Establishing and evaluating trustworthy AI: overview and research challenges

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies (re-)shape modern life, driving innovation in a wide range of sectors. However, some AI systems have yielded unexpected or undesirable outcomes or have been used in questionable manners. As a result, there has been a surge in public and academic discussions about aspects that AI systems must fulfill to be considered trustworthy. In this paper, we synthesize existing conceptualizations of trustworthy AI along six requirements: (1) human agency and oversight, (2) fairness and non-discrimination, (3) transparency and explainability, (4) robustness and accuracy, (5) privacy and security, and (6) accountability. For each one, we provide a definition, describe how it can be established and evaluated, and discuss requirement-specific research challenges. Finally, we conclude this analysis by identifying overarching research challenges across the requirements with respect to (1) interdisciplinary research, (2) conceptual clarity, (3) context-dependency, (4) dynamics in evolving systems, and (5) investigations in real-world contexts. Thus, this paper synthesizes and consolidates a wide-ranging and active discussion currently taking place in various academic sub-communities and public forums. It aims to serve as a reference for a broad audience and as a basis for future research directions.

Diagnostic performance of ChatGPT-4.0 in histopathological description analysis of oral and maxillofacial lesions: a comparative study with pathologists

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of ChatGPT-4.0 in histopathological diagnoses of oral and maxillofacial lesions and compare its performance with pathologists.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective analysis of 102 histopathological descriptions was conducted. Data, including site, age and sex, were anonymized from the General University Hospital's Department of Pathology. ChatGPT-4.0 provided diagnoses, which were categorized as correct, similar, or different compared to pathologists' diagnoses. Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared tests, correlation, and regression analyses were used to assess accuracy and the influence of age and gender.

RESULTS

ChatGPT-4.0 correctly diagnosed 61 out of 102 cases, yielding an accuracy of 59.8%. The distribution of diagnostic scores did not significantly deviate from expectations (Chi-squared Statistic: 0.0, P = 1.0). A moderate negative correlation between age and diagnostic scores (r = -0.33) was observed, with age significantly predicting scores (P = .001). No significant difference was found between genders (P = .26). ChatGPT-4.0 performed worst with granuloma and inflammation cases (100% incorrect) and best with mucocele cases (93.3% correct).

CONCLUSION

ChatGPT-4.0 shows moderate accuracy in histopathological diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesions, with performance varying by lesion type. Improvements are needed to enhance its clinical reliability.

Enhancing Lung Ultrasound Diagnostics: A Clinical Study on an Artificial Intelligence Tool for the Detection and Quantification of A-Lines and B-Lines

Background/Objective: A-lines and B-lines are key ultrasound markers that differentiate normal from abnormal lung conditions. A-lines are horizontal lines usually seen in normal aerated lungs, while B-lines are linear vertical artifacts associated with lung abnormalities such as pulmonary edema, infection, and COVID-19, where a higher number of B-lines indicates more severe pathology. This paper aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly released lung ultrasound AI tool (ExoLungAI) in the detection of A-lines and quantification/detection of B-lines to help clinicians in assessing pulmonary conditions. Methods: The algorithm is evaluated on 692 lung ultrasound scans collected from 48 patients (65% males, aged: 55 ± 12.9) following their admission to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for COVID-19 symptoms, including respiratory failure, pneumonia, and other complications. Results: ExoLungAI achieved a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 81% for A-line detection. For B-line detection, it attained a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 86%. In quantifying B-lines, the algorithm achieved a weighted kappa score of 0.77 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.80) and an ICC of 0.87 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.89), showing substantial agreement between the ground truth and predicted B-line counts. Conclusions: ExoLungAI demonstrates a reliable performance in A-line detection and B-line detection/quantification. This automated tool has greater objectivity, consistency, and efficiency compared to manual methods. Many healthcare professionals including intensivists, radiologists, sonographers, medical trainers, and nurse practitioners can benefit from such a tool, as it assists the diagnostic capabilities of lung ultrasound and delivers rapid responses.

ChatGPT in surgery: a revolutionary innovation?

ChatGPT has brought about a new era of digital health, as this model has become prominent and been rapidly developing since its release. ChatGPT may be able to facilitate improvements in surgery as well; however, the influence of ChatGPT on surgery is largely unknown at present. Therefore, the present study reports on the current applications of ChatGPT in the field of surgery, evaluating its workflow, practical implementations, limitations, and future perspectives. A literature search was performed using the PubMed and Embase databases. The initial search was performed from its inception until July 2023. This study revealed that ChatGPT has promising capabilities in areas of surgical research, education, training, and practice. In daily practice, surgeons and surgical residents can be aided in performing logistics and administrative tasks, and patients can be more efficiently informed about the details of their condition. However, priority should be given to establishing proper policies and protocols to ensure the safe and reliable use of this model.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications for Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) in Low-Resource Settings: A Scoping Review

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) for point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) have ushered in new possibilities for medical diagnostics in low-resource settings. This review explores the current landscape of AI applications in POCUS across these environments, analyzing studies sourced from three databases-SCOPUS, PUBMED, and Google Scholars. Initially, 1196 records were identified, of which 1167 articles were excluded after a two-stage screening, leaving 29 unique studies for review. The majority of studies focused on deep learning algorithms to facilitate POCUS operations and interpretation in resource-constrained settings. Various types of low-resource settings were targeted, with a significant emphasis on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), rural/remote areas, and emergency contexts. Notable limitations identified include challenges in generalizability, dataset availability, regional disparities in research, patient compliance, and ethical considerations. Additionally, the lack of standardization in POCUS devices, protocols, and algorithms emerged as a significant barrier to AI implementation. The diversity of POCUS AI applications in different domains (e.g., lung, hip, heart, etc.) illustrates the challenges of having to tailor to the specific needs of each application. By separating out the analysis by application area, researchers will better understand the distinct impacts and limitations of AI, aligning research and development efforts with the unique characteristics of each clinical condition. Despite these challenges, POCUS AI systems show promise in bridging gaps in healthcare delivery by aiding clinicians in low-resource settings. Future research endeavors should prioritize addressing the gaps identified in this review to enhance the feasibility and effectiveness of POCUS AI applications to improve healthcare outcomes in resource-constrained environments.

Advanced Techniques for Liver Fibrosis Detection: Spectral Photoacoustic Imaging and Superpixel Photoacoustic Unmixing Analysis for Collagen Tracking

Liver fibrosis, a major global health issue, is marked by excessive collagen deposition that impairs liver function. Noninvasive methods for the direct visualization of collagen content are crucial for the early detection and monitoring of fibrosis progression. This study investigates the potential of spectral photoacoustic imaging (sPAI) to monitor collagen development in liver fibrosis. Utilizing a novel data-driven superpixel photoacoustic unmixing (SPAX) framework, we aimed to distinguish collagen presence and evaluate its correlation with fibrosis progression. We employed an established diethylnitrosamine (DEN) model in rats to study liver fibrosis over various time points. Our results revealed a significant correlation between increased collagen photoacoustic signal intensity and advanced fibrosis stages. Collagen abundance maps displayed dynamic changes throughout fibrosis progression. These findings underscore the potential of sPAI for the noninvasive monitoring of collagen dynamics and fibrosis severity assessment. This research advances the development of noninvasive diagnostic tools and personalized management strategies for liver fibrosis.

