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Gilani SI, Dasari S, Tekin B, Hernandez LH, Cheville JC, Jimenez RE, Rech KL, Dao LN, Howard MT, Dalland JC, Chiu A, Theis JD, Vrana JA, Grogan M, Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Karnes RJ, Boorjian SA, Dispenzieri A, McPhail ED, Gupta S. Identification of amyloidosis of the urinary tract and prostate: Opportunities for early diagnosis & intervention in systemic disease. Hum Pathol 2023; 142:62-67. [PMID: 37979953 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of different amyloid types and frequency of associated systemic amyloidosis in the urinary tract/prostate. METHODS We studied Congo red-positive prostate (n = 150) and urinary tract (n = 767) specimens typed by a proteomics-based method between 2008 and 2020. Clinical follow up was available for a subset (urinary tract, n = 111; prostate, n = 17). Amyloid types were correlated with various clinicopathologic features. For patients with clinical follow up, chart review was performed to establish localized versus systemic disease, frequency of initial diagnosis of amyloidosis on urinary tract/prostate specimens, presence of cardiac disease, and death from disease-related complications. RESULTS The most common amyloid types were AL/AH in urinary tract (479/767, 62 %) and localized ASem1 in prostate (64/150, 43 %). Urinary tract AL/AH amyloid was usually localized, but systemic AL amyloidosis occurred in both sites (urinary tract: 5/71, 7 %; prostate: 2/2, 100 %). ATTR amyloidosis was seen in over a third of cases (urinary tract: 286/767, 37 %; prostate: 55/150, 37 %). Urinary tract/prostate was the site of the initial ATTR amyloidosis diagnosis in 44/48 patients (92 %), and 38/48 (79 %) were subsequently found to have cardiac involvement. Seminal vesicle/ejaculatory duct involvement was pathognomonic for ASem1-type amyloidosis (39/39, 100 %). CONCLUSIONS Over 40 % of patients had systemic amyloidosis, with urinary tract/prostate often the first site in which amyloid was identified. Since early recognition of systemic amyloidosis is critical for optimal patient outcomes, there should be a low threshold to perform Congo red stain. Proteomics-based amyloid typing is recommended since treatment depends on correctly identifying the amyloid type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat I Gilani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Burak Tekin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | | | - John C Cheville
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Rafael E Jimenez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Karen L Rech
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Linda N Dao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Matthew T Howard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Joanna C Dalland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - April Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Jason D Theis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Julie A Vrana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Martha Grogan
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ellen D McPhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Sounak Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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2
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Shanbhogue KP, Ramani N, Surabhi VR, Balasubramanya R, Prasad SR. Tumefactive Nonneoplastic Proliferative Pseudotumors of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract: CT and MRI Findings with Histopathologic Correlation. Radiographics 2023; 43:e230071. [PMID: 37971934 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A diverse spectrum of pathologically distinct, nonneoplastic, proliferative conditions of the kidneys and urinary tract demonstrate a expansile growth pattern similar to that of neoplasms. The renal pseudotumors include myriad causes of infections as well as rare noninfectious causes such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Rare entities such as cystitis cystica, endometriosis, nephrogenic adenoma, and pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation and distinct types of prostatitis comprise tumefactive nontumorous disorders that affect specific segments of the urinary tract. The pseudotumors of the kidneys and urinary tract demonstrate characteristic histopathologic and epidemiologic features, as well as protean clinical manifestations, natural history, and imaging findings. Many patients present with genitourinary tract-specific symptoms or systemic disease. Some cases may be incidentally discovered at imaging. Some entities such as perinephric myxoid pseudotumors, IgG4-RD, fibroepithelial polyp, and nephrogenic adenoma display specific anatomic localization and disease distribution. Imaging features of multisystem disorders such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and IgG4-RD provide supportive evidence that may allow precise diagnosis. Fungal pyelonephritis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, IgG4-RD, actinomycosis, and endometriosis show markedly low signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images. Although some pseudotumors exhibit characteristic imaging findings that permit correct diagnosis, laboratory correlation and histopathologic confirmation are required for definitive characterization in most cases. A high index of suspicion is a prerequisite for diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis is critical for instituting optimal management while preventing use of inappropriate therapies or interventions. Surveillance CT and MRI are frequently used for monitoring the response of pseudotumors to therapy. ©RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Shanbhogue
- From the Departments of Radiology (K.P.S., V.R.S., R.B., S.R.P.) and Pathology (N.R.), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY (K.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa (R.B.); and Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030 (V.R.S., S.R.P.)
| | - Nisha Ramani
- From the Departments of Radiology (K.P.S., V.R.S., R.B., S.R.P.) and Pathology (N.R.), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY (K.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa (R.B.); and Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030 (V.R.S., S.R.P.)
| | - Venkateswar R Surabhi
- From the Departments of Radiology (K.P.S., V.R.S., R.B., S.R.P.) and Pathology (N.R.), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY (K.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa (R.B.); and Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030 (V.R.S., S.R.P.)
| | - Rashmi Balasubramanya
- From the Departments of Radiology (K.P.S., V.R.S., R.B., S.R.P.) and Pathology (N.R.), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY (K.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa (R.B.); and Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030 (V.R.S., S.R.P.)
| | - Srinivasa R Prasad
- From the Departments of Radiology (K.P.S., V.R.S., R.B., S.R.P.) and Pathology (N.R.), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY (K.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa (R.B.); and Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St, Unit 1473, Houston, TX 77030 (V.R.S., S.R.P.)
