451
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Lin Y, Hu N, Lyu P, Ma J, Wang L, Zhou M, Guo S, Chen T, Shaw C. Hylaranins: prototypes of a new class of amphibian antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretion of the oriental broad-folded frog, Hylarana latouchii. Amino Acids 2013; 46:901-9. [PMID: 24378871 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions contain a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds, particularly antimicrobial peptides, which are considered to constitute a first line of defence against bacterial infection. Here we describe the identification of two prototype peptides representing a novel structural class of antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretion of the oriental broad-folded frog, Hylarana latouchii. Named hylaranin-L1 (GVLSAFKNALPGIMKIIVamide) and hylaranin-L2 (GVLSVIKNALPGIMRFIAamide), both peptides consist of 18 amino acid residues, are C-terminally amidated and are of unique primary structures. Their primary structures were initially deduced by MS/MS fragmentation sequencing from reverse-phase HPLC fractions of skin secretion that demonstrated antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, their precursor-encoding cDNAs were cloned from a skin secretion-derived cDNA library and their primary structures were confirmed unequivocally. Synthetic replicates of both peptides exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with mean inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 34 μM against Gram-negative Escherichia coli, 4.3 μM against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and 4-9 μM against the yeast, Candida albicans. Both peptides exhibited little haemolytic activity (<6%) at the MICs for S. aureus and C. albicans. Amphibian skin secretions thus continue to provide novel antimicrobial peptide structures that may prove to be lead compounds in the design of new classes of anti-infection therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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452
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Monincová L, Buděšínský M, Čujová S, Čeřovský V, Veverka V. Structural basis for antimicrobial activity of lasiocepsin. Chembiochem 2013; 15:301-8. [PMID: 24339323 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lasiocepsin is a unique 27-residue antimicrobial peptide, isolated from Lasioglossum laticeps (wild bee) venom, with substantial antibacterial and antifungal activity. It adopts a well-defined structure consisting of two α-helices linked by a structured loop. Its basic residues form two distinct positively charged regions on the surface whereas aliphatic side chains contribute to solvent-accessible hydrophobic areas, thus emphasising the amphipathic character of the molecule. Lasiocepsin structurally belongs to the ShK family and shows a strong preference for anionic phospholipids; this is further augmented by increasing concentrations of cardiolipin, such as those found at the poles of bacterial cells. The membrane-permeabilising activity of the peptide is not limited to outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. The peptide interacts with phospholipids initially through its N terminus, and its degree of penetration is strongly dependent on the presence of cardiolipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Monincová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
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453
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Jackman JA, Zan GH, Zhdanov VP, Cho NJ. Rupture of Lipid Vesicles by a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Peptide: Influence of Vesicle Size. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:16117-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409716p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Jackman
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Goh Haw Zan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Vladimir P. Zhdanov
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive 637553, Singapore
- Boreskov
Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre
for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang
Drive 637553, Singapore
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive 637459, Singapore
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454
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Isolation and identification of a new intracellular antimicrobial peptide produced by Paenibacillus alvei AN5. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1377-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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455
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James T, Gallagher L, Titze J, Bourke P, Kavanagh J, Arendt E, Bond U. In situ
production of human β
defensin-3 in lager yeasts provides bactericidal activity against beer-spoiling bacteria under fermentation conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:368-79. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T.C. James
- Moyne Institute for Preventive Medicine; School of Genetics and Microbiology; Trinity College Dublin; College Green; Dublin Ireland
| | - L. Gallagher
- Moyne Institute for Preventive Medicine; School of Genetics and Microbiology; Trinity College Dublin; College Green; Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Titze
- School of Food and Nutritional Science; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - P. Bourke
- Moyne Institute for Preventive Medicine; School of Genetics and Microbiology; Trinity College Dublin; College Green; Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Kavanagh
- Moyne Institute for Preventive Medicine; School of Genetics and Microbiology; Trinity College Dublin; College Green; Dublin Ireland
| | - E. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Science; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - U. Bond
- Moyne Institute for Preventive Medicine; School of Genetics and Microbiology; Trinity College Dublin; College Green; Dublin Ireland
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456
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killerFLIP: a novel lytic peptide specifically inducing cancer cell death. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e894. [PMID: 24176852 PMCID: PMC3920952 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the objectives in the development of effective cancer therapy is induction of tumor-selective cell death. Toward this end, we have identified a small peptide that, when introduced into cells via a TAT cell-delivery system, shows a remarkably potent cytoxicity in a variety of cancer cell lines and inhibits tumor growth in vivo, whereas sparing normal cells and tissues. This fusion peptide was named killerFLIP as its sequence was derived from the C-terminal domain of c-FLIP, an anti-apoptotic protein. Using structure activity analysis, we determined the minimal bioactive core of killerFLIP, namely killerFLIP-E. Structural analysis of cells using electron microscopy demonstrated that killerFLIP-E triggers cell death accompanied by rapid (within minutes) plasma membrane permeabilization. Studies of the structure of the active core of killerFLIP (-E) indicated that it possesses amphiphilic properties and self-assembles into micellar structures in aqueous solution. The biochemical properties of killerFLIP are comparable to those of cationic lytic peptides, which participate in defense against pathogens and have also demonstrated anticancer properties. We show that the pro-cell death effects of killerFLIP are independent of its sequence similarity with c-FLIPL as killerFLIP-induced cell death was largely apoptosis and necroptosis independent. A killerFLIP-E variant containing a scrambled c-FLIPL motif indeed induced similar cell death, suggesting the importance of the c-FLIPL residues but not of their sequence. Thus, we report the discovery of a promising synthetic peptide with novel anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