Extended Reality Telemedicine Collaboration System Using Patient Avatar Based on 3D Body Pose Estimation

Recent advances in extended reality (XR) technology have opened the possibility of significantly improving telemedicine systems. This is primarily achieved by transferring 3D information about patient state, which is utilized to create more immersive experiences on VR/AR headsets. In this paper, we propose an XR-based telemedicine collaboration system in which the patient is represented as a 3D avatar in an XR space shared by local and remote clinicians. The proposed system consists of an AR client application running on Microsoft HoloLens 2 used by a local clinician, a VR client application running on the HTC vive Pro used by a remote clinician, and a backend part running on the server. The patient is captured by a camera on the AR side, and the 3D body pose estimation is performed on frames from this camera stream to form a 3D patient avatar. Additionally, the AR and VR sides can interact with the patient avatar via virtual hands, and annotations can be performed on a 3D model. The main contribution of our work is the use of 3D body pose estimation for the creation of a 3D patient avatar. In this way, 3D body reconstruction using depth cameras is avoided, which reduces system complexity and hardware and network resources. Another contribution is the novel architecture of the proposed system, where audio and video streaming are realized using WebRTC protocol. The performance evaluation showed that the proposed system ensures high frame rates for both AR and VR client applications, while the processing latency remains at an acceptable level.

Interpersonal Well-Being and Suicidal Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Study of Adolescents: A Translational Study

Adolescent suicide continues to rise despite burgeoning research on interpersonal risk for suicide. This may reflect challenges in applying developmental psychopathology research into clinical settings. In response, the present study used a translational analytic plan to examine indices of social well-being most accurate and statistically fair for indexing adolescent suicide. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement were used. Adolescents aged 13-17 (N = 9,900) completed surveys on traumatic events, current relationships, and suicidal thoughts and attempts. Both frequentist (e.g., receiver operating characteristics) and Bayesian (e.g., Diagnostic Likelihood Ratios; DLRs) techniques provided insight into classification, calibration, and statistical fairness. Final algorithms were compared to a machine learning-informed algorithm. Overall, parental care and family cohesion best classified suicidal ideation, while these indices and school engagement best classified attempts. Multi-indicator algorithms suggested adolescents at high risk across these indices were approximately 3-times more likely to engage in ideation (DLR = 3.26) and 5-times more likely to engage in attempts (DLR = 4.53). Although equitable for attempts, models for ideation underperformed in non-White adolescents. Supplemental, machine learning-informed algorithms performed similarly, suggesting non-linear and interactive effects did not improve model performance. Future directions for interpersonal theories for suicide are discussed and clinical implications for suicide screening are demonstrated.

Tensor-RT-Based Transfer Learning Model for Lung Cancer Classification

Cancer is a leading cause of death across the globe, in which lung cancer constitutes the maximum mortality rate. Early diagnosis through computed tomography scan imaging helps to identify the stages of lung cancer. Several deep learning-based classification methods have been employed for developing automatic systems for the diagnosis and detection of computed tomography scan lung slices. However, the diagnosis based on nodule detection is a challenging task as it requires manual annotation of nodule regions. Also, these computer-aided systems have yet not achieved the desired performance in real-time lung cancer classification. In the present paper, a high-speed real-time transfer learning-based framework is proposed for the classification of computed tomography lung cancer slices into benign and malignant. The proposed framework comprises of three modules: (i) pre-processing and segmentation of lung images using K-means clustering based on cosine distance and morphological operations; (ii) tuning and regularization of the proposed model named as weighted VGG deep network (WVDN); (iii) model inference in Nvidia tensor-RT during post-processing for the deployment in real-time applications. In this study, two pre-trained CNN models were experimented and compared with the proposed model. All the models have been trained on 19,419 computed tomography scan lung slices, which were obtained from the publicly available Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative dataset. The proposed model achieved the best classification metric, an accuracy of 0.932, precision, recall, an F1 score of 0.93, and Cohen's kappa score of 0.85. A statistical evaluation has also been performed on the classification parameters and achieved a p-value <0.0001 for the proposed model. The quantitative and statistical results validate the improved performance of the proposed model as compared to state-of-the-art methods. The proposed framework is based on complete computed tomography slices rather than the marked annotations and may help in improving clinical diagnosis.

Taxonomy of hybrid architectures involving rule-based reasoning and machine learning in clinical decision systems: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

As the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies increases in the healthcare sector, the industry faces a need to combine medical knowledge, often expressed as clinical rules, with advances in machine learning (ML), which offer high prediction accuracy at the expense of transparency of decision making.

PURPOSE

This paper seeks to review the present literature, identify hybrid architecture patterns that incorporate rules and machine learning, and evaluate the rationale behind their selection to inform future development and research on the design of transparent and precise clinical decision systems.

METHODS

PubMed, IEEE Explore, and Google Scholar were queried in search for papers from 1992 to 2022, with the keywords: "clinical decision system", "hybrid clinical architecture", "machine learning and clinical rules". Excluded articles did not use both ML and rules or did not provide any explanation of employed architecture. A proposed taxonomy was used to organize the results, analyze them, and depict them in graphical and tabular form. Two researchers, one with expertise in rule-based systems and another in ML, reviewed identified papers and discussed the work to minimize bias, and the third one re-reviewed the work to ensure consistency of reporting.

RESULTS

The authors screened 957 papers and reviewed 71 that met their criteria. Five distinct architecture archetypes were determined: Rules are Embedded in ML architecture (REML) (most used), ML pre-processes input data for Rule-Based inference (MLRB), Rule-Based method pre-processes input data for ML prediction (RBML), Rules influence ML training (RMLT), Parallel Ensemble of Rules and ML (PERML), which was rarely observed in clinical contexts.

CONCLUSIONS

Most architectures in the reviewed literature prioritize prediction accuracy over explainability and trustworthiness, which has led to more complex embedded approaches. Alternatively, parallel (PERML) architectures may be employed, allowing for a more transparent system that is easier to explain to patients and clinicians. The potential of this approach warrants further research.

OTHER

A limitation of the study may be that it reviews scientific literature, while algorithms implemented in clinical practice may present different distributions of motivations and implementations of hybrid architectures.

Sequence rules for gold-binding peptides

Metal-binding peptides play a central role in bionanotechnology, wherein they are responsible for directing growth and influencing the resulting properties of inorganic nanomaterials. One of the key advantages of using peptides to create nanomaterials is their versatility, wherein subtle changes in the sequence can have a dramatic effect on the structure and properties of the nanomaterial. However, precisely knowing which position and which amino acid should be modified within a given sequence to enhance a specific property can be a daunting challenge owing to combinatorial complexity. In this study, classification based on association rules was performed using 860 gold-binding peptides. Using a minimum support threshold of 0.035 and confidence of 0.9, 30 rules with confidence and lift values greater than 0.9 and 1, respectively, were extracted that can differentiate high-binding from low-binding peptides. The test performance of these rules for categorizing the peptides was found to be satisfactory, as characterized by accuracy = 0.942, F₁ = 0.941, MCC = 0.884. What stands out from the extracted rules are the importance of tryptophan and arginine residues in differentiating peptides with high binding affinity from those with low affinity. In addition, the association rules revealed that positions 2 and 4 within a decapeptide are frequently involved in the rules, thus suggesting their importance in influencing peptide binding affinity to AuNPs. Collectively, this study identified sequence rules that may be used to design peptides with high binding affinity.

Towards automatic insect monitoring on witloof chicory fields using sticky plate image analysis

Context

Sticky trap catches of agricultural pests can be employed for early hotspot detection, identification, and estimation of pest presence in greenhouses or in the field. However, manual procedures to produce and analyze catch results require substantial time and effort. As a result, much research has gone into creating efficient techniques for remotely monitoring possible infestations. A considerable number of these studies use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to analyze the acquired data and focus on performance metrics for various model architectures. Less emphasis, however, was devoted to the testing of the trained models to investigate how well they would perform under practical, in-field conditions.

