving ATG7 deficiency and/or impaired autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Collier
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Present address:
Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Fumi Suomi
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Monika Oláhová
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Thomas G McWilliams
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and ChildrenNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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35
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Park SJ, Joo SH, Lee N, Jang WJ, Seo JH, Jeong CH. ACY-241, an HDAC6 inhibitor, overcomes erlotinib resistance in human pancreatic cancer cells by inducing autophagy. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:1062-1075. [PMID: 34761352 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a promising target for cancer treatment because it regulates cell mobility, protein trafficking, cell growth, apoptosis, and metastasis. However, the mechanism of HDAC6-induced anticancer drug resistance is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anticancer effect of ACY-241, an HDAC6-selective inhibitor, on erlotinib-resistant pancreatic cancer cells that overexpress HDAC6. Our data revealed that ACY-241 hyperacetylated the HDAC6 substrate, α-tubulin, leading to a significant reduction in cell viability of erlotinib-resistant pancreatic cells, BxPC3-ER and HPAC-ER. Notably, a synergistic anticancer effect was observed in cells that received combined treatment with ACY-241 and erlotinib. Combined treatment effectively induced autophagy and inhibited autophagy through siLC3B, and siATG5 alleviated ACY-241-mediated cell death, as reflected by the recovery of PARP cleavage and apoptosis rates. In addition, combined ACY-241 and erlotinib treatment induced autophagy and subsequently, cell death by reducing AKT-mTOR activity and increasing phospho-AMPK signaling. Therefore, HDAC6 may be involved in the suppression of autophagy and acquisition of resistance to erlotinib in ER pancreatic cancer cells. ACY-241 to overcome erlotinib resistance could be an effective therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeil-daero, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, South Korea
| | - Naeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeil-daero, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Won-Jun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeil-daero, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeil-daero, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
| | - Chul-Ho Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeil-daero, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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Raufi AG, Liguori NR, Carlsen L, Parker C, Hernandez Borrero L, Zhang S, Tian X, Louie A, Zhou L, Seyhan AA, El-Deiry WS. Therapeutic Targeting of Autophagy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:751568. [PMID: 34916936 PMCID: PMC8670090 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.751568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease characterized by early metastasis, late detection, and poor prognosis. Progress towards effective therapy has been slow despite significant efforts. Novel treatment approaches are desperately needed and autophagy, an evolutionary conserved process through which proteins and organelles are recycled for use as alternative energy sources, may represent one such target. Although incompletely understood, there is growing evidence suggesting that autophagy may play a role in PDAC carcinogenesis, metastasis, and survival. Early clinical trials involving autophagy inhibiting agents, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have been disappointing. Recently, evidence has demonstrated synergy between the MAPK pathway and autophagy inhibitors in PDAC, suggesting a promising therapeutic intervention. In addition, novel agents, such as ONC212, have preclinical activity in pancreatic cancer, in part through autophagy inhibition. We discuss autophagy in PDAC tumorigenesis, metabolism, modulation of the immune response, and preclinical and clinical data with selected autophagy modulators as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Raufi
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Wafik S. El-Deiry, ; Alexander G. Raufi,
| | - Nicholas R. Liguori
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Cassandra Parker
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Liz Hernandez Borrero
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Xiaobing Tian
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Anna Louie
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Attila A. Seyhan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Wafik S. El-Deiry, ; Alexander G. Raufi,
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Liu Y, Du Y. Influence of Autophagy Inhibition on Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Migration and Invasion Ability, and Efficacy of Gefitinib. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211049000. [PMID: 34657484 PMCID: PMC8521425 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211049000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have emphasized the role of autophagy in cancer cell metastasis and treatment of malignant tumors. Autophagy inhibitors have been widely used in combination therapies to treat advanced malignancies. Several lung adenocarcinoma cells harbor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are routinely used in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. However, a number of lung adenocarcinoma tumors do not respond or develop resistance to EGFR TKIs. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of autophagy inhibition on the biological behavior of lung adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, whether autophagy inhibition increases the efficacy of gefitinib in lung adenocarcinoma was investigated. The activation of autophagy was inhibited via the reduction of the expression of ATG5 in A549, H1975 and HCC827 cells. ATG5 knockdown using ATG5 siRNA partially suppressed the LC3B-II expression, decreased the LC3B-I/II conversion rate and enhanced the P62 expression. Cell scratch test and Transwell assay showed that the inhibition of autophagy could impair the migration and invasion ability of cells. These studies suggested that autophagy may play a pro-survival role in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- 117878Department of Cytology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yun Du
