1
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Jeremiasse B, van Ineveld RL, Bok V, Kleinnijenhuis M, de Blank S, Alieva M, Johnson HR, van Vliet EJ, Zeeman AL, Wellens LM, Llibre-Palomar G, Barrera Román M, Di Maggio A, Dekkers JF, Oliveira S, Vahrmeijer AL, Molenaar JJ, Wijnen MH, van der Steeg AF, Wehrens EJ, Rios AC. A multispectral 3D live organoid imaging platform to screen probes for fluorescence guided surgery. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:1495-1514. [PMID: 38831131 PMCID: PMC11251264 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving complete tumor resection is challenging and can be improved by real-time fluorescence-guided surgery with molecular-targeted probes. However, pre-clinical identification and validation of probes presents a lengthy process that is traditionally performed in animal models and further hampered by inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity in target expression. To screen multiple probes at patient scale, we developed a multispectral real-time 3D imaging platform that implements organoid technology to effectively model patient tumor heterogeneity and, importantly, healthy human tissue binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Jeremiasse
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ravian L van Ineveld
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Bok
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleinnijenhuis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sam de Blank
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Alieva
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hannah R Johnson
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée J van Vliet
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber L Zeeman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne M Wellens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Llibre-Palomar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Barrera Román
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessia Di Maggio
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna F Dekkers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Hwa Wijnen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Tripathy RK, Pande AH. Molecular and functional insight into anti-EGFR nanobody: Theranostic implications for malignancies. Life Sci 2024; 345:122593. [PMID: 38554946 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Targeted therapy and imaging are the most popular techniques for the intervention and diagnosis of cancer. A potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), primarily for glioblastoma, lung, and breast cancer. Over-production of ligand, transcriptional up-regulation due to autocrine/paracrine signalling, or point mutations at the genomic locus may contribute to the malfunction of EGFR in malignancies. This exploit makes use of EGFR, an established biomarker for cancer diagnostics and treatment. Despite considerable development in the last several decades in making EGFR inhibitors, they are still not free from limitations like toxicity and a short serum half-life. Nanobodies and antibodies share similar binding properties, but nanobodies have the additional advantage that they can bind to antigenic epitopes deep inside the target that conventional antibodies are unable to access. For targeted therapy, anti-EGFR nanobodies can be conjugated to various molecules such as drugs, peptides, toxins and photosensitizers. These nanobodies can be designed as novel immunoconjugates using the universal modular antibody-based platform technology (UniCAR). Furthermore, Anti-EGFR nanobodies can be expressed in neural stem cells and visualised by effective fluorescent and radioisotope labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, (Mohali) 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, (Mohali) 160062, Punjab, India.
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3
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Menzel S, Duan Y, Hambach J, Albrecht B, Wendt-Cousin D, Winzer R, Tolosa E, Rissiek A, Guse AH, Haag F, Magnus T, Koch-Nolte F, Rissiek B. Generation and characterization of antagonistic anti-human CD39 nanobodies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328306. [PMID: 38590528 PMCID: PMC11000232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
CD39 is the major enzyme controlling the levels of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via the stepwise hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). As extracellular ATP is a strong promoter of inflammation, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocking CD39 are utilized therapeutically in the field of immune-oncology. Though anti-CD39 mAbs are highly specific for their target, they lack deep penetration into the dense tissue of solid tumors, due to their large size. To overcome this limitation, we generated and characterized nanobodies that targeted and blocked human CD39. From cDNA-immunized alpacas we selected 16 clones from seven nanobody families that bind to two distinct epitopes of human CD39. Among these, clone SB24 inhibited the enzymatic activity of CD39. Of note, SB24 blocked ATP degradation by both soluble and cell surface CD39 as a 15kD monomeric nanobody. Dimerization via fusion to an immunoglobulin Fc portion further increased the blocking potency of SB24 on CD39-transfected HEK cells. Finally, we confirmed the CD39 blocking properties of SB24 on human PBMCs. In summary, SB24 provides a new small biological antagonist of human CD39 with potential application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Core Facility Nanobodies, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yinghui Duan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birte Albrecht
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorte Wendt-Cousin
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Riekje Winzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rissiek
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Cytometry und Cell Sorting Core Unit, Dept. of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Guse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Zhang X, Wang J, Tan Y, Chen C, Tang S, Zhao S, Qin Q, Huang H, Duan S. Nanobodies in cytokine‑mediated immunotherapy and immunoimaging (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:12. [PMID: 38063273 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are the main regulators of innate and adaptive immunity, mediating communications between the cells of the immune system and regulating biological functions, including cell motility, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. Cytokines and cytokine receptors have been used in the treatment of tumors and autoimmune diseases, and to intervene in cytokine storms. Indeed, the use of monoclonal antibodies to block cytokine‑receptor interactions, as well as antibody‑cytokine fusion proteins has exhibited immense potential for the treatment of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Compared with these traditional types of antibodies, nanobodies not only maintain a high affinity and specificity, but also have the advantages of high thermal stability, a high capacity for chemical manipulation, low immunogenicity, good tissue permeability, rapid clearance and economic production. Thus, nanobodies have extensive potential for use in the diagnosis and treatment of cytokine‑related diseases. The present review summarizes the application of nanobodies in cytokine‑mediated immunotherapy and immunoimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Chaoting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Shimei Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhong Qin
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Hansheng Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Siliang Duan
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
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5
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Declerck NB, Huygen C, Mateusiak L, Stroet MCM, Hernot S. The GEM-handle as convenient labeling strategy for bimodal single-domain antibody-based tracers carrying 99mTc and a near-infrared fluorescent dye for intra-operative decision-making. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285923. [PMID: 38035094 PMCID: PMC10684908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-operative fluorescence imaging has demonstrated its ability to improve tumor lesion identification. However, the limited tissue penetration of the fluorescent signals hinders the detection of deep-lying or occult lesions. Integrating fluorescence imaging with SPECT and/or intra-operative gamma-probing synergistically combines the deep tissue penetration of gamma rays for tumor localization with the precision of fluorescence imaging for precise tumor resection. In this study, we detail the use of a genetically encoded multifunctional handle, henceforth referred to as a GEM-handle, for the development of fluorescent/radioactive bimodal single-domain antibody (sdAb)-based tracers. A sdAb that targets the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) was engineered to carry a GEM-handle containing a carboxy-terminal hexahistidine-tag and cysteine-tag. A two-step labeling strategy was optimized and applied to site-specifically label IRDye800CW and 99mTc to the sdAb. Bimodal labeling of the sdAbs proved straightforward and successful. 99mTc activity was however restricted to 18.5 MBq per nmol fluorescently-labeled sdAb to prevent radiobleaching of IRDye800CW without impeding SPECT/CT imaging. Subsequently, the in vivo biodistribution and tumor-targeting capacity of the bimodal tracer were evaluated in uPAR-positive tumor-bearing mice using SPECT/CT and fluorescence imaging. The bimodal sdAb showed expected renal background signals due to tracer clearance, along with slightly elevated non-specific liver signals. Four hours post-injection, both SPECT/CT and fluorescent images achieved satisfactory tumor uptake and contrast, with significantly higher values observed for the anti-uPAR bimodal sdAb compared to a control non-targeting sdAb. In conclusion, the GEM-handle is a convenient method for designing and producing bimodal sdAb-based tracers with adequate in vivo characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Hernot
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Laboratory (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Bitsch P, Baum ES, Beltrán Hernández I, Bitsch S, Harwood J, Oliveira S, Kolmar H. Penetration of Nanobody-Dextran Polymer Conjugates through Tumor Spheroids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2374. [PMID: 37896133 PMCID: PMC10609859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the generation of nanobody dextran polymer conjugates (dextraknobs) that are loaded with small molecules, i.e., fluorophores or photosensitizers, for potential applications in cancer diagnostics and therapy. To this end, the molecules are conjugated to the dextran polymer which is coupled to the C-terminus of an EGFR-specific nanobody using chemoenzymatic approaches. A monovalent EGFR-targeted nanobody and biparatopic version modified with different dextran average molecular weights (1000, 5000, and 10,000) were probed for their ability to penetrate tumor spheroids. For monovalent Cy5-labeled dextraknobs, the utilization of smaller sized dextran (MW 5000 vs. 10,000) was found to be beneficial for more homogeneous penetration into A431 tumor spheroids over time. For the biparatopic dual nanobody comprising MW 1000, 5000, and 10,000 dextran labeled with photosensitizer IRDye700DX, penetration behavior was comparable to that of a direct nanobody-photosensitizer conjugate lacking a dextran scaffold. Additionally, dextraknobs labeled with IRDye700DX incubated with cells in 2D and 3D showed potent cell killing upon illumination, thus inducing photodynamic therapy (PDT). In line with previous results, monovalent nanobody conjugates displayed deeper and more homogenous penetration through spheroids than the bivalent conjugates. Importantly, the smaller size dextrans did not affect the distribution of the conjugates, thus encouraging further development of dextraknobs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bitsch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (P.B.); (S.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Eva S. Baum
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.S.B.); (I.B.H.)
| | - Irati Beltrán Hernández
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.S.B.); (I.B.H.)