Objective

In this study, we showcase an automatic and reliable computational method for monitoring insects in witloof chicory fields, while shifting the focus to the challenges of compiling and using a realistic insect image dataset that contains insects with common taxonomy levels.

Methods

To achieve this, we collected, imaged, and annotated 731 sticky plates - containing 74,616 bounding boxes - to train a YOLOv5 object detection model, concentrating on two pest insects (chicory leaf-miners and wooly aphids) and their two predatory counterparts (ichneumon wasps and grass flies). To better understand the object detection model's actual field performance, it was validated in a practical manner by splitting our image data on the sticky plate level.

Results and conclusions

According to experimental findings, the average mAP score for all dataset classes was 0.76. For both pest species and their corresponding predators, high mAP values of 0.73 and 0.86 were obtained. Additionally, the model accurately forecasted the presence of pests when presented with unseen sticky plate images from the test set.

Significance

The findings of this research clarify the feasibility of AI-powered pest monitoring in the field for real-world applications and provide opportunities for implementing pest monitoring in witloof chicory fields with minimal human intervention.

Addressing Internet of Things security by enhanced sine cosine metaheuristics tuned hybrid machine learning model and results interpretation based on SHAP approach

An ever increasing number of electronic devices integrated into the Internet of Things (IoT) generates vast amounts of data, which gets transported via network and stored for further analysis. However, besides the undisputed advantages of this technology, it also brings risks of unauthorized access and data compromise, situations where machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) can help with detection of potential threats, intrusions and automation of the diagnostic process. The effectiveness of the applied algorithms largely depends on the previously performed optimization, i.e., predetermined values of hyperparameters and training conducted to achieve the desired result. Therefore, to address very important issue of IoT security, this article proposes an AI framework based on the simple convolutional neural network (CNN) and extreme machine learning machine (ELM) tuned by modified sine cosine algorithm (SCA). Not withstanding that many methods for addressing security issues have been developed, there is always a possibility for further improvements and proposed research tried to fill in this gap. The introduced framework was evaluated on two ToN IoT intrusion detection datasets, that consist of the network traffic data generated in Windows 7 and Windows 10 environments. The analysis of the results suggests that the proposed model achieved superior level of classification performance for the observed datasets. Additionally, besides conducting rigid statistical tests, best derived model is interpreted by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis and results findings can be used by security experts to further enhance security of IoT systems.

Explainable CAD System for Classification of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Based on a Robust White Blood Cell Segmentation

Leukemia is a significant health challenge, with high incidence and mortality rates. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has emerged as a promising approach. However, deep-learning methods suffer from the "black box problem", leading to unreliable diagnoses. This research proposes an Explainable AI (XAI) Leukemia classification method that addresses this issue by incorporating a robust White Blood Cell (WBC) nuclei segmentation as a hard attention mechanism. The segmentation of WBC is achieved by combining image processing and U-Net techniques, resulting in improved overall performance. The segmented images are fed into modified ResNet-50 models, where the MLP classifier, activation functions, and training scheme have been tested for leukemia subtype classification. Additionally, we add visual explainability and feature space analysis techniques to offer an interpretable classification. Our segmentation algorithm achieves an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.91, in six databases. Furthermore, the deep-learning classifier achieves an accuracy of 99.9% on testing. The Grad CAM methods and clustering space analysis confirm improved network focus when classifying segmented images compared to non-segmented images. Overall, the proposed visual explainable CAD system has the potential to assist physicians in diagnosing leukemia and improving patient outcomes.

The Control Method of Autonomous Flight Avoidance Barriers of UAVs in Confined Environments

This paper proposes an improved 3D-Vector Field Histogram (3D-VFH) algorithm for autonomous flight and local obstacle avoidance of multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a confined environment. Firstly, the method employs a target point coordinate system based on polar coordinates to convert the point cloud data, considering that long-range point cloud information has no effect on local obstacle avoidance by UAVs. This enables UAVs to effectively utilize obstacle information for obstacle avoidance and improves the real-time performance of the algorithm. Secondly, a sliding window algorithm is used to estimate the optimal flight path of the UAV and implement obstacle avoidance control, thereby maintaining the attitude stability of the UAV during obstacle avoidance flight. Finally, experimental analysis is conducted, and the results show that the UAV has good attitude stability during obstacle avoidance flight, can autonomously follow the expected trajectory, and can avoid dynamic obstacles, achieving precise obstacle avoidance.

Update on Autophagy Inhibitors in Cancer: Opening up to a Therapeutic Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Autophagy is a highly conserved and natural degradation process that helps maintain cell homeostasis through the elimination of old, worn, and defective cellular components, ensuring proper cell energy intake. The degradative pathway constitutes a protective barrier against diverse human diseases including cancer. Autophagy basal level has been reported to be completely dysregulated during the entire oncogenic process. Autophagy influences not only cancer initiation, development, and maintenance but also regulates cancer response to therapy. Currently, autophagy inhibitor candidates mainly target the early autophagy process without any successful preclinical/clinical development. Lessons learned from autophagy pharmaceutical manipulation as a curative option progressively help to improve drug design and to encounter new targets of interest. Combinatorial strategies with autophagy modulators are supported by abundant evidence, especially dealing with immune checkpoint inhibitors, for which encouraging preclinical results have been recently published. GNS561, a PPT1 inhibitor, is a promising autophagy modulator as it has started a phase 2 clinical trial in liver cancer indication, combined with atezolizumab and bevacizumab, an assessment without precedent in the field. This approach paves a new road, leading to the resurgence of anticancer autophagy inhibitors as an attractive therapeutic target in cancer.

DDD TinyML: A TinyML-Based Driver Drowsiness Detection Model Using Deep Learning

Driver drowsiness is one of the main causes of traffic accidents today. In recent years, driver drowsiness detection has suffered from issues integrating deep learning (DL) with Internet-of-things (IoT) devices due to the limited resources of IoT devices, which pose a challenge to fulfilling DL models that demand large storage and computation. Thus, there are challenges to meeting the requirements of real-time driver drowsiness detection applications that need short latency and lightweight computation. To this end, we applied Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) to a driver drowsiness detection case study. In this paper, we first present an overview of TinyML. After conducting some preliminary experiments, we proposed five lightweight DL models that can be deployed on a microcontroller. We applied three DL models: SqueezeNet, AlexNet, and CNN. In addition, we adopted two pretrained models (MobileNet-V2 and MobileNet-V3) to find the best model in terms of size and accuracy results. After that, we applied the optimization methods to DL models using quantization. Three quantization methods were applied: quantization-aware training (QAT), full-integer quantization (FIQ), and dynamic range quantization (DRQ). The obtained results in terms of the model size show that the CNN model achieved the smallest size of 0.05 MB using the DRQ method, followed by SqueezeNet, AlexNet MobileNet-V3, and MobileNet-V2, with 0.141 MB, 0.58 MB, 1.16 MB, and 1.55 MB, respectively. The result after applying the optimization method was 0.9964 accuracy using DRQ in the MobileNet-V2 model, which outperformed the other models, followed by the SqueezeNet and AlexNet models, with 0.9951 and 0.9924 accuracies, respectively, using DRQ.