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457
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Alfred RL, Palombo EA, Panozzo JF, Bhave M. The antimicrobial domains of wheat puroindolines are cell-penetrating peptides with possible intracellular mechanisms of action. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75488. [PMID: 24098387 PMCID: PMC3788796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The puroindoline proteins (PINA and PINB) of wheat display lipid-binding properties which affect the grain texture, a critical parameter for wheat quality. Interestingly, the same proteins also display antibacterial and antifungal properties, attributed mainly to their Tryptophan-rich domain (TRD). Synthetic peptides based on this domain also display selectivity towards bacterial and fungal cells and do not cause haemolysis of mammalian cells. However, the mechanisms of these activities are unclear, thus limiting our understanding of the in vivo roles of PINs and development of novel applications. This study investigated the mechanisms of antimicrobial activities of synthetic peptides based on the TRD of the PINA and PINB proteins. Calcein dye leakage tests and transmission electron microscopy showed that the peptides PuroA, Pina-M and Pina-W→F selectively permeabilised the large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) made with negatively charged phospholipids mimicking bacterial membranes, but were ineffective against LUVs made with zwitterionic phospholipids mimicking eukaryotic membranes. Propidium iodide fluorescence tests of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells showed the peptides were able to cause loss of membrane integrity, PuroA and Pina-M being more efficient. Scanning electron micrographs of PINA-based peptide treated yeast cells showed the formation of pits or pores in cell membranes and release of cellular contents. Gel retardation assays indicated the peptides were able to bind to DNA in vitro, and the induction of filamental growth of E. coli cells indicated in vivo inhibition of DNA synthesis. Together, the results strongly suggest that the PIN-based peptides exert their antimicrobial effects by pore formation in the cell membrane, likely by a carpet-like mechanism, followed by intracellular mechanisms of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Alfred
- Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enzo A. Palombo
- Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph F. Panozzo
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mrinal Bhave
- Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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458
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Taniguchi M, Ikeda A, Nakamichi SI, Ishiyama Y, Saitoh E, Kato T, Ochiai A, Tanaka T. Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of a novel cationic α-helical octadecapeptide derived from heat shock protein 70 of rice. Peptides 2013; 48:147-55. [PMID: 23973864 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70(241-258), an octadecapeptide derived from the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) of rice (Oryza sativa L. japonica), is a novel cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that contains four lysine, two arginine, and two histidine residues. The antimicrobial activity of Hsp70(241-258) against Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, and Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, was quantitatively evaluated using a chemiluminescence method that measures ATP derived from viable cells. The 50% growth-inhibitory concentrations of Hsp70(241-258) against P. gingivalis and C. albicans cells were 63 μM and 70 μM, respectively. Hsp70(241-258) had little or no hemolytic activity even at 1mM, and showed negligible cytotoxicity up to 300 μM. The degrees of calcein leakage from large unilamellar vesicles, which mimic the membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, and 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide release from P. gingivalis cells induced by the addition of Hsp70(241-258) increased in a concentration-dependent manner. When Hsp70(241-258) was added to calcein-acetoxymethyl ester-loaded C. albicans cells, calcein release from the cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis also showed that the percentages of C. albicans cells stained with propidium iodide, a DNA-intercalating dye, increased as the concentration of Hsp70(241-258) added was increased. Therefore, Hsp70(241-258) appears to exhibit antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis and C. albicans through membrane disruption. These results suggest that Hsp70(241-258) could be useful as a safe and potent AMP against P. gingivalis and C. albicans in many fields of health care, especially in the control of oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
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459
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Arouri A, Dathe M, Blume A. The helical propensity of KLA amphipathic peptides enhances their binding to gel-state lipid membranes. Biophys Chem 2013; 180-181:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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460
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Gaspar D, Veiga AS, Castanho MARB. From antimicrobial to anticancer peptides. A review. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:294. [PMID: 24101917 PMCID: PMC3787199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immune defense mechanism of many organisms. Although AMPs have been essentially studied and developed as potential alternatives for fighting infectious diseases, their use as anticancer peptides (ACPs) in cancer therapy either alone or in combination with other conventional drugs has been regarded as a therapeutic strategy to explore. As human cancer remains a cause of high morbidity and mortality worldwide, an urgent need of new, selective, and more efficient drugs is evident. Even though ACPs are expected to be selective toward tumor cells without impairing the normal body physiological functions, the development of a selective ACP has been a challenge. It is not yet possible to predict antitumor activity based on ACPs structures. ACPs are unique molecules when compared to the actual chemotherapeutic arsenal available for cancer treatment and display a variety of modes of action which in some types of cancer seem to co-exist. Regardless the debate surrounding the definition of structure-activity relationships for ACPs, great effort has been invested in ACP design and the challenge of improving effective killing of tumor cells remains. As detailed studies on ACPs mechanisms of action are crucial for optimizing drug development, in this review we provide an overview of the literature concerning peptides' structure, modes of action, selectivity, and efficacy and also summarize some of the many ACPs studied and/or developed for targeting different solid and hematologic malignancies with special emphasis on the first group. Strategies described for drug development and for increasing peptide selectivity toward specific cells while reducing toxicity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gaspar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
