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452
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Human teratogens and genetic phenocopies. Understanding pathogenesis through human genes mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 60:22-31. [PMID: 27639441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to teratogenic drugs during pregnancy is associated with a wide range of embryo-fetal anomalies and sometimes results in recurrent and recognizable patterns of malformations; however, the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of drug-induced birth defects is difficult, since teratogenesis is a multifactorial process which is always the result of a complex interaction between several environmental factors and the genetic background of both the mother and the fetus. Animal models have been extensively used to assess the teratogenic potential of pharmacological agents and to study their teratogenic mechanisms; however, a still open issue concerns how the information gained through animal models can be translated to humans. Instead, significant information can be obtained by the identification and analysis of human genetic syndromes characterized by clinical features overlapping with those observed in drug-induced embryopathies. Until now, genetic phenocopies have been reported for the embryopathies/fetopathies associated with prenatal exposure to warfarin, leflunomide, mycophenolate mofetil, fluconazole, thalidomide and ACE inhibitors. In most cases, genetic phenocopies are caused by mutations in genes encoding for the main targets of teratogens or for proteins belonging to the same molecular pathways. The aim of this paper is to review the proposed teratogenic mechanisms of these drugs, by the analysis of human monogenic disorders and their molecular pathogenesis.
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453
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The impact of thalidomide use in birth defects in Brazil. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 60:12-15. [PMID: 27638330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the thalidomide tragedy occurred more than 50 years ago, the medication is still being used worldwide for different reasons, and several aspects regarding its teratogenicity remain unsolved. Despite the strict regulation implemented, new cases of thalidomide embryopathy (TE) are still being registered in Brazil. Furthermore, the molecular processes that lead to malformations when the embryo is exposed to thalidomide have not yet been fully identified. In this article, we perform a critical analysis of thalidomide's history in Brazil, highlighting aspects of the occurrence of TE over the decades. Finally, we present the main perspectives and challenges for ongoing surveillance and prevention of TE in Brazil. The effective control of dispensing thalidomide, especially in areas where leprosy is endemic, is one of the most important and challenging points. Furthermore, the emergence of thalidomide analogues is fast approaching, and their availability would pose additional concerns. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms and targets of thalidomide in both experimental and human models is essential for generating new insights into teratogenic mechanisms, so that safer thalidomide analogues can be developed.
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454
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Taylor CE. A novel treatment for "morning sickness": Nausea of pregnancy could be induced by excess sulfite which molybdenum can help alleviate. Med Hypotheses 2016; 95:31-33. [PMID: 27692161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) remains difficult to treat. Last century, thalidomide was used to alleviate NVP, but it caused teratogenesis by interfering with angiogenesis. The gasotransmitters hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide are mutually dependent on each other for their angiogenesis-related functions. Pregnancy-related requirements for increased endogenous H2S could create a temporary excess of sulfite, an H2S catabolite, which is toxic and can induce nausea. Sulfite oxidase, a molybdenum-containing enzyme, catalyzes oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, which can then be excreted or reused by the body. Supplementation with molybdenum should facilitate enhanced sulfite oxidase activity, thus lowering gestationally-elevated sulfite levels in the gastrointestinal tract and easing NVP.