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Bitsch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (P.B.); (S.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Jakob Harwood
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (P.B.); (S.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.S.B.); (I.B.H.)
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (P.B.); (S.B.); (J.H.)
- Centre of Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Alsajjan R, Mason WP. Bispecific T-Cell Engagers and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies in Glioblastoma: An Update. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:8501-8549. [PMID: 37754534 PMCID: PMC10529026 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30090619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. The prognosis is extremely poor even with standard treatment of maximal safe resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Recurrence is inevitable within months, and treatment options are very limited. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CART) and bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) are two emerging immunotherapies that can redirect T-cells for tumor-specific killing and have shown remarkable success in hematological malignancies and been under extensive study for application in glioblastoma. While there have been multiple clinical trials showing preliminary evidence of safety and efficacy for CART, bispecific TCEs are still in the early stages of clinical testing, with preclinical studies showing very promising results. However, there are multiple shared challenges that need to be addressed in the future, including the route of delivery, antigen escape, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and toxicity resulting from the limited choice of tumor-specific antigens. Efforts are underway to optimize the design of both these treatments and find the ideal combination therapy to overcome these challenges. In this review, we describe the work that has been performed as well as novel approaches in glioblastoma and in other solid tumors that may be applicable in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roa Alsajjan
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Warren P. Mason
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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8
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do Valle NCH, Janssen S, Stroet MCM, Pollenus S, Van den Block S, Devoogdt N, Debacker JM, Hernot S, De Rooster H. Safety assessment of fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR Nanobodies in healthy dogs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1266288. [PMID: 37781693 PMCID: PMC10538052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1266288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Surgical resection is one of the main treatment options for several types of cancer, the desired outcome being complete removal of the primary tumor and its local metastases. Any malignant tissue that remains after surgery may lead to relapsing disease, negatively impacting the patient's quality of life and overall survival. Fluorescence imaging in surgical oncology aims to facilitate full resection of solid tumors through the visualization of malignant tissue during surgery, following the administration of a fluorescent contrast agent. An important class of targeting molecules are Nanobodies® (Nbs), small antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain only antibodies. When coupled with a fluorophore, Nbs can bind to a specific receptor and demarcate tumor margins through a fluorescence camera, improving the accuracy of surgical intervention. A widely investigated target for fluorescence-guided surgery is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is overexpressed in several types of tumors. Promising results with the fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR Nb 7D12-s775z in murine models motivated a project employing the compound in a pioneering study in dogs with spontaneous cancer. Methods: To determine the safety profile of the study drug, three healthy purpose-bred dogs received an intravenous injection of the tracer at 5.83, 11.66, and 19.47 mg/m2, separated by a 14-day wash-out period. Physical examination and fluorescence imaging were performed at established time points, and the animals were closely monitored between doses. Blood and urine values were analyzed pre- and 24 h post administration. Results: No adverse effects were observed, and blood and urine values stayed within the reference range. Images of the oral mucosa, acquired with a fluorescence imaging device (Fluobeam®), suggest rapid clearance, which was in accordance with previous in vivo studies. Discussion: These are the first results to indicate that 7D12-s775z is well tolerated in dogs and paves the way to conduct clinical trials in canine patients with EGFR-overexpressing spontaneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra Cristina Herreira do Valle
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simone Janssen
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcus C. M. Stroet
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Pollenus
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sonja Van den Block
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jens M. Debacker
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hilde De Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Li S, Hoefnagel SJM, Krishnadath KK. Single domain Camelid antibody fragments for molecular imaging and therapy of cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1257175. [PMID: 37746282 PMCID: PMC10514897 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1257175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite innovations in cancer therapeutics, cancer remains associated with high mortality and is one of biggest health challenges worldwide. Therefore, developing precise cancer imaging and effective treatments is an unmet clinical need. A relatively novel type of therapeutics are heavy chain variable domain antibody fragments (VHHs) derived from llamas. Here, we explored the suitability of VHHs for cancer imaging and therapy through reviewing the existing literature. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases and identified 32 papers on molecular imaging and 41 papers on therapy that were suitable for comprehensive reviewing. We found that VHHs harbor a higher specificity and affinity compared to mAbs, which contributes to high-quality imaging and less side-effects on healthy cells. The employment of VHHs in cancer imaging showed remarkably shorter times between administration and imaging. Studies showed that 18F and 99mTc are two optimal radionuclides for imaging with VHHs and that site-specific labelling is the optimal conjugation modality for VHHs with radionuclide or fluorescent molecules. We found different solutions for reducing kidney retention and immunogenicity of VHHs. VHHs as anticancer therapeutics have been tested in photodynamic therapy, targeted radionuclide therapy, immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. These studies showed that VHHs target unique antigen epitopes, which are distinct from the ones recognized by mAbs. This advantage means that VHHs may be more effective for targeted anticancer therapy and can be combined with mAbs. We found that high cellular internalization and specificity of VHHs contributes to the effectiveness and safety of VHHs as anticancer therapeutics. Two clinical trials have confirmed that VHHs are effective and safe for cancer imaging and therapy. Together, VHHs seem to harbor several advantages compared to mAbs and show potential for application in personalized treatment for cancer patients. VHH-based imaging and therapy are promising options for improving outcomes of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Li
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Kausilia Krishnawatie Krishnadath
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Benloucif A, Meyer D, Balasse L, Goubard A, Danner L, Bouhlel A, Castellano R, Guillet B, Chames P, Kerfelec B. Rapid nanobody-based imaging of mesothelin expressing malignancies compatible with blocking therapeutic antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200652. [PMID: 37388728 PMCID: PMC10303918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesothelin (MSLN) is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers with few therapeutic options and has recently emerged as an attractive target for cancer therapy, with a large number of approaches currently under preclinical and clinical investigation. In this respect, developing mesothelin specific tracers as molecular companion tools for predicting patient eligibility, monitoring then response to mesothelin-targeting therapies, and tracking the evolution of the disease or for real-time visualisation of tumours during surgery is of growing importance. Methods We generated by phage display a nanobody (Nb S1) and used enzymatic approaches were used to site-directed conjugate Nb S1 with either ATTO 647N fluorochrome or NODAGA chelator for fluorescence and positron emission tomography imaging (PET) respectively. Results We demonstrated that Nb S1 displays a high apparent affinity and specificity for human mesothelin and demonstrated that the binding, although located in the membrane distal domain of mesothelin, is not impeded by the presence of MUC16, the only known ligand of mesothelin, nor by the therapeutic antibody amatuximab. In vivo experiments showed that both ATTO 647N and [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-S1 rapidly and specifically accumulated in mesothelin positive tumours compared to mesothelin negative tumours or irrelevant Nb with a high tumour/background ratio. The ex vivo biodistribution profile analysis also confirmed a significantly higher uptake of Nb S1 in MSLN-positive tumours than in MSLNlow tumours. Conclusion We demonstrated for the first time the use of an anti-MSLN nanobody as PET radiotracer for same day imaging of MSLN+ tumours, targeting an epitope compatible with the monitoring of amatuximab-based therapies and current SS1-derived-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdennour Benloucif
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Meyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Balasse
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Medicale (CERIMED), Marseille, France
- Aix-marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Centre de recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Marseille, France
| | - Armelle Goubard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, TrGET Preclinical Platform, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Danner
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Ahlem Bouhlel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Medicale (CERIMED), Marseille, France