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3
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Tan M, Chen Y, Ooi M, de Mel S, Tan D, Soekojo C, Tso A, Khoo CY, Tan HZ, Choo J, Lee LK, Diong CP, Goh YT, Hwang W, Linn YC, Ho A, Chng WJ, Nagarajan C. AL amyloidosis: Singapore Myeloma Study Group consensus guidelines on diagnosis, treatment and management. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2023; 52:601-624. [PMID: 38920149 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2023101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
AL amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. However, the non-specific nature of presenting symptoms requires the need for a heightened clinical suspicion to detect unexplained manifestations in the appropriate clinical setting. Early detection and treatment are crucial as the degree of cardiac involvement emerges as a primary prognostic predictor of survival in a patient with AL amyloidosis. Following the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis with appropriate tissue biopsies, prompt treatment with a bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone-based first-line induction with or without daratumumab should be initiated. The goal of treatment is to achieve the best haematologic response possible, ideally with involved free light chain <20 mg/L, as it offers the best chance of organ function improvement. Treatment should be changed if patients do not achieve a partial response within 2 cycles of treatment or very good partial response after 4 cycles or after autologous stem cell transplant, as achievement of profound and prolonged clonal responses translates to better organ response and long-term outcomes. Early involvement of multidisciplinary subspecialists such as renal physicians, cardiologists, neurologists, and gastroenterologists for optimal maintenance and support of involved organs is recommended for optimal management of patients with AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Tan
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yunxin Chen
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melissa Ooi
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Daryl Tan
- Clinic for Lymphoma, Myeloma and Blood Disorders, Singapore
| | - Cinnie Soekojo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Allison Tso
- Department of Haematology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chun Yuan Khoo
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhuan Tan
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jason Choo
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lian King Lee
- Department of Haematology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Yeow Tee Goh
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - William Hwang
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeh Ching Linn
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aloysius Ho
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chandramouli Nagarajan
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Kalathia J, Vala G, Talreja B, Patel K, Khetarpal A, Joshi P. Multifocal primary amyloidosis of the bladder presenting with gross hematuria: A case report and review of literature. Urol Case Rep 2023; 50:102502. [PMID: 37576487 PMCID: PMC10413415 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2023.102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is defined as extracelluar deposition of amyloid, a fibrillary protein in one or more body sites. It can involve genito-urinary tract, primarily or secondarily, but isolated primary bladder amyloidosis is an extremely rare presentation. We herein report a rare case of 48-year-male patient presented with symptoms mimicking carcinoma urinary bladder especially painless haematuria. Transurethral resection of the mass was done in one sitting. The histopathological examination revealed to be a primary bladder amyloidosis. In the follow-up, patient had improvement in symptoms and no recurrence. We also briefly review the literature on primary bladder amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisukh Kalathia
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, Fortune Urology Clinic, India
| | - Giriraj Vala
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, KIMS Hospital, India
| | - Bharti Talreja
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, Fortune Urology Clinic, India
| | - Kaushal Patel
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, Nephron Kidney Hospital, India
| | - Ayush Khetarpal
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, Khetarpal Hospital, India
| | - Prathan Joshi
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, Zydus Hospital, India
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5
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Yu ZY, Yan L, Wang HK, Hang G, Wang YY, Wen Q, Chen B. Bladder triangle amyloidosis: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32179. [PMID: 36626417 PMCID: PMC9750701 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Amyloidosis is a group of benign lesions characterized by extracellular deposition of amyloid proteins. Amyloidosis lesions can occur in various organs of the body, but rarely in the urinary system. Amyloidosis in the bladder trigone is extremely rare. PATIENT CONCERNS An 80-year-old female patient presented with painless whole-course gross hematuria with reddish urine and no blood clots, accompanied by right lumbar discomfort. DIAGNOSIS Based on the patient's medical history and cystoscopy findings, the relevant literature was reviewed and a preoperative diagnosis of bladder tumor was made, although bladder amyloidosis was not excluded. Postoperative pathology ultimately revealed bladder amyloidosis. INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent resection of bladder tumor and ureteral stent implantation. Postoperatively, the patient was maintained on antibiotics and oral colchicine treatment. OUTCOMES Two months after surgery the patient reported that the gross hematuria had disappeared, and that the right lumbar discomfort was significantly relieved.Cystoscopy showed no obvious recurrence in the operative area, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested recurrence. The patient refused partial cystectomy, and the ureteral stent was removed. LESSON The clinical manifestations of bladder amyloidosis are nonspecific, and under cystoscopy can be easily confused with bladder tumors. Accurate diagnosis of bladder amyloidosis relies on histopathology. Transurethral resection of bladder tumors or partial cystectomy is an option for surgical treatment; the latter should be performed if the ureteral opening is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yu Yu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehot, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | - Gai Hang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tongliao Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Yu-Yang Wang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehot, China
| | - Quan Wen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tongliao Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tongliao Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
- * Correspondence: Bo Chen, Chief Doctor, Department of Urinary Surgery, Tongliao City Hospital, Horqin District, No. 668 Horqin Street, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 028000, China (e-mail: )
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6
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Yanada BA, Soputro NA, Dias BH. Primary localised bladder amyloidosis – A case report with review of the literature. Urol Case Rep 2022; 43:102072. [PMID: 35400119 PMCID: PMC8991461 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2022.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
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7
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Shah K, Kollimuttathuillam SV, Bethel N, Shaaban H. Peritumoral Immunoglobulin M Lambda Light Chain Amyloidosis in a Patient With Advanced Follicular Lymphoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e21738. [PMID: 35251810 PMCID: PMC8887873 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritumoral light chain (AL) amyloidosis secondary to lymphoid malignancies is a rare but well-described entity. Peritumoral deposition of amyloid without systemic amyloidosis has been described in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas; however, there are no reported cases of follicular lymphoma with localized peritumoral AL amyloidosis without systemic involvement of amyloidosis. We present a rare case of a patient with advanced follicular lymphoma with peritumoral lymph node IgM lambda light chain amyloidosis without an underlying monoclonal gammopathy or plasma cell dyscrasia.
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8
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Sibira RM, Albakar A, Younes N, Albozom IA, Al Rumaihi K. Primary bladder amyloidosis mimicking bladder cancer complicated by bladder rupture: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e05140. [PMID: 34849234 PMCID: PMC8609184 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is related to the extracellular deposition of abnormal protein fibrils in various tissues. It can be either localized to an organ or generalized, affecting multiple systems. Amyloidosis of the urinary bladder is a rare histopathological finding. It is clinically interesting that such cases' clinical, radiological, and even endoscopic presentation mimic urothelial carcinoma to a great extent. Here, we discuss a case of a 49‐year‐old gentleman who presented with frank painless hematuria. The patient was diagnosed with a bladder mass suspicious of malignancy depending on the clinical presentation aided by the cystoscopic and radiological evaluation. Histopathologic samples of the transurethral resection of the mass proved to be primary bladder amyloidosis. This case is of unique clinical interest in that it is the first case reported of bladder amyloidosis that is complicated by extraperitoneal bladder rupture post‐operatively. However, no immediate intraoperative perforation to the bladder wall during resection was evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan M Sibira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Ahmed Albakar
- Urology Department Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Nagy Younes
- Urology Department Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - Issam A Albozom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
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9
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Vincent SA, Christensen D, Weiner PR. Gross hematuria: An unusual presenting symptom of systemic wild-type transthyretinamyloidosis. Urol Case Rep 2021; 39:101811. [PMID: 34471604 PMCID: PMC8387744 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2021.101811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis of the urinary bladder is a rare cause of gross hematuria. In patients with systemic amyloidosis, identification is nearly always related to cardiac complaints; urologic presenting symptoms are extremely uncommon. We present a 77-year-old male patient with painless gross hematuria ultimately found to be secondary to systemic wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis. He underwent transurethral resection of the bladder lesion and was initiated on transthyretin stabilizing medication. In the 6 months since starting treatment, the patient has had no further episodes of gross hematuria, but will require cystoscopic surveillance for evidence of recurrence or concomittment urothelial carcinoma. Systemic transthyretin amyloidosis diagnosed after an episode of painless gross hematuria. Extremely uncommon presenting symptom; only the second documented patient. No evidence of recurrent disease at 6 months status post transurethral resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage A Vincent
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Perry R Weiner
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Al-Obaidy KI, Grignon DJ. Primary Amyloidosis of the Genitourinary Tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:699-703. [PMID: 32383975 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0102-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of misfolded proteins as insoluble eosinophilic material in the extracellular tissues of the body, leading to impairment of organ function. It can be systemic or localized. Localized genitourinary tract amyloidosis is rare and can be incidentally seen; however, in some cases, it can be the only presenting disease. OBJECTIVE.— To review the clinical presentation and pathologic findings related to primary amyloidosis of the urogenital system and highlight some of the associated pathologic findings based on our personal experience. DATA SOURCES.— Published peer-reviewed literature and personal experience of the senior author. CONCLUSIONS.— Primary localized amyloidosis within the urogenital tract can present as a neoplastic process and may be clinically and radiologically considered as a mass. Awareness of primary amyloidosis by pathologists and clinicians is required for accurate diagnosis and proper patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleel I Al-Obaidy
- From the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - David J Grignon
- From the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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11
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Amyloidosis of the Urinary Bladder: A Systematic Review and a Proposed Management Algorithm. Urology 2021; 156:e12-e19. [PMID: 34314752 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose an algorithm for the management of bladder amyloidosis based on a systematic review of the literature, given that the bladder is the second most commonly affected organ of the urinary tract in the course of systemic or localized amyloidosis. METHODS We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases utilizing PRISMA methodology from inception to November 30, 2020 (PROSPERO: CRD42020207855). RESULTS We included 76 studies with 184 patients (9 case series and 67 case reports). Presenting symptoms of bladder amyloidosis comprised of hematuria, irritative or obstructive urinary symptoms, and cystitis-like symptoms. The diagnosis of amyloidosis was established by histologic examination of specimens retrieved during transurethral resection of bladder lesions. Complete endoscopic resection, the cornerstone of management of localized disease, was feasible in 89.1% cases. The included patients were followed up for a mean of 54 months, within which 65 patients (35.3%) recurred. The time to first amyloidosis recurrence was 20 months (range: 1-168). Additionally, 16 individuals presented with concomitant bladder amyloidosis and bladder cancer, while 4 developed bladder malignancy during follow-up. Due to the frequent and early recurrences of patients with bladder amyloidosis, a check-up cystoscopy at 3, 12, and 24 months' after initial resection is recommended. Recurrences should be managed with transurethral resection, while intravesical instillations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and cystectomy should be reserved for refractory cases. CONCLUSION We propose a management algorithm for bladder amyloidosis based on the available evidence for this rare benign entity that mimics bladder cancer.