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461
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An association between peptidoglycan synthesis and organization of the Streptococcus pyogenes ExPortal. mBio 2013; 4:e00485-13. [PMID: 24065630 PMCID: PMC3781834 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00485-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ExPortal of Streptococcus pyogenes is a focal microdomain of the cytoplasmic membrane that clusters the translocons of the general secretory pathway with accessory factors to facilitate the maturation of secreted polypeptides. While it is known that the ExPortal is enriched in anionic lipids, the mechanisms that organize the ExPortal are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the role of the cell wall in organizing and maintaining the ExPortal. Removal of the cell wall resulted in a loss of ExPortal focal integrity accompanied by the circumferential redistribution of ExPortal lipid and protein components. A similar loss occurred upon treatment with gallidermin, a nonpermeabilizing lantibiotic that targets the lipid II precursor of peptidoglycan synthesis, and this treatment disrupted the secretion of several ExPortal substrates. Furthermore, several enzymes involved in the membrane-associated steps of lipid II synthesis, including MraY and MurN, were found to localize to a single discrete focus in the membrane that was coincident with the focal location of the secretory translocons and the anionic lipid microdomain. These data suggest that the ExPortal is associated with the site of peptidoglycan precursor synthesis and that peptidoglycan biogenesis influences ExPortal organization. These data add to an emerging literature indicating that cell wall biogenesis, cell division, and protein secretion are spatially coorganized processes. Since Gram-positive bacteria lack a periplasmic space, they lack a protected compartment to spatially coordinate interaction between newly secreted proteins and the factors required to process them. This represents a significant problem for pathogens that depend on the secretion of toxins and cell wall-associated adhesins to cause disease. Streptococci solve this dilemma by restricting secretion and processing factors to a defined region of the membrane. However, the mechanisms that promote restriction are not understood. In this study, we show that restriction of these factors in the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes is intimately linked with the presence of the cell wall and its synthesis. Furthermore, several cell wall synthesis proteins are also restricted to the site of protein secretion. This study contributes to our understanding of how the Gram-positive cell is organized to coordinate protein secretion and biogenesis with cell wall synthesis and to the ongoing development of antibiotics that target these processes.
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462
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Han YY, Liu HY, Han DJ, Zong XC, Zhang SQ, Chen YQ. Role of glycosylation in the anticancer activity of antibacterial peptides against breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1254-62. [PMID: 23962446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial peptides (ABPs) with cancer-selective toxicity have received much more attention as alternative chemotherapeutic agents in recent years. However, the basis of their anticancer activity remains unclear. The modification of cell surface glycosylation is a characteristic of cancer cells. The present study investigated the effect of glycosylation, in particular sialic acid, on the anticancer activity of ABPs. We showed that aurein 1.2, buforin IIb and BMAP-28m exhibited selective cytotoxicity toward MX-1 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The binding activity, cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of ABPs were enhanced by the presence of O-, N-glycoproteins, gangliosides and sialic acid on the surface of breast cancer cells. Among N-, O-glycoproteins and ganglioside, O-glycoproteins almost had the strongest effect on the binding and cytotoxicity of the three peptides. Further, up-regulation of hST6Gal1 in CHO-K1 cells enhanced the susceptibility of cells to these peptides. Finally, the growth of MX-1 xenograft tumors in mice was significantly suppressed by buforin IIb treatment, which was associated with induction of apoptosis and inhibition of vascularization. These data demonstrate that the three peptides bind to breast cancer cells via an interaction with surface O-, N-glycoproteins and gangliosides. Sialic acids act as key glycan binding sites for cationic ABP binding to glycoproteins and gangliosides. Therefore, glycosylation in breast cancer cells plays an important role in the anticancer activity of ABPs, which may partly explain their cancer-selective toxicity. Anticancer ABPs with cancer-selective cytotoxicity will be promising candidates for anticancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
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463
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Incorporation of labile trans-4,5-difluoromethanoproline into a peptide as a stable label for 19F NMR structure analysis. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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464
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The skin secretion of the amphibian Phyllomedusa nordestina: a source of antimicrobial and antiprotozoal peptides. Molecules 2013; 18:7058-70. [PMID: 23774944 PMCID: PMC6270157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18067058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from the dermaseptin and phylloseptin families were isolated from the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa nordestina, a recently described amphibian species from Northeastern Brazil. One dermaseptin and three phylloseptins were chosen for solid phase peptide synthesis. The antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activities of the synthetic peptides were determined, as well as their cytotoxicity in mouse peritoneal cells. AMPs are being considered as frameworks for the development of novel drugs inspired by their mechanism of action.