- Aix-marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Centre de recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Castellano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, TrGET Preclinical Platform, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Guillet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Medicale (CERIMED), Marseille, France
- Aix-marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Centre de recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Chames
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Kerfelec
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
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11
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Yong Joon Kim J, Sang Z, Xiang Y, Shen Z, Shi Y. Nanobodies: Robust miniprotein binders in biomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 195:114726. [PMID: 36754285 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH), also known as nanobodies (Nbs), are monomeric antigen-binding domains derived from the camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. Nbs are characterized by small size, high target selectivity, and marked solubility and stability, which collectively facilitate high-quality drug development. In addition, Nbs are readily expressed from various expression systems, including E. coli and yeast cells. For these reasons, Nbs have emerged as preferred antibody fragments for protein engineering, disease diagnosis, and treatment. To date, two Nb-based therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Numerous candidates spanning a wide spectrum of diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders are under preclinical and clinical investigation. Here, we discuss the structural features of Nbs that allow for specific, versatile, and strong target binding. We also summarize emerging technologies for identification, structural analysis, and humanization of Nbs. Our main focus is to review recent advances in using Nbs as a modular scaffold to facilitate the engineering of multivalent polymers for cutting-edge applications. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges for Nb development and envision new opportunities in Nb-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yong Joon Kim
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Sang
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yufei Xiang
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhuolun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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12
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Jin BK, Odongo S, Radwanska M, Magez S. NANOBODIES®: A Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5994. [PMID: 36983063 PMCID: PMC10057852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
NANOBODY® (a registered trademark of Ablynx N.V) molecules (Nbs), also referred to as single domain-based VHHs, are antibody fragments derived from heavy-chain only IgG antibodies found in the Camelidae family. Due to their small size, simple structure, high antigen binding affinity, and remarkable stability in extreme conditions, nanobodies possess the potential to overcome several of the limitations of conventional monoclonal antibodies. For many years, nanobodies have been of great interest in a wide variety of research fields, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This culminated in the approval of the world's first nanobody based drug (Caplacizumab) in 2018 with others following soon thereafter. This review will provide an overview, with examples, of (i) the structure and advantages of nanobodies compared to conventional monoclonal antibodies, (ii) methods used to generate and produce antigen-specific nanobodies, (iii) applications for diagnostics, and (iv) ongoing clinical trials for nanobody therapeutics as well as promising candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-kyung Jin
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven Odongo
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
- Center for Biosecurity and Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Chen L, Lyu Y, Zhang X, Zheng L, Li Q, Ding D, Chen F, Liu Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Wang Z, Xie T, Zhang Q, Sima Y, Li K, Xu S, Ren T, Xiong M, Wu Y, Song J, Yuan L, Yang H, Zhang XB, Tan W. Molecular imaging: design mechanism and bioapplications. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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14
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Anti-Vimentin Nanobody Decreases Glioblastoma Cell Invasion In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030573. [PMID: 36765531 PMCID: PMC9913279 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumour and one of the deadliest cancers. In addition to late diagnosis and inadequate treatment, the extremely low survival rate is also due to the lack of appropriate therapeutic biomarkers and corresponding therapeutic agents. One of the potential therapeutic biomarkers is the intermediate filament vimentin, which is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of the anti-vimentin nanobody Nb79 on cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. To further our understanding of the mechanism of action, we investigated the association between Nb79 and EMT in GBM and GBM stem cells by analysing the expression levels of key EMT-related proteins. METHODS The expression of vimentin in glioma tissues and cells was determined by RT-qPCR. An invasion assay was performed on differentiated glioblastoma cell line U-87 MG and stem cell line NCH421k in vitro as well as in vivo in zebrafish embryos. The effect of Nb79 on expression of EMT biomarkers beta-catenin, vimentin, ZEB-1 and ZO1 was determined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Our study shows that vimentin is upregulated in glioblastoma tissue compared to lower grade glioma and non-tumour brain tissue. We demonstrated that treatment with Nb79 reduced glioblastoma cell invasion by up to 64% in vitro and up to 21% in vivo. In addition, we found that the tight junction protein ZO-1 had higher expression on the cell membrane, when treated with inhibitory anti-vimentin Nb79 compared to control. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results suggest that anti-vimentin nanobody Nb79 is a promising tool to target glioblastoma cell invasion.
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15
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Selection of single domain anti-transferrin receptor antibodies for blood-brain barrier transcytosis using a neurotensin based assay and histological assessment of target engagement in a mouse model of Alzheimer's related amyloid-beta pathology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276107. [PMID: 36256604 PMCID: PMC9578589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major obstacle in developing specific diagnostic imaging agents for many neurological disorders. In this study we aimed to generate single domain anti-mouse transferrin receptor antibodies (anti-mTfR VHHs) to mediate BBB transcytosis as components of novel MRI molecular contrast imaging agents. Anti-mTfR VHHs were produced by immunizing a llama with mTfR, generation of a VHH phage display library, immunopanning, and in vitro characterization of candidates. Site directed mutagenesis was used to generate additional variants. VHH fusions with neurotensin (NT) allowed rapid, hypothermia-based screening for VHH-mediated BBB transcytosis in wild-type mice. One anti-mTfR VHH variant was fused with an anti-amyloid-beta (Aβ) VHH dimer and labeled with fluorescent dye for direct assessment of in vivo target engagement in a mouse model of AD-related Aβ plaque pathology. An anti-mTfR VHH called M1 and variants had binding affinities to mTfR of <1nM to 1.52nM. The affinity of the VHH binding to mTfR correlated with the efficiency of the VHH-NT induced hypothermia effects after intravenous injection of 600 nmol/kg body weight, ranging from undetectable for nonbinding mutants to -6°C for the best mutants. The anti-mTfR VHH variant M1P96H with the strongest hypothermia effect was fused to the anti-Aβ VHH dimer and labeled with Alexa647; the dye-labeled VHH fusion construct still bound both mTfR and Aβ plaques at concentrations as low as 0.22 nM. However, after intravenous injection at 600 nmol/kg body weight into APP/PS1 transgenic mice, there was no detectible labeling of plaques above control levels. Thus, NT-induced hypothermia did not correlate with direct target engagement in cortex, likely because the concentration required for NT-induced hypothermia was lower than the concentration required to produce in situ labeling. These findings reveal an important dissociation between NT-induced hypothermia, presumably mediated by hypothalamus, and direct engagement with Aβ-plaques in cortex. Additional methods to assess anti-mTfR VHH BBB transcytosis will need to be developed for anti-mTfR VHH screening and the development of novel MRI molecular contrast agents.
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16
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The Potential of Antibody Technology and Silver Nanoparticles for Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy for Melanoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092158. [PMID: 36140259 PMCID: PMC9495799 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is highly aggressive and is known to be efficient at resisting drug-induced apoptotic signals. Resection is currently the gold standard for melanoma management, but it only offers local control of the early stage of the disease. Metastatic melanoma is prone to recurrence, and has a poor prognosis and treatment response. Thus, the need for advanced theranostic alternatives is evident. Photodynamic therapy has been increasingly studied for melanoma treatment; however, it relies on passive drug accumulation, leading to off-target effects. Nanoparticles enhance drug biodistribution, uptake and intra-tumoural concentration and can be functionalised with monoclonal antibodies that offer selective biorecognition. Antibody–drug conjugates reduce passive drug accumulation and off-target effects. Nonetheless, one limitation of monoclonal antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates is their lack of versatility, given cancer’s heterogeneity. Monoclonal antibodies suffer several additional limitations that make recombinant antibody fragments more desirable. SNAP-tag is a modified version of the human DNA-repair enzyme, O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. It reacts in an autocatalytic and covalent manner with benzylguanine-modified substrates, providing a simple protein labelling system. SNAP-tag can be genetically fused with antibody fragments, creating fusion proteins that can be easily labelled with benzylguanine-modified payloads for site-directed delivery. This review aims to highlight the benefits and limitations of the abovementioned approaches and to outline how their combination could enhance photodynamic therapy for melanoma.