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12
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Vargas AC, Burchett I, Turner J, Delprado W, Brookwell R, Chalasani V, Gill AJ, Maclean FM. Monotypic Plasma Cell Proliferation of Uncertain Clinical Significance Mimicking Interstitial Cystitis: An Early Lesion of MALT Lymphoma? Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:841-853. [PMID: 33399339 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We prospectively studied our institutional experience of bladder extranodal marginal zone (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue [MALT]) lymphoma including bladder biopsies in which the possibility of MALT lymphoma was considered. We identified a subset of cases primary to the urinary bladder, presenting with prominent plasma cell infiltrates and symptoms mimicking bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. These proliferations were designated for this study as "monotypic plasma cell proliferation of uncertain clinical significance" (MPCP-US), as the features were insufficient for diagnosis of MALT lymphoma. We identified 33 patients, consisting of 22 cases of MPCP-US (6 of which were associated with amyloid deposition) and 11 cases of MALT lymphoma. MPCP-US was more prevalent in men (73%), a mass lesion was not identified at cystoscopy, and only 1 case had an accompanying urinary tract infection (4.5%). Histologically, MPCP-US presented as monotypic plasma cells arranged in a superficial band-like distribution in the lamina propria, predominantly kappa restricted (68%) and IgA+ or IgM+ (64% and 23%, respectively) and without a histologic mass of atypical B cells or plasma cells, not diagnostic for established MALT lymphoma or plasmacytoma. Secondary involvement of the bladder by other lymphoproliferative disorders was excluded and there was no evidence of progressive disease. MALT lymphomas are presented for comparison and our analysis demonstrated that MPCP-US represent a different clinicopathologic entity compared with classic MALT lymphoma. We present the first series of cases of MPCP-US. The recognition of this entity is fundamental to the development of management protocols to relieve intractable symptoms mimicking bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis in these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biopsy
- Cell Proliferation
- Cystitis, Interstitial/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoid Tissue/chemistry
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/chemistry
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Plasma Cells/chemistry
- Plasma Cells/pathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prospective Studies
- Urinary Bladder/chemistry
- Urinary Bladder/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemistry
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Vargas
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney
| | - Ivan Burchett
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park
- School of Medicine, Notre Dame University
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW
| | - Jennifer Turner
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW
| | - Warick Delprado
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park
| | - Ross Brookwell
- Department of Cytogenetics, Sullivan Nicolades Pathology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Anthony J Gill
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonard
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney
| | - Fiona M Maclean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW
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13
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Muchtar E, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, Kumar SK, Buadi FK, Leung N, Lacy MQ, Dingli D, Ailawadhi S, Bergsagel PL, Fonseca R, Hayman SR, Kapoor P, Grogan M, Abou Ezzeddine OF, Rosenthal JL, Mauermann M, Siddiqui M, Gonsalves WI, Kourelis TV, Larsen JT, Reeder CB, Warsame R, Go RS, Murray DL, McPhail ED, Dasari S, Jevremovic D, Kyle RA, Lin Y, Lust JA, Russell SJ, Hwa YL, Fonder AL, Hobbs MA, Rajkumar SV, Roy V, Sher T. Treatment of AL Amyloidosis: Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) Consensus Statement 2020 Update. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:1546-1577. [PMID: 34088417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a clonal plasma cell disorder leading to progressive and life-threatening organ failure. The heart and the kidneys are the most commonly involved organs, but almost any organ can be involved. Because of the nonspecific presentation, diagnosis delay is common, and many patients are diagnosed with advanced organ failure. In the era of effective therapies and improved outcomes for patients with AL amyloidosis, the importance of early recognition is further enhanced as the ability to reverse organ dysfunction is limited in those with a profound organ failure. As AL amyloidosis is an uncommon disorder and given patients' frailty and high early death rate, management of this complex condition is challenging. The treatment of AL amyloidosis is based on various anti-plasma cell therapies. These therapies are borrowed and customized from the treatment of multiple myeloma, a more common disorder. However, a growing number of phase 2/3 studies dedicated to the AL amyloidosis population are being performed, making treatment decisions more evidence-based. Supportive care is an integral part of management of AL amyloidosis because of the inherent organ dysfunction, limiting the delivery of effective therapy. This extensive review brings an updated summary on the management of AL amyloidosis, sectioned into the 3 pillars for survival improvement: early disease recognition, anti-plasma cell therapy, and supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Muchtar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | | | | | | | | | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - David Dingli
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Rafael Fonseca
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | | | | | - Martha Grogan
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy T Larsen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Craig B Reeder
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | | | - Ronald S Go
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ellen D McPhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Dragan Jevremovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Yi Lin
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John A Lust
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Yi Lisa Hwa
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - S Vincent Rajkumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Vivek Roy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Taimur Sher
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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14
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Singh J. Primary localized amyloidosis causing urethral stricture disease: a mimicker of urothelial carcinoma. J Surg Case Rep 2021; 2021:rjab201. [PMID: 34055291 PMCID: PMC8159262 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjab201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of mild lower urinary tract symptoms and microscopic hematuria in a 53-year-old-male with hypertension found to have urethral stricture disease suspicious for urothelial carcinoma. During the investigation, cystoscopy and biopsy demonstrated eosinophilic amyloid proteins consistent with primary localized urethral amyloidosis. No systemic evidence of amyloidosis was demonstrated. Following a trial of conservative management with serial dilatations, the patient elected to proceed with surgical management by anterior urethroplasty using an excision and primary anastomosis technique. The patient has done well with resolution of his symptoms and no further recurrence of urethral amyloid disease at ongoing follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jas Singh
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3P 1Y4, Canada
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15
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Gupta R, Epstein JI. Plasma cell neoplasms of the bladder: a series of 9 cases. Hum Pathol 2021; 111:52-58. [PMID: 33639141 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