- 117878Department of Cytology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Hu H, Zhang XW, Li L, Hu MN, Hu WQ, Zhang JY, Miao XK, Yang WL, Mou LY. Inhibition of autophagy by YC-1 promotes gefitinib induced apoptosis by targeting FOXO1 in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174346. [PMID: 34270985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cancer in the world. Gefitinib, an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase, is highly effective in treating NSCLC patients with activating EGFR mutations (L858R or Ex19del). However, despite excellent disease control with gefitinib therapy, innate resistance and inevitable acquired resistance represent immense challenges in NSCLC therapy. Gefitinib potently induces cytoprotective autophagy, which has been implied to contribute to both innate and acquired resistance to gefitinib in NSCLC cells. Currently, abrogation of autophagy is considered a promising strategy for NSCLC therapy. In the present study, YC-1, an inhibitor of HIF-1α, was first found to significantly inhibit the autophagy induced by gefitinib by disrupting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes and thereby enhancing the proapoptotic effect of gefitinib in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Furthermore, the combinational anti-autophagic and pro-apoptotic effect of gefitinib and YC-1 was demonstrated to be associated with an enhanced of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) transcriptional activity which resulted from an increase in the p-FOXO1 protein level in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Our data suggest that inhibition of autophagy by targeting FOXO1 may be a feasible therapeutic strategy to overcome both innate and acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ming-Ning Hu
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen-Qian Hu
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing-Ying Zhang
- Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Kang Miao
- Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Wen-Le Yang
- Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ling-Yun Mou
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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Targeting Drug Chemo-Resistance in Cancer Using Natural Products. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101353. [PMID: 34680470 PMCID: PMC8533186 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to reduce the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, thereby causing chemotherapy failure. Natural products are accessible, inexpensive, and less toxic sources of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, they have multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit various targets involved in the development of drug resistance. In this review, we have summarized the basic research and clinical applications of natural products as possible inhibitors for drug resistance in cancer. The molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of each natural product are also explained. Diverse drug resistance biomarkers were sensitive to natural products. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can be targeted by a large number of natural products. On the other hand, protein kinase C and topoisomerases were less sensitive to most of the studied natural products. The studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for scientists to explore the possible use of natural products in combination anticancer therapies to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple drug resistance mechanisms.
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40
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Wang Z, Zhou C, Yang S. The roles, controversies, and combination therapies of autophagy in lung cancer. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:3-11. [PMID: 34546599 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death among men and women worldwide. The disease initially has a silent phenotype, which leads to the progression of the disease and ultimately the lack of proper response to routine treatments. Autophagy, known as an intracellular "recycle bin" for the degradation of defective proteins and molecules, is one of the mechanisms that has been considered in the context of cancer in recent years. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of published articles on autophagy in the context of lung cancer to have a complete view of the role of autophagy in lung cancer and its possible treatments. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched until June 15 to find related articles. No specific search filters or restrictions were applied. The results were entered into reference management software for aggregation and management. The full text of all articles was screened and studied. In conclusion, studies on the exact function of autophagy in lung cancer are contradictory, but what can be concluded from a review of literature on lung cancer is that targeting autophagy combined with traditional routine therapies such as chemotherapy, especially in advanced stages of lung cancer, can be an effective anticancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China
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41
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Knight BJ, Wood GA, Foster RA, Coomber BL. Beclin-1 is a novel predictive biomarker for canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:46-56. [PMID: 34521293 PMCID: PMC8679166 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211042578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common skin tumor of the dog, and accurately
predicting their clinical behavior is critical in directing patient therapy, as
they range from benign lesions to a fatal systemic disease. Grading is useful
for prognosis, but it cannot predict the behavior of all MCTs. We hypothesized
that biomarker immunolabeling in tumor tissues would correlate with patient
morbidity and mortality. A clinically annotated tissue microarray (TMA) of
primary, recurrent, and metastatic (to lymph node) canine dermal and
subcutaneous MCTs was created. Some dogs whose MCTs were included in the TMA did
not receive adjunctive treatment after surgical excision of the MCT, whereas
