451
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Besong-Ndika J, Wahlsten M, Cardinale D, Pille J, Walter J, Michon T, Mäkinen K. Toward the Reconstitution of a Two-Enzyme Cascade for Resveratrol Synthesis on Potyvirus Particles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 26904061 PMCID: PMC4748245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The highly ordered protein backbone of virus particles makes them attractive candidates for use as enzyme nano-carriers (ENCs). We have previously developed a non-covalent and versatile approach for adhesion of enzymes to virus particles. This approach makes use of z33, a peptide derived from the B-domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A, which binds to the Fc domain of many immunoglobulins. We have demonstrated that with specific antibodies addressed against the viral capsid proteins (CPs) an 87% coverage of z33-tagged proteins can be achieved on potyvirus particles. 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL2) and stilbene synthase (STS) catalyze consecutive steps in the resveratrol synthetic pathway. In this study, these enzymes were modified to carry an N-terminal z33 peptide and a C-terminal 6xHis tag to obtain (z)4CL2(His) and (z)STS(His), respectively. A protein chimera, (z)4CL2::STS(His), with the same modifications was also generated from the genetic fusion of both mono-enzyme encoding genes. All z33 enzymes were biologically active after expression in Escherichia coli as revealed by LC-MS analysis to identify resveratrol and assembled readily into macromolecular complexes with Potato virus A particles and α-PVA CP antibodies. To test simultaneous immobilization-purification, we applied the double antibody sandwich - ELISA protocol to capture active z33-containg mono-enzymes and protein chimera directly from clarified soluble cell lysates onto the virus particle surface. These immobilized enzymes were able to synthesize resveratrol. We present here a bottom up approach to immobilize active enzymes onto virus-based ENCs and discuss the potential to utilize this method in the purification and configuration of nano-devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Besong-Ndika
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université BordeauxVillenace d’Ornon, France
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Daniela Cardinale
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université BordeauxVillenace d’Ornon, France
| | - Jan Pille
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université BordeauxVillenace d’Ornon, France
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelyne Walter
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université BordeauxVillenace d’Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Michon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université BordeauxVillenace d’Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Thierry Michon, ; Kristiina Mäkinen,
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Thierry Michon, ; Kristiina Mäkinen,
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452
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Mohammadi M, Ashjari M, Garmroodi M, Yousefi M, Karkhane AA. The use of isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction for covalent immobilization of Rhizomucor miehei lipase on multiwall carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14142k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One-pot immobilization of RML on carbon-based nanomaterials was performed by using the Ugi four component reaction under extremely mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mohammadi
- Bioprocess Engineering Department
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB)
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Maryam Ashjari
- Bioprocess Engineering Department
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB)
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Maryam Yousefi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center
- Avicenna Research Institute
- ACECR
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Karkhane
- Systems Biotechnology Department
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB)
- Tehran
- Iran
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453
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Xu Z, Wu Q, Yang M, Wang S, Wang Z, Xu X. Efficient asymmetric biosynthesis of (R)-(−)-epinephrine in hydrophilic ionic liquid-containing systems. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22140h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter sp. UN-16 cell biocatalytic process with [HOOCEMIM]NO3 is very promising for efficient preparation of (R)-(−)-epinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Meixia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
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454
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Kumar A, Zhang S, Wu G, Wu CC, Chen J, Baskaran R, Liu Z. Cellulose binding domain assisted immobilization of lipase (GSlip–CBD) onto cellulosic nanogel: characterization and application in organic medium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:1042-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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455
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Mateos SE, Cervantes CAM, Zenteno E, Slomianny MC, Alpuche J, Hernández-Cruz P, Martínez-Cruz R, del Socorro Pina Canseco M, Pérez-Campos E, Rubio MS, Mayoral LPC, Martínez-Cruz M. Purification and Partial Characterization of β-Glucosidase in Chayote (Sechium edule). Molecules 2015; 20:19372-92. [PMID: 26512637 PMCID: PMC6332095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is a prominent member of the GH1 family of glycoside hydrolases. The properties of this β-glucosidase appear to include resistance to temperature, urea, and iodoacetamide, and it is activated by 2-ME, similar to other members. β-Glucosidase from chayote (Sechium edule) was purified by ionic-interchange chromatography and molecular exclusion chromatography. Peptides detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS were compared with other β-glucosidases using the BLAST program. This enzyme is a 116 kDa protein composed of two sub-units of 58 kDa and shows homology with Cucumis sativus β-glucosidase (NCBI reference sequence XP_004154617.1), in which seven peptides were found with relative masses ranging from 874.3643 to 1587.8297. The stability of β-glucosidase depends on an initial concentration of 0.2 mg/mL of protein at pH 5.0 which decreases by 33% in a period of 30 h, and then stabilizes and is active for the next 5 days (pH 4.0 gives similar results). One hundred μg/mL β-D-glucose inhibited β-glucosidase activity by more than 50%. The enzyme had a Km of 4.88 mM with p-NPG and a Kcat of 10,000 min(-1). The optimal conditions for the enzyme require a pH of 4.0 and a temperature of 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgar Zenteno
- Facultad de Medicina de la, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marie-Christine Slomianny
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS/USTL 8576, Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59655, France.