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465
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Antunes E, Azoia NG, Matamá T, Gomes AC, Cavaco-Paulo A. The activity of LE10 peptide on biological membranes using molecular dynamics, in vitro and in vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 106:240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egipto Antunes
- Biological Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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466
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Bechara C, Sagan S. Cell-penetrating peptides: 20 years later, where do we stand? FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1693-702. [PMID: 23669356 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the discovery of peptides able to cross cellular membranes launched a novel field in molecular delivery based on these non-invasive vectors, most commonly called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) or protein transduction domains (PTDs). These peptides were shown to efficiently transport various biologically active molecules inside living cells, and thus are considered promising devices for medical and biotechnological developments. Moreover, CPPs emerged as potential tools to study the prime mechanisms of cellular entry across the plasma membrane. This review is dedicated to CPP fundamentals, with an emphasis on the molecular requirements and mechanism of their entry into eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chérine Bechara
- UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Laboratoire des BioMolecules, cc 182, UMR 7203 CNRS, ENS, Paris, France.
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467
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Silva T, Adão R, Nazmi K, Bolscher JG, Funari SS, Uhríková D, Bastos M. Structural diversity and mode of action on lipid membranes of three lactoferrin candidacidal peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1329-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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468
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Adade CM, Oliveira IRS, Pais JAR, Souto-Padrón T. Melittin peptide kills Trypanosoma cruzi parasites by inducing different cell death pathways. Toxicon 2013; 69:227-39. [PMID: 23562368 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are components of the innate immune response that represent desirable alternatives to conventional pharmaceuticals, as they have a fast mode of action, a low likelihood of resistance development and can act in conjunction with existing drug regimens. AMPs exhibit strong inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, metazoans and other parasites, such as the protozoan Leishmania. Melittin is a naturally occurring AMP, which comprises 40-50% of the dry weight of Apis mellifera venom. Our group has recently shown that crude A. mellifera venom is lethal to Trypanosoma cruzi, the Chagas disease etiologic agent, and generates a variety of cell death phenotypes among treated parasites. Here, we demonstrate that the melittin affected all of T. cruzi developmental forms, including the intracellular amastigotes. The ultrastructural changes induced by melittin suggested the occurrence of different programmed cell death pathways, as was observed in A. mellifera-treated parasites. Autophagic cell death appeared to be the main death mechanism in epimastigotes. In contrast, melittin-treated trypomastigotes appeared to be dying via an apoptotic mechanism. Our findings confirm the great potential of AMPs, including melittin, as a potential source of new drugs for the treatment of neglected diseases, such as Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Adade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Ultraestrutura, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, bloco I, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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469
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Balakrishnan VS, Vad BS, Otzen DE. Novicidin's membrane permeabilizing activity is driven by membrane partitioning but not by helicity: a biophysical study of the impact of lipid charge and cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:996-1002. [PMID: 23562965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the interactions between the antimicrobial peptide Novicidin (Nc) and vesicles containing the phospholipid DOPC, with various amounts of DOPG and cholesterol using circular dichroism spectroscopy, calcein release, equilibrium dialysis and isothermal titration calorimetry. Nc adopts a random coil structure in the absence of lipids and in the presence of vesicles containing 100% DOPC. Lipids with 25-40% DOPG induce the highest level of helicity in Nc; higher DOPG levels lead to lower helicity levels and an altered tertiary arrangement of the peptide. However, the ability of Nc to permeabilize vesicles correlates not with helicity but rather with its overall membrane affinity, which is enthalpically favorable but opposed by entropy. Permeabilization declines with increasing mole percentage PG. Changes in helicity correlate with changes in enthalpy, reflecting the enthalpy of helix formation, but not with affinity. There is also a large favorable enthalpic interaction between Nc and lipids in the absence of negative charge and structural changes. Cholesterol slightly reduces membrane permeabilization but has little effect on Nc affinity and secondary structure, and probably protects the membrane by inducing the liquid ordered state. We conclude that helicity is not a prerequisite for activity, and charge-charge interactions are not the only major driving force for AMP interactions with membranes. Our data are compatible with a model in which a superficial binding mode with a large membrane surface binding area per peptide is more efficient than a more intimate embedding within the membrane environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Balakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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470