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455
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Klase ZA, Khakhina S, Schneider ADB, Callahan MV, Glasspool-Malone J, Malone R. Zika Fetal Neuropathogenesis: Etiology of a Viral Syndrome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004877. [PMID: 27560129 PMCID: PMC4999274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing Zika virus epidemic in the Americas and the observed association with both fetal abnormalities (primary microcephaly) and adult autoimmune pathology (Guillain-Barré syndrome) has brought attention to this neglected pathogen. While initial case studies generated significant interest in the Zika virus outbreak, larger prospective epidemiology and basic virology studies examining the mechanisms of Zika viral infection and associated pathophysiology are only now starting to be published. In this review, we analyze Zika fetal neuropathogenesis from a comparative pathology perspective, using the historic metaphor of "TORCH" viral pathogenesis to provide context. By drawing parallels to other viral infections of the fetus, we identify common themes and mechanisms that may illuminate the observed pathology. The existing data on the susceptibility of various cells to both Zika and other flavivirus infections are summarized. Finally, we highlight relevant aspects of the known molecular mechanisms of flavivirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Klase
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Khakhina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adriano De Bernardi Schneider
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael V Callahan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Zika Foundation, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jill Glasspool-Malone
- Atheric Pharmaceutical, Scottsville, Virginia, United States of America
- Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Malone
- Atheric Pharmaceutical, Scottsville, Virginia, United States of America
- Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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456
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Shared mechanism of teratogenicity of anti-angiogenic drugs identified in the chicken embryo model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30038. [PMID: 27443489 PMCID: PMC4957076 DOI: 10.1038/srep30038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is essential for tumor growth, stabilization and progression. Angiogenesis inhibitors are now widely used in the clinic; however, there are relatively few published studies on the mechanism of their presumed teratogenic effects. To address this issue, we screened a variety of angiogenesis inhibitors in developing zebrafish and chicken embryo models to assess for developmental defects and potential teratogenic effects. We confirmed previous reports that sunitinib, sorafenib and TNP-470 are teratogenic and demonstrate that axitinib, pazopanib, vandetanib, and everolimus are also teratogens in these models. A dose response study identified the drugs inhibit HUVEC cell proliferation in vitro, and also target the developing blood vessels of embryos in vivo. This provides further evidence for the potential risk of fetal toxicity when using these drugs in a clinical setting, and emphasizes the importance of the development and maintenance of the vasculature in the embryo. We conclude that angiogenesis inhibitors, regardless of the molecular target, are teratogenic when exposed to chicken embryos.
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457
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Wang JY, Huang YN, Chiu CC, Tweedie D, Luo W, Pick CG, Chou SY, Luo Y, Hoffer BJ, Greig NH, Wang JY. Pomalidomide mitigates neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and behavioral impairments induced by traumatic brain injury in rat. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:168. [PMID: 27353053 PMCID: PMC4924242 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health concern that typically causes emotional disturbances and cognitive dysfunction. Secondary pathologies following TBI may be associated with chronic neurodegenerative disorders and an enhanced likelihood of developing dementia-like disease in later life. There are currently no approved drugs for mitigating the acute or chronic effects of TBI. METHODS The effects of the drug pomalidomide (Pom), an FDA-approved immunomodulatory agent, were evaluated in a rat model of moderate to severe TBI induced by controlled cortical impact. Post-TBI intravenous administration of Pom (0.5 mg/kg at 5 or 7 h and 0.1 mg/kg at 5 h) was evaluated on functional and histological measures that included motor function, fine more coordination, somatosensory function, lesion volume, cortical neurodegeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). RESULTS Pom 0.5 mg/kg administration at 5 h, but not at 7 h post-TBI, significantly mitigated the TBI-induced injury volume and functional impairments, neurodegeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and cytokine mRNA and protein induction. To evaluate underlying mechanisms, the actions of Pom on neuronal survival, microglial activation, and the induction of TNF-α were assessed in mixed cortical cultures following a glutamate challenge. Pom dose-dependently ameliorated glutamate-mediated cytotoxic effects on cell viability and reduced microglial cell activation, significantly attenuating the induction of TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Post-injury treatment with a single Pom dose within 5 h significantly reduced functional impairments in a well-characterized animal model of TBI. Pom decreased the injury lesion volume, augmented neuronal survival, and provided anti-inflammatory properties. These findings strongly support the further evaluation and optimization of Pom for potential use in clinical TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ya Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ni Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110 Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Chi Chiu
- Department of General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan and Liouying, Taiwan
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Chaim G. Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Szu-Yi Chou
- Graduate Program on Neuroregeneration, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110 Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110 Taiwan
