451
|
Yamaguchi M, Watanabe Y, Ohtani T, Uezumi A, Mikami N, Nakamura M, Sato T, Ikawa M, Hoshino M, Tsuchida K, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Tsujikawa K, Takeda S, Yamamoto H, Fukada SI. Calcitonin Receptor Signaling Inhibits Muscle Stem Cells from Escaping the Quiescent State and the Niche. Cell Rep 2015; 13:302-14. [PMID: 26440893 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin receptor (Calcr) is expressed in adult muscle stem cells (muscle satellite cells [MuSCs]). To elucidate the role of Calcr, we conditionally depleted Calcr from adult MuSCs and found that impaired regeneration after muscle injury correlated with the decreased number of MuSCs in Calcr-conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Calcr signaling maintained MuSC dormancy via the cAMP-PKA pathway but had no impact on myogenic differentiation of MuSCs in an undifferentiated state. The abnormal quiescent state in Calcr-cKO mice resulted in a reduction of the MuSC pool by apoptosis. Furthermore, MuSCs were found outside their niche in Calcr-cKO mice, demonstrating cell relocation. This emergence from the sublaminar niche was prevented by the Calcr-cAMP-PKA and Calcr-cAMP-Epac pathways downstream of Calcr. Altogether, the findings demonstrated that Calcr exerts its effect specifically by keeping MuSCs in a quiescent state and in their location, maintaining the MuSC pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuji Ohtani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyagoe-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - So-ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
452
|
Zhou B, Osinski JM, Mateo JL, Martynoga B, Sim FJ, Campbell CE, Guillemot F, Piper M, Gronostajski RM. Loss of NFIX Transcription Factor Biases Postnatal Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Toward Oligodendrogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2114-26. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jason M. Osinski
- Department of Biochemistry, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Juan L. Mateo
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ben Martynoga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser J. Sim
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Christine E. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Michael Piper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard M. Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
453
|
Daynac M, Morizur L, Kortulewski T, Gauthier LR, Ruat M, Mouthon MA, Boussin FD. Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26436641 PMCID: PMC4692602 DOI: 10.3791/53247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Daynac
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR 9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, Molecules Circuits Department;
| | - Lise Morizur
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967;
| | - Thierry Kortulewski
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Laurent R Gauthier
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR 9197, Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, Molecules Circuits Department
| | - Marc-André Mouthon
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967;
| | - François D Boussin
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967; INSERM, UMR 967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967;
| |
Collapse
|
454
|
Fiorelli R, Azim K, Fischer B, Raineteau O. Adding a spatial dimension to postnatal ventricular-subventricular zone neurogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2109-20. [PMID: 26081572 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis does not stop abruptly at birth, but persists in specific brain regions throughout life. The neural stem cells (NSCs) located in the largest germinal region of the forebrain, the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), replenish olfactory neurons throughout life. However, V-SVZ NSCs are heterogeneous: they have different embryonic origins and give rise to distinct neuronal subtypes depending on their location. In this Review, we discuss how this spatial heterogeneity arises, how it affects NSC biology, and why its consideration in future studies is crucial for understanding general principles guiding NSC self-renewal, differentiation and specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fiorelli
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA
| | - Kasum Azim
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fischer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 Avenue Doyen Lépine, Bron 69500, France Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron 69500, France
| |
Collapse
|
455
|
Fuentealba LC, Rompani SB, Parraguez JI, Obernier K, Romero R, Cepko CL, Alvarez-Buylla A. Embryonic Origin of Postnatal Neural Stem Cells. Cell 2015; 161:1644-55. [PMID: 26091041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult neural stem/progenitor (B1) cells within the walls of the lateral ventricles generate different types of neurons for the olfactory bulb (OB). The location of B1 cells determines the types of OB neurons they generate. Here we show that the majority of mouse B1 cell precursors are produced between embryonic days (E) 13.5 and 15.5 and remain largely quiescent until they become reactivated postnatally. Using a retroviral library carrying over 100,000 genetic tags, we found that B1 cells share a common progenitor with embryonic cells of the cortex, striatum, and septum, but this lineage relationship is lost before E15.5. The regional specification of B1 cells is evident as early as E11.5 and is spatially linked to the production of neurons that populate different areas of the forebrain. This study reveals an early embryonic regional specification of postnatal neural stem cells and the lineage relationship between them and embryonic progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Fuentealba
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Santiago B Rompani
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jose I Parraguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ricardo Romero
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
456
|
Hamilton LK, Dufresne M, Joppé SE, Petryszyn S, Aumont A, Calon F, Barnabé-Heider F, Furtos A, Parent M, Chaurand P, Fernandes KJL. Aberrant Lipid Metabolism in the Forebrain Niche Suppresses Adult Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:397-411. [PMID: 26321199 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is fundamental for brain development and function, but its roles in normal and pathological neural stem cell (NSC) regulation remain largely unexplored. Here, we uncover a fatty acid-mediated mechanism suppressing endogenous NSC activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that postmortem AD brains and triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) mice accumulate neutral lipids within ependymal cells, the main support cell of the forebrain NSC niche. Mass spectrometry and microarray analyses identified these lipids as oleic acid-enriched triglycerides that originate from niche-derived rather than peripheral lipid metabolism defects. In wild-type mice, locally increasing oleic acid was sufficient to recapitulate the AD-associated ependymal triglyceride phenotype and inhibit NSC proliferation. Moreover, inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme of oleic acid synthesis rescued proliferative defects in both adult neurogenic niches of 3xTg-AD mice. These studies support a pathogenic mechanism whereby AD-induced perturbation of niche fatty acid metabolism suppresses the homeostatic and regenerative functions of NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Hamilton