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Zhdanov VP, Höök F. Nucleation in mesoscopic systems under transient conditions: peptide-induced pore formation in vesicles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:042718. [PMID: 23679460 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.042718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of lytic peptides to the lipid membrane of virions or bacteria is often accompanied by their aggregation and pore formation, resulting eventually in membrane rupture and pathogen neutralization. The membrane rupture may occur gradually via formation of many pores or abruptly after the formation of the first pore. In academic studies, this process is observed during interaction of peptides with lipid vesicles. We present an analytical model and the corresponding Monte Carlo simulations focused on the pore formation in such situations. Specifically, we calculate the time of the first nucleation-limited pore-formation event and show the distribution of this time in the regime when the fluctuations of the number of peptides attached to a vesicle are appreciable. The results obtained are used to clarify the mechanism of the pore formation and membrane destabilization observed recently during interaction of highly active α-helical peptide with sub-100-nm lipid vesicles that mimic enveloped viruses with nanoscale membrane curvature. The model proposed and the analysis presented are generic and may be applicable to other meso- and nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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471
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Takei N, Takahashi N, Takayanagi T, Ikeda A, Hashimoto K, Takagi M, Hamada T, Saitoh E, Ochiai A, Tanaka T, Taniguchi M. Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of a novel cationic α-helical dodecapeptide, a partial sequence of cyanate lyase from rice. Peptides 2013; 42:55-62. [PMID: 23270672 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CL(14-25), a dodecapeptide, that is a partial region near N-terminus of cyanate lyase (CL, EC 4.3.99.1) from rice (Oryza sativa L. japonica), contains three arginine and two lysine residues. It was a novel cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptide. The antimicrobial activity of CL(14-25) against Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, was quantitatively evaluated by a chemiluminescence method that measures ATP derived from viable cells. The 50% growth-inhibitory concentration of CL(14-25) against P. gingivalis cells was 145 μM. CL(14-25), even at a concentration of 800 μM, had no hemolytic activity. When giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) that mimic the membrane composition of Gram-negative bacteria were used, microscopy image analysis suggested that CL(14-25) disrupted GUVs in a detergent-like manner. Therefore, CL(14-25) appears to exhibit antimicrobial activity through membrane disruption. To investigate the contribution of cationic amino acid residues in CL(14-25) to its antimicrobial activity, we synthesized four truncated CL analogs, in which one or two cationic amino acid residues were deleted from the N- and C- termini of CL(14-25). The degrees of calcein leakage from large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diSC3-5) release from P. gingivalis cells induced by truncated CL analogs were closely related to their antimicrobial activities. CL analogs, which were truncated by removing an arginine residue from the N-terminus and a lysine residue from the C-terminus maintained their antimicrobial activity. However, CL analogs, which were further truncated by removing two arginine residues from the N-terminus, and an arginine and a lysine residue from the C-terminus, rarely exhibited antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Takei
- Center for Fostering Innovative Leadership, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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472
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Dimerization of aurein 1.2: effects in structure, antimicrobial activity and aggregation of Cândida albicans cells. Amino Acids 2013; 44:1521-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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473
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Alkotaini B, Anuar N, Kadhum AAH, Sani AAA. Detection of secreted antimicrobial peptides isolated from cell-free culture supernatant of Paenibacillus alvei AN5. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:571-9. [PMID: 23508455 PMCID: PMC3656248 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An antimicrobial substance produced by the Paenibacillus alvei strain AN5 was detected in fermentation broth. Subsequently, cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) was obtained by medium centrifugation and filtration, and its antimicrobial activity was tested. This showed a broad inhibitory spectrum against both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains. The CFCS was then purified and subjected to SDS-PAGE and infrared spectroscopy, which indicated the proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial compound. Some de novo sequencing using an automatic Q-TOF premier system determined the amino acid sequence of the purified antimicrobial peptide as Y-S-K-S-L-P-L-S-V-L-N-P (1,316 Da). The novel peptide was designated as peptide AN5-1. Its mode of action was bactericidal, inducing cell lysis in E. coli ATCC 29522 and S. aureus, and non-cell lysis in both S. marcescens and B. cereus ATCC 14579. Peptide AN5-1 displayed stability at a wide range of pH values (2–12) and remained active after exposure to high temperatures (100 °C). It also maintained its antimicrobial activity after incubation with chemicals such as SDS, urea and EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Alkotaini
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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474
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Panurgines, novel antimicrobial peptides from the venom of communal bee Panurgus calcaratus (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Amino Acids 2013; 45:143-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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475
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Beck WHJ, Adams CP, Biglang-Awa IM, Patel AB, Vincent H, Haas-Stapleton EJ, Weers PMM. Apolipoprotein A-I binding to anionic vesicles and lipopolysaccharides: role for lysine residues in antimicrobial properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1503-10. [PMID: 23454085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is a 28kDa protein and a major component of high-density lipoproteins, mediating several essential metabolic functions related to heart disease. In the present study the potential protective role against bacterial pathogens was explored. ApoA-I suppressed bacterial growth of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The protein was able to bind lipopolysaccharides and showed a strong preference for bilayer vesicles made of phosphatidylglycerol over phosphatidylcholine. Lysine side chains of apoA-I were acetylated to evaluate the importance of electrostatic forces in the binding interaction with both membrane components. Electrophoresis properties, dot blot analysis, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy to probe for changes in protein structure indicated that the acetylated protein displayed a strongly reduced lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidylglycerol binding. A mutant containing only the N-terminal domain of apoA-I also showed a reduced ability to interact with the membrane components, although to a lesser extent. These results indicate the potential for apoA-I to function as an antimicrobial protein and exerts this function through lysine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy H J Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