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458
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Ghanem A, Adly FG, Sokerik Y, Antwi NY, Shenashen MA, El-Safty SA. Trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin-encapsulated monolithic capillary columns: Preparation, characterization and chiral nano-LC application. Talanta 2016; 169:239-248. [PMID: 28411817 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylated-β-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD) was encapsulated within several polymer monolithic capillary columns for reversed-phase chiral nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC). The monolithic phases were prepared using the one-pot in situ copolymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers and 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol as progenic solvents in presence of TM-β-CD solution within fused silica capillaries (150µm I.D.). The obtained chiral monolithic stationery phases were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The materials characterization demonstrated that monolithic phases with higher concentration of TM-β-CD have relatively larger surface area, smaller pore size and larger total pore volume compared to those with lower concentration TM-β-CD. The prepared columns were tested for their enantioseparation efficiency of a range of racemic pharmaceuticals. The screening results demonstrated the potential of functionalizing polymer monolithic stationary phases with TM-β-CD using the in situ encapsulation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. http://www.chiralitygroup.com
| | - Frady G Adly
- Chirality Program, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yasser Sokerik
- Chirality Program, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nana Yaa Antwi
- Chirality Program, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mohamed A Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0047, Japan
| | - Sherif A El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0047, Japan
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459
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A Review of the Efficacy of Thalidomide and Lenalidomide in the Treatment of Refractory Prurigo Nodularis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2016; 6:397-411. [PMID: 27289372 PMCID: PMC4972728 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-016-0122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic dermatoses characterized by intensely pruritic, excoriated, or lichenified nodules. Standard therapy includes corticosteroids, antihistamines, and phototherapy; however, treatment results are often inadequate or transient. Thalidomide and its analogue lenalidomide are immunomodulatory drugs that have successfully been used to treat refractory cases of PN. A systematic review was performed evaluating the use of thalidomide and lenalidomide for PN. Eighteen articles were included in this study in which a total of 106 patients were evaluated, of whom 76 (71.7%) had moderate to significant improvement of PN with the use of thalidomide, lenalidomide, or both. Patients given thalidomide were treated with doses of 50–300 mg daily for 1–142 months, with the majority being treated for less than 1 year. Patients treated with lenalidomide were given a daily dose of 5–10 mg from 3 to 24 months. The most common side effects observed were sedation, gastrointestinal symptoms, and transient peripheral neuropathy. While thalidomide and lenalidomide are drugs that have shown promising results in these studies, caution should be taken in prescribing these medications and patients should be informed about the potential side effects. As such, large-scale randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are needed to determine appropriate dosing, efficacy, and toxicity profiles.
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460
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Revision of the ICH guideline on detection of toxicity to reproduction for medicinal products: SWOT analysis. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 64:57-63. [PMID: 27046733 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SWOT analysis was used to gain insights and perspectives into the revision of the ICH S5(R2) guideline on detection of toxicity to reproduction for medicinal products. The current ICH guideline was rapidly adopted worldwide and has an excellent safety record for more than 20 years. The revised guideline should aim to further improve reproductive and developmental (DART) safety testing for new drugs. Alternative methods to animal experiments should be used whenever possible. Modern technology should be used to obtain high quality data from fewer animals. Additions to the guideline should include considerations on the following: limit dose setting, maternal toxicity, biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, testing strategies by indication, developmental immunotoxicity, and male-mediated developmental toxicity. Emerging issues, such as epigenetics and the microbiome, will most likely pose challenges to DART testing in the future. It is hoped that the new guideline will be adopted even outside the ICH regions.
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461
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Muoth C, Aengenheister L, Kucki M, Wick P, Buerki-Thurnherr T. Nanoparticle transport across the placental barrier: pushing the field forward! Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:941-57. [PMID: 26979802 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2015-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta is a multifunctional organ constituting the barrier between maternal and fetal tissues. Nanoparticles can cross the placental barrier, and there is increasing evidence that the extent of transfer is dependent on particle characteristics and functionalization. While translocated particles may pose risks to the growing fetus particles may also be engineered to enable new particle-based therapies in pregnancy. In both cases, a comprehensive understanding of nanoparticle uptake, accumulation and translocation is indispensable and requires predictive placental transfer models. We examine and evaluate the current literature to draw first conclusions on the possibility to steer translocation of nanoparticles. In addition, we discuss if current placental models are suitable for nanoparticle transfer studies and suggest strategies to improve their predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Muoth