From 2009 to 2017, we identified 9 cases of plasma cell neoplasms on biopsies of the bladder in patients without a history of plasma cell myeloma or transplantation (6 men and 3 women). Four of the nine showed amyloid deposition, of which one additionally revealed a clear cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Follow-up was obtained in 7 cases. Of 3 cases (including 2 with amyloid) for which electrophoresis and immunofixation results were obtained, the 2 amyloid cases showed evidence of serum or urine paraproteins: serum IgM kappa in a patient with kappa light chain-restricted plasma cell neoplasm and urine IgA lambda in a patient with lambda light chain-restricted plasma cell neoplasm. By way of contrast, 1 case with kappa light chain-restricted plasma cell neoplasm in the absence of amyloid showed no serum monoclonal protein. Bone marrow biopsy results were obtained in the 2 amyloid cases revealing a population of 5% or less plasma cells with no assessment of clonality and, thus, were not diagnostic of plasma cell myeloma. In congruence, the 2 amyloid cases also showed no radiologic evidence of systemic plasma cell myeloma. One patient with plasma cell neoplasm only received chemotherapy and radiation without subsequent biopsies; one patient with plasma cell neoplasm, amyloid, and clear cell adenocarcinoma received radiation with an absence of neoplastic disease on subsequent biopsies. In addition, no evidence of systemic amyloid was found in the cases with bladder amyloidosis. Plasma cell neoplasms of the bladder, with and without amyloid deposition, are rare; this is the first known case series. In 7 cases with follow-up, plasma cell myeloma did not appear to manifest in a 1- to 127-month follow-up. However, paraproteins were identified on further testing in 2 cases with amyloid. Although bladder plasma cell neoplasms with and without amyloid tend to have a favorable prognosis in short-term follow-up, our study supports the need for additional workup for systemic disease, particularly in those with concurrent amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Department of Pathology(1), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Sikpa KH, Bernard A, Seguier D, Chaabane C, Makke S, Danjou P. Primary bladder amyloidosis: About a case of incidental discovery. Urol Case Rep 2021; 34:101469. [PMID: 33294375 PMCID: PMC7701189 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2020.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary bladder amyloidosis is rare. Hematuria is the most common form of it's revelation. There are no specific clinical and paraclinical signs to differentiate it from urothelial tumors. The diagnosis is histological. We are reporting you a case of incidental discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Hola Sikpa
- Lens Hospital Urology Départment, 99 Route de la Bassée, 62300, Lens, France
| | - Agathe Bernard
- Lens Hospital Urology Départment, 99 Route de la Bassée, 62300, Lens, France
| | - Denis Seguier
- Lens Hospital Urology Départment, 99 Route de la Bassée, 62300, Lens, France
| | | | - Samuel Makke
- Lens Hospital Urology Départment, 99 Route de la Bassée, 62300, Lens, France
| | - Philippe Danjou
- Lens Hospital Urology Départment, 99 Route de la Bassée, 62300, Lens, France
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17
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Dasari S, Dispenzieri A, Mansour S, Muppa P, Kurtin PJ, Theis JD, Vrana JA, Grogan M, Kourelis T, Gertz MA, McPhail ED. Non-cardiac biopsy sites with high frequency of transthyretin amyloidosis. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 8:750-755. [PMID: 33277823 PMCID: PMC7835597 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac scintigraphy, a non-invasive technique for diagnosing ATTR cardiac amyloidosis, lacks specificity in patients with concomitant monoclonal gammopathy (up to 40% of cases). For these patients, amyloid type is often established by endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), which has clinical risk. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of ATTR in amyloid-positive tendon/synovium, urinary bladder, and prostate biopsies, sites for which prior biopsy specimens might exist for patients suspected of having cardiac amyloidosis, and, when available, determine the amyloid type concordance rate with other anatomic sites and provide clinical data regarding subsequent development of cardiac amyloidosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We queried our reference laboratory database of 19,298 amyloid specimens from myriad anatomic sites typed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the frequency of ATTR amyloid in tendon/synovium, urinary bladder, and prostate. The amyloid type was ATTR in 104/138 (75.4%) tendon/synovium, 173/453 (38.0%) urinary bladder, and 27/81 (33.3%) prostate samples. Of 62 patients with available clinical data, 12 (19%) had bona fide ATTR cardiac amyloidosis prior to/concomitant with the non-cardiac site biopsy. Of the remaining 14 with follow-up, 8 developed bona fide and 2 probable cardiac amyloidosis; at last follow-up 4 had no evidence of cardiac amyloidosis. Fourteen of 16 patients (87.5%) for whom we typed both non-cardiac and cardiac sites had concordant amyloid types. There were 2 discordant cases (prostate = ASem1/heart = AL and urinary bladder = AL/heart = ATTR); only the latter is potentially clinically consequential. CONCLUSIONS In patients suspected of having cardiac amyloidosis based on cardiac scintigraphy, LC-MS/MS typing of Congophilic deposits in pre-existing biopsy specimens from non-cardiac sites may help establish the cardiac amyloid type, obviating the need for EMB. However, if the amyloid type identified in the non-cardiac site is not in keeping with other clinical features, then EMB for typing the cardiac amyloid might be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Prasuna Muppa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paul J Kurtin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason D Theis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie A Vrana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Martha Grogan
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Morie A Gertz
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ellen D McPhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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18
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Jia Y, Li S, Liu J. Spontaneous remission of untreated primary amyloidosis of the bladder after transurethral resection biopsy: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520940452. [PMID: 33054497 PMCID: PMC7580162 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520940452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein present a case involving a 23-year-old woman with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed abnormal areas of the mucosa along the anterior and posterior bladder walls. These abnormalities were suspicious for neoplasia; however, a diagnosis was not established by subsequent biopsy. The patient underwent transurethral resection biopsy in which an isolated lesion along the anterior wall was completely resected and the others were left untreated. Pathologic examination and special staining led to a diagnosis of amyloidosis, and the patient elected to undergo transurethral surgery 1 month later. During the operation, the intravesical lesions were found to have significantly improved in both the treated and untreated sites. The operation was cancelled, follow-up was arranged, and no other treatment was administered. Repeat cystoscopy examinations at 3 and 9 months after surgery showed that the lesions had almost completely disappeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jia
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shoubin Li
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junjiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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19
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Yamamoto A, Fujii N, Obika M, Yamashita T, Otsuka F. Localized Lymph Node Light Chain Amyloidosis. Intern Med 2020; 59:2415-2418. [PMID: 32611959 PMCID: PMC7644486 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4651-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of systemic amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis is generally poor, hence requiring chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, while the prognosis of localized AL amyloidosis without an abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain is good. Localized AL amyloidosis has been previously reported to be observed in pulmonary, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal, and laryngeal sites. However, only a few cases of localized lymph node AL amyloidosis have so far been reported. We herein present a case of localized lymph node AL amyloidosis that could possibly be misdiagnosed as systematic AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamamoto
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Mikako Obika
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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20
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Primary localized amyloidosis presenting as urethral stricture: An important differential diagnosis on frozen section. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2020.200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Amyloidosis of the bladder and association with urothelial carcinoma: report of 29 cases. Hum Pathol 2019; 93:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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García Rojo E, González Padilla DA, Castelo Loureiro A, Parrilla Rubio L, Tejido Sánchez Á, Guerrero Ramos F. New case of secondary bladder amyloidosis with massive hematuria-role of intravesical instillations with dimethyl sulfoxide. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:548-555. [PMID: 31807431 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.09.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bladder amyloidosis is a rare condition with less than 60 cases published in the world. It is usually secondary to chronic inflammatory processes such as rheumatologic diseases. Hematuria is its predominant and most important symptom, and usually occurs after a bladder catheterization. The diagnostic confirmation is made through a pathological and immunohistochemical study. The treatment must be staggered from less to more invasive. Our objectives are to present a new case of secondary bladder amyloidosis in a woman with a history of chronic bronchiectasis after tuberculosis and frequent super infections, whose main manifestation was a massive hematuria, and review this rare pathology. We have obtained very good initial results using intravesical instillations with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with complete resolution of the hematuria, the patient remaining asymptomatic for 6 months. After that, there was a recurrence of the hematuria that was treated with embolization of the hypogastric arteries, with good results. We can conclude that, despite being a rare condition, we must consider secondary bladder amyloidosis in patients who have already been diagnosed with systemic amyloidosis and/or chronic pathologies who develop hematuria after bladder catheterization. Based on our experience, instillations with dimethyl sulfoxide are a safe option and provide a quick and temporary resolution of hematuria symptoms.