| | - Juan Alpuche
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Hernández-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Ruth Martínez-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Maria del Socorro Pina Canseco
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos
- Unidad de Bioquímica e Inmunología, Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68030, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Sánchez Rubio
- Unidad de Bioquímica e Inmunología, Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68030, Mexico.
| | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
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456
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Manoel EA, Ribeiro MF, dos Santos JC, Coelho MAZ, Simas AB, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Freire DM. Accurel MP 1000 as a support for the immobilization of lipase from Burkholderia cepacia : Application to the kinetic resolution of myo -inositol derivatives. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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457
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Krzek M, van Beek HL, Permentier HP, Bischoff R, Fraaije MW. Covalent immobilization of a flavoprotein monooxygenase via its flavin cofactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 82:138-143. [PMID: 26672460 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A generic approach for flavoenzyme immobilization was developed in which the flavin cofactor is used for anchoring enzymes onto the carrier. It exploits the tight binding of flavin cofactors to their target apo proteins. The method was tested for phenylacetone monooxygenase (PAMO) which is a well-studied and industrially interesting biocatalyst. Also a fusion protein was tested: PAMO fused to phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH-PAMO). The employed flavin cofactor derivative, N6-(6-carboxyhexyl)-FAD succinimidylester (FAD*), was covalently anchored to agarose beads and served for apo enzyme immobilization by their reconstitution into holo enzymes. The thus immobilized enzymes retained their activity and remained active after several rounds of catalysis. For both tested enzymes, the generated agarose beads contained 3 U per g of dry resin. Notably, FAD-immobilized PAMO was found to be more thermostable (40% activity after 1 h at 60 °C) when compared to PAMO in solution (no activity detected after 1 h at 60 °C). The FAD-decorated agarose material could be easily recycled allowing multiple rounds of immobilization. This method allows an efficient and selective immobilization of flavoproteins via the FAD flavin cofactor onto a recyclable carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Krzek
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hugo L van Beek
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hjalmar P Permentier
- University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacy, Analytical Biochemistry, Antonius-Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacy, Analytical Biochemistry, Antonius-Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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458
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Zhang L, Otte A, Xiang M, Liu D, Pinal R. Investigation of Film with β-Galactosidase Designed for Stabilization and Handling in Dry Configuration. Molecules 2015; 20:17180-93. [PMID: 26393556 PMCID: PMC6332219 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin-based films with an immobilized enzyme designed for extending the stability of the protein in dry, non-powder configuration with precise dosing attributes were subjected to stress conditions of temperature and relative humidity. β-galactosidase was used as model functional protein. The film configuration preserved the activity of the enzyme under the different storage conditions investigated, which include room temperature under low (ambient) and high (75%) relative humidity, and 36 °C under low (oven) and high relative humidity conditions for a period of 46 days. The influence of the enzyme and plasticizer (glycerol) on the physical and mechanical properties of the films was investigated using DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis). Films containing 5% β-galactosisdase and glycerol concentrations of 14% or greater exhibited greater tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break than films with equal concentrations of plasticizer but devoid of any enzyme. The surface texture of the films was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). β-galactosidase and glycerol have opposite effects on the surface morphology of the films. Increasing concentrations of the enzyme result in rougher film surface, whereas increasing the concentration of glycerol leads to films with denser and smoother surface. The results obtained suggest that the dry film configuration approach can help in facilitating the stabilization, handling, storage, and transportation of functional proteins in a cost effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Zhang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- College of Pharmacy, Suzhou Health College, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Andrew Otte
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Min Xiang
- College of Pharmacy, Suzhou Health College, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Dexiu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Suzhou Health College, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Rodolfo Pinal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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459