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476
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477
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) provide a primordial source of immunity, conferring upon eukaryotic cells resistance against bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Despite a few examples of anionic peptides, AMPs are usually relatively short positively charged polypeptides, consisting of a dozen to about a hundred amino acids, and exhibiting amphipathic character. Despite significant differences in their primary and secondary structures, all AMPs discovered to date share the ability to interact with cellular membranes, thereby affecting bilayer stability, disrupting membrane organization, and/or forming well-defined pores. AMPs selectively target infectious agents without being susceptible to any of the common pathways by which these acquire resistance, thereby making AMPs prime candidates to provide therapeutic alternatives to conventional drugs. However, the mechanisms of AMP actions are still a matter of intense debate. The structure-function paradigm suggests that a better understanding of how AMPs elicit their biological functions could result from atomic resolution studies of peptide-lipid interactions. In contrast, more strict thermodynamic views preclude any roles for three-dimensional structures. Indeed, the design of selective AMPs based solely on structural parameters has been challenging. In this chapter, we will focus on selected AMPs for which studies on the corresponding AMP-lipid interactions have helped reach an understanding of how AMP effects are mediated. We will emphasize the roles of both liquid- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy for elucidating the mechanisms of action of AMPs.
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478
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Membrane-perturbing effect of fatty acids and lysolipids. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:130-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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479
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Björn C, Håkansson J, Myhrman E, Sjöstrand V, Haug T, Lindgren K, Blencke HM, Stensvåg K, Mahlapuu M. Anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory effects of peptide fragments sequentially derived from the antimicrobial peptide centrocin 1 isolated from the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. AMB Express 2012; 2:67. [PMID: 23237525 PMCID: PMC3561256 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-2-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance against antibiotic treatment has become a major threat to public health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising alternative agents for treatment of infectious diseases. This study characterizes novel synthetic peptides sequentially derived from the AMP centrocin 1, isolated from the green sea urchin, for their applicability as anti-infective agents. The microbicidal effect of centrocin 1 heavy chain (CEN1 HC-Br), its debrominated analogue (CEN1 HC), the C-terminal truncated variants of both peptides, i.e. CEN1 HC-Br (1–20) and CEN1 HC (1–20), as well as the cysteine to serine substituted equivalent CEN1 HC (Ser) was evaluated using minimal microbicidal concentration assay. The anti-inflammatory properties were assessed by measuring the inhibition of secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. All the peptides tested exhibited marked microbicidal and anti-inflammatory properties. No difference in efficacy was seen comparing CEN1 HC-Br and CEN1 HC, while the brominated variant had higher cytotoxicity. C-terminal truncation of both peptides reduced salt-tolerability of the microbicidal effect as well as anti-inflammatory actions. Also, serine substitution of cysteine residue decreased the microbicidal effect. Thus, from the peptide variants tested, CEN1 HC showed the best efficacy and safety profile. Further, CEN1 HC significantly reduced bacterial counts in two different animal models of infected wounds, while Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) failed to develop resistance against this peptide under continued selection pressure. In summary, CEN1 HC appears a promising new antimicrobial agent, and clinical studies are warranted to evaluate the applicability of this AMP for local treatment of infections in man.
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480
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Palusińska-Szysz M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Pawlikowska-Pawlęga B, Mak P, Cytryńska M. Anti-Legionella dumoffii activity of Galleria mellonella defensin and apolipophorin III. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:17048-64. [PMID: 23235329 PMCID: PMC3546738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131217048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Legionella dumoffii is, beside Legionella pneumophila, an etiological agent of Legionnaires’ disease, an atypical form of pneumonia. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of Galleria mellonella defense polypeptides against L. dumoffii. The extract of immune hemolymph, containing a mixture of defense peptides and proteins, exhibited a dose-dependent bactericidal effect on L. dumoffii. The bacterium appeared sensitive to a main component of the hemolymph extract, apolipophorin III, as well as to a defense peptide, Galleria defensin, used at the concentrations 0.4 mg/mL and 40 μg/mL, respectively. L. dumoffii cells cultured in the presence of choline were more susceptible to both defense factors analyzed. A transmission electron microscopy study of bacterial cells demonstrated that Galleria defensin and apolipophorin III induced irreversible cell wall damage and strong intracellular alterations, i.e., increased vacuolization, cytoplasm condensation and the appearance of electron-white spaces in electron micrographs. Our findings suggest that insects, such as G. mellonella, with their great diversity of antimicrobial factors, can serve as a rich source of compounds for the testing of Legionella susceptibility to defense-related peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +48-81-537-50-58; Fax: +48-81-537-59-59
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland; E-Mails: (A.Z.-B.); (M.C.)