Transformer-Based Approach to Melanoma Detection

Melanoma is a malignant cancer type which develops when DNA damage occurs (mainly due to environmental factors such as ultraviolet rays). Often, melanoma results in intense and aggressive cell growth that, if not caught in time, can bring one toward death. Thus, early identification at the initial stage is fundamental to stopping the spread of cancer. In this paper, a ViT-based architecture able to classify melanoma versus non-cancerous lesions is presented. The proposed predictive model is trained and tested on public skin cancer data from the ISIC challenge, and the obtained results are highly promising. Different classifier configurations are considered and analyzed in order to find the most discriminating one. The best one reached an accuracy of 0.948, sensitivity of 0.928, specificity of 0.967, and AUROC of 0.948.

A review on lung disease recognition by acoustic signal analysis with deep learning networks

Recently, assistive explanations for difficulties in the health check area have been made viable thanks in considerable portion to technologies like deep learning and machine learning. Using auditory analysis and medical imaging, they also increase the predictive accuracy for prompt and early disease detection. Medical professionals are thankful for such technological support since it helps them manage further patients because of the shortage of skilled human resources. In addition to serious illnesses like lung cancer and respiratory diseases, the plurality of breathing difficulties is gradually rising and endangering society. Because early prediction and immediate treatment are crucial for respiratory disorders, chest X-rays and respiratory sound audio are proving to be quite helpful together. Compared to related review studies on lung disease classification/detection using deep learning algorithms, only two review studies based on signal analysis for lung disease diagnosis have been conducted in 2011 and 2018. This work provides a review of lung disease recognition with acoustic signal analysis with deep learning networks. We anticipate that physicians and researchers working with sound-signal-based machine learning will find this material beneficial.

Impact of artificial intelligence on human loss in decision making, laziness and safety in education

This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on loss in decision-making, laziness, and privacy concerns among university students in Pakistan and China. Like other sectors, education also adopts AI technologies to address modern-day challenges. AI investment will grow to USD 253.82 million from 2021 to 2025. However, worryingly, researchers and institutions across the globe are praising the positive role of AI but ignoring its concerns. This study is based on qualitative methodology using PLS-Smart for the data analysis. Primary data was collected from 285 students from different universities in Pakistan and China. The purposive Sampling technique was used to draw the sample from the population. The data analysis findings show that AI significantly impacts the loss of human decision-making and makes humans lazy. It also impacts security and privacy. The findings show that 68.9% of laziness in humans, 68.6% in personal privacy and security issues, and 27.7% in the loss of decision-making are due to the impact of artificial intelligence in Pakistani and Chinese society. From this, it was observed that human laziness is the most affected area due to AI. However, this study argues that significant preventive measures are necessary before implementing AI technology in education. Accepting AI without addressing the major human concerns would be like summoning the devils. Concentrating on justified designing and deploying and using AI for education is recommended to address the issue.

Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Chest X-ray Images and Disease Symptoms Based on Stacking Ensemble Deep Learning

The COVID-19 virus is one of the most devastating illnesses humanity has ever faced. COVID-19 is an infection that is hard to diagnose until it has caused lung damage or blood clots. As a result, it is one of the most insidious diseases due to the lack of knowledge of its symptoms. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are being investigated for the early detection of COVID-19 using symptoms and chest X-ray images. Therefore, this work proposes stacking ensemble models using two types of COVID-19 datasets, symptoms and chest X-ray scans, to identify COVID-19. The first proposed model is a stacking ensemble model that is merged from the outputs of pre-trained models in the stacking: multi-layer perceptron (MLP), recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU). Stacking trains and evaluates the meta-learner as a support vector machine (SVM) to predict the final decision. Two datasets of COVID-19 symptoms are used to compare the first proposed model with MLP, RNN, LSTM, and GRU models. The second proposed model is a stacking ensemble model that is merged from the outputs of pre-trained DL models in the stacking: VGG16, InceptionV3, Resnet50, and DenseNet121; it uses stacking to train and evaluate the meta-learner (SVM) to identify the final prediction. Two datasets of COVID-19 chest X-ray images are used to compare the second proposed model with other DL models. The result has shown that the proposed models achieve the highest performance compared to other models for each dataset.

Improved LSTM-based deep learning model for COVID-19 prediction using optimized approach

Individuals in any country are badly impacted both economically and physically whenever an epidemic of infectious illnesses breaks out. A novel coronavirus strain was responsible for the outbreak of the coronavirus sickness in 2019. Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the name that the World Health Organization (WHO) officially gave to the pneumonia that was caused by the novel coronavirus on February 11, 2020. The use of models that are informed by machine learning is currently a major focus of study in the field of improved forecasting. By displaying annual trends, forecasting models can be of use in performing impact assessments of potential outcomes. In this paper, proposed forecast models consisting of time series models such as long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), generalized regression unit (GRU), and dense-LSTM have been evaluated for time series prediction of confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries in 12 major countries that have been affected by COVID-19. Tensorflow1.0 was used for programming. Indices known as mean absolute error (MAE), root means square error (RMSE), Median Absolute Error (MEDAE) and r2 score are utilized in the process of evaluating the performance of models. We presented various ways to time-series forecasting by making use of LSTM models (LSTM, BiLSTM), and we compared these proposed methods to other machine learning models to evaluate the performance of the models. Our study suggests that LSTM based models are among the most advanced models to forecast time series data.

Sentiment analysis of Indonesian datasets based on a hybrid deep-learning strategy

Various attempts have been conducted to improve the performance of text-based sentiment analysis. These significant attempts have focused on text representation and model classifiers. This paper introduced a hybrid model based on the text representation and the classifier models, to address sentiment classification with various topics. The combination of BERT and a distilled version of BERT (DistilBERT) was selected in the representative vectors of the input sentences, while the combination of long short-term memory and temporal convolutional networks was taken to enhance the proposed model in understanding the semantics and context of each word. The experiment results showed that the proposed model outperformed various counterpart schemes in considered metrics. The reliability of the proposed model was confirmed in a mixed dataset containing nine topics.

A comprehensive review of analyzing the chest X-ray images to detect COVID-19 infections using deep learning techniques

COVID-19, a highly infectious respiratory disease a used by SARS virus, has killed millions of people across many countries. To enhance quick and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19, chest X-ray (CXR) imaging methods were commonly utilized. Identifying the infection manually by radio imaging, on the other hand, was considered, extremely difficult due to the time commitment and significant risk of human error. Emerging artificial intelligence (AI) techniques promised exploration in the development of precise and as well as automated COVID-19 detection tools. Convolution neural networks (CNN), a well performing deep learning strategy tends to gain substantial favors among AI approaches for COVID-19 classification. The preprints and published studies to diagnose COVID-19 with CXR pictures using CNN and other deep learning methodologies are reviewed and critically assessed in this research. This study focused on the methodology, algorithms, and preprocessing techniques used in various deep learning architectures, as well as datasets and performance studies of several deep learning architectures used in prediction and diagnosis. Our research concludes with a list of future research directions in COVID-19 imaging categorization.

Artificial intelligence-assisted air quality monitoring for smart city management

Background

The environment has been significantly impacted by rapid urbanization, leading to a need for changes in climate change and pollution indicators. The 4IR offers a potential solution to efficiently manage these impacts. Smart city ecosystems can provide well-designed, sustainable, and safe cities that enable holistic climate change and global warming solutions through various community-centred initiatives. These include smart planning techniques, smart environment monitoring, and smart governance. An air quality intelligence platform, which operates as a complete measurement site for monitoring and governing air quality, has shown promising results in providing actionable insights. This article aims to highlight the potential of machine learning models in predicting air quality, providing data-driven strategic and sustainable solutions for smart cities.