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23
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Chapman J, Dogan A. Fibrinogen alpha amyloidosis: insights from proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:783-793. [PMID: 31443619 PMCID: PMC6788741 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1659137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic amyloidosis is a diverse group of diseases that, although rare, pose a serious health issue and can lead to organ failure and death. Amyloid typing is essential in determining the causative protein and initiating proper treatment. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is currently the most sensitive and accurate means of typing amyloid. Areas covered: Amyloidosis can be systemic or localized, acquired or hereditary, and can affect any organ or tissue. Diagnosis requires biopsy, histological analysis, and typing of the causative protein to determine treatment. The kidneys are the most commonly affected organ in systemic disease. Fibrinogen alpha chain amyloidosis (AFib) is the most prevalent form of hereditary renal amyloidosis. Select mutations in the fibrinogen Aα (FGA) gene lead to AFib. Expert commentary: Mass spectrometry is currently the most specific and sensitive method for amyloid typing. Identification of the mutated fibrinogen alpha chain can be difficult in the case of 'private' frameshift mutations, which dramatically change the sequences of the expressed fibrinogen alpha chain. A combination of expert pathologist review, mass spectrometry, and gene sequencing can allow for confident diagnosis and determination of the fibrinogen alpha chain mutated sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chapman
- Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
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24
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Diagnosis and treatment of urinary and sexual dysfunction in hereditary TTR amyloidosis. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:65-74. [PMID: 31452024 PMCID: PMC6763525 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-019-00627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to review the current knowledge on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of urinary and sexual dysfunction in patients with TTR amyloidosis (ATTR). Methods We performed a review of the literature, screening for randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective series, position papers, and guidelines on urinary and sexual dysfunction in ATTR patients published in PubMed and Embase. Results Lower urinary tract dysfunction is present in up to 83% of patients with ATTR. Voiding symptoms are the most common, reported in 34.8−87.5% of patients, while urinary tract infections are reported in up to 50%. Urinary incontinence is observed in 16.7−37.5% of the ATTR population, mostly due to decreased urethral resistance. Sexual dysfunction affects over 40% of ATTR patients, with erectile dysfunction and sexual arousal disorder being the most common symptoms in male and female patients, respectively. In addition to a thorough clinical examination, invasive pressure-flow urodynamic testing is a cornerstone in the assessment of ATTR lower urinary tract dysfunction. The most common finding is detrusor underactivity and intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Poor bladder compliance can also be observed in patients, due to amyloid deposits on the bladder wall. Urinary tract imaging may be of interest to rule out upper urinary tract deterioration. Given the paucity of data in the ATTR population, treatment should be tailored to the individual patient. Conclusion Urinary and sexual dysfunction are highly prevalent in ATTR patients. Comprehensive assessment and multidisciplinary management are keys to avoiding upper urinary tract damage and improving patients’ quality of life.
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25
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Fuah KW, Lim CTS. Renal-limited AL amyloidosis - a diagnostic and management dilemma. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:307. [PMID: 30400895 PMCID: PMC6219210 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-1118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloidosis is a disorder caused by extracellular tissue deposition of insoluble fibrils which may result in a wide spectrum of symptoms depending upon their types, sites and amount of deposition. Amyloidosis can be divided into either systemic or localized disease. Case presentation We present a case of a middle-aged gentleman who presented with persistent nephrotic syndrome with worsening renal function. Repeated renal biopsies showed the presence of renal-limited AL amyloidosis. Systemic amyloidosis workup was unremarkable apart from a slightly raised band of IgG lambda level with no associated immunoparesis. The nephrotic syndrome and renal histology did not improve over a 3-year period despite being given two courses of chemotherapies. Conclusion We hope that early recognition of this unusual localised presentation of renal- limited AL Amyloidosis and its poor response to conventional treatment can alert the nephrologist to the potential existence of this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Wah Fuah
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher Thiam Seong Lim
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
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26
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Nesbitt AL, Khan M, Hoag N, Lokan J. Primary bladder amyloidosis as a cause of haematuria. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-225414. [PMID: 30021741 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 46-year-old man who initially presented with macroscopic haematuria. Although initially concerning for a malignancy in the bladder, histology demonstrated a primary bladder amyloidosis that has remained stable for 6 years since the initial diagnosis. Primary bladder amyloidosis is an important clinical entity that can mimic bladder malignancy on clinical history, radiological investigation and cystoscopic evaluation. Although uncommon, it should not be neglected as a possible diagnosis in patients presenting with haematuria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Munad Khan
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Hoag
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Lokan
- Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Gomha FS, Smain AM, Sohail N, Yousif AA, Abdelrahman KM, Amir E, Bhatti KH. Primary localised amyloidosis of the urinary bladder: A recurrent and progressive disease. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2018; 13:398-401. [PMID: 31435354 PMCID: PMC6694977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary amyloidosis results from the deposition of amyloid protein fibrils in the extracellular space and rarely involves the urinary bladder. We present a 41-year-old man who was diagnosed with primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder and underwent two sessions of transurethral resection of the bladder mass 4 years prior. Recently, the patient was admitted through the emergency with painless frank haematuria. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a bladder mass that was larger than the previously reported mass. A repeat cystoscopy and resection of the mass was performed. Histopathological examination of the resected tissue revealed primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. A comprehensive examination was performed to exclude systemic amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faaz S Gomha
- Al Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman M Smain
- Al Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadeem Sohail
- Urology Section, Al Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayad A Yousif
- Urology Section, Al Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Emran Amir
- Al Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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28
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[PRIMARY LOCALIZED AL AMYLOIDOSIS OF THE BLADDER MIMICKING RECURRENCE OF BLADDER CARCINOMA]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 2018; 109:140-143. [PMID: 31327854 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol.109.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primary bladder amyloidosis is a rare disease, with approximately 200 cases documented in the literature. We herein present a 85-year-old Japanese man who has undergone a transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT) and has regularly been followed up after surgery. Since cystoscopy revealed mucosal irregularity, he has got a TURBT again for a suspicion of recurrence. There were no malignant findings in pathological diagnosis and we diagnosed as amyloidosis because it showed positive by Congo-red staining. We added immunohistological diagnosis to diagnose as localized AL amyloidosis of the bladder finally.