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Martin Dufresne
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sandra E Joppé
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sarah Petryszyn
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Anne Aumont
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CHU-Q Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | - Alexandra Furtos
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Karl J L Fernandes
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
457
|
Purification of neural precursor cells reveals the presence of distinct, stimulus-specific subpopulations of quiescent precursors in the adult mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8132-44. [PMID: 26019330 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0504-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of neural precursor cells in the adult hippocampus is regulated by various stimuli; however, whether these stimuli regulate the same or different precursor populations remains unknown. Here, we developed a novel cell-sorting protocol that allows the purification to homogeneity of neurosphere-forming neural precursors from the adult mouse hippocampus and examined the responsiveness of individual precursors to various stimuli using a clonal assay. We show that within the Hes5-GFP(+)/Nestin-GFP(+)/EGFR(+) cell population, which comprises the majority of neurosphere-forming precursors, there are two distinct subpopulations of quiescent precursor cells, one directly activated by high-KCl depolarization, and the other activated by norepinephrine (NE). We then demonstrate that these two populations are differentially distributed along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus, and show that the NE-responsive precursors are selectively regulated by GABA, whereas the KCl-responsive precursors are selectively modulated by corticosterone. Finally, based on RNAseq analysis by deep sequencing, we show that the progeny generated by activating NE-responsive versus KCl-responsive quiescent precursors are molecularly different. These results demonstrate that the adult hippocampus contains phenotypically similar but stimulus-specific populations of quiescent precursors, which may give rise to neural progeny with different functional capacity.
Collapse
|
458
|
Shin J, Berg DA, Zhu Y, Shin JY, Song J, Bonaguidi MA, Enikolopov G, Nauen DW, Christian KM, Ming GL, Song H. Single-Cell RNA-Seq with Waterfall Reveals Molecular Cascades underlying Adult Neurogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:360-72. [PMID: 26299571 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells contribute to tissue ontogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration through sequential processes. Systematic molecular analysis of stem cell behavior is challenging because classic approaches cannot resolve cellular heterogeneity or capture developmental dynamics. Here we provide a comprehensive resource of single-cell transcriptomes of adult hippocampal quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) and their immediate progeny. We further developed Waterfall, a bioinformatic pipeline, to statistically quantify singe-cell gene expression along a de novo reconstructed continuous developmental trajectory. Our study reveals molecular signatures of adult qNSCs, characterized by active niche signaling integration and low protein translation capacity. Our analyses further delineate molecular cascades underlying qNSC activation and neurogenesis initiation, exemplified by decreased extrinsic signaling capacity, primed translational machinery, and regulatory switches in transcription factors, metabolism, and energy sources. Our study reveals the molecular continuum underlying adult neurogenesis and illustrates how Waterfall can be used for single-cell omics analyses of various continuous biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Shin
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel A Berg
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17 117 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunhua Zhu
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joseph Y Shin
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Juan Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael A Bonaguidi
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David W Nauen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
459
|
Sirko S, Irmler M, Gascón S, Bek S, Schneider S, Dimou L, Obermann J, De Souza Paiva D, Poirier F, Beckers J, Hauck SM, Barde YA, Götz M. Astrocyte reactivity after brain injury-: The role of galectins 1 and 3. Glia 2015; 63:2340-61. [PMID: 26250529 PMCID: PMC5042059 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes react to brain injury in a heterogeneous manner with only a subset resuming proliferation and acquiring stem cell properties in vitro. In order to identify novel regulators of this subset, we performed genomewide expression analysis of reactive astrocytes isolated 5 days after stab wound injury from the gray matter of adult mouse cerebral cortex. The expression pattern was compared with astrocytes from intact cortex and adult neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the subependymal zone (SEZ). These comparisons revealed a set of genes expressed at higher levels in both endogenous NSCs and reactive astrocytes, including two lectins-Galectins 1 and 3. These results and the pattern of Galectin expression in the lesioned brain led us to examine the functional significance of these lectins in brains of mice lacking Galectins 1 and 3. Following stab wound injury, astrocyte reactivity including glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, proliferation and neurosphere-forming capacity were found significantly reduced in mutant animals. This phenotype could be recapitulated in vitro and was fully rescued by addition of Galectin 3, but not of Galectin 1. Thus, Galectins 1 and 3 play key roles in regulating the proliferative and NSC potential of a subset of reactive astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sergio Gascón
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Bek
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jara Obermann
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daisylea De Souza Paiva
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yves-Alain Barde
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
460
|