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Jang E, Shim HW, Ryu BH, An DR, Yoo WK, Kim KK, Kim DW, Kim TD. Preparation of cobalt nanoparticles from polymorphic bacterial templates: A novel platform for biocatalysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:747-53. [PMID: 26358553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have gathered significant research attention as materials for enzyme immobilization due to their advantageous properties such as low diffusion rates, ease of manipulation, and large surface areas. Here, polymorphic cobalt nanoparticles of varied sizes and shapes were prepared using Micrococcus lylae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Paracoccus sp., and Haloarcula vallismortis as bacterial templates. Furthermore, nine lipases/carboxylesterases were successfully immobilized on these cobalt nanoparticles. Especially, immobilized forms of Est-Y29, LmH, and Sm23 were characterized in more detail for potential industrial applications. Immobilization of enzymes onto cobalt oxide nanoparticles prepared from polymorphic bacterial templates may have potential for efficient hydrolysis on an industrial-scale, with several advantages such as high retention of enzymatic activity, increased stability, and strong reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Han Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, SungKyunKwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deu Rae An
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, SungKyunKwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Ki Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, SungKyunKwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, SungKyunKwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - T Doohun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea.
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460
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Geng X, Tian G, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Wang H, Ng TB. A Fungal α-Galactosidase from Tricholoma matsutake with Broad Substrate Specificity and Good Hydrolytic Activity on Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2015; 20:13550-62. [PMID: 26213909 PMCID: PMC6332393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200813550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An acidic α-galactosidase designated as TMG was purified from the fruiting bodies The purification protocol entailed ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose and of Tricholoma matsutake with 136-fold purification and a specific activity of 909 units/mg. Mono-Q and fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. TMG is a monomeric protein exhibiting a molecular mass of 47 kDa in SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. The purified enzyme was identified by LC-MS/MS and three inner amino acid sequences were obtained. The optimum pH and temperature for TMG with pNPGal as substrate were pH 4.5 and 55 °C, respectively. The α-galactosidase activity was strongly inhibited by K+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ag+ and Zn2+ ions. The enzyme activity was inhibited by the chemical modification agent N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), indicating the importance of tryptophan residue(s) at or near the active site. Besides hydrolyzing pNPGal, TMG also efficaciously catalyzed the degradation of natural substrates such as stachyose, raffinose, and melibiose. Thus TMG can be exploited commercially for improving the nutritional value of soy milk by degradation of indigestible oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueran Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guoting Tian
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasmic Resource, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yongchang Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasmic Resource, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Liyan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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461
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462
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Tural S, Tural B, Demir AS. Heterofunctional Magnetic Metal-Chelate-Epoxy Supports for the Purification and Covalent Immobilization of Benzoylformate Decarboxylase From Pseudomonas Putida
and Its Carboligation Reactivity. Chirality 2015; 27:635-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Servet Tural
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education; Dicle University; Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Bilsen Tural
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education; Dicle University; Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Ayhan S. Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Middle East Technical University; Ankara Turkey
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463
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Wu X, Hou M, Ge J. Metal–organic frameworks and inorganic nanoflowers: a type of emerging inorganic crystal nanocarrier for enzyme immobilization. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
By the methods of physical adsorption, covalent conjugation and self-assembly, enzymes can be immobilized on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and inorganic crystal nanoflowers with the great promise of enhancing enzyme stability, activity and even selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Miao Hou
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Jun Ge
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
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