others were treated with one or a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, or
oral toceranib. Immunohistochemistry for beclin-1, an autophagy protein, was
performed followed by digital image analysis. Beclin-1 immunolabeling was higher
in recurrent tumors (mean H-score 110.8) than primary MCTs
(mean H-score 73.5), and highest in lymph node metastases (mean
H-score 138.5) with a significant difference in means
(P < .001). While beclin-1 level was not prognostic, it
was strongly predictive for survival after adjunctive treatment; dogs with high
beclin-1-expressing tumors showed poorer survival compared to those with low
beclin-1-expressing tumors (HR = 5.7, P = .02), especially in
Kiupel high-grade tumors (HR = 16.3, P = .01). Beclin-1
immunolabeling was the only significant predictive factor by multivariable
analysis (P = .04). These findings may improve our ability to
predict the response to adjunctive therapy. Importantly, these data suggest that
autophagy inhibitors may be useful in improving response to treatment for dogs
with high-grade MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta J Knight
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Miyazaki M, Hiramoto M, Takano N, Kokuba H, Takemura J, Tokuhisa M, Hino H, Kazama H, Miyazawa K. Targeted disruption of GAK stagnates autophagic flux by disturbing lysosomal dynamics. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:195. [PMID: 34468012 PMCID: PMC8416139 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosome system allows cells to adapt to environmental changes by regulating the degradation and recycling of cellular components, and to maintain homeostasis by removing aggregated proteins and defective organelles. Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK) is involved in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis and cell cycle progression. In addition, a single nucleotide polymorphism at the GAK locus has been reported as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. However, the roles of GAK in the autophagy-lysosome system are not completely understood, thus the present study aimed to clarify this. In the present study, under genetic disruption or chemical inhibition of GAK, analyzing autophagic flux and observing morphological changes of autophagosomes and autolysosomes revealed that GAK controlled lysosomal dynamics via actomyosin regulation, resulting in a steady progression of autophagy. GAK knockout (KO) in A549 cells impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic lysosome reformation, which resulted in the accumulation of enlarged autophagosomes and autolysosomes during prolonged starvation. The stagnation of autophagic flux accompanied by these phenomena was also observed with the addition of a GAK inhibitor. Furthermore, the addition of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor or ROCK1 knockdown mitigated GAK KO-mediated effects. The results suggested a vital role of GAK in controlling lysosomal dynamics via maintaining lysosomal homeostasis during autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Naoharu Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kokuba
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Jun Takemura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tokuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hino
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kazama
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
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Ma C, Li F, Luo H. Prognostic and immune implications of a novel ferroptosis-related ten-gene signature in lung adenocarcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1058. [PMID: 34422970 PMCID: PMC8339871 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer has been the focus of attention for many researchers in recent years due to its leading contribution to cancer-related death worldwide, with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) being the most common histological type. Ferroptosis, a novel iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, can be induced by sorafenib. Emerging evidence shows that triggering ferroptosis has potential as a cancer therapy. This work aimed to build a ferroptosis-related gene signature for predicting the outcome of LUAD. Methods The TCGA-LUAD dataset was set as the training cohort, and the GSE72094 and GSE68465 datasets were set as the validation cohorts. Sixty-two ferroptosis-related genes were retrieved from the literature. A univariate Cox regression model was constructed for the training cohort to preliminarily screen for potential prognostic ferroptosis-related genes. A gene signature was generated from a LASSO Cox regression model and assessed with the training and validation cohorts through Kaplan-Meier, Cox, and ROC analyses. In addition, the correlation between the risk score and autophagy-related genes was determined by the Pearson test. Finally, GSEA and immune infiltrating analyses were performed to better study the functional annotation of the signature and the role of each kind of immune cell. Results A ten-gene signature was constructed from the training cohort and validated in three cohorts by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses, revealing its independent prognostic value in LUAD. Moreover, a ROC analysis conducted with all cohort data confirmed the predictive ability of the ten-gene signature for LUAD prognosis. A total of 62.85% (308/490) of autophagy-related genes were found to be significantly correlated with risk scores. GSEA detailed the exact pathways related to the gene signature, and immune-infiltrating analyses identified crucial roles for resting mast cells and resting dendritic cells in the prognosis of LUAD. Conclusions We identified a novel ferroptosis-related ten-gene signature (PHKG2, PGD, PEBP1, NCOA4, GLS2, CISD1, ATP5G3, ALOX15, ALOX12B, and ACSL3) that can accurately predict LUAD prognosis and is closely linked to resting mast cells and resting dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Feng Li
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Competence Center of Thoracic Surgery, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Huan Luo