Bachor TP, Marquioni-Ramella MD, Suburo AM. Sitagliptin protects proliferation of neural progenitor cells in diabetic mice. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:885-93. [PMID: 25694236 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sitagliptin (SIT) is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that enhances the effects of incretin hormones, such as Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (also known as Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, GIP) and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1). We have now evaluated the effect of SIT on proliferation of neural progenitors in diabetic mice. A condition resembling the non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (D2) was achieved by a combination of streptozotocin and nicotinamide (NA-STZ), whereas a type 1-like disease (D1) was provoked by STZ without NA. Non-diabetic mice received vehicle injections. Cell proliferation was estimated by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in two different regions of the subventricular zone (SVZ), the largest reserve of neural stem cells in the adult brain. SIT treatment did not modify the high fasting blood glucose (BG) levels and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) of D1 mice. By contrast, in D2 mice, SIT treatment significantly reduced BG and IPGTT. Both D1 and D2 mice showed a substantial reduction of BrdU labeling in the SVZ. Remarkably, SIT treatment improved BrdU labeling in both conditions. Our findings suggest that SIT would protect proliferation of neural progenitor cells even in the presence of non-controlled diabetic alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás P Bachor
- Medicina Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, B1629AHJ, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
461
|
Llorens-Bobadilla E, Zhao S, Baser A, Saiz-Castro G, Zwadlo K, Martin-Villalba A. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals a Population of Dormant Neural Stem Cells that Become Activated upon Brain Injury. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:329-40. [PMID: 26235341 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous pools of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) contribute to brain maintenance and regeneration after injury. The balance of NSC activation and quiescence, as well as the induction of lineage-specific transcription factors, may contribute to diversity of neuronal and glial fates. To identify molecular hallmarks governing these characteristics, we performed single-cell sequencing of an unbiased pool of adult subventricular zone NSCs. This analysis identified a discrete, dormant NSC subpopulation that already expresses distinct combinations of lineage-specific transcription factors during homeostasis. Dormant NSCs enter a primed-quiescent state before activation, which is accompanied by downregulation of glycolytic metabolism, Notch, and BMP signaling and a concomitant upregulation of lineage-specific transcription factors and protein synthesis. In response to brain ischemia, interferon gamma signaling induces dormant NSC subpopulations to enter the primed-quiescent state. This study unveils general principles underlying NSC activation and lineage priming and opens potential avenues for regenerative medicine in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enric Llorens-Bobadilla
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Avni Baser
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Saiz-Castro
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klara Zwadlo
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
462
|
Luo Y, Coskun V, Liang A, Yu J, Cheng L, Ge W, Shi Z, Zhang K, Li C, Cui Y, Lin H, Luo D, Wang J, Lin C, Dai Z, Zhu H, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu H, deVellis J, Horvath S, Sun YE, Li S. Single-cell transcriptome analyses reveal signals to activate dormant neural stem cells. Cell 2015; 161:1175-1186. [PMID: 26000486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of tissue-specific stem cells and the complexity of their surrounding environment have made molecular characterization of these cells particularly challenging. Through single-cell transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we uncovered molecular properties of CD133(+)/GFAP(-) ependymal (E) cells in the adult mouse forebrain neurogenic zone. Surprisingly, prominent hub genes of the gene network unique to ependymal CD133(+)/GFAP(-) quiescent cells were enriched for immune-responsive genes, as well as genes encoding receptors for angiogenic factors. Administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activated CD133(+) ependymal neural stem cells (NSCs), lining not only the lateral but also the fourth ventricles and, together with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), elicited subsequent neural lineage differentiation and migration. This study revealed the existence of dormant ependymal NSCs throughout the ventricular surface of the CNS, as well as signals abundant after injury for their activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Luo
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Volkan Coskun
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aibing Liang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Weihong Ge
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhanping Shi
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Chun Li
- Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haijun Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Junbang Wang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Connie Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zachary Dai
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Tianjing Hospital, Tianjin Academy of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jean deVellis
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Eve Sun
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Siguang Li
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
463
|
Abstract
The subventricular zone is one of the 2 germinal niches of the adult brain where neural stem cells (NSC) generate new neurons and glia throughout life. NSC behavior is controlled by the integration of intrinsic signals and extrinsic cues provided by the surrounding microenvironment, or niche. Within the niche, the vasculature has emerged as a critical compartment, to which both neural stem cells and transit-amplifying progenitors are closely associated. A key function of the vasculature is to deliver blood-borne and secreted factors that promote proliferation and lineage progression of committed neural progenitors. We recently found that, in contrast to the established role of soluble cues, juxtacrine signals on vascular endothelial cells maintain neural stem cells in a quiescent and undifferentiated state through direct cell-cell interactions. In this perspective, we discuss how, through these apparently opposing signals, the vascular niche might coordinate stem cell decisions between maintenance and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ottone
- a Cell Interactions and Cancer Group; MRC Clinical Sciences Center; Imperial College London ; London , UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
464
|
Licht T, Keshet E. The vascular niche in adult neurogenesis. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 1:56-62. [PMID: 26103548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels (BVs) not only serve as conduits for oxygen and nutrients but may also fulfill perfusion-independent functions. A growing body of data suggests that blood vessels are an integral component of stem cell niches, including stem cell niches in the adult brain. This review summarizes in vivo studies supporting the contention that blood vessels may indeed control function of neuronal stem cells (NSCs) residing in the two major neurogenic niches of the adult brain, namely the sub-ventricular zone and the hippocampus. The review discusses different modes of BV-NSC communication and possible mechanisms by which BV may modulate NSC behavior and responses to external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Licht