Methods

This study proposed an end-to-end air quality predictive model for smart city applications, utilizing four machine learning techniques and two deep learning techniques. These include Ada Boost, SVR, RF, KNN, MLP regressor and LSTM. The study was conducted in four different urban cities in Selangor, Malaysia, including Petaling Jaya, Banting, Klang, and Shah Alam. The model considered the air quality data of various pollution markers such as PM2.5, PM10, O3, and CO. Additionally, meteorological data including wind speed and wind direction were also considered, and their interactions with the pollutant markers were quantified. The study aimed to determine the correlation variance of the dependent variable in predicting air pollution and proposed a feature optimization process to reduce dimensionality and remove irrelevant features to enhance the prediction of PM2.5, improving the existing LSTM model. The study estimates the concentration of pollutants in the air based on training and highlights the contribution of feature optimization in air quality predictions through feature dimension reductions.

Results

In this section, the results of predicting the concentration of pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, and CO) in the air are presented in R2 and RMSE. In predicting the PM10 and PM2.5concentration, LSTM performed the best overall high R2values in the four study areas with the R2 values of 0.998, 0.995, 0.918, and 0.993 in Banting, Petaling, Klang and Shah Alam stations, respectively. The study indicated that among the studied pollution markers, PM2.5,PM10, NO2, wind speed and humidity are the most important elements to monitor. By reducing the number of features used in the model the proposed feature optimization process can make the model more interpretable and provide insights into the most critical factor affecting air quality. Findings from this study can aid policymakers in understanding the underlying causes of air pollution and develop more effective smart strategies for reducing pollution levels.

Application of Multitemporal Change Detection in Radar Satellite Imagery Using REACTIV-Based Method for Geospatial Intelligence

Constant monitoring of airports and aviation bases has become one of the priorities in today's strategic security. It results in the necessity to develop the potential of satellite Earth observation systems and to intensify the efforts to develop the technologies of processing SAR data, in particular in the aspect of detecting changes. The aim of this work is to develop a new algorithm based on the modified core REACTIV in the multitemporal detection of changes in radar satellite imagery. For the purposes of the research works, the new algorithm implemented in the Google Earth Engine environment has been transformed so that it would meet the requirements posed by imagery intelligence. The assessment of the potential of the developed methodology was performed based on the analysis of the three main aspects of change detection: analysis of infrastructural changes, analysis of military activity, and impact effect evaluation. The proposed methodology enables automated detection of changes in multitemporal series of radar imagery. Apart from merely detecting the changes, the method also allows for the expansion of the change analysis result by adding another dimension: the determination of the time of the change.

Robust Attitude and Heading Estimation under Dynamic Motion and Magnetic Disturbance

Robust and accurate attitude and heading estimation using Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) is the most crucial technique that determines the accuracy of various downstream applications, especially pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR), human motion tracking, and Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs). However, the accuracy of the Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) is often compromised by the noisy nature of low-cost MEMS-IMUs, dynamic motion-induced large external acceleration, and ubiquitous magnetic disturbance. To address these challenges, we propose a novel data-driven IMU calibration model that employs Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs) to model random errors and disturbance terms, providing denoised sensor data. For sensor fusion, we use an open-loop and decoupled version of the Extended Complementary Filter (ECF) to provide accurate and robust attitude estimation. Our proposed method is systematically evaluated using three public datasets, TUM VI, EuRoC MAV, and OxIOD, with different IMU devices, hardware platforms, motion modes, and environmental conditions; and it outperforms the advanced baseline data-driven methods and complementary filter on two metrics, namely absolute attitude error and absolute yaw error, by more than 23.4% and 23.9%. The generalization experiment results demonstrate the robustness of our model on different devices and using patterns.

From SLAM to Situational Awareness: Challenges and Survey

The capability of a mobile robot to efficiently and safely perform complex missions is limited by its knowledge of the environment, namely the situation. Advanced reasoning, decision-making, and execution skills enable an intelligent agent to act autonomously in unknown environments. Situational Awareness (SA) is a fundamental capability of humans that has been deeply studied in various fields, such as psychology, military, aerospace, and education. Nevertheless, it has yet to be considered in robotics, which has focused on single compartmentalized concepts such as sensing, spatial perception, sensor fusion, state estimation, and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). Hence, the present research aims to connect the broad multidisciplinary existing knowledge to pave the way for a complete SA system for mobile robotics that we deem paramount for autonomy. To this aim, we define the principal components to structure a robotic SA and their area of competence. Accordingly, this paper investigates each aspect of SA, surveying the state-of-the-art robotics algorithms that cover them, and discusses their current limitations. Remarkably, essential aspects of SA are still immature since the current algorithmic development restricts their performance to only specific environments. Nevertheless, Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Deep Learning (DL), has brought new methods to bridge the gap that maintains these fields apart from the deployment to real-world scenarios. Furthermore, an opportunity has been discovered to interconnect the vastly fragmented space of robotic comprehension algorithms through the mechanism of Situational Graph (S-Graph), a generalization of the well-known scene graph. Therefore, we finally shape our vision for the future of robotic situational awareness by discussing interesting recent research directions.

Acoustic-Based Deep Learning Architectures for Lung Disease Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Overview

Lung auscultation has long been used as a valuable medical tool to assess respiratory health and has gotten a lot of attention in recent years, notably following the coronavirus epidemic. Lung auscultation is used to assess a patient's respiratory role. Modern technological progress has guided the growth of computer-based respiratory speech investigation, a valuable tool for detecting lung abnormalities and diseases. Several recent studies have reviewed this important area, but none are specific to lung sound-based analysis with deep-learning architectures from one side and the provided information was not sufficient for a good understanding of these techniques. This paper gives a complete review of prior deep-learning-based architecture lung sound analysis. Deep-learning-based respiratory sound analysis articles are found in different databases including the Plos, ACM Digital Libraries, Elsevier, PubMed, MDPI, Springer, and IEEE. More than 160 publications were extracted and submitted for assessment. This paper discusses different trends in pathology/lung sound, the common features for classifying lung sounds, several considered datasets, classification methods, signal processing techniques, and some statistical information based on previous study findings. Finally, the assessment concludes with a discussion of potential future improvements and recommendations.

A mobile-based system for maize plant leaf disease detection and classification using deep learning

Artificial Intelligence has been used for many applications such as medical, communication, object detection, and object tracking. Maize crop, which is the major crop in the world, is affected by several types of diseases which lower its yield and affect the quality. This paper focuses on this issue and provides an application for the detection and classification of diseases in maize crop using deep learning models. In addition to this, the developed application also returns the segmented images of affected leaves and thus enables us to track the disease spots on each leaf. For this purpose, a dataset of three maize crop diseases named Blight, Sugarcane Mosaic virus, and Leaf Spot is collected from the University Research Farm Koont, PMAS-AAUR at different growth stages on contrasting weather conditions. This data was used for training different prediction models including YOLOv3-tiny, YOLOv4, YOLOv5s, YOLOv7s, and YOLOv8n and the reported prediction accuracy was 69.40%, 97.50%, 88.23%, 93.30%, and 99.04% respectively. Results demonstrate that the prediction accuracy of the YOLOv8n model is higher than the other applied models. This model has shown excellent results while localizing the affected area of the leaf accurately with a higher confidence score. YOLOv8n is the latest model used for the detection of diseases as compared to the other approaches in the available literature. Also, worked on sugarcane mosaic virus using deep learning models has also been reported for the first time. Further, the models with high accuracy have been embedded in a mobile application to provide a real-time disease detection facility for end users within a few seconds.