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Aengenheister
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Kucki
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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462
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Finotello R, Henriques J, Sabattini S, Stefanello D, Felisberto R, Pizzoni S, Ferrari R, Marconato L. A retrospective analysis of chemotherapy switch suggests improved outcome in surgically removed, biologically aggressive canine haemangiosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:493-503. [PMID: 26792231 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Haemangiosarcoma (HSA) has an aggressive biological behaviour and carries a poor prognosis, with less than 10% of treated dogs surviving longer than 1 year. In this retrospective study a varied metronomic chemotherapy (MC) regimen preceded by adjuvant doxorubicin-based maximum-tolerated dose chemotherapy (MTDC) was compared with MTDC, in terms of efficacy [time to metastasis, (TTM) and survival time (ST)] and safety in dogs with biologically aggressive HSA. Dogs were eligible if they had no metastasis after MTDC and received either no further chemotherapy or MC maintenance. Twelve dogs received MTDC, and 10 received MC thereafter. Median TTM and ST were significantly longer for dogs receiving MTDC-MC (not reached versus 150 days, P = 0.028; and not reached versus 168 days, P = 0.030, respectively). Treatment was well tolerated. MTDC followed by MC is safe and suggests improved TTM and ST in dogs with surgically removed, biologically aggressive HSA that are treated in the microscopic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Finotello
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - J Henriques
- Department of Oncology, Centro Veterinario Berna, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Felisberto
- Department of Oncology, Centro Veterinario Berna, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Pizzoni
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Italy
| | - R Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Italy
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463
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Entschladen F, Thyssen DA, Drell DW. Re-Use of Established Drugs for Anti-Metastatic Indications. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010002. [PMID: 26771645 PMCID: PMC4810087 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients that die from cancer do not die due to the primary tumor but due to the development of metastases. However, there is currently still no drug on the market that specifically addresses and inhibits metastasis formation. This lack was, in the past, largely due to the lack of appropriate screening models, but recent developments have established such models and have provided evidence that tumor cell migration works as a surrogate for metastasis formation. Herein we deliver on several examples a rationale for not only testing novel cancer drugs by use of these screening assays, but also reconsider established drugs even of other fields of indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Entschladen
- MetaVì Labs Inc., 16238 Ranch Road 620 North, Suite F-347, Austin, TX 78717, USA.
- Faculty of Health-School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany.
| | - Dane A Thyssen
- MetaVì Labs Inc., 16238 Ranch Road 620 North, Suite F-347, Austin, TX 78717, USA.
| | - David W Drell
- MetaVì Labs Inc., 16238 Ranch Road 620 North, Suite F-347, Austin, TX 78717, USA.
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464
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Beedie SL, Peer CJ, Pisle S, Gardner ER, Mahony C, Barnett S, Ambrozak A, Gütschow M, Chau CH, Vargesson N, Figg WD. Anticancer Properties of a Novel Class of Tetrafluorinated Thalidomide Analogues. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2228-37. [PMID: 26269604 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide has demonstrated clinical activity in various malignancies affecting immunomodulatory and angiogenic pathways. The development of novel thalidomide analogs with improved efficacy and decreased toxicity is an ongoing research effort. We recently designed and synthesized a new class of compounds, consisting of both tetrafluorinated thalidomide analogues (Gu973 and Gu998) and tetrafluorobenzamides (Gu1029 and Gu992). In this study, we demonstrate the antiangiogenic properties of these newly synthesized compounds. We examined the specific antiangiogenic characteristics in vitro using rat aortic rings with carboxyamidotriazole as a positive control. In addition, further in vitro efficacy was evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and PC3 cells treated with 5 and 10 μmol/L doses of each compound. All compounds were seen to reduce microvessel outgrowth in rat aortic rings as well as to inhibit HUVECs to a greater extent, at lower concentrations than previously tested thalidomide analogs. The antiangiogenic properties of the compounds were also examined in vivo in fli1:EGFP zebrafish embryos, where all compounds were seen to inhibit the extent of outgrowth of newly developing blood vessels. In addition, Gu1029 and Gu973 reduced the anti-inflammatory response in mpo:GFP zebrafish embryos, whereas Gu998 and Gu992 showed no difference. The compounds' antitumor effects were also explored in vivo using the human prostate cancer PC3 xenograft model. All four compounds were also screened in vivo in chicken embryos to investigate their teratogenic potential. This study establishes these novel thalidomide analogues as a promising immunomodulatory class with anticancer effects that warrant further development to characterize their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunna L Beedie
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Cody J Peer
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven Pisle
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erin R Gardner
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chris Mahony
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Shelby Barnett
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cindy H Chau
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - William D Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Clinical Pharmacology Program, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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