- Dept. of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Keshet
- Dept. of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
465
|
Precursor States of Brain Tumor Initiating Cell Lines Are Predictive of Survival in Xenografts and Associated with Glioblastoma Subtypes. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:1-9. [PMID: 26095605 PMCID: PMC4618251 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), brain-tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) with cancer stem cell characteristics have been identified and proposed as primordial cells responsible for disease initiation, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. However, the extent to which individual, patient-derived BTIC lines reflect the heterogeneity of GBM remains poorly understood. Here we applied a stem cell biology approach and compared self-renewal, marker expression, label retention, and asymmetric cell division in 20 BTIC lines. Through cluster analysis, we identified two subgroups of BTIC lines with distinct precursor states, stem- or progenitor-like, predictive of survival after xenograft. Moreover, stem and progenitor transcriptomic signatures were identified, which showed a strong association with the proneural and mesenchymal subtypes, respectively, in the TCGA cohort. This study proposes a different framework for the study and use of BTIC lines and provides precursor biology insights into GBM. BTICs are extensively characterized using a stem cell approach Two groups of BTIC lines are identified: stem-like and progenitor-like Progenitor-like BTICs lead to strikingly shorter survival in xenografted mice Stem- and progenitor-like profiles associate with proneural and mesenchymal subtypes
Collapse
|
466
|
Regional and stage-specific effects of prospectively purified vascular cells on the adult V-SVZ neural stem cell lineage. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4528-39. [PMID: 25788671 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1188-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells reside in specialized niches. In the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) become activated (aNSCs), and generate transit amplifying cells (TACs), which give rise to neuroblasts that migrate to the olfactory bulb. The vasculature is an important component of the adult neural stem cell niche, but whether vascular cells in neurogenic areas are intrinsically different from those elsewhere in the brain is unknown. Moreover, the contribution of pericytes to the neural stem cell niche has not been defined. Here, we describe a rapid FACS purification strategy to simultaneously isolate primary endothelial cells and pericytes from brain microregions of nontransgenic mice using CD31 and CD13 as surface markers. We compared the effect of purified vascular cells from a neurogenic (V-SVZ) and non-neurogenic brain region (cortex) on the V-SVZ stem cell lineage in vitro. Endothelial and pericyte diffusible signals from both regions differentially promote the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of qNSCs, aNSCs, and TACs. Unexpectedly, diffusible cortical signals had the most potent effects on V-SVZ proliferation and neurogenesis, highlighting the intrinsic capacity of non-neurogenic vasculature to support stem cell behavior. Finally, we identify PlGF-2 as an endothelial-derived mitogen that promotes V-SVZ cell proliferation. This purification strategy provides a platform to define the functional and molecular contribution of vascular cells to stem cell niches and other brain regions under different physiological and pathological states.
Collapse
|
467
|
Erfani P, Tome-Garcia J, Canoll P, Doetsch F, Tsankova NM. EGFR promoter exhibits dynamic histone modifications and binding of ASH2L and P300 in human germinal matrix and gliomas. Epigenetics 2015; 10:496-507. [PMID: 25996283 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1042645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several signaling pathways important for the proliferation and growth of brain cells are pathologically dysregulated in gliomas, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Expression of EGFR is high in neural progenitors during development and in gliomas but decreases significantly in most adult brain regions. Here we show that EGFR expression is maintained in the astrocyte ribbon of the adult human subventricular zone. The transcriptional regulation of EGFR expression is poorly understood. To investigate the role of epigenetics on EGFR regulation in the contexts of neural development and gliomagenesis, we measured levels of DNA methylation and histone H3 modifications at the EGFR promoter in human brain tissues, glioma specimens, and EGFR-expressing neural cells, acutely isolated from their native niche. While DNA was constitutively hypomethylated in non-neoplastic and glioma samples, regardless of their EGFR-expression status, the activating histone modifications H3K27ac and H3K4me3 were enriched only when EGFR is highly expressed (developing germinal matrix and gliomas). Conversely, repressive H3K27me3 marks predominated in adult white matter where EGFR is repressed. Furthermore, the histone methyltransferase core enzyme ASH2L was bound at EGFR in the germinal matrix and in gliomas where levels of H3K4me3 are high, and the histone acetyltransferase P300 was bound in samples with H3K27ac enrichment. Our studies use human cells and tissues undisturbed by cell-culture artifact, and point to an important, locus-specific role for chromatin remodeling in EGFR expression in human neural development that may be dysregulated during gliomagenesis, unraveling potential novel targets for future drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Erfani
- a Department of Pathology & Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center ; New York , NY , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
468
|
Götz M, Sirko S, Beckers J, Irmler M. Reactive astrocytes as neural stem or progenitor cells: In vivo lineage, In vitro potential, and Genome-wide expression analysis. Glia 2015; 63:1452-68. [PMID: 25965557 PMCID: PMC5029574 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review the stem cell hallmarks of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) during development and in some niches of the adult mammalian brain to then compare these with reactive astrocytes acquiring stem cell hallmarks after traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Notably, even endogenous NSCs including the earliest NSCs, the neuroepithelial cells, generate in most cases only a single type of progeny and self‐renew only for a rather short time in vivo. In vitro, however, especially cells cultured under neurosphere conditions reveal a larger potential and long‐term self‐renewal under the influence of growth factors. This is rather well comparable to reactive astrocytes in the traumatic or ischemic brain some of which acquire neurosphere‐forming capacity including multipotency and long‐term self‐renewal in vitro, while they remain within their astrocyte lineage in vivo. Both reactive astrocytes and endogenous NSCs exhibit stem cell hallmarks largely in vitro, but their lineage differs in vivo. Both populations generate largely a single cell type in vivo, but endogenous NSCs generate neurons and reactive astrocytes remain in the astrocyte lineage. However, at some early postnatal stages or in some brain regions reactive astrocytes can be released from this fate restriction, demonstrating that they can also enact neurogenesis. Thus, reactive astrocytes and NSCs share many characteristic hallmarks, but also exhibit key differences. This conclusion is further substantiated by genome‐wide expression analysis comparing NSCs at different stages with astrocytes from the intact and injured brain parenchyma. GLIA 2015;63:1452–1468