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Kim MS, Kim SH, Yang SH, Kim MS. miR-4487 Enhances Gefitinib-Mediated Ubiquitination and Autophagic Degradation of EGFR in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Targeting USP37. Cancer Res Treat 2021; 54:445-457. [PMID: 34352998 PMCID: PMC9016303 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2021.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose With the identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, EGFR–tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are being used widely as the first-line of treatment in NSCLC. These inhibitors block auto-phosphorylation of activated EGFR by competing with ATP binding and mediate EGFR degradation independent of exogenous epidermal growth factor, which is associated with the mutation variants of EGFR. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the TKI-mediated EGFR degradation are still unclear. Materials and Methods To examine the physiological roles of miR-4487 and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 37 (USP37) in gefitinib-mediated EGFR degradation in NSCLC cells, multiple NSCLC cell lines were applied. The level of EGFR expression, apoptosis marker, and autophagic flux were determined by western blot. Expression level of miR-4487 and cell-cycle arrest was analyzed by TaqMan assay and flow cytometry respectively. Results We found that gefitinib mediates EGFR degradation under normal culture conditions, and is dependent on autophagic flux and the mutation variants of EGFR. Gefitinib reduced expression levels of USP37, which mediated EGFR degradation similar to gefitinib. Our results also showed a gefitinib-mediated increase in endogenous miR-4487 level and presented evidence for the direct targeting of USP37 by miR-4487, resulting in the sequential enhancement of ubiquitination, autophagy, and EGFR degradation. Thus, the depletion of USP37 and overexpression of miR-4487 led to an increase in gefitinib-mediated apoptotic cell death. Conclusion These data suggest that miR-4487 is a potential target for treating NSCLC, and miR-4487/USP37-regulated EGFR degradation is a determinant for developing gefitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Seong Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomaterial-Implant, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.,Wonkwang Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - So Hui Kim
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sei Hoon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Min Seuk Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomaterial-Implant, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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Cui H, Weng Y, Ding N, Cheng C, Wang L, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Cui Y, Zhang W. Autophagy-Related Three-Gene Prognostic Signature for Predicting Survival in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650891. [PMID: 34336650 PMCID: PMC8321089 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors in China, and its prognosis remains poor. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process involved in the occurrence and development of ESCC. In this study, we described the expression profile of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in ESCC and developed a prognostic prediction model for ESCC patients based on the expression pattern of ARGs. We used four ESCC cohorts, GSE53624 (119 samples) set as the discovery cohort, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ESCC set (95 samples) as the validation cohort, 155 ESCC cohort, and Oncomine cohort were used to screen and verify differentially expressed ARGs. We identified 34 differentially expressed genes out of 222 ARGs. In the discovery cohort, we divided ESCC patients into three groups that showed significant differences in prognosis. Then, we analyzed the prognosis of 34 differentially expressed ARGs. Three genes [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), integrin alpha-6 (ITGA6), and Fas-associated death domain (FADD)] were ultimately obtained through random forest feature selection and were constructed as an ARG-related prognostic model. This model was further validated in TCGA ESCC set. Cox regression analysis confirmed that the three-gene signature was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients. This signature effectively stratified patients in both discovery and validation cohorts by overall survival (P = 5.162E-8 and P = 0.052, respectively). We also constructed a clinical nomogram with a concordance index of 0.713 to predict the survival possibility of ESCC patients by integrating clinical characteristics and the ARG signature. The calibration curves substantiated fine concordance between nomogram prediction and actual observation. In conclusion, we constructed a new ARG-related prognostic model, which shows the potential to improve the ability of individualized prognosis prediction in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Cui
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongjia Weng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongping Cui
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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You KS, Yi YW, Cho J, Park JS, Seong YS. Potentiating Therapeutic Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:589. [PMID: 34207383 PMCID: PMC8233743 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subset of breast cancer with aggressive characteristics and few therapeutic options. The lack of an appropriate therapeutic target is a challenging issue in treating TNBC. Although a high level expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been associated with a poor prognosis among patients with TNBC, targeted anti-EGFR therapies have demonstrated limited efficacy for TNBC treatment in both clinical and preclinical settings. However, with the advantage of a number of clinically approved EGFR inhibitors (EGFRis), combination strategies have been explored as a promising approach to overcome the intrinsic resistance of TNBC to EGFRis. In this review, we analyzed the literature on the combination of EGFRis with other molecularly targeted therapeutics or conventional chemotherapeutics to understand the current knowledge and to provide potential therapeutic options for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Sic You
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 3116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jeonghee Cho
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jeong-Soo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
| | - Yeon-Sun Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 3116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (J.C.)