| | - Bożena Pawlikowska-Pawlęga
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland; E-Mail:
| | - Pawel Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; E-Mail:
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland; E-Mails: (A.Z.-B.); (M.C.)
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481
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Membrane activities of colicin nuclease domains: analogies with antimicrobial peptides. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 40:1517-21. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclease colicins, such as colicin E9, are a class of Escherichia coli bacteriocins that kill E. coli and closely related Gram-negative bacteria through nucleolytic action in the cytoplasm. In order to accomplish this, their cytotoxic domains require transportation across two sets of membranes and the periplasmic space. Currently, little information is available concerning how the membrane translocation processes are achieved, and the present review summarizes our recent results on the in vitro membrane activities of the colicin nuclease domains. Using model membranes, we have analysed the cytotoxic domains of a number of DNase-type colicins and one rRNase colicin for their bilayer insertion depth and for their ability to induce vesicle aggregation, lipid mixing and increased bilayer permeability. We found that, by analogy with AMPs (antimicrobial peptides), the interplay between charge and hydrophobic character of the nuclease domains governs their pleiotropic membrane activities and these results form the basis of ongoing work to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying their membrane translocation.
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482
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Hicks RP, Abercrombie JJ, Wong RK, Leung KP. Antimicrobial peptides containing unnatural amino acid exhibit potent bactericidal activity against ESKAPE pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2012. [PMID: 23199484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 36 synthetic antimicrobial peptides containing unnatural amino acids were screened to determine their effectiveness to treat Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species (ESKAPE) pathogens, which are known to commonly infect chronic wounds. The primary amino acid sequences of these peptides incorporate either three or six dipeptide units consisting of the unnatural amino acids Tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxylic acid (Tic) and Octahydroindolecarboxylic acid (Oic). The Tic-Oic dipeptide units are separated by SPACER amino acids with specific physicochemical properties that control how these peptides interact with bacterial cell membranes of different chemical compositions. These peptides exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against these pathogens in the range from >100 to 6.25 μg/mL. The observed diversity of MIC values for these peptides against the various bacterial strains are consistent with our hypothesis that the complementarity of the physicochemical properties of the peptide and the lipid of the bacteria's cell membrane determines the resulting antibacterial activity of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Science and Technology Building, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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483
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Seo MD, Won HS, Kim JH, Mishig-Ochir T, Lee BJ. Antimicrobial peptides for therapeutic applications: a review. Molecules 2012; 17:12276-86. [PMID: 23079498 PMCID: PMC6268056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171012276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as potential therapeutic sources of future antibiotics because of their broad-spectrum activities and different mechanisms of action compared to conventional antibiotics. Although AMPs possess considerable benefits as new generation antibiotics, their clinical and commercial development still have some limitations, such as potential toxicity, susceptibility to proteases, and high cost of peptide production. In order to overcome those obstacles, extensive efforts have been carried out. For instance, unusual amino acids or peptido-mimetics are introduced to avoid the proteolytic degradation and the design of short peptides retaining antimicrobial activities is proposed as a solution for the cost issue. In this review, we focus on small peptides, especially those with less than twelve amino acids, and provide an overview of the relationships between their three-dimensional structures and antimicrobial activities. The efforts to develop highly active AMPs with shorter sequences are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Duk Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Kim
- Center for Structural Biology and Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Bong-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +82-2-880-7869; Fax: +82-2-872-3632
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484
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Verdon J, Girardin N, Marchand A, Héchard Y, Berjeaud JM. Purification and antibacterial activity of recombinant warnericin RK expressed in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:5401-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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485
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Vankemmelbeke M, O′Shea P, James R, Penfold CN. Interaction of nuclease colicins with membranes: insertion depth correlates with bilayer perturbation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46656. [PMID: 23029560 PMCID: PMC3460906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein transport across cellular membranes is an important aspect of toxin biology. Escherichia coli cell killing by nuclease colicins occurs through DNA (DNases) or RNA (RNases) hydrolysis and to this end their cytotoxic domains require transportation across two sets of membranes. In order to begin to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the membrane translocation of colicin nuclease domains, we have analysed the membrane association of four DNase domains (E9, a charge reduction E9 mutant, E8, and E7) and one ribosomal RNase domain (E3) using a biomembrane model system. PRINCIPAL RESULTS We demonstrate, through the use of large unilamellar vesicles composed of synthetic and E. coli lipids and a membrane surface potential sensor, that the colicin nuclease domains bind anionic membranes only, with micromolar affinity and via a cooperative binding mechanism. The evaluation of the nuclease bilayer insertion depth, through a fluorescence quenching analysis using brominated lipids, indicates that the nucleases locate to differential regions in the bilayer. Colicin DNases target the interfacial region of the lipid bilayer, with the DNase E7 showing the deepest insertion, whereas the ribosomal RNase E3 penetrates into the hydrophobic core region of the bilayer. Furthermore, the membrane association of the DNase E7 and the ribosomal RNase E3 induces vesicle aggregation, lipid mixing and content leakage to a much larger extent than that of the other DNases analysed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results show, for the first time, that after the initial electrostatically driven membrane association, the pleiotropic membrane effects induced by colicin nuclease domains relate to their bilayer insertion depth and may be linked to their in vivo membrane translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Vankemmelbeke