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systemic Neurology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
469
|
Wabik A, Jones PH. Switching roles: the functional plasticity of adult tissue stem cells. EMBO J 2015; 34:1164-79. [PMID: 25812989 PMCID: PMC4426478 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult organisms have to adapt to survive, and the same is true for their tissues. Rates and types of cell production must be rapidly and reversibly adjusted to meet tissue demands in response to both local and systemic challenges. Recent work reveals how stem cell (SC) populations meet these requirements by switching between functional states tuned to homoeostasis or regeneration. This plasticity extends to differentiating cells, which are capable of reverting to SCs after injury. The concept of the niche, the micro-environment that sustains and regulates stem cells, is broadening, with a new appreciation of the role of physical factors and hormonal signals. Here, we review different functions of SCs, the cellular mechanisms that underlie them and the signals that bias the fate of SCs as they switch between roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wabik
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge Hutchison/MRC Research Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge Hutchison/MRC Research Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
470
|
Azim K, Hurtado-Chong A, Fischer B, Kumar N, Zweifel S, Taylor V, Raineteau O. Transcriptional Hallmarks of Heterogeneous Neural Stem Cell Niches of the Subventricular Zone. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2232-42. [PMID: 25827345 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout postnatal life in mammals, neural stem cells (NSCs) are located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. The greatest diversity of neuronal and glial lineages they generate occurs during early postnatal life in a region-specific manner. In order to probe heterogeneity of the postnatal SVZ, we microdissected its dorsal and lateral walls at different postnatal ages and isolated NSCs and their immediate progeny based on their expression of Hes5-EGFP/Prominin1 and Ascl1-EGFP, respectively. Whole genome comparative transcriptome analysis revealed transcriptional regulators as major hallmarks that sustain postnatal SVZ regionalization. Manipulation of single genes encoding for locally enriched transcription factors (loss-of-function or ectopic gain-of-function in vivo) influenced NSC specification indicating that the fate of regionalized postnatal SVZ-NSCs can be readily modified. These findings reveal the pronounced transcriptional heterogeneity of the postnatal SVZ and provide targets to recruit region-specific lineages in regenerative contexts. Stem Cells 2015;33:2232-2242.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasum Azim
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anahí Hurtado-Chong
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fischer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zweifel
- Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
471
|
Faissner A, Reinhard J. The extracellular matrix compartment of neural stem and glial progenitor cells. Glia 2015; 63:1330-49. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
472
|
Bjornsson CS, Apostolopoulou M, Tian Y, Temple S. It takes a village: constructing the neurogenic niche. Dev Cell 2015; 32:435-46. [PMID: 25710530 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although many features of neurogenesis during development and in the adult are intrinsic to the neurogenic cells themselves, the role of the microenvironment is irrefutable. The neurogenic niche is a melting pot of cells and factors that influence CNS development. How do the diverse elements assemble and when? How does the niche change structurally and functionally during embryogenesis and in adulthood? In this review, we focus on the impact of non-neural cells that participate in the neurogenic niche, highlighting how cells of different embryonic origins influence this critical germinal space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yangzi Tian
- SUNY Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
473
|
Li Y, Li X, Fan H, Li X, Zhong Y, Cao J, Yu D, Zhang M, Wen JG, Geng L, Suo Z. Age-Dependent Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Expression in Male Rat. Ultrastruct Pathol 2015; 39:121-30. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2015.1009222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
474
|
Calzolari F, Michel J, Baumgart EV, Theis F, Götz M, Ninkovic J. Fast clonal expansion and limited neural stem cell self-renewal in the adult subependymal zone. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:490-2. [PMID: 25730673 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the progeny of individual neural stem cells (NSCs) of the mouse adult subependymal zone (SEZ) in vivo and found a markedly fast lineage amplification, as well as limited NSC self-renewal and exhaustion in a few weeks. We further unraveled the mechanisms of neuronal subtype generation, finding that a higher proportion of NSCs were dedicated to generate deep granule cells in the olfactory bulb and that larger clones were produced by these NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Calzolari
- 1] Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany. [2] Biomedical Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Michel
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Theis
- 1] Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany. [2] Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- 1] Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany. [2] Biomedical Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. [3] Munich cluster for Systems Neurology (SYNERGY), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- 1] Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany. [2] Biomedical Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. [3] Munich cluster for Systems Neurology (SYNERGY), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
475
|