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17
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Rodríguez de la Fuente L, Cancela IG, Estévez-Salguero ÁM, Iglesias P, Costoya JA. Development of a biosensor based on a new marine luciferase fused to an affibody to assess Her2 expression in living cells. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Awad RM, Meeus F, Ceuppens H, Ertveldt T, Hanssens H, Lecocq Q, Mateusiak L, Zeven K, Valenta H, De Groof TWM, De Vlaeminck Y, Krasniqi A, De Veirman K, Goyvaerts C, D'Huyvetter M, Hernot S, Devoogdt N, Breckpot K. Emerging applications of nanobodies in cancer therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 369:143-199. [PMID: 35777863 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, requiring treatment tailored to the unique phenotype of the patient's tumor. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and variants thereof have enabled targeted therapies to selectively target cancer cells. Cancer cell-specific mAbs have been used for image-guided surgery and targeted delivery of radionuclides or toxic agents, improving classical treatment strategies. Cancer cell-specific mAbs can further inhibit tumor cell growth or can stimulate immune-mediated destruction of cancer cells, a feature that has also been achieved through mAb-mediated manipulation of immune cells and pathways. Drawbacks of mAbs and their variants, together with the discovery of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies and the many advantageous features of their variable domains, referred to as VHHs, single domain antibodies or nanobodies (Nbs), resulted in the exploration of Nbs as an alternative targeting moiety. We therefore review the state-of-the-art as well as novel exploitation strategies of Nbs for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Maximilian Awad
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fien Meeus
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Ceuppens
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Ertveldt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heleen Hanssens
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Quentin Lecocq
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lukasz Mateusiak
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katty Zeven
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hana Valenta
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick De Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmet Krasniqi
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Huyvetter
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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19
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Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of EGFR-Overexpressing Tumors in the Mouse Xenograft Model Using scFv-IRDye800CW and Cetuximab-IRDye800CW. Mol Imaging 2022; 2022:9589820. [PMID: 35517713 PMCID: PMC9042373 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9589820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers (including squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck, colon cancer, and some breast cancers) and therefore is regarded as an ideal target for cancer therapy or imaging purposes. In the current study, we produced a scFv-based near-infrared probe (called cet.Hum.scFv-IRDye-800CW) and evaluated its ability in recognizing and imaging of EGFR-overexpressing tumors in a mouse model. Like the molecular probe consisting of its parental antibody (cetuximab, an FDA-approved monoclonal antibody) and IRD800CW, cet.Hum.scFv-IRDye-800CW was able to recognize EGFR-overexpressing tumors in mice. cet.Hum.scFv-IRDye-800CW was found to be superior to the cetuximab-based probe in imaging of mouse tumors. The tumor-to-background ratio and blood clearance rate were higher when cet.Hum.scFv-IRDye-800CW was used as an imaging probe.
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Wu Y, Li Q, Kong Y, Wang Z, Lei C, Li J, Ding L, Wang C, Cheng Y, Wei Y, Song Y, Yang Z, Tu C, Ding Y, Ying T. A highly stable human single-domain antibody-drug conjugate exhibits superior penetration and treatment of solid tumors. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2785-2799. [PMID: 35462042 PMCID: PMC9372316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inefficient tumor penetration of therapeutic antibodies has hampered their effective use in treating solid tumors. Here, we report the identification of a fully human single-domain antibody (UdAb), designated as n501, targeting the oncofetal antigen 5T4. The high-resolution crystal structure indicates that n501 adopts a compact structure very similar to that of camelid nanobodies, and binds tightly to all eight leucine-rich repeats of 5T4. Furthermore, the UdAb n501 exhibits exceptionally high stability, with no apparent activity changes over 4 weeks of storage at various temperatures. Importantly, the UdAb-based antibody-drug conjugate (n501-SN38) showed much deeper tumor penetration, significantly higher tumor uptake, and faster accumulation at tumor sites than conventional IgG1-based antibody-drug conjugate (m603-SN38), resulting in improved tumor inhibition. These results highlight the potential of UdAb-based antibody-drug conjugates as a potential class of antitumor therapeutics with characteristics of high stability and strong tumor penetration for the effective treatment of solid tumors.
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21
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Barakat S, Berksöz M, Zahedimaram P, Piepoli S, Erman B. Nanobodies as molecular imaging probes. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 182:260-275. [PMID: 35240292 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Camelidae derived single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), commonly known as nanobodies (Nbs), are the smallest antibody fragments with full antigen-binding capacity. Owing to their desirable properties such as small size, high specificity, strong affinity, excellent stability, and modularity, nanobodies are on their way to overtake conventional antibodies in terms of popularity. To date, a broad range of nanobodies have been generated against different molecular targets with applications spanning basic research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. In the field of molecular imaging, nanobody-based probes have emerged as a powerful tool. Radioactive or fluorescently labeled nanobodies are now used to detect and track many targets in different biological systems using imaging techniques. In this review, we provide an overview of the use of nanobodies as molecular probes. Additionally, we discuss current techniques for the generation, conjugation, and intracellular delivery of nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Barakat
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melike Berksöz
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Pegah Zahedimaram
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sofia Piepoli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogazici University, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Batu Erman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogazici University, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
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22
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van Lith SAM, Huizing FJ, Franssen GM, Hoeben BAW, Lok J, Doulkeridou S, Boerman OC, Gotthardt M, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Bussink J, Heskamp S. Novel VHH-Based Tracers with Variable Plasma Half-Lives for Imaging of CAIX-Expressing Hypoxic Tumor Cells. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3511-3520. [PMID: 35044182 PMCID: PMC9533306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Hypoxic areas are
present in the majority of solid tumors, and
hypoxia is associated with resistance to therapies and poor outcomes.
A transmembrane protein that is upregulated by tumor cells that have
adapted to hypoxic conditions is carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). Therefore,
noninvasive imaging of CAIX could be of prognostic value, and it could
steer treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to compare variants
of CAIX-binding VHH B9, with and without a C-terminal albumin-binding
domain with varying affinity (ABDlow and ABDhigh), for SPECT imaging of CAIX expression. The binding affinity and
internalization of the various B9-variants were analyzed using SK-RC-52
cells. Biodistribution studies were performed in mice with subcutaneous
SCCNij153 human head and neck cancer xenografts. Tracer uptake was
determined by ex vivo radioactivity counting and
visualized by SPECT/CT imaging. Furthermore, autoradiography images
of tumor sections were spatially correlated with CAIX immunohistochemistry.
B9-variants demonstrated a similar moderate affinity for CAIX in vitro. Maximal tumor uptake and acceptable tumor-to-blood
ratios were found in the SCCNij153 model at 4 h post injection for
[111In]In-DTPA-B9 (0.51 ± 0.08%ID/g and 8.1 ±
0.85, respectively), 24 h post injection for [111In]In-DTPA-B9-ABDlow (2.39 ± 0.44%ID/g and 3.66 ± 0.81, respectively)
and at 72 h post injection for [111In]In-DTPA-B9-ABDhigh (8.7 ± 1.34%ID/g and 2.43 ± 0.15, respectively). An excess of unlabeled monoclonal anti-CAIX antibody efficiently
inhibited tumor uptake of [111In]In-DTPA-B9, while only
a partial reduction of [111In]In-DTPA-B9-ABDlow and [111In]In-DTPA-B9-ABDhigh uptake was found.
Immunohistochemistry and autoradiography images showed colocalization
of all B9-variants with CAIX expression; however, [111In]In-DTPA-B9-ABDlow and [111In]In-DTPA-B9-ABDhigh also
accumulated in non-CAIX expressing regions. Tumor uptake of [111In]In-DTPA-B9-ABDlow and [111In]In-DTPA-B9-ABDhigh, but not of [111In]In-DTPA-B9, could be visualized
with SPECT/CT imaging. In conclusion, [111In]In-DTPA-B9
has a high affinity to CAIX and shows specific targeting to CAIX in
head and neck cancer xenografts. The addition of ABD prolonged plasma
half-life, increased tumor uptake, and enabled SPECT/CT imaging. This
uptake was, however, partly CAIX- independent, precluding the ABD-tracers
for use in hypoxia quantification in this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne A M van Lith
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko J Huizing
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben M Franssen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca A W Hoeben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Lok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Doulkeridou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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23
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Fluorescence Molecular Targeting of Colon Cancer to Visualize the Invisible. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020249. [PMID: 35053365 PMCID: PMC8773892 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cause of cancer and cancer-related death. Surgery is the only curative modality. Fluorescence-enhanced visualization of CRC with targeted fluorescent probes that can delineate boundaries and target tumor-specific biomarkers can increase rates of curative resection. Approaches to enhancing visualization of the tumor-to-normal tissue interface are active areas of investigation. Nonspecific dyes are the most-used approach, but tumor-specific targeting agents are progressing in clinical trials. The present narrative review describes the principles of fluorescence targeting of CRC for diagnosis and fluorescence-guided surgery with molecular biomarkers for preclinical or clinical evaluation.