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Nair AV, Yadav MK, Unni MN, Simi CM, Biji KA, Manoj KS, Ali S, Nair AK. Hepatic Amyloidosis: Something That Can camouflage and Deceive our Perception! INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND PAEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF INDIAN SOCIETY OF MEDICAL & PAEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2017; 38:236-239. [PMID: 28900341 PMCID: PMC5582570 DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_46_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a multi-systemic diffusely infiltrating disease due to extracellular deposition of protein-mucopolysaccharide complexes. The type of protein deposited determines the subgroup of amyloid. Hepatic amyloidosis is a rare infiltrating disease affecting the hepatic parenchyma. A wide range of clinical presentation and atypical imaging findings delay the diagnosis of amyloidosis, while tissue biopsy demonstrating amyloid deposits is vital for a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh V Nair
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, Kerala Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Manish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, Kerala Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Madhavan N Unni
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, Kerala Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - C M Simi
- Department of Pathology, Kerala Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - K A Biji
- Department of Pathology, Kerala Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - K S Manoj
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, Kerala Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Shabeer Ali
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, Kerala Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Ajith K Nair
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kerala Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Yao X, Yuan Y, Fang J, Jiang H. Benefits of urethroplasty for managing urethral amyloidosis: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3519-3522. [PMID: 29042942 PMCID: PMC5639385 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Urethral amyloidosis is a rare condition in which eosinophilic amyloid proteins are deposited in the urethra. Only a small number of reports on urethral amyloidosis have been published. Increased interest has been associated with this disease due to its clinical similarities with urothelial carcinoma. A biopsy of the lesion and a histological examination are essential for the correct diagnosis. Conservative management has been suggested by various urologists as the optimal treatment approach for urethral amyloidosis; however, recurrence and urethral stricture are common, and typically further treatment is required. Urethroplasty has been used in a limited number of urethral amyloidosis cases, with beneficial short-term outcomes; however, long-term follow-up data are lacking. The present case report describes the cases of 2 patients with urethral amyloidosis who underwent urethroplasty without recurrence or progression for >2 years. These findings indicate that urethroplasty is beneficial for the long-term management of urethral amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Yuan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Fang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Cooper CT, Greene BD, Fegan JE, Rovira D, Gertz MA, Marcus DM. External beam radiation therapy for amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. Pract Radiat Oncol 2017; 8:25-27. [PMID: 28958583 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Contreras-García R, Echeverría-García F, García-Perdomo HA, Montes-Cardona C, Carbonell-González J. Amiloidosis vesical: una causa poco frecuente de hematuria macroscópica. Rev Urol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uroco.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pilley J, Lane J, Ravichandran P. Prevalence of amyloid and positive Congo red frequency among routine surgical specimens. J Histotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2016.1164934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Amyloidosis is a disorder of protein folding in which normally soluble plasma proteins aggregate in an abnormal fibrillar form causing progressive disruption to tissue structure and organ function. This review covers systemic AA and AL amyloidosis which may arise as a consequence of chronic respiratory conditions; the manifestations of both systemic and of localised amyloid deposition within the respiratory tract and provides a summary of current approaches to diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lachmann
- National Amyloidosis Centre and Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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Takahashi N, Glockner J, Howe BM, Hartman RP, Kawashima A. Taxonomy and Imaging Manifestations of Systemic Amyloidosis. Radiol Clin North Am 2016; 54:597-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Karan SC, Shah AK, Srivastava A, Bhardwaj R. Primary amyloidosis of urinary bladder: Mimicking transitional cell carcinoma bladder? Med J Armed Forces India 2016; 72:91-3. [PMID: 26900233 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S C Karan
- Consultant & Head (Urology), Army Hospital (R & R), New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar Shah
- Classified Specialist (Urology), Army Hospital (R & R), New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Srivastava
- Senior Advisor (Surgery & Urology), Army Hospital (R & R), New Delhi, India
| | - Reena Bhardwaj
- Deputy DGAFMS (Pension), O/o DGAFMS, M Block, AHQ, New Delhi, India
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Localized lymph node light chain amyloidosis. Case Rep Hematol 2015; 2015:816565. [PMID: 25922771 PMCID: PMC4398934 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-derived light chain amyloidosis can occasionally be associated with localized disease. We present a patient with localized lymph node light chain amyloidosis without an underlying monoclonal protein or lymphoproliferative disorder and review the literature of lymph node amyloidosis discussing work-up and risk factors for systemic progression.