Automatic Analysis of MRI Images for Early Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease Stages Based on Hybrid Features of CNN and Handcrafted Features

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered one of the challenges facing health care in the modern century; until now, there has been no effective treatment to cure it, but there are drugs to slow its progression. Therefore, early detection of Alzheimer's is vital to take needful measures before it develops into brain damage which cannot be treated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have contributed to the diagnosis and prediction of its progression. MRI images require highly experienced doctors and radiologists, and the analysis of MRI images takes time to analyze each slice. Thus, deep learning techniques play a vital role in analyzing a huge amount of MRI images with high accuracy to detect Alzheimer's and predict its progression. Because of the similarities in the characteristics of the early stages of Alzheimer's, this study aimed to extract the features in several methods and integrate the features extracted from more than one method into the same features matrix. This study contributed to the development of three methodologies, each with two systems, with all systems aimed at achieving satisfactory accuracy for the detection of AD and predicting the stages of its progression. The first methodology is by Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) with the features of GoogLeNet and DenseNet-121 models separately. The second methodology is by FFNN network with combined features between GoogLeNet and Dense-121 models before and after high-dimensionality reduction of features using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm. The third methodology is by FFNN network with combined features between GoogLeNet and Dense-121 models separately and features extracted by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) methods called handcrafted features. All systems yielded super results in detecting AD and predicting the stages of its progression. With the combined features of the DenseNet-121 and handcrafted, the FFNN achieved an accuracy of 99.7%, sensitivity of 99.64%, AUC of 99.56%, precision of 99.63%, and a specificity of 99.67%.

Petrochemical Equipment Tracking by Improved Yolov7 Network and Hybrid Matching in Moving Scenes

Petrochemical equipment tracking is a fundamental and important technology in petrochemical industry security monitoring, equipment working risk analysis, and other applications. In complex scenes where the multiple pipelines present different directions and many kinds of equipment have huge scale and shape variation in seriously mutual occlusions captured by moving cameras, the accuracy and speed of petrochemical equipment tracking would be limited because of the false and missed tracking of equipment with extreme sizes and severe occlusion, due to image quality, equipment scale, light, and other factors. In this paper, a new multiple petrochemical equipment tracking method is proposed by combining an improved Yolov7 network with attention mechanism and small target perceive layer and a hybrid matching that incorporates deep feature and traditional texture and location feature. The model incorporates the advantages of channel and spatial attention module into the improved Yolov7 detector and Siamese neural network for similarity matching. The proposed model is validated on the self-built petrochemical equipment video data set and the experimental results show it achieves a competitive performance in comparison with the related state-of-the-art tracking algorithms.

Pretreatment soluble Siglec-5 protein predicts early progression and R-CHOP efficacy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Aims: To explore the clinical association between soluble Siglec-5/CD163 and clinical feature and prognosis in peripheral blood samples of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Method: Significantly elevated cytokines in peripheral blood were characterized by cytokines array and validated by ELISA. Results: Compared with CD163, Siglec-5 exhibited superiority in discriminating patients into low- and high-risk subgroups based on overall survival and progression-free survival. In addition, Siglec-5 was an indicator of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) treatment efficacy. Conclusion: Siglec-5 may be applied as a reliable independent immune indicator for overall survival and progression-free survival. It may also predict R-CHOP efficacy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Chirality Analysis of Complex Microparticles using Deep Learning on Realistic Sets of Microscopy Images

Nanoscale chirality is an actively growing research field spurred by the giant chiroptical activity, enantioselective biological activity, and asymmetric catalytic activity of chiral nanostructures. Compared to chiral molecules, the handedness of chiral nano- and microstructures can be directly established via electron microscopy, which can be utilized for the automatic analysis of chiral nanostructures and prediction of their properties. However, chirality in complex materials may have multiple geometric forms and scales. Computational identification of chirality from electron microscopy images rather than optical measurements is convenient but is fundamentally challenging, too, because (1) image features differentiating left- and right-handed particles can be ambiguous and (2) three-dimensional structure essential for chirality is 'flattened' into two-dimensional projections. Here, we show that deep learning algorithms can identify twisted bowtie-shaped microparticles with nearly 100% accuracy and classify them as left- and right-handed with as high as 99% accuracy. Importantly, such accuracy was achieved with as few as 30 original electron microscopy images of bowties. Furthermore, after training on bowtie particles with complex nanostructured features, the model can recognize other chiral shapes with different geometries without retraining for their specific chiral geometry with 93% accuracy, indicating the true learning abilities of the employed neural networks. These findings indicate that our algorithm trained on a practically feasible set of experimental data enables automated analysis of microscopy data for the accelerated discovery of chiral particles and their complex systems for multiple applications.

Federated Learning for Medical Image Analysis with Deep Neural Networks

Medical image analysis using deep neural networks (DNN) has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in image classification and segmentation tasks, aiding disease diagnosis. The accuracy of the DNN is largely governed by the quality and quantity of the data used to train the model. However, for the medical images, the critical security and privacy concerns regarding sharing of local medical data across medical establishments precludes exploiting the full DNN potential for clinical diagnosis. The federated learning (FL) approach enables the use of local model's parameters to train a global model, while ensuring data privacy and security. In this paper, we review the federated learning applications in medical image analysis with DNNs, highlight the security concerns, cover some efforts to improve FL model performance, and describe the challenges and future research directions.

An intelligent identification and classification system for malicious uniform resource locators (URLs)

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a unique identifier composed of protocol and domain name used to locate and retrieve a resource on the Internet. Like any Internet service, URLs (also called websites) are vulnerable to compromise by attackers to develop Malicious URLs that can exploit/devastate the user's information and resources. Malicious URLs are usually designed with the intention of promoting cyber-attacks such as spam, phishing, malware, and defacement. These websites usually require action on the user's side and can reach users across emails, text messages, pop-ups, or devious advertisements. They have a potential impact that can reach, in some cases, to compromise the machine or network of the user, especially those arriving by email. Therefore, developing systems to detect malicious URLs is of great interest nowadays. This paper proposes a high-performance machine learning-based detection system to identify Malicious URLs. The proposed system provides two layers of detection. Firstly, we identify the URLs as either benign or malware using a binary classifier. Secondly, we classify the URL classes based on their feature into five classes: benign, spam, phishing, malware, and defacement. Specifically, we report on four ensemble learning approaches, viz. the ensemble of bagging trees (En_Bag) approach, the ensemble of k-nearest neighbor (En_kNN) approach, and the ensemble of boosted decision trees (En_Bos) approach, and the ensemble of subspace discriminator (En_Dsc) approach. The developed approaches have been evaluated on an inclusive and contemporary dataset for uniform resource locators (ISCX-URL2016). ISCX-URL2016 provides a lightweight dataset for detecting and categorizing malicious URLs according to their attack type and lexical analysis. Conventional machine learning evaluation measurements are used to evaluate the detection accuracy, precision, recall, F Score, and detection time. Our experiential assessment indicates that the ensemble of bagging trees (En_Bag) approach provides better performance rates than other ensemble methods. Alternatively, the ensemble of the k-nearest neighbor (En_kNN) approach provides the highest inference speed. We also contrast our En_Bag model with state-of-the-art solutions and show its superiority in binary classification and multi-classification with accuracy rates of 99.3% and 97.92%, respectively.