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24
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Mashayekhi V, Oliveira S. Conjugation of IRDye Photosensitizers or Fluorophores to Nanobodies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:495-503. [PMID: 35505027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorophores have been conjugated to nanobodies for approximately a decade, for several applications in molecular biology. More recently, photosensitizers have been conjugated to nanobodies for targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). The most common chemistry is the random conjugation in which commercial fluorophores or photosensitizers contain a N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS ester) group that reacts specifically and efficiently with lysines in the amino acid sequence of the nanobody and with the N-terminal amino groups to form a stable amide bond. Alternatively, maleimide-containing fluorophores or photosensitizers can be used for conjugation to thiols, in a site-directed manner through a cysteine incorporated at the C-terminal of the nanobody. This chapter addresses both conjugation strategies, providing details on the reaction conditions, purification, and characterization of the conjugates obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Declerck NB, Mateusiak L, Hernot S. Design and Validation of Site-Specifically Labeled Single-Domain Antibody-Based Tracers for in Vivo Fluorescence Imaging and Image-Guided Surgery. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2446:395-407. [PMID: 35157285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2075-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging has become an established preclinical technique to investigate molecular processes in vivo and to study novel therapies. Furthermore, fluorescence molecular imaging is gaining significant interest from clinicians as an intra-operative guidance tool. This technique makes use of targeted fluorescent tracers as contrast agents that recognize specific biomarkers expressed at the site of disease. Single-domain antibodies have shown to possess excellent properties for in vivo imaging in comparison to conventional antibodies. In this chapter, we describe a method for site-specific conjugation of a near-infrared fluorophore to single-domain antibodies by exploiting cysteine-maleimide chemistry. As opposed to random conjugation, site-specific conjugation results in a homogenously labeled fluorescent tracer and avoids inference with antigen binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi B Declerck
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY/MIMA, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lukasz Mateusiak
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY/MIMA, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY/MIMA, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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van Dam MA, Vuijk FA, Stibbe JA, Houvast RD, Luelmo SAC, Crobach S, Shahbazi Feshtali S, de Geus-Oei LF, Bonsing BA, Sier CFM, Kuppen PJK, Swijnenburg RJ, Windhorst AD, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer AL, Mieog JSD. Overview and Future Perspectives on Tumor-Targeted Positron Emission Tomography and Fluorescence Imaging of Pancreatic Cancer in the Era of Neoadjuvant Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6088. [PMID: 34885196 PMCID: PMC8656821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in the multimodal treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), overall survival remains poor with a 5-year cumulative survival of approximately 10%. Neoadjuvant (chemo- and/or radio-) therapy is increasingly incorporated in treatment strategies for patients with (borderline) resectable and locally advanced disease. Neoadjuvant therapy aims to improve radical resection rates by reducing tumor mass and (partial) encasement of important vascular structures, as well as eradicating occult micrometastases. Results from recent multicenter clinical trials evaluating this approach demonstrate prolonged survival and increased complete surgical resection rates (R0). Currently, tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy is monitored using computed tomography (CT) following the RECIST 1.1 criteria. Accurate assessment of neoadjuvant treatment response and tumor resectability is considered a major challenge, as current conventional imaging modalities provide limited accuracy and specificity for discrimination between necrosis, fibrosis, and remaining vital tumor tissue. As a consequence, resections with tumor-positive margins and subsequent early locoregional tumor recurrences are observed in a substantial number of patients following surgical resection with curative intent. Of these patients, up to 80% are diagnosed with recurrent disease after a median disease-free interval of merely 8 months. These numbers underline the urgent need to improve imaging modalities for more accurate assessment of therapy response and subsequent re-staging of disease, thereby aiming to optimize individual patient's treatment strategy. In cases of curative intent resection, additional intra-operative real-time guidance could aid surgeons during complex procedures and potentially reduce the rate of incomplete resections and early (locoregional) tumor recurrences. In recent years intraoperative imaging in cancer has made a shift towards tumor-specific molecular targeting. Several important molecular targets have been identified that show overexpression in PDAC, for example: CA19.9, CEA, EGFR, VEGFR/VEGF-A, uPA/uPAR, and various integrins. Tumor-targeted PET/CT combined with intraoperative fluorescence imaging, could provide valuable information for tumor detection and staging, therapy response evaluation with re-staging of disease and intraoperative guidance during surgical resection of PDAC. METHODS A literature search in the PubMed database and (inter)national trial registers was conducted, focusing on studies published over the last 15 years. Data and information of eligible articles regarding PET/CT as well as fluorescence imaging in PDAC were reviewed. Areas covered: This review covers the current strategies, obstacles, challenges, and developments in targeted tumor imaging, focusing on the feasibility and value of PET/CT and fluorescence imaging for integration in the work-up and treatment of PDAC. An overview is given of identified targets and their characteristics, as well as the available literature of conducted and ongoing clinical and preclinical trials evaluating PDAC-targeted nuclear and fluorescent tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A. van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
| | - Floris A. Vuijk
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
| | - Judith A. Stibbe
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
| | - Ruben D. Houvast
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
| | - Saskia A. C. Luelmo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Stijn Crobach
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Leiden, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A. Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
| | - Cornelis F. M. Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
- Percuros B.V., 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. K. Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
| | | | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander L. Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
| | - J. Sven D. Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (F.A.V.); (J.A.S.); (R.D.H.); (B.A.B.); (C.F.M.S.); (P.J.K.K.); (J.B.); (A.L.V.); (J.S.D.M.)
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Lwin TM, Turner MA, Amirfakhri S, Nishino H, Debie P, Cosman BC, Hoffman RM, Hernot S, Bouvet M. Rapid tumor-labeling kinetics with a site-specific near-infrared anti-CEA nanobody in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model of colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 2021; 124:1121-1127. [PMID: 34309885 PMCID: PMC8556245 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Nanobodies are the smallest biologic antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid-derived antibodies. Nanobodies effect a peak tumor signal within minutes of injection and present a novel opportunity for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). The present study demonstrates the efficacy of an anti-CEA nanobody conjugated to near-infrared fluorophore LICOR-IRDye800CW for rapid intraoperative tumor labeling of colon cancer. METHODS LS174T human colon cancer cells or fragments of patient-derived colon cancer were implanted subcutaneously or orthotopically in nude mice. Anti-CEA nanobodies were conjugated with IRDye800CW and 1-3 nmol were injected intravenously. Mice were serially imaged over time. Peak fluorescence signal and tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) were recorded. RESULTS Colon cancer tumors were detectable using fluorescent anti-CEA nanobody within 5 min of injection at all three doses. Maximal fluorescence intensity was observed within 15 min-3 h for all three doses with TBR values ranging from 1.3 to 2.3. In the patient-derived model of colon cancer, fluorescence was detectable with a TBR of 4.6 at 3 h. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescent anti-CEA nanobodies rapidly and specifically labeled colon cancer in cell-line-based and patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models. The kinetics of nanobodies allow for same day administration and imaging. Anti-CEA-nb-800 is a promising and practical molecule for FGS of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinzar M. Lwin
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A. Turner
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Siamak Amirfakhri
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hiroto Nishino
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Pieterjan Debie
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI-BEFY-MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bard C. Cosman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI-BEFY-MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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28
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Wagner TR, Rothbauer U. Nanobodies - Little helpers unravelling intracellular signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:46-61. [PMID: 34536541 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of diagnostic and therapeutic targets requires a comprehensive understanding of cellular processes, for which advanced technologies in biomedical research are needed. The emergence of nanobodies (Nbs) derived from antibody fragments of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies as intracellular research tools offers new possibilities to study and modulate target antigens in living cells. Here we summarize this rapidly changing field, beginning with a brief introduction of Nbs, followed by an overview of how target-specific Nbs can be generated, and introduce the selection of intrabodies as research tools. Intrabodies, by definition, are intracellular functional Nbs that target ectopic or endogenous intracellular antigens within living cells. Such binders can be applied in various formats, e.g. as chromobodies for live cell microscopy or as biosensors to decipher complex intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, protein knockouts can be achieved by target-specific Nbs, while modulating Nbs have the potential as future therapeutics. The development of fine-tunable and switchable Nb-based systems that simultaneously provide spatial and temporal control has recently taken the application of these binders to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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29
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Al-Baradie RS. Nanobodies as versatile tools: A focus on targeted tumor therapy, tumor imaging and diagnostics. Hum Antibodies 2021; 28:259-272. [PMID: 32831197 DOI: 10.3233/hab-200425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and vaccines have widely been studied for the immunotherapy of cancer, though their large size appears to limit their functionality in solid tumors, in large part due to unique properties of tumor microenvironment. Smaller formats of antibodies have been developed to throw such restrictions. These small format antibodies include antigen binding fragments, single-chain variable fragments, single variable domain of camelid antibody (so-called nanobody (Nb) or VHH). Since their serendipitous discovery, nanobodies have been studies at length in the fields of research, diagnostics and therapy. These antigen binding fragments, originating from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, possess unusual hallmarks in terms of (small) size, stability, solubility and specificity, hence allowing cost-effective production and sometimes out performing monoclonal antibodies. In addition, these small camelid heavy-chain antibodies are highly adaptable tools for cancer research as they enable specific modulation of targets, enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins alike. Molecular imaging studies benefit from the rapid, homogeneous tumor accumulation of nanobodies and their fast blood clearance, permitting previously unattainable fast tumor visualization. Moreover, they are endowed with considerable therapeutic potential as inhibitors of receptor-ligand pairs and deliverers of drugs or drug-loaded nanoparticles towards tumors. In this review, we shed light on the current status of nanobodies in diagnosis and imaging of tumor and exploiting nanobodies revert immunosuppressive events, modulation of immune checkpoints, and as deliverers of drugs for targeted tumor therapy.