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Usman RM, Razzaq F, Akbar A, Farooqui AA, Iftikhar A, Latif A, Hassan H, Zhao J, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST, Anwer F. Role and mechanism of autophagy-regulating factors in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 17:193-208. [PMID: 32970929 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of tumorigenesis is uncontrolled cell division. Autophagy is regulated by more than 30 genes and it is one of several mechanisms by which cells maintain homeostasis. Autophagy promotes cancer progression and drug resistance. Several genes play important roles in autophagy-induced tumorigenesis and drug resistance including Beclin-1, MIF, HMGB1, p53, PTEN, p62, RAC3, SRC3, NF-2, MEG3, LAPTM4B, mTOR, BRAF and c-MYC. These genes alter cell growth, cellular microenvironment and cell division. Mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and drug resistance include microdeletions, genetic mutations, loss of heterozygosity, hypermethylation, microsatellite instability and translational modifications at a molecular level. Disrupted or altered autophagy has been reported in hematological malignancies like lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma as well as multiple solid organ tumors like colorectal, hepatocellular, gall bladder, pancreatic, gastric and cholangiocarcinoma among many other malignancies. In addition, defects in autophagy also play a role in drug resistance in cancers like osteosarcoma, ovarian and lung carcinomas following treatment with drugs such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, gemcitabine and etoposide. Therapeutic approaches that modulate autophagy are a novel future direction for cancer drug development that may help to prevent issues with disease progression and overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Muhammad Usman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Faryal Razzaq
- Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arshia Akbar
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmad Iftikhar
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Azka Latif
- Department of Medicine, Crieghton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hamza Hassan
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer S Carew
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Faiz Anwer
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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He M, Yan G, Wang Y, Gong R, Lei H, Yu S, He X, Li G, Du W, Ma T, Gao M, Yu M, Liu S, Xu Z, Idiiatullina E, Zagidullin N, Pavlov V, Cai B, Yuan Y, Yang L. Blue LED causes autophagic cell death in human osteosarcoma by increasing ROS generation and dephosphorylating EGFR. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4962-4973. [PMID: 33960631 PMCID: PMC8178260 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour in adolescence. Lately, light‐emitting diodes (LED)‐based therapy has emerged as a new promising approach for several diseases. However, it remains unknown in human OS. Here, we found that the blue LED irradiation significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of human OS cells, while we observed blue LED irradiation increased ROS production through increased NADPH oxidase enzymes NOX2 and NOX4, as well as decreased Catalase (CAT) expression levels. Furthermore, we revealed blue LED irradiation‐induced autophagy characterized by alterations in autophagy protein markers including Beclin‐1, LC3‐II/LC3‐I and P62. Moreover, we demonstrated an enhanced autophagic flux. The blockage of autophagy displayed a remarkable attenuation of anti‐tumour activities of blue LED irradiation. Next, ROS scavenger N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) and NOX inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) blocked suppression of OS cell growth, indicating that ROS accumulation might play an essential role in blue LED‐induced autophagic OS cell death. Additionally, we observed blue LED irradiation decreased EGFR activation (phosphorylation), which in turn led to Beclin‐1 release and subsequent autophagy activation in OS cells. Analysis of EGFR colocalization with Beclin‐1 and EGFR‐immunoprecipitation (IP) assay further revealed the decreased interaction of EGFR and Beclin‐1 upon blue LED irradiation in OS cells. In addition, Beclin‐1 down‐regulation abolished the effects of blue LED irradiation on OS cells. Collectively, we concluded that blue LED irradiation exhibited anti‐tumour effects on OS by triggering ROS and EGFR/Beclin‐1‐mediated autophagy signalling pathway, representing a potential approach for human OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gege Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuting Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqi He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weijie Du
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tianshuai Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Manqi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meixi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shenzhen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zihang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy (The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Elina Idiiatullina