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul O′Shea
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard James
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. Penfold
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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486
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Haney EF, Nguyen LT, Schibli DJ, Vogel HJ. Design of a novel tryptophan-rich membrane-active antimicrobial peptide from the membrane-proximal region of the HIV glycoprotein, gp41. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1172-84. [PMID: 23019445 PMCID: PMC3458735 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of physicochemical characteristics have been described which contribute to the biological activity of antimicrobial peptides. This information was used to design a novel antimicrobial peptide sequence by using an intrinsically inactive membrane-associated peptide derived from the HIV glycoprotein, gp41, as a starting scaffold. This peptide corresponds to the tryptophan-rich membrane-proximal region of gp41, which is known to interact at the interfacial region of the viral membrane and adopts a helical structure in the presence of lipids. Three synthetic peptides were designed to increase the net positive charge and amphipathicity of this 19-residue peptide. Ultimately, the peptide with the greatest degree of amphipathicity and largest positive charge proved to be the most potent antimicrobial, and this peptide could be further modified to improve the antimicrobial activity. However, the other two peptides were relatively ineffective antimicrobials and instead proved to be extremely hemolytic. This work demonstrates a novel approach for the design of unexplored antimicrobial peptide sequences but it also reveals that the biological and cytotoxic activities of these polypeptides depend on a number of interrelated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan F Haney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
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487
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Hassanzadeh A, Ma HK, Dixon SJ, Mittler S. Visualization of the solubilization process of the plasma membrane of a living cell by waveguide evanescent field fluorescence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:076025. [PMID: 22894508 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.076025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Waveguide evanescent field fluorescence microscopy (WEFF) is a novel microscopy technology that allows imaging of a cell's plasma membrane in the vicinity of a glass substrate with high axial resolution, low background and little photobleaching. Time-lapse imaging can be performed to investigate changes in cell morphology in the presence or absence of chemical agents. WEFF microscopy provides a method to investigate plasma membranes of living cells and allows a comparison to simplified model membranes immobilized on planar substrates. The interaction of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 with plasma membranes of osteoblasts in an aqueous environment was investigated. Solubilization of the membranes very close to the waveguide surface was visualized and related to the three-stage solubilisation model proposed for liposomes and supported lipid bilayers. Findings for the plasma membranes of cells are in excellent agreement with results reported for these artificial model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Hassanzadeh
- Western University, London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ontario, Canada
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Silva T, Abengózar MÁ, Fernández-Reyes M, Andreu D, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Bastos M, Rivas L. Enhanced leishmanicidal activity of cryptopeptide chimeras from the active N1 domain of bovine lactoferrin. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2265-77. [PMID: 22543751 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two antimicrobial cryptopeptides from the N1 domain of bovine lactoferrin, lactoferricin (LFcin17-30) and lactoferrampin (LFampin265-284), together with a hybrid version (LFchimera), were tested against the protozoan parasite Leishmania. All peptides were leishmanicidal against Leishmania donovani promastigotes, and LFchimera showed a significantly higher activity over its two composing moieties. Besides, it was the only peptide active on Leishmania pifanoi axenic amastigotes, already showing activity below 10 μM. To investigate their leishmanicidal mechanism, promastigote membrane permeabilization was assessed by decrease of free ATP levels in living parasites, entrance of the vital dye SYTOX Green (MW = 600 Da) and confocal and transmission electron microscopy. The peptides induced plasma membrane permeabilization and bioenergetic collapse of the parasites. To further clarify the structural traits underlying the increased leishmanicidal activity of LFchimera, the activity of several analogues was assessed. Results revealed that the high activity of these hybrid peptides seems to be related to the order and sequence orientation of the two cryptopeptide moieties, rather than to their particular linkage through an additional lysine, as in the initial LFchimera. The incorporation of both antimicrobial cryptopeptide motifs into a single linear sequence facilitates chemical synthesis and should help in the potential clinical application of these optimized analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Silva
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro Investigação em Química CIQ(UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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