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Ueda M, Ando Y. Recent advances in transthyretin amyloidosis therapy. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:19. [PMID: 25228988 PMCID: PMC4165622 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant (MT) forms of transthyretin (TTR) cause the most common type of autosomal-dominant hereditary systemic amyloidosis-familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). Until 20 years ago, FAP was thought to be an endemic disease, but FAP is known to occur worldwide. To date, more than 130 mutations in the TTR gene have been reported. Genotype-phenotype correlations are seen in FAP, and some variation in clinical presentation is often observed in individual kindreds with the same mutation and even among family members. Of the pathogenic TTR mutations, Val30Met was the first to be identified and is the most frequent known mutation found throughout the world. Studies of patients with FAP amyloidogenic TTR (ATTR) Val30Met documented sensorimotor polyneuropathy, autonomic dysfunction, heart and kidney failure, gastrointestinal tract (GI) disorders, and other symptoms leading to death, usually within 10 years of the onset of disease. Diagnosis is sometimes delayed, especially in patients without a clear family history and typical clinical manifestations, since diagnosis requires various studies and techniques such as histopathology, genetic testing, and mass spectrometry. For treatment of FAP, liver transplantation (LT) reportedly halts the progression of clinical manifestations. Exchange of an FAP patient's diseased liver with a healthy liver causes MT TTR in the body to be replaced by wild-type (WT) TTR. Although clinical evaluations indicated that progression of other clinical symptoms such as peripheral neuropathy, GI symptoms, and renal involvement usually halted after LT in FAP ATTR Val30Met patients, recent studies suggested that LT failed to prevent progression of cardiac amyloidosis in FAP ATTR Val30Met patients after LT, with this failure reportedly being due to continued formation of amyloid that derived mainly from WT TTR secreted from the transplanted non-mutant liver graft. In recent years, many therapeutic strategies have been proposed, and several ongoing therapeutic trials involve, for example, stabilizers of TTR tetramers (tafamidis and diflunisal) and gene therapies to suppress TTR expression (antisense methods and use of small interfering RNAs). These novel therapies may prove to prevent progression of FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, 860-0811 Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, 860-0811 Kumamoto, Japan
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Abstract
AL amyloidosis belongs to the group of conformational diseases. It is the most common type of amyloidosis with an estimated 500 new cases per year in France. It is due to a small and usually indolent plasma cell clone which synthesizes an unstable, misfolded monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain that is prone to aggregate and form amyloid fibrils. Non-invasive biopsy such as abdominal fat aspiration or minor salivary gland biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and if negative, involved tissues have to be examined. Clinical presentation is very diverse, as AL amyloidosis can affect almost any organ or tissue in the body, other than the brain. The kidney is the most frequent organ involved, whereas heart disease characterized by restrictive cardiomyopathy is the most severe. Early diagnosis, before advanced cardiomyopathy, is essential for improving outcome. The association of alkylating agent and high-dose dexamethasone is effective in almost two-thirds of patients. Combinations of proteasome inhibitors, dexamethasone, and alkylating agents achieve high response rates. Close monitoring of clonal and organ response is mandatory to guide therapy changes and duration. New treatments designed to eliminate amyloid deposits are under development.
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Loizos S, Shiakalli Chrysa T, Christos GS. Amyloidosis: Review and Imaging Findings. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2014; 35:225-39. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bayrak Ö, Bozdağ Z, Urgun G, Yağcı F. Primary amyloidosis of the bladder mimicking bladder tumor. Turk J Urol 2014; 40:59-61. [PMID: 26328149 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2014.65632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a benign, non-neoplastic disease characterized by the deposition of extracellular fibrillar protein in tissues or organs, which may be systemic or localized. Primary amyloidosis localized in the bladder is very rare in the literature and may mimic bladder cancer at presentation. A 31-year-old female patient consulted to our clinic and was diagnosed with primary bladder amyloidosis; intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) therapy was started. To the best of our knowledge, this patient represents the fourth case in the Turkish medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Bayrak
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Zehra Bozdağ
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Urgun
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Faruk Yağcı
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Bardapure M, Namasivayam SK, Rogawski K. Primary localized amylodoisis of bladder: Is there a need for cystoscopic surveillance? Urol Ann 2013; 5:309-11. [PMID: 24311920 PMCID: PMC3835998 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7796.120310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by extracellular deposition of amorphous proteinaceous material in various tissues. Amyloidosis of bladder is of significant clinical interest to the urologist because of its presentation as urothelial cancer. Transurethral resection and histology examination is essential to exclude malignancy and to establish the benign nature of amyloidosis. Apart from managing the localized bladder amyloidosis, it is important to exclude systemic amyloidosis. Here in we describe two cases of localized, primary amyloidosis and discuss briefly their management and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Bardapure
- Department of Urology, Huddersfield Royal Infirmary, Lindley, Huddersfield, HD3 3EA, UK
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43
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Yoshino T, Ohara S, Moriyama H. Occlusive dressing therapy using dimethyl sulfoxide in a patient presenting with primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2013; 7:191. [PMID: 23890324 PMCID: PMC3750222 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposition of abnormal insoluble fibrils, which cause structural and functional disorders. Amyloidosis is classified into primary and secondary disease. We report a case of localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. In the English literature, this is the first case effectively treated with occlusive dressing therapy using dimethyl sulfoxide. CASE PRESENTATION A 58-year-old Japanese woman was introduced to our department with asymptomatic gross hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a gently raised nodule at the right lateral wall. Histopathological findings of this lesion revealed extensive amorphous eosinophilic deposits that stained positive with Congo red and Dylon. The patient was diagnosed with primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. To treat residual amyloidosis of the bladder, we performed occlusive dressing therapy using dimethyl sulfoxide. After treatment, cystoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging showed no relapse of the mass-like lesion of the bladder wall. CONCLUSIONS Occlusive dressing therapy using dimethyl sulfoxide is efficacious and tolerable for amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. The maneuver of occlusive dressing therapy was simpler and easier than that of intravesical instillation, and occlusive dressing therapy was advantageous in that the patient could perform the therapy herself every day. However, invasive surgical management including cystectomy should be considered if conservative management is inefficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tateki Yoshino
- Department of Urology, JA Onomichi General Hospital, 1-10-23 Hirahara, Onomichi, Hiroshima, 722-0018, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Department of Urology, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biochemical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriyama
- Department of Urology, JA Onomichi General Hospital, 1-10-23 Hirahara, Onomichi, Hiroshima, 722-0018, Japan
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Abstract
Objective Review Mayo Clinic experience of localized tongue amyloidosis. Study Design Case series with retrospective chart review. Setting Academic medical center. Subjects and Methods Cases of localized tongue amyloidosis were identified from the dysproteinemia database at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic records were reviewed with focus on presenting symptoms, laboratory results (ie, serum or urine immunoelectrophoresis, bone marrow biopsy, and fat aspirate analysis), treatment modality, and status of disease at follow-up. Results Six cases of localized tongue amyloidosis presented to the Mayo Clinic between 1969 and 2011. Mean patient age was 69 years (range, 43-90). Patients presented with asymptomatic tongue mass(es). Biopsy of the tongue mass in all patients showed amyloid on Congo red stains. Work-up for systemic amyloidosis, including bone marrow biopsy, fat aspiration, and serum and urine protein immunoelectrophoresis, was negative for all 6 patients, nor was there other organ involvement. Two patients underwent resection of the lesions, and the remaining patients elected for observation. Recurrence requiring repeat excision occurred in 1 of the patients that underwent resection. Repeat evaluation for systemic involvement was performed in 3 patients 1 to 3 years after the initial diagnosis. None of these patients went on to develop systemic involvement. Conclusions Localized tongue amyloidosis remains a rare diagnosis and requires exclusion of systemic involvement. Localized lesions may be observed or resected; however, recurrence may occur with resection. Patients with localized tongue amyloidosis do not appear to be at increased risk of developing systemic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley O’Reilly