Prozorovski T, Schneider R, Berndt C, Hartung HP, Aktas O. Redox-regulated fate of neural stem progenitor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1543-54. [PMID: 25662818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated data indicate that self-renewal, multipotency, and differentiation of neural stem cells are under an intrinsic control mediated by alterations in the redox homeostasis. These dynamic redox changes not only reflect and support the ongoing metabolic and energetic processes, but also serve to coordinate redox-signaling cascades. Controlling particular redox couples seems to have a relevant impact on cell fate decision during development, adult neurogenesis and regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Our own research provided initial evidence for the importance of NAD+-dependent enzymes in neural stem cell fate decision. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the active role of reactive oxygen species, redox couples and redox-signaling mechanisms on plasticity and function of neural stem and progenitor cells focusing on NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H-mediated processes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The compartmentalized subcellular sources and availability of oxidizing/reducing molecules in particular microenvironment define the specificity of redox regulation in modulating the delicate balance between stemness and differentiation of neural progenitors. The generalization of "reactive oxygen species" as well as the ambiguity of their origin might explain the diametrically-opposed findings in the field of redox-dependent cell fate reflected by the literature. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Increasing knowledge of temporary and spatially defined redox regulation is of high relevance for the development of novel approaches in the field of cell-based regeneration of nervous tissue in various pathological states. This article is part of a special issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Reiner Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
476
|
Nato G, Caramello A, Trova S, Avataneo V, Rolando C, Taylor V, Buffo A, Peretto P, Luzzati F. Striatal astrocytes produce neuroblasts in an excitotoxic model of Huntington's disease. Development 2015; 142:840-5. [PMID: 25655705 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the adult brain, subsets of astrocytic cells residing in well-defined neurogenic niches constitutively generate neurons throughout life. Brain lesions can stimulate neurogenesis in otherwise non-neurogenic regions, but whether local astrocytic cells generate neurons in these conditions is unresolved. Here, through genetic and viral lineage tracing in mice, we demonstrate that striatal astrocytes become neurogenic following an acute excitotoxic lesion. Similar to astrocytes of adult germinal niches, these activated parenchymal progenitors express nestin and generate neurons through the formation of transit amplifying progenitors. These results shed new light on the neurogenic potential of the adult brain parenchyma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Nato
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Alessia Caramello
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Sara Trova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Valeria Avataneo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Chiara Rolando
- Departement of Biomedecin, University of Basel, Basel 4050, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Departement of Biomedecin, University of Basel, Basel 4050, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Peretto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Federico Luzzati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
477
|
Silva-Vargas V, Doetsch F. A new twist for neurotrophins: endothelial-derived NT-3 mediates adult neural stem cell quiescence. Neuron 2014; 83:507-9. [PMID: 25102554 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major question in studying adult neurogenesis is the source and identity of molecules that regulate stem cells. In this issue of Neuron, uncover that endothelial-derived NT-3 acts as a mediator of quiescence in the V-SVZ adult neural stem cell niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Silva-Vargas
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Neuroscience, Neurology, and Rehabilitation & Regenerative Medicine, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fiona Doetsch
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Neuroscience, Neurology, and Rehabilitation & Regenerative Medicine, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
478
|
Urbán N, Guillemot F. Neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult brain: same regulators, different roles. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:396. [PMID: 25505873 PMCID: PMC4245909 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in adult mammals in specific brain areas, known as neurogenic niches. Adult neurogenesis is highly dynamic and is modulated by multiple physiological stimuli and pathological states. There is a strong interest in understanding how this process is regulated, particularly since active neuronal production has been demonstrated in both the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult humans. The molecular mechanisms that control neurogenesis have been extensively studied during embryonic development. Therefore, we have a broad knowledge of the intrinsic factors and extracellular signaling pathways driving proliferation and differentiation of embryonic neural precursors. Many of these factors also play important roles during adult neurogenesis, but essential differences exist in the biological responses of neural precursors in the embryonic and adult contexts. Because adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are normally found in a quiescent state, regulatory pathways can affect adult neurogenesis in ways that have no clear counterpart during embryogenesis. BMP signaling, for instance, regulates NSC behavior both during embryonic and adult neurogenesis. However, this pathway maintains stem cell proliferation in the embryo, while it promotes quiescence to prevent stem cell exhaustion in the adult brain. In this review, we will compare and contrast the functions of transcription factors (TFs) and other regulatory molecules in the embryonic brain and in adult neurogenic regions of the adult brain in the mouse, with a special focus on the hippocampal niche and on the regulation of the balance between quiescence and activation of adult NSCs in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Urbán
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
| | - François Guillemot
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
479
|
Castaño J, Menendez P, Bruzos-Cidon C, Straccia M, Sousa A, Zabaleta L, Vazquez N, Zubiarrain A, Sonntag KC, Ugedo L, Carvajal-Vergara X, Canals JM, Torrecilla M, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Giorgetti A. Fast and efficient neural conversion of human hematopoietic cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1118-31. [PMID: 25458894 PMCID: PMC4264063 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons obtained directly from human somatic cells hold great promise for disease modeling and drug screening. Available protocols rely on overexpression of transcription factors using integrative vectors and are often slow, complex, and inefficient. We report a fast and efficient approach for generating induced neural cells (iNCs) directly from human hematopoietic cells using Sendai virus. Upon SOX2 and c-MYC expression, CD133-positive cord blood cells rapidly adopt a neuroepithelial morphology and exhibit high expansion capacity. Under defined neurogenic culture conditions, they express mature neuronal markers and fire spontaneous action potentials that can be modulated with neurotransmitters. SOX2 and c-MYC are also sufficient to convert peripheral blood mononuclear cells into iNCs. However, the conversion process is less efficient and resulting iNCs have limited expansion capacity and electrophysiological activity upon differentiation. Our study demonstrates rapid and efficient generation of iNCs from hematopoietic cells while underscoring the impact of target cells on conversion efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Castaño