COVID-19 Epidemic Forecast in Brazil

This study advocates a novel spatio-temporal method for accurate prediction of COVID-19 epidemic occurrence probability at any time in any Brazil state of interest, and raw clinical observational data have been used. This article describes a novel bio-system reliability approach, particularly suitable for multi-regional environmental and health systems, observed over a sufficient time period, resulting in robust long-term forecast of the virus outbreak probability. COVID-19 daily numbers of recorded patients in all affected Brazil states were taken into account. This work aimed to benchmark novel state-of-the-art methods, making it possible to analyse dynamically observed patient numbers while taking into account relevant regional mapping. Advocated approach may help to monitor and predict possible future epidemic outbreaks within a large variety of multi-regional biological systems. Suggested methodology may be used in various modern public health applications, efficiently using their clinical survey data.

Automated semantic lung segmentation in chest CT images using deep neural network

Lung segmentation algorithms play a significant role in segmenting theinfected regions in the lungs. This work aims to develop a computationally efficient and robust deep learning model for lung segmentation using chest computed tomography (CT) images with DeepLabV3 + networks for two-class (background and lung field) and four-class (ground-glass opacities, background, consolidation, and lung field). In this work, we investigate the performance of the DeepLabV3 + network with five pretrained networks: Xception, ResNet-18, Inception-ResNet-v2, MobileNet-v2 and ResNet-50. A publicly available database for COVID-19 that contains 750 chest CT images and corresponding pixel-labeled images are used to develop the deep learning model. The segmentation performance has been assessed using five performance measures: Intersection of Union (IoU), Weighted IoU, Balance F1 score, pixel accu-racy, and global accuracy. The experimental results of this work confirm that the DeepLabV3 + network with ResNet-18 and a batch size of 8 have a higher performance for two-class segmentation. DeepLabV3 + network coupled with ResNet-50 and a batch size of 16 yielded better results for four-class segmentation compared to other pretrained networks. Besides, the ResNet with a fewer number of layers is highly adequate for developing a more robust lung segmentation network with lesser computational complexity compared to the conventional DeepLabV3 + network with Xception. This present work proposes a unified DeepLabV3 + network to delineate the two and four different regions automatically using CT images for CoVID-19 patients. Our developed automated segmented model can be further developed to be used as a clinical diagnosis system for CoVID-19 as well as assist clinicians in providing an accurate second opinion CoVID-19 diagnosis.

DSCC_Net: Multi-Classification Deep Learning Models for Diagnosing of Skin Cancer Using Dermoscopic Images

Skin cancer is one of the most lethal kinds of human illness. In the present state of the health care system, skin cancer identification is a time-consuming procedure and if it is not diagnosed initially then it can be threatening to human life. To attain a high prospect of complete recovery, early detection of skin cancer is crucial. In the last several years, the application of deep learning (DL) algorithms for the detection of skin cancer has grown in popularity. Based on a DL model, this work intended to build a multi-classification technique for diagnosing skin cancers such as melanoma (MEL), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanocytic nevi (MN). In this paper, we have proposed a novel model, a deep learning-based skin cancer classification network (DSCC_Net) that is based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), and evaluated it on three publicly available benchmark datasets (i.e., ISIC 2020, HAM10000, and DermIS). For the skin cancer diagnosis, the classification performance of the proposed DSCC_Net model is compared with six baseline deep networks, including ResNet-152, Vgg-16, Vgg-19, Inception-V3, EfficientNet-B0, and MobileNet. In addition, we used SMOTE Tomek to handle the minority classes issue that exists in this dataset. The proposed DSCC_Net obtained a 99.43% AUC, along with a 94.17%, accuracy, a recall of 93.76%, a precision of 94.28%, and an F1-score of 93.93% in categorizing the four distinct types of skin cancer diseases. The rates of accuracy for ResNet-152, Vgg-19, MobileNet, Vgg-16, EfficientNet-B0, and Inception-V3 are 89.32%, 91.68%, 92.51%, 91.12%, 89.46% and 91.82%, respectively. The results showed that our proposed DSCC_Net model performs better as compared to baseline models, thus offering significant support to dermatologists and health experts to diagnose skin cancer.

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Detecting COVID-19 Using Medical Images: A Survey

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), surprised the world in December 2019 and has threatened the lives of millions of people. Countries all over the world closed worship places and shops, prevented gatherings, and implemented curfews to stand against the spread of COVID-19. Deep Learning (DL) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can have a great role in detecting and fighting this disease. Deep learning can be used to detect COVID-19 symptoms and signs from different imaging modalities, such as X-Ray, Computed Tomography (CT), and Ultrasound Images (US). This could help in identifying COVID-19 cases as a first step to curing them. In this paper, we reviewed the research studies conducted from January 2020 to September 2022 about deep learning models that were used in COVID-19 detection. This paper clarified the three most common imaging modalities (X-Ray, CT, and US) in addition to the DL approaches that are used in this detection and compared these approaches. This paper also provided the future directions of this field to fight COVID-19 disease.

StynMedGAN: Medical images augmentation using a new GAN model for improved diagnosis of diseases

Deep networks require a considerable amount of training data otherwise these networks generalize poorly. Data Augmentation techniques help the network generalize better by providing more variety in the training data. Standard data augmentation techniques such as flipping, and scaling, produce new data that is a modified version of the original data. Generative Adversarial networks (GANs) have been designed to generate new data that can be exploited. In this paper, we propose a new GAN model, named StynMedGAN for synthetically generating medical images to improve the performance of classification models.  StynMedGAN builds upon the state-of-the-art styleGANv2 that has produced remarkable results generating all kinds of natural images. We introduce a regularization term that is a normalized loss factor in the existing discriminator loss of styleGANv2. It is used to force the generator to produce normalized images and penalize it if it fails. Medical imaging modalities, such as X-Rays, CT-Scans, and MRIs are different in nature, we show that the proposed GAN extends the capacity of styleGANv2 to handle medical images in a better way. This new GAN model (StynMedGAN) is applied to three types of medical imaging: X-Rays, CT scans, and MRI to produce more data for the classification tasks. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model for the classification, 3 classifiers (CNN, DenseNet121, and VGG-16) are used. Results show that the classifiers trained with StynMedGAN-augmented data outperform other methods that only used the original data. The proposed model achieved 100%, 99.6%, and 100% for chest X-Ray, Chest CT-Scans, and Brain MRI respectively. The results are promising and favor a potentially important resource that can be used by practitioners and radiologists to diagnose different diseases.

AI Techniques of Dermoscopy Image Analysis for the Early Detection of Skin Lesions Based on Combined CNN Features

Melanoma is one of the deadliest types of skin cancer that leads to death if not diagnosed early. Many skin lesions are similar in the early stages, which causes an inaccurate diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis of the types of skin lesions helps dermatologists save patients’ lives. In this paper, we propose hybrid systems based on the advantages of fused CNN models. CNN models receive dermoscopy images of the ISIC 2019 dataset after segmenting the area of lesions and isolating them from healthy skin through the Geometric Active Contour (GAC) algorithm. Artificial neural network (ANN) and Random Forest (Rf) receive fused CNN features and classify them with high accuracy. The first methodology involved analyzing the area of skin lesions and diagnosing their type early using the hybrid models CNN-ANN and CNN-RF. CNN models (AlexNet, GoogLeNet and VGG16) receive lesions area only and produce high depth feature maps. Thus, the deep feature maps were reduced by the PCA and then classified by ANN and RF networks. The second methodology involved analyzing the area of skin lesions and diagnosing their type early using the hybrid CNN-ANN and CNN-RF models based on the features of the fused CNN models. It is worth noting that the features of the CNN models were serially integrated after reducing their high dimensions by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hybrid models based on fused CNN features achieved promising results for diagnosing dermatoscopic images of the ISIC 2019 data set and distinguishing skin cancer from other skin lesions. The AlexNet-GoogLeNet-VGG16-ANN hybrid model achieved an AUC of 94.41%, sensitivity of 88.90%, accuracy of 96.10%, precision of 88.69%, and specificity of 99.44%.