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30
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Nanobodies Enhancing Cancer Visualization, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189778. [PMID: 34575943 PMCID: PMC8472690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, cancer is a serious health concern due to the increasing rates of incidence and mortality. Conventional cancer imaging, diagnosis and treatment practices continue to substantially contribute to the fight against cancer. However, these practices do have some risks, adverse effects and limitations, which can affect patient outcomes. Although antibodies have been developed, successfully used and proven beneficial in various oncology practices, the use of antibodies also comes with certain challenges and limitations (large in size, poor tumor penetration, high immunogenicity and a long half-life). Therefore, it is vital to develop new ways to visualize, diagnose and treat cancer. Nanobodies are novel antigen-binding fragments that possess many advantageous properties (small in size, low immunogenicity and a short half-life). Thus, the use of nanobodies in cancer practices may overcome the challenges experienced with using traditional antibodies. In this review, we discuss (1) the challenges with antibody usage and the superior qualities of nanobodies; (2) the use of antibodies and nanobodies in cancer imaging, diagnosis, drug delivery and therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy); and (3) the potential improvements in oncology practices due to the use of nanobodies as compared to antibodies.
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31
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Alamoudi AO. Radiomics, aptamers and nanobodies: New insights in cancer diagnostics and imaging. Hum Antibodies 2021; 29:1-15. [PMID: 33554897 DOI: 10.3233/hab-200436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
At present, cancer is a major health issue and the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Researchers have been working hard on investigating not only improved therapeutics but also on early detection methods, both critical to increasing treatment efficacy and developing methods for disease prevention. Diagnosis of cancers at an early stage can promote timely medical intervention and effective treatment and will result in inhibiting tumor growth and development. Several advances have been made in the diagnostics and imagining technologies for early tumor detection and deciding an effective therapy these include radiomics, nanobodies, and aptamers. Here in this review, we summarize the main applications of radiomics, aptamers, and the use of nanobody-based probes for molecular imaging applications in diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluations in the field of oncology to develop quantitative and personalized medicine. The preclinical data reported to date are quite promising, and it is predicted that nanobody-based molecular imaging agents will play an important role in the diagnosis and management of different cancer types in near future.
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32
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Beltrán Hernández I, Grinwis GC, Di Maggio A, van Bergen en Henegouwen PM, Hennink WE, Teske E, Hesselink JW, van Nimwegen SA, Mol JA, Oliveira S. Nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy for the treatment of feline oral carcinoma: a step towards translation to the veterinary clinic. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:3075-3087. [PMID: 36405501 PMCID: PMC9646246 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy (NB-PDT) has been developed as a potent and tumor-selective treatment, using nanobodies (NBs) to deliver a photosensitizer (PS) specifically to cancer cells. Upon local light application, reactive oxygen species are formed and consequent cell death occurs. NB-PDT has preclinically shown evident success and we next aim to treat cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which has very limited therapeutic options and is regarded as a natural model of human head and neck SCC. Immunohistochemistry of feline OSCC tissue confirmed that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a relevant target with expression in cancer cells and not in the surrounding stroma. Three feline OSCC cell lines were employed together with a well-characterized human cancer cell line (HeLa), all with similar EGFR expression, and a low EGFR-expressing human cell line (MCF7), mirroring the EGFR expression level in the surrounding mucosal stroma. NBA was identified as a NB binding human and feline EGFR with comparable high affinity. This NB was developed into NiBh, a NB-PS conjugate with high PS payload able to effectively kill feline OSCC and HeLa cell lines, after illumination. Importantly, the specificity of NB-PDT was confirmed in co-cultures where only the feline OSCC cells were killed while surrounding MCF7 cells were unaffected. Altogether, NiBh can be used for NB-PDT to treat feline OSCC and further advance NB-PDT towards the human clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Beltrán Hernández
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CGUtrecht, the Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CHUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guillaume C.M. Grinwis
- Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alessia Di Maggio
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CHUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M.P. van Bergen en Henegouwen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CHUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CGUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CMUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Hesselink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CMUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan A. van Nimwegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CMUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CMUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CGUtrecht, the Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CHUtrecht, the Netherlands
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33
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Wang L, Zhang G, Qin L, Ye H, Wang Y, Long B, Jiao Z. Anti-EGFR Binding Nanobody Delivery System to Improve the Diagnosis and Treatment of Solid Tumours. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 15:200-211. [PMID: 32885759 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666200904111728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and members of its homologous protein family mediate transmembrane signal transduction by binding to a specific ligand, which leads to regulated cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and metastasis. With the development and application of Genetically Engineered Antibodies (GEAs), Nanobodies (Nbs) constitute a new research hot spot in many diseases. A Nb is characterized by its low molecular weight, deep tissue penetration, good solubility and high antigen-binding affinity, the anti-EGFR Nbs are of significance for the diagnosis and treatment of EGFR-positive tumours. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the information about the molecular structure of EGFR and its transmembrane signal transduction mechanism, and discuss the anti-EGFR-Nbs influence on the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours. METHODS Data were obtained from PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. All patents are searched from the following websites: the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO®), the United States Patent Trademark Office (USPTO®) and Google Patents. RESULTS EGFR is a key target for regulating transmembrane signaling. The anti-EGFR-Nbs for targeted drugs could effectively improve the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours. CONCLUSION EGFR plays a role in transmembrane signal transduction. The Nbs, especially anti- EGFR-Nbs, have shown effectiveness in the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours. How to increase the affinity of Nb and reduce its immunogenicity remain a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Gengyuan Zhang
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Long Qin
- The Cuiying Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Huili Ye
- The Cuiying Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Cuiying Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Long
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zuoyi Jiao
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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van Schaik JE, Halmos GB, Witjes MJH, Plaat BEC. An overview of the current clinical status of optical imaging in head and neck cancer with a focus on Narrow Band imaging and fluorescence optical imaging. Oral Oncol 2021; 121:105504. [PMID: 34454339 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate identification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is important to improve treatment outcomes and prognosis. New optical imaging techniques may assist in both the diagnostic process as well as in the operative setting by real-time visualization and delineation of tumor. Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) is an endoscopic technique that uses blue and green light to enhance mucosal and submucosal blood vessels, leading to better detection of (pre)malignant lesions showing aberrant blood vessel patterns. Fluorescence optical imaging makes use of near-infrared fluorescent agents to visualize and delineate HNSCC, resulting in fewer positive surgical margins. Targeted fluorescent agents, such as fluorophores conjugated to antibodies, show the most promising results. The aim of this review is: (1) to provide the clinical head and neck surgeon an overview of the current clinical status of various optical imaging techniques in head and neck cancer; (2) to provide an in-depth review of NBI and fluorescence optical imaging, as these techniques have the highest potential for clinical implementation; and (3) to describe future improvements and developments within the field of these two techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen E van Schaik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gyorgy B Halmos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Max J H Witjes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn E C Plaat
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Collado Camps E, van Lith SAM, Frielink C, Lankhof J, Dijkgraaf I, Gotthardt M, Brock R. CPPs to the Test: Effects on Binding, Uptake and Biodistribution of a Tumor Targeting Nanobody. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:602. [PMID: 34201507 PMCID: PMC8308549 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are well-established targeting ligands for molecular imaging and therapy. Their short circulation time enables early imaging and reduces systemic radiation exposure. However, shorter circulation time leads to lower tracer accumulation in the target tissue. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) improve cellular uptake of various cargoes, including nanobodies. CPPs could enhance tissue retention without compromising rapid clearance. However, systematic investigations on how the functionalities of nanobody and CPP combine with each other at the level of 2D and 3D cell cultures and in vivo are lacking. Here, we demonstrate that conjugates of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding nanobody 7D12 with different CPPs (nonaarginine, penetratin, Tat and hLF) differ with respect to cell binding and induction of endocytosis. For nonaarginine and penetratin we compared the competition of EGF binding and performance of L- and D-peptide stereoisomers, and tested the D-peptide conjugates in tumor cell spheroids and in vivo. The D-peptide conjugates showed better penetration into spheroids than the unconjugated 7D12. Both in vivo and in vitro, the behavior of the agent reflects the combination of both functionalities. Although CPPs cause promising increases in in vitro uptake and 3D penetration, the dominant effect of the CPP in the control of biodistribution warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estel Collado Camps
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.C.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.A.M.v.L.); (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Sanne A. M. van Lith
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.A.M.v.L.); (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Cathelijne Frielink
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.A.M.v.L.); (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Jordi Lankhof
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.A.M.v.L.); (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.C.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 293, Bahrain
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Brilhante-da-Silva N, de Oliveira Sousa RM, Arruda A, Dos Santos EL, Marinho ACM, Stabeli RG, Fernandes CFC, Pereira SDS. Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies for the Development of Potent Diagnosis Platforms. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:439-456. [PMID: 34146333 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The distinct biophysical and pharmaceutical properties of camelid single-domain antibodies, referred to as VHHs or nanobodies, are associated with their nanometric dimensions, elevated stability, and antigen recognition capacity. These biomolecules can circumvent a number of diagnostic system limitations, especially those related to the size and stability of conventional immunoglobulins currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and point-of-care, electrochemical, and imaging assays. In these formats, VHHs are directionally conjugated to different molecules, such as metallic nanoparticles, small peptides, and radioisotopes, which demonstrates their comprehensive versatility. Thus, the application of VHHs in diagnostic systems range from the identification of cancer cells to the detection of degenerative disease biomarkers, viral antigens, bacterial toxins, and insecticides. The improvements of sensitivity and specificity are among the central benefits resulting from the use of VHHs, which are indispensable parameters for high-quality diagnostics. Therefore, this review highlights the main biotechnological advances related to camelid single-domain antibodies and their use in in vitro and in vivo diagnostic approaches for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairo Brilhante-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria de Oliveira Sousa
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Andrelisse Arruda
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Eliza Lima Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Machado Marinho
- Plataforma de Desenvolvimento de Anticorpos e Nanocorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusebio, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Guerino Stabeli
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Plataforma de Desenvolvimento de Anticorpos e Nanocorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusebio, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil.