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Cristina Bruzos-Cidon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Amaia Sousa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Lorea Zabaleta
- Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Platform, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Nerea Vazquez
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Amaia Zubiarrain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain; Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Platform, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Kai-Christian Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Luisa Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Josep Maria Canals
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Maria Torrecilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Alessandra Giorgetti
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
480
|
A transcriptional mechanism integrating inputs from extracellular signals to activate hippocampal stem cells. Neuron 2014; 83:1085-97. [PMID: 25189209 PMCID: PMC4157576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The activity of adult stem cells is regulated by signals emanating from the surrounding tissue. Many niche signals have been identified, but it is unclear how they influence the choice of stem cells to remain quiescent or divide. Here we show that when stem cells of the adult hippocampus receive activating signals, they first induce the expression of the transcription factor Ascl1 and only subsequently exit quiescence. Moreover, lowering Ascl1 expression reduces the proliferation rate of hippocampal stem cells, and inactivating Ascl1 blocks quiescence exit completely, rendering them unresponsive to activating stimuli. Ascl1 promotes the proliferation of hippocampal stem cells by directly regulating the expression of cell-cycle regulatory genes. Ascl1 is similarly required for stem cell activation in the adult subventricular zone. Our results support a model whereby Ascl1 integrates inputs from both stimulatory and inhibitory signals and converts them into a transcriptional program activating adult neural stem cells.
Collapse
|
481
|
Ottone C, Krusche B, Whitby A, Clements M, Quadrato G, Pitulescu ME, Adams RH, Parrinello S. Direct cell-cell contact with the vascular niche maintains quiescent neural stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:1045-56. [PMID: 25283993 PMCID: PMC4298702 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is a prominent component of the subventricular zone neural stem cell niche. Although quiescent neural stem cells physically contact blood vessels at specialised endfeet, the significance of this interaction is not understood. In contrast, it is well established that vasculature-secreted soluble factors promote lineage progression of committed progenitors. Here we specifically investigated the role of cell-cell contact-dependent signalling in the vascular niche. Unexpectedly, we find that direct cell-cell interactions with endothelial cells enforces quiescence and promotes stem cell identity. Mechanistically, endothelial ephrinB2 and Jagged1 mediate these effects by suppressing cell-cycle entry downstream of mitogens and inducing stemness genes to jointly inhibit differentiation. In vivo, endothelial-specific ablation of either of the genes which encode these proteins, Efnb2 and Jag1 respectively, aberrantly activates quiescent stem cells, resulting in depletion. Thus, we identify the vasculature as a critical niche compartment for stem cell maintenance, furthering our understanding of how anchorage to the niche maintains stem cells within a pro-differentiative microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ottone
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Benjamin Krusche
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ariadne Whitby
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Melanie Clements
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giorgia Quadrato
- Hertie Institute for Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany
| | - Simona Parrinello
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
482
|
Lim DA, Alvarez-Buylla A. Adult neural stem cells stake their ground. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:563-71. [PMID: 25223700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The birth of new neurons in the walls of the adult brain lateral ventricles has captured the attention of many neuroscientists for over 2 decades, yielding key insights into the identity and regulation of neural stem cells (NSCs). In the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), NSCs are a specialized form of astrocyte that generates several types of neurons for the olfactory bulb. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the unique organization of the V-SVZ NSC niche, the multiple regulatory controls of neuronal production, the distinct regional identities of adult NSCs, and the epigenetic mechanisms that maintain adult neurogenesis. Understanding how V-SVZ NSCs establish and maintain lifelong neurogenesis continues to provide surprising insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
483
|
Holmberg Olausson K, Maire CL, Haidar S, Ling J, Learner E, Nistér M, Ligon KL. Prominin-1 (CD133) defines both stem and non-stem cell populations in CNS development and gliomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106694. [PMID: 25184684 PMCID: PMC4153667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominin-1 (CD133) is a commonly used cancer stem cell marker in central nervous system (CNS) tumors including glioblastoma (GBM). Expression of Prom1 in cancer is thought to parallel expression and function in normal stem cells. Using RNA in situ hybridization and antibody tools capable of detecting multiple isoforms of Prom1, we find evidence for two distinct Prom1 cell populations in mouse brain. Prom1 RNA is first expressed in stem/progenitor cells of the ventricular zone in embryonic brain. Conversely, in adult mouse brain Prom1 RNA is low in SVZ/SGZ stem cell zones but high in a rare but widely distributed cell population (Prom1hi). Lineage marker analysis reveals Prom1hi cells are Olig2+Sox2+ glia but Olig1/2 knockout mice lacking oligodendroglia retain Prom1hi cells. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling identifies Prom1hi as slow-dividing distributed progenitors distinct from NG2+Olig2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors. In adult human brain, PROM1 cells are rarely positive for OLIG2, but express astroglial markers GFAP and SOX2. Variability of PROM1 expression levels in human GBM and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) – from no expression to strong, uniform expression – highlights that PROM1 may not always be associated with or restricted to cancer stem cells. TCGA and PDX data show that high expression of PROM1 correlates with poor overall survival. Within proneural subclass tumors, high PROM1 expression correlates inversely with IDH1 (R132H) mutation. These findings support PROM1 as a tumor cell-intrinsic marker related to GBM survival, independent of its stem cell properties, and highlight potentially divergent roles for this protein in normal mouse and human glia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Holmberg Olausson