- Central Laboratory of Scientific Research, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Naufal Zagidullin
- Central Laboratory of Scientific Research, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Valentin Pavlov
- Central Laboratory of Scientific Research, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Benzhi Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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49
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Tavassoly O, Del Cid Pellitero E, Larroquette F, Cai E, Thomas RA, Soubannier V, Luo W, Durcan TM, Fon EA. Pharmacological Inhibition of Brain EGFR Activation By a BBB-penetrating Inhibitor, AZD3759, Attenuates α-synuclein Pathology in a Mouse Model of α-Synuclein Propagation. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:979-997. [PMID: 33713002 PMCID: PMC8423974 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies within dopamine neurons of substantia nigra (SN) is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). These toxic α-syn aggregates are believed to propagate from neuron-to-neuron and spread the α-syn pathology throughout the brain beyond dopamine neurons in a prion-like manner. Targeting propagation of such α-syn aggregates is of high interest but requires identifying pathways involving in this process. Evidence from previous Alzheimer's disease reports suggests that EGFR may be involved in the prion-like propagation and seeding of amyloid-β. We show here that EGFR regulates the uptake of exogenous α-syn-PFFs and the levels of endogenous α-syn in cell cultures and a mouse model of α-syn propagation, respectively. Thus, we tested the therapeutic potentials of AZD3759, a highly selective BBB-penetrating EGFR inhibitor, in a preclinical mouse model of α-syn propagation. AZD3759 decreases activated EGFR levels in the brain and reduces phosphorylated α-synuclein (pSyn) pathology in brain sections, including striatum and SN. As AZD3759 is already in the clinic, this paper's results suggest a possible repositioning of AZD3759 as a disease-modifying approach for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Tavassoly
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Esther Del Cid Pellitero
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederique Larroquette
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eddie Cai
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rhalena A Thomas
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Soubannier
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Wen Luo
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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50
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Lim SM, Mohamad Hanif EA, Chin SF. Is targeting autophagy mechanism in cancer a good approach? The possible double-edge sword effect. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:56. [PMID: 33743781 PMCID: PMC7981910 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process required to maintain homeostasis. The hallmark of autophagy is the formation of a phagophore that engulfs cytosolic materials for degradation and recycling to synthesize essential components. Basal autophagy is constitutively active under normal conditions and it could be further induced by physiological stimuli such as hypoxia, nutrient starvation, endoplasmic reticulum stress,energy depletion, hormonal stimulation and pharmacological treatment. In cancer, autophagy is highly context-specific depending on the cell type, tumour microenvironment, disease stage and external stimuli. Recently, the emerging role of autophagy as a double-edged sword in cancer has gained much attention. On one hand, autophagy suppresses malignant transformation by limiting the production of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage during tumour development. Subsequently, autophagy evolved to support the survival of cancer cells and promotes the tumourigenicity of cancer stem cells at established sites. Hence, autophagy is an attractive target for cancer therapeutics and researchers have been exploiting the use of autophagy modulators as adjuvant therapy. In this review, we present a summary of autophagy mechanism and controlling pathways, with emphasis on the dual-role of autophagy (double-edged sword) in cancer. This is followed by an overview of the autophagy modulation for cancer treatment and is concluded by a discussion on the current perspectives and future outlook of autophagy exploitation for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Min Lim
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, W. Persekutuan, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ezanee Azlina Mohamad Hanif
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, W. Persekutuan, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siok-Fong Chin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, W. Persekutuan, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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