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Panikar SS, Banu N, Haramati J, Del Toro-Arreola S, Riera Leal A, Salas P. Nanobodies as efficient drug-carriers: Progress and trends in chemotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 334:389-412. [PMID: 33964364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nb) have a promising future as a part of next generation chemodrug delivery systems. Nb, or VHH, are small (15 kDa) monomeric antibody fragments consisting of the antigen binding region of heavy chain antibodies. Heavy chain antibodies are naturally produced by camelids, however the structure of their VHH regions can be readily reproduced in industrial expression systems, such as bacteria or yeast. Due to their small size, high solubility, remarkable stability, manipulatable characteristics, excellent in vivo tissue penetration, conjugation advantages, and ease of production, Nb have many advantages when compared against their antibody precursors. In this review, we discuss the generation and selection of Nbs via phage display libraries for easy screening, and the conjugation techniques involved in creating target-specific nanocarriers. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments and perspectives in the field of Nb drug conjugates (NDCs) and Nb-based drug vehicles (NDv) with respect to antitumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 1-1010, Queretaro, Queretaro 76000, Mexico.
| | - Nehla Banu
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Jesse Haramati
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Susana Del Toro-Arreola
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Annie Riera Leal
- UC Davis Institute for Regenerative Cures, Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Rm 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Pedro Salas
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 1-1010, Queretaro, Queretaro 76000, Mexico
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Kang W, Ding C, Zheng D, Ma X, Yi L, Tong X, Wu C, Xue C, Yu Y, Zhou Q. Nanobody Conjugates for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Imaging. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211010117. [PMID: 33929911 PMCID: PMC8111546 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional antibody-based targeted cancer therapy is one of the most promising avenues of successful cancer treatment, with the potential to reduce toxic side effects to healthy cells surrounding tumor cells. However, the full potential of antibodies is severely limited due to their large size, low stability, slow clearance, and high immunogenicity. Alternatively, recently discovered nanobodies, which are the smallest naturally occurring antigen-binding format, have shown great potential for addressing these limitations. Bioconjugation of nanobodies to functional groups such as toxins, enzymes, radionucleotides, and fluorophores can improve the efficacy and potency of nanobodies, enhance their in vivo pharmacokinetics, and expand the range of potential applications. Herein, we review the superior characteristics of nanobodies in comparison to conventional antibodies and provide insight into recent developments in nanobody conjugates for targeted cancer therapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuanfeng Ding
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danni Zheng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lun Yi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyi Tong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chuang Wu
- Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Chuang Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Geskovski N, Matevska-Geshkovska N, Dimchevska Sazdovska S, Glavas Dodov M, Mladenovska K, Goracinova K. The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:375-401. [PMID: 33981532 PMCID: PMC8093552 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has emerged as a novel cancer treatment and diagnostic modality, whose design constantly evolves towards increasing the safety and efficacy of the chemotherapeutic and diagnostic protocols. Molecular diagnostics, which create a great amount of data related to the unique molecular signatures of each tumor subtype, have emerged as an important tool for detailed profiling of tumors. They provide an opportunity to develop targeting agents for early detection and diagnosis, and to select the most effective combinatorial treatment options. Alongside, the design of the nanoscale carriers needs to cope with novel trends of molecular screening. Also, multiple targeting ligands needed for robust and specific interactions with the targeted cell populations have to be introduced, which should result in substantial improvements in safety and efficacy of the cancer treatment. This article will focus on novel design strategies for nanoscale drug delivery systems, based on the unique molecular signatures of myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors, and the impact of novel discoveries in molecular tumor profiles on future chemotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biomolecular Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Marija Glavas Dodov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Kristina Mladenovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Goracinova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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40
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Xi X, Sun W, Li H, Fan Q, Zhang X, Sun F. A comparative study and evaluation of anti-EGFR nanobodies expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli as antitumor moieties. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 184:105888. [PMID: 33857600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-EGFR nanobodies have been successfully applied as antitumor moieties in the photodynamic therapy and drug delivery systems. But the yields of nanobodies were still limited due to the volumetric capacity of the periplasmic compartments and inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. A comparative study of Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli was done through characterizing their products. Nanobody 7D12 and 7D12-9G8 were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris with 6-13.6-fold higher yield. Both two types of nanobodies had internalization ability to be developed as antitumor moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xi
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihan Sun
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrui Li
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Fan
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xitian Zhang
- Changchun Intellicrown Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No. 1688 Jichang Road, Changchun, 130507, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, No. 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Sun S, Ding Z, Yang X, Zhao X, Zhao M, Gao L, Chen Q, Xie S, Liu A, Yin S, Xu Z, Lu X. Nanobody: A Small Antibody with Big Implications for Tumor Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2337-2356. [PMID: 33790553 PMCID: PMC7997558 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s297631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibody treatments for successful tumor-targeted therapies took several decades. However, the efficacy of antibody-based therapy is still confined and desperately needs further improvement. Nanobodies are the recombinant variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies, with many unique properties such as small size (~15kDa), excellent solubility, superior stability, ease of manufacture, quick clearance from blood, and deep tissue penetration, which gain increasing acceptance as therapeutical tools and are considered also as building blocks for chimeric antigen receptors as well as for targeted drug delivery. Thus, one of the promising novel developments that may address the deficiency of monoclonal antibody-based therapies is the utilization of nanobodies. This article provides readers the significant factors that the structural and biochemical properties of nanobodies and the research progress on nanobodies in the fields of tumor treatment, as well as their application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Sun
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minlong Zhao
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qu Chen
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenxia Xie
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihua Yin
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- International Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
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Harmand TJ, Islam A, Pishesha N, Ploegh HL. Nanobodies as in vivo, non-invasive, imaging agents. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:685-701. [PMID: 34212147 PMCID: PMC8190910 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging has become in recent years an incredible tool to study biological events and has found critical applications in diagnostic medicine. Although a lot of efforts and applications have been achieved using monoclonal antibodies, other types of delivery agents are being developed. Among them, VHHs, antigen binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain-only antibodies, also known as nanobodies, have particularly attracted attention. Indeed, their stability, fast clearance, good tissue penetration, high solubility, simple cloning and recombinant production make them attractive targeting agents for imaging modalities such as PET, SPECT or Infra-Red. In this review, we discuss the pioneering work that has been carried out using VHHs and summarize the recent developments that have been made using nanobodies for in vivo, non-invasive, imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault J Harmand
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Ashraful Islam
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromso Norway
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
- Society of Fellows, Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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Debie P, Declerck NB, van Willigen D, Huygen CM, De Sloovere B, Mateusiak L, Bridoux J, Puttemans J, Devoogdt N, van Leeuwen FWB, Hernot S. The Design and Preclinical Evaluation of a Single-Label Bimodal Nanobody Tracer for Image-Guided Surgery. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030360. [PMID: 33652977 PMCID: PMC7996797 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative guidance using targeted fluorescent tracers can potentially provide surgeons with real-time feedback on the presence of tumor tissue in resection margins. To overcome the limited depth penetration of fluorescent light, combining fluorescence with SPECT/CT imaging and/or gamma-ray tracing has been proposed. Here, we describe the design and preclinical validation of a novel bimodal nanobody-tracer, labeled using a “multifunctional single attachment point” (MSAP) label, integrating a Cy5 fluorophore and a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) chelator into a single structure. After conjugation of the bimodal MSAP to primary amines of the anti-HER2 nanobody 2Rs15d and 111In-labeling of DTPA, the tracer’s characteristics were evaluated in vitro. Subsequently, its biodistribution and tumor targeting were assessed by SPECT/CT and fluorescence imaging over 24 h. Finally, the tracer’s ability to identify small, disseminated tumor lesions was investigated in mice bearing HER2-overexpressing SKOV3.IP1 peritoneal lesions. [111In]In-MSAP.2Rs15d retained its affinity following conjugation and remained stable for 24 h. In vivo SPECT/CT and fluorescence images showed specific uptake in HER2-overexpressing tumors with low background. High tumor-to-muscle ratios were obtained at 1h p.i. and remained 19-fold on SPECT/CT and 3-fold on fluorescence images over 24 h. In the intraperitoneally disseminated model, the tracer allowed detection of larger lesions via nuclear imaging, while fluorescence enabled accurate removal of submillimeter lesions. Bimodal nuclear/fluorescent nanobody-tracers can thus be conveniently designed by conjugation of a single-molecule MSAP-reagent carrying a fluorophore and chelator for radioactive labeling. Such tracers hold promise for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Debie
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Noemi B. Declerck
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Danny van Willigen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University, 2311 Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.v.W.); (F.W.B.v.L.)