A Comparative Study of Single and Multi-Stage Forecasting Algorithms for the Prediction of Electricity Consumption Using a UK-National Health Service (NHS) Hospital Dataset

Accurately looking into the future was a significantly major challenge prior to the era of big data, but with rapid advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the data availability around us, this has become relatively easier. Nevertheless, in order to ensure high-accuracy forecasting, it is crucial to consider suitable algorithms and the impact of the extracted features. This paper presents a framework to evaluate a total of nine forecasting algorithms categorised into single and multistage models, constructed from the Prophet, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) approaches, applied to an electricity demand dataset from an NHS hospital. The aim is to see such techniques widely used in accurately predicting energy consumption, limiting the negative impacts of future waste on energy, and making a contribution towards the 2050 net zero carbon target. The proposed method accounts for patterns in demand and temperature to accurately forecast consumption. The Coefficient of Determination (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the algorithms’ performance. The results show the superiority of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model and the multistage Facebook Prophet model, with R2 values of 87.20% and 68.06%, respectively.

Challenges, opportunities, and advances related to COVID-19 classification based on deep learning

The novel coronavirus disease, or COVID-19, is a hazardous disease. It is endangering the lives of many people living in more than two hundred countries. It directly affects the lungs. In general, two main imaging modalities: - computed tomography (CT) and chest x-ray (CXR) are used to achieve a speedy and reliable medical diagnosis. Identifying the coronavirus in medical images is exceedingly difficult for diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. It is demanding, time-consuming, and subject to human mistakes. In biological disciplines, excellent performance can be achieved by employing artificial intelligence (AI) models. As a subfield of AI, deep learning (DL) networks have drawn considerable attention than standard machine learning (ML) methods. DL models automatically carry out all the steps of feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. This study has performed comprehensive analysis of coronavirus classification using CXR and CT imaging modalities using DL architectures. Additionally, we have discussed how transfer learning is helpful in this regard. Finally, the problem of designing and implementing a system using computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) to find COVID-19 using DL approaches is highlighted a future research possibility.

Influential Factors in the Design and Development of a Sustainable Web3/Metaverse and Its Applications

This paper summarizes the work of many different authors, industries, and countries by introducing important and influential factors that will help in the development, successful adoption, and sustainable use of the Web3/metaverse and its applications. We introduce a few important factors derived from the current state-of-the-art literature, including four essential elements including (1) appropriate decentralization, (2) good user experience, (3) appropriate translation and synchronization to the real world, and (4) a viable economy, which are required for appropriate implementation of a metaverse and its applications. The future of Web3 is all about decentralization, and blockchain can play a significant part in the development of the Metaverse. This paper also sheds light on some of the most relevant open issues and challenges currently facing the Web3/metaverse and its applications, with the hope that this discourse will help to encourage the development of appropriate solutions.

DISubNet: Depthwise Separable Inception Subnetwork for Pig Treatment Classification Using Thermal Data

Thermal imaging is increasingly used in poultry, swine, and dairy animal husbandry to detect disease and distress. In intensive pig production systems, early detection of health and welfare issues is crucial for timely intervention. Using thermal imaging for pig treatment classification can improve animal welfare and promote sustainable pig production. In this paper, we present a depthwise separable inception subnetwork (DISubNet), a lightweight model for classifying four pig treatments. Based on the modified model architecture, we propose two DISubNet versions: DISubNetV1 and DISubNetV2. Our proposed models are compared to other deep learning models commonly employed for image classification. The thermal dataset captured by a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera is used to train these models. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed models for thermal images of various pig treatments outperform other models. In addition, both proposed models achieve approximately 99.96–99.98% classification accuracy with fewer parameters.

Multimodality Imaging of COVID-19 Using Fine-Tuned Deep Learning Models

In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, many studies have been undertaken to provide assistive recommendations to patients to help overcome the burden of the expected shortage in clinicians. Thus, this study focused on diagnosing the COVID-19 virus using a set of fine-tuned deep learning models to overcome the latency in virus checkups. Five recent deep learning algorithms (EfficientB0, VGG-19, DenseNet121, EfficientB7, and MobileNetV2) were utilized to label both CT scan and chest X-ray images as positive or negative for COVID-19. The experimental results showed the superiority of the proposed method compared to state-of-the-art methods in terms of precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, accuracy, and data access time.

Efficient Approach to Color Image Segmentation Based on Multilevel Thresholding Using EMO Algorithm by Considering Spatial Contextual Information

The process of image segmentation is partitioning an image into its constituent parts and is a significant approach for extracting interesting features from images. Over a couple of decades, many efficient image segmentation approaches have been formulated for various applications. Still, it is a challenging and complex issue, especially for color image segmentation. To moderate this difficulty, a novel multilevel thresholding approach is proposed in this paper based on the electromagnetism optimization (EMO) technique with an energy curve, named multilevel thresholding based on EMO and energy curve (MTEMOE). To compute the optimized threshold values, Otsu's variance and Kapur's entropy are deployed as fitness functions; both values should be maximized to locate optimal threshold values. In both Kapur's and Otsu's methods, the pixels of an image are classified into different classes based on the threshold level selected on the histogram. Optimal threshold levels give higher efficiency of segmentation; the EMO technique is used to find optimal thresholds in this research. The methods based on an image's histograms do not possess the spatial contextual information for finding the optimal threshold levels. To abolish this deficiency an energy curve is used instead of the histogram and this curve can establish the spatial relationship of pixels with their neighbor pixels. To study the experimental results of the proposed scheme, several color benchmark images are considered at various threshold levels and compared with other meta-heuristic algorithms: multi-verse optimization, whale optimization algorithm, and so on. The investigational results are illustrated in terms of mean square error, peak signal-to-noise ratio, the mean value of fitness reach, feature similarity, structural similarity, variation of information, and probability rand index. The results reveal that the proposed MTEMOE approach overtops other state-of-the-art algorithms to solve engineering problems in various fields.

Boosting precision crop protection towards agriculture 5.0 via machine learning and emerging technologies: A contextual review

Crop protection is a key activity for the sustainability and feasibility of agriculture in a current context of climate change, which is causing the destabilization of agricultural practices and an increase in the incidence of current or invasive pests, and a growing world population that requires guaranteeing the food supply chain and ensuring food security. In view of these events, this article provides a contextual review in six sections on the role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and other emerging technologies to solve current and future challenges of crop protection. Over time, crop protection has progressed from a primitive agriculture 1.0 (Ag1.0) through various technological developments to reach a level of maturity closelyin line with Ag5.0 (section 1), which is characterized by successfully leveraging ML capacity and modern agricultural devices and machines that perceive, analyze and actuate following the main stages of precision crop protection (section 2). Section 3 presents a taxonomy of ML algorithms that support the development and implementation of precision crop protection, while section 4 analyses the scientific impact of ML on the basis of an extensive bibliometric study of >120 algorithms, outlining the most widely used ML and deep learning (DL) techniques currently applied in relevant case studies on the detection and control of crop diseases, weeds and plagues. Section 5 describes 39 emerging technologies in the fields of smart sensors and other advanced hardware devices, telecommunications, proximal and remote sensing, and AI-based robotics that will foreseeably lead the next generation of perception-based, decision-making and actuation systems for digitized, smart and real-time crop protection in a realistic Ag5.0. Finally, section 6 highlights the main conclusions and final remarks.