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecile L. Maire
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sam Haidar
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason Ling
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily Learner
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
484
|
Chen MS, Lin HK, Chiu H, Lee DC, Chung YF, Chiu IM. Human FGF1 promoter is active in ependymal cells and dopaminergic neurons in the brains of F1B-GFP transgenic mice. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:232-48. [PMID: 25104610 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
FGF1 is involved in multiple biological functions and exhibits the importance in neuroprotective effects. Our previous studies indicated that, in human brain and retina, the FGF1B promoter controlled the expression of FGF1. However, the exact function and regulation of FGF1 in brain is still unclear. Here, we generated F1B-GFP transgenic mice that expressed the GFP reporter gene under the control of human FGF1B promoter (-540 to +31). Using the fresh brain sections of F1B-GFP transgenic mice, we found that the F1B-GFP cells expressed strong fluorescent signals in the ventricular system throughout the brain. The results of immunohistochemistry further showed that two distinct populations of F1B-GFP(+) cells existed in the brains of F1B-GFP transgenic mice. We demonstrated that one population of F1B-GFP(+) cells was ependymal cells, which distributed along the entire ventricles, and the second population of F1B-GFP(+) cells was neuronal cells that projected their long processes into multiple directions in specific areas of the brain. The double labeling of F1B-GFP(+) cells and tyrosine hydroxylase indicated that a subpopulation of F1B-GFP(+) -neuronal cells was dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, these F1B-GFP(+) /TH(+) cells were distributed in the main dopaminergic neuronal groups including hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, and raphe nuclei. These results suggested that human FGF1B promoter was active in ependymal cells, neurons, and a portion of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, the F1B-GFP transgenic mice provide an animal model not only for studying FGF1 gene expression in vivo but also for understanding the role of FGF1 contribution in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Shu Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
485
|
Imayoshi I, Kageyama R. Oscillatory control of bHLH factors in neural progenitors. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:531-8. [PMID: 25149265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain consists of a complex ensemble of neurons and glia. Their production during development and remodeling is tightly controlled by various regulatory mechanisms in neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Among such regulations, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors have key functions in the self-renewal, multipotency, and fate determination of NPCs. Here, we highlight the importance of the expression dynamics of bHLH factors in these processes. The oscillatory expression of multiple bHLH factors is correlated with the multipotent and self-renewable state, whereas sustained expression of a selected bHLH factor regulates fate determination. We also discuss potential mechanisms by which a single bHLH factor can exhibit versatile functions in NPC regulation as well as the hierarchical structure of the bHLH factor oscillatory network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Imayoshi
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; The Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; World Premier International Research Initiative-Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; World Premier International Research Initiative-Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
486
|
Abstract
An important hallmark of many adult stem cell niches is their proximity to the vasculature in vivo, a feature common to neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow, adipose, and other tissues, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and many tumor stem cells. This review summarizes key studies supporting the vasculature's instructive role in adult stem cell niches, and the putative underlying molecular mechanisms by which blood vessels in these niches exert control over progenitor cell fates. The importance of the perivascular niche for pathology, notably tumor metastasis and dormancy, is also highlighted. Finally, the implications of the perivascular regulation of stem and progenitor cells on biomaterial design and the impact on future research directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
487
|
Abstract
Neurogenic niches in the adult mammalian brain are composed of heterogeneous populations of neural stem cells. In this issue of Neuron, Codega et al. (2014) isolate quiescent neural stem cells from the adult subventricular zone and demonstrate their stem cell characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odessa Yabut
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
488
|
Mitchell A, Roussos P, Peter C, Tsankova N, Akbarian S. The future of neuroepigenetics in the human brain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 128:199-228. [PMID: 25410546 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800977-2.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex mechanisms shape the genome of brain cells into transcriptional units, clusters of condensed chromatin, and many other features that distinguish between various cell types and developmental stages sharing the same genetic material. Only a few years ago, the field's focus was almost entirely on a single mark, CpG methylation; the emerging complexity of neuronal and glial epigenomes now includes multiple types of DNA cytosine methylation, more than 100 residue-specific posttranslational histone modifications and histone variants, all of which superimposed by a dynamic and highly regulated three-dimensional organization of the chromosomal material inside the cell nucleus. Here, we provide an update on the most innovative approaches in neuroepigenetics and their potential contributions to approach cognitive functions and disorders unique to human. We propose that comprehensive, cell type-specific mappings of DNA and histone modifications, chromatin-associated RNAs, and chromosomal "loopings" and other determinants of three-dimensional genome organization will critically advance insight into the pathophysiology of the disease. For example, superimposing the epigenetic landscapes of neuronal and glial genomes onto genetic maps for complex disorders, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia, could provide important clues about neurological function for some of the risk-associated noncoding sequences in the human genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Cyril Peter
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Nadejda Tsankova
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|