| | - Celine M. Huygen
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Bieke De Sloovere
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Lukasz Mateusiak
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Jessica Bridoux
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Janik Puttemans
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
| | - Fijs W. B. van Leeuwen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University, 2311 Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.v.W.); (F.W.B.v.L.)
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (P.D.); (N.B.D.); (C.M.H.); (B.D.S.); (L.M.); (J.B.); (J.P.); (N.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2477-4991
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Unique Benefits of Tumor-Specific Nanobodies for Fluorescence Guided Surgery. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020311. [PMID: 33670740 PMCID: PMC7921980 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific fluorescence labeling is promising for real-time visualization of solid malignancies during surgery. There are a number of technologies to confer tumor-specific fluorescence. Antibodies have traditionally been used due to their versatility in modifications; however, their large size hampers efficient fluorophore delivery. Nanobodies are a novel class of molecules, derived from camelid heavy-chain only antibodies, that have shown promise for tumor-specific fluorescence labeling. Nanobodies are ten times smaller than standard antibodies, while maintaining antigen-binding capacity and have advantageous features, including rapidity of tumor labeling, that are reviewed in the present report. The present report reviews special considerations needed in developing nanobody probes, the status of current literature on the use of nanobody probes in fluorescence guided surgery, and potential challenges to be addressed for clinical translation.
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Renard E, Collado Camps E, Canovas C, Kip A, Gotthardt M, Rijpkema M, Denat F, Goncalves V, van Lith SAM. Site-Specific Dual-Labeling of a VHH with a Chelator and a Photosensitizer for Nuclear Imaging and Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of EGFR-Positive Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:428. [PMID: 33498707 PMCID: PMC7865570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable domains of heavy chain only antibodies (VHHs) are valuable agents for application in tumor theranostics upon conjugation to both a diagnostic probe and a therapeutic compound. Here, we optimized site-specific conjugation of the chelator DTPA and the photosensitizer IRDye700DX to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) VHH 7D12, for applications in nuclear imaging and photodynamic therapy. 7D12 was site-specifically equipped with bimodal probe DTPA-tetrazine-IRDye700DX using the dichlorotetrazine conjugation platform. Binding, internalization and light-induced toxicity of DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 were determined using EGFR-overexpressing A431 cells. Finally, ex vivo biodistribution of DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 in A431 tumor-bearing mice was performed, and tumor homing was visualized with SPECT and fluorescence imaging. DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 was retrieved with a protein recovery of 43%, and a degree of labeling of 0.56. Spectral properties of the IRDye700DX were retained upon conjugation. 111In-labeled DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 bound specifically to A431 cells, and they were effectively killed upon illumination. DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 homed to A431 xenografts in vivo, and this could be visualized with both SPECT and fluorescence imaging. In conclusion, the dichlorotetrazine platform offers a feasible method for site-specific dual-labeling of VHH 7D12, retaining binding affinity and therapeutic efficacy. The flexibility of the described approach makes it easy to vary the nature of the probes for other combinations of diagnostic and therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Renard
- Institute de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (E.R.); (C.C.); (F.D.); (V.G.)
| | - Estel Collado Camps
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.K.); (M.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Coline Canovas
- Institute de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (E.R.); (C.C.); (F.D.); (V.G.)
| | - Annemarie Kip
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.K.); (M.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.K.); (M.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Mark Rijpkema
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.K.); (M.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Franck Denat
- Institute de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (E.R.); (C.C.); (F.D.); (V.G.)
| | - Victor Goncalves
- Institute de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (E.R.); (C.C.); (F.D.); (V.G.)
| | - Sanne A. M. van Lith
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.K.); (M.G.); (M.R.)
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Liu M, Li L, Jin D, Liu Y. Nanobody-A versatile tool for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1697. [PMID: 33470555 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the successful use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinic for tumor treatment, their applications are still hampered in therapeutic development due to limitations, such as tumor penetration and high cost of manufacture. Nanobody, a single domain antibody that holds the strong antigen targeting and binding capacity, has demonstrated various advantages relative to antibody. Nanobody is considered as a next-generation of antibody-derived tool in the antigen related recognition and modulation. A number of nanobodies have been developed and evaluated in different stages of clinical trials for cancer treatment. Here we summarized the current progress of nanobody in tumor diagnosis and therapeutics, particularly on the conjugation of nanobody with functional moieties. The nanobody conjugation of diagnostic agents, such as radionuclide and optical tracers, can achieve specific tumor imaging. The nanobody-drug conjugates can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-tumor drugs and reduce the adverse effects. The decoration of nanobody on nanodrug delivery systems can further improve the drug targeting to specific tumors. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Duo Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Transgenic Animals for the Generation of Human Antibodies. LEARNING MATERIALS IN BIOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54630-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nanobodies as Versatile Tool for Multiscale Imaging Modalities. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121695. [PMID: 33353213 PMCID: PMC7767244 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is constantly growing in different areas of preclinical biomedical research. Several imaging methods have been developed and are continuously updated for both in vivo and in vitro applications, in order to increase the information about the structure, localization and function of molecules involved in physiology and disease. Along with these progresses, there is a continuous need for improving labeling strategies. In the last decades, the single domain antigen-binding fragments nanobodies (Nbs) emerged as important molecular imaging probes. Indeed, their small size (~15 kDa), high stability, affinity and modularity represent desirable features for imaging applications, providing higher tissue penetration, rapid targeting, increased spatial resolution and fast clearance. Accordingly, several Nb-based probes have been generated and applied to a variety of imaging modalities, ranging from in vivo and in vitro preclinical imaging to super-resolution microscopy. In this review, we will provide an overview of the state-of-the-art regarding the use of Nbs in several imaging modalities, underlining their extreme versatility and their enormous potential in targeting molecules and cells of interest in both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Sharifi J, Khirehgesh MR, Safari F, Akbari B. EGFR and anti-EGFR nanobodies: review and update. J Drug Target 2020; 29:387-402. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1853756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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50
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Single-domain antibodies for radio nuclear imaging and therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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