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anita D’Souza
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John Lust
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Price
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Said SM, Reynolds C, Jimenez RE, Chen B, Vrana JA, Theis JD, Dogan A, Shah SS. Amyloidosis of the breast: predominantly AL type and over half have concurrent breast hematologic disorders. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:232-8. [PMID: 23018872 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a disorder characterized by extracellular deposition of proteins in an abnormal fibrillar configuration. Amyloidosis can be localized or systemic and may affect any organ. Breast involvement by amyloidosis has rarely been reported. In this study, we described the characteristics of 40 cases of breast amyloidosis that were reviewed at the Division of Anatomic Pathology at Mayo Clinic from 1995 to 2011. The cohort included 39 women and 1 man with a mean age of 60 years. The type of amyloidosis, determined by immunohistochemistry or mass spectrometry-based proteomics in 26 patients, was immunoglobulin-associated in all cases (AL-kappa type in 15 (58%) cases, AL-lambda in 10 (38%) and mixed heavy and light chains (AH/AL) in 1 (4%) case). Mass spectrometry-based proteomics was able to determine the type of amyloidosis in 95% of cases tested compared with 69% of cases by immunohistochemistry. In addition to amyloidosis, the breast biopsy showed a hematologic disorder in 55% of cases, most commonly MALT lymphoma. One patient had concurrent intraductal carcinoma, but none had invasive carcinoma. Of the 15 patients seen in our institution, 53% had localized amyloidosis and 47% had extramammary amyloid involvement, which was diagnosed before breast amyloidosis in most patients. M-spike was detected in the blood in 62%. After a median follow-up of 33.5 months in 12 patients, 5 died, mostly of complications of lymphoma or leukemia. In conclusion, our findings indicate that breast amyloidosis is of the AL type in the vast majority of patients (usually kappa). It is associated with systemic amyloidosis in close to half of patients and with hematologic malignancy in the breast in over half of patients. Therefore, further work up to rule out hematologic malignancy and/or systemic amyloidosis is recommended. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is superior to immunohistochemistry for typing of breast amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Said
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Yang Z, Laird A, Monaghan A, Seywright M, Ahmad I, Leung HY. Incidental seminal vesicle amyloidosis observed in diagnostic prostate biopsies--are routine investigations for systemic amyloidosis warranted? Asian J Androl 2012; 15:149-51. [PMID: 23223033 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal vesicle (SV) amyloidosis is a well-documented histological entity, but it is observed infrequently. Its incidence is on the rise, which is probably related to the increasing use of prostate biopsies to investigate patients with elevated serum prostate-specific antigen levels. Here, we report seven cases of incidental SV amyloidosis over a 3-year period and consider their relationship to the previously suggested aetiological factors. Based on our series, we conclude that incidental localized SV amyloidosis observed in diagnostic prostate biopsies does not warrant formal investigations for systemic amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichu Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QQ, UK
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Desport E, Bridoux F, Sirac C, Delbes S, Bender S, Fernandez B, Quellard N, Lacombe C, Goujon JM, Lavergne D, Abraham J, Touchard G, Fermand JP, Jaccard A. Al amyloidosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:54. [PMID: 22909024 PMCID: PMC3495844 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Definition of the disease AL amyloidosis results from extra-cellular deposition of fibril-forming monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains (LC) (most commonly of lambda isotype) usually secreted by a small plasma cell clone. Most patients have evidence of isolated monoclonal gammopathy or smoldering myeloma, and the occurrence of AL amyloidosis in patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma or other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders is unusual. The key event in the development of AL amyloidosis is the change in the secondary or tertiary structure of an abnormal monoclonal LC, which results in instable conformation. This conformational change is responsible for abnormal folding of the LC, rich in β leaves, which assemble into monomers that stack together to form amyloid fibrils. Epidemiology AL amyloidosis is the most common type of systemic amyloidois in developed countries with an estimated incidence of 9 cases/million inhabitant/year. The average age of diagnosed patients is 65 years and less than 10% of patients are under 50. Clinical description The clinical presentation is protean, because of the wide number of tissues or organs that may be affected. The most common presenting symptoms are asthenia and dyspnoea, which are poorly specific and may account for delayed diagnosis. Renal manifestations are the most frequent, affecting two thirds of patients at presentation. They are characterized by heavy proteinuria, with nephrotic syndrome and impaired renal function in half of the patients. Heart involvement, which is present at diagnosis in more than 50% of patients, leading to restrictive cardiopathy, is the most serious complication and engages prognosis. Diagnostic methods The diagnosis relies on pathological examination of an involved site showing Congo red-positive amyloid deposits, with typical apple-green birefringence under polarized light, that stain positive with an anti-LC antibody by immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence. Due to the systemic nature of the disease, non-invasive biopsies such as abdominal fat aspiration should be considered before taking biopsies from involved organs, in order to reduce the risk of bleeding complications. Differential diagnosis Systemic AL amyloidosis should be distinguished from other diseases related to deposition of monoclonal LC, and from other forms of systemic amyloidosis. When pathological studies have failed to identify the nature of amyloid deposits, genetic studies should be performed to diagnose hereditary amyloidosis. Management Treatment of AL amyloidosis is based on chemotherapy, aimed at controlling the underlying plasma clone that produces amyloidogenic LC. The hematological response should be carefully checked by serial measurements of serum free LC. The association of an alkylating agent with high-dose dexamethasone has proven to be effective in two thirds of patients and is considered as the current reference treatment. New agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma are under investigation and appear to increase hematological response rates. Symptomatic measures and supportive care is necessary in patients with organ failure. Noticeably, usual treatments for cardiac failure (i.e. calcium inhibitors, β-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) are inefficient or even dangerous in patients with amyloid heart disease, that should be managed using diuretics. Amiodarone and pace maker implantation should be considered in patients with rhythm or conduction abnormalities. In selected cases, heart and kidney transplantation may be associated with prolonged patient and graft survival. Prognosis Survival in AL amyloidosis depends on the spectrum of organ involvement (amyloid heart disease being the main prognosis factor), the severity of individual organs involved and haematological response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Desport
- Service d'Hématologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Cedex, France
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Hosseini A, Ploumidis A, Adding C, Wiklund NP. Radical surgery for treatment of primary localized bladder amyloidosis: Could prostate-sparing robot-assisted cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion be an option? Scand J Urol 2012; 47:72-5. [DOI: 10.3109/00365599.2012.693539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Truong MT, Kachnic LA, Grillone GA, Bohrs HK, Lee R, Sakai O, Berk JL. Long-Term Results of Conformal Radiotherapy for Progressive Airway Amyloidosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:734-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
The term amyloid describes the deposition in the extracellular space of certain proteins in a highly characteristic, insoluble fibrillar form. Amyloidosis describes the various clinical syndromes that occur as a result of damage by amyloid deposits in tissues and organs throughout the body. The clinical significance of amyloid varies enormously, ranging from incidental asymptomatic deposits to localized disease through to rapidly fatal systemic forms that can affect multiple vital organs. Currently available therapy is focused on reducing the supply of the respective amyloid fibril precursor protein and supportive medical care, which together have greatly improved survival. Chemotherapy and anti-inflammatory treatment for the disorders that underlie AL and AA amyloidosis are guided by serial measurements of the respective circulating amyloid precursor proteins, i.e. serial serum free light chains in AL and serum amyloid A protein in AA type. Quality of life and prognosis of some forms of hereditary systemic amyloidosis can be improved by liver and other organ transplants. Various new therapies, ranging from silencing RNA, protein stabilizers to monoclonal antibodies, aimed at inhibiting fibril precursor supply, fibril formation or the persistence of amyloid deposits, are in development; some are already in clinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Pinney
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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