451
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Savić R, Azzam T, Eisenberg A, Maysinger D. Assessment of the integrity of poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) micelles under biological conditions: a fluorogenic-based approach. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:3570-8. [PMID: 16584228 DOI: 10.1021/la0531998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of block copolymer micelles is important for their effectiveness and successful delivery of the incorporated drugs. Here we evaluate the integrity of poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) micelles in media of varying chemical complexity and in cells by using fluorogenic micelles. Fluorogenic dye fluorescein-5-carbonyl azide diacetate was covalently attached to the micelle-core-forming part of the block copolymer, poly(caprolactone). The fluorescence was not detectable unless the poly(caprolactone)21-b-poly(ethylene oxide)45 micelles were destroyed and the fluorogenic dye was activated by deesterification. The fluorescence of the activated dye from destroyed micelles was easily detectable in various media and in cells. Micelles were stable in simple media such as phosphate-buffered saline but disassembled to varying extents with increasing chemical complexity of the media and addition of serum. The integrity of the internalized micelles within the cells showed a time-dependent decrease but remained largely preserved (80%) after 20 h of incubation with cells. A proof of principle was also demonstrated in vivo in mice. The fluorogenic approach to micelle integrity assessment presented herein should lend itself to other block copolymer micelles and assessments of their integrity in complex biological systems in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Savić
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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452
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Licciardi M, Campisi M, Cavallaro G, Carlisi B, Giammona G. Novel cationic polyaspartamide with covalently linked carboxypropyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride as a candidate vector for gene delivery. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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453
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Abstract
Polymeric micelles have been the subject of many studies in the field of drug delivery for the past two decades. The interest has specifically been focused on the potential application of polymeric micelles in three major areas in drug delivery: drug solubilisation, controlled drug release and drug targeting. In this context, polymeric micelles consisting of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide), poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ester)s and poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(amino acid)s have shown a great promise and are in the front line of development for various applications. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an update on the current status of polymeric micelles for each application and highlight important parameters that may lead to the development of successful polymeric micellar systems for individual delivery requirements.
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454
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455
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456
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Abstract
Polymer therapeutics encompass polymer-protein conjugates, drug-polymer conjugates, and supramolecular drug-delivery systems. Numerous polymer-protein conjugates with improved stability and pharmacokinetic properties have been developed, for example, by anchoring enzymes or biologically relevant proteins to polyethylene glycol components (PEGylation). Several polymer-protein conjugates have received market approval, for example the PEGylated form of adenosine deaminase. Coupling low-molecular-weight anticancer drugs to high-molecular-weight polymers through a cleavable linker is an effective method for improving the therapeutic index of clinically established agents, and the first candidates have been evaluated in clinical trials, including, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide conjugates of doxorubicin, camptothecin, paclitaxel, and platinum(II) complexes. Another class of polymer therapeutics are drug-delivery systems based on well-defined multivalent and dendritic polymers. These include polyanionic polymers for the inhibition of virus attachment, polycationic complexes with DNA or RNA (polyplexes), and dendritic core-shell architectures for the encapsulation of drugs. In this Review an overview of polymer therapeutics is presented with a focus on concepts and examples that characterize the salient features of the drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Haag
- Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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457
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Usui T, Sugisaki K, Amano S, Jang WD, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. New drug delivery for corneal neovascularization using polyion complex micelles. Cornea 2006; 24:S39-S42. [PMID: 16227822 DOI: 10.1097/01.ico.0000178738.29459.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce photodynamic therapy (PDT) for corneal neovascularization (NV) by polyion complex (PIC) micelles, a novel drug delivery system. METHODS AND RESULTS Development of specific drug delivery systems to corneal NV sites is an important part of next-generation photodynamic therapy. Nanocarriers consisting of PIC micelles bound by polyethylene glycol (PEG) shell exhibit good stability, high drug-loading capacity, and excellent potential for controlled drug release. Encapsulation of the photosensitizer dendrimer porphyrin (DP) into PIC micelles (DP-micelles) conveys adequate stability and increased photocytotoxicity without compromising photophysical properties of DP stability. We assessed the accumulation of DP-micelles and observed that the DP-micelles were incorporated into the corneal NV area. CONCLUSIONS PIC micelles possess attractive features of selective accumulation at the corneal NV site. PDT using DP-micelles appears to be effective and safe for the treatment of corneal NV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Usui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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458
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Kushibiki T, Tabata Y. Preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)-introduced cationized gelatin as a non-viral gene carrier. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2006; 16:1447-61. [PMID: 16370244 DOI: 10.1163/156856205774472326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare cationized gelatins grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (PEG-cationized gelatin) and evaluate the in vivo efficiency as a non-viral gene carrier. Cationized gelatin was prepared by chemical introduction of ethylenediamine to the carboxyl groups of gelatin. PEG with one terminal of active ester group was coupled to the amino groups of cationized gelatin to prepare PEG-cationized gelatins. Electrophoretic experiments revealed that the PEG-cationized gelatin with low PEGylation degrees was complexed with a plasmid DNA of luciferase, in remarked contrast to that with high PEGylation degrees. When the plasmid DNA complexed with the cationized gelatin or PEG-cationized gelatin was mixed with deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in solution to evaluate the resistance to enzymatic degradation, stronger protection effect of the PEG-cationized gelatin was observed than that of the cationized gelatin. The complex of plasmid DNA and PEG-cationized gelatin had an apparent molecular size of about 300 nm and almost zero surface charge. These findings indicate that the PEG-cationized gelatin-plasmid DNA complex has a nano-order structure where the plasmid DNA is covered with PEG molecules. When the PEG-cationized gelatin-plasmid DNA complex was intramuscularly injected, the level of gene expression was significantly increased compared with the injection of plasmid DNA solution. It is concluded that the PEG-cationized gelatin was a promising non-viral gene carrier to enhance gene expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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459
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Abstract
Polymers occupy a major portion of materials used for controlled release formulations and drug-targeting systems because this class of materials presents seemingly endless diversity in topology and chemistry. This is a crucial advantage over other classes of materials to meet the ever-increasing requirements of new designs of drug delivery formulations. The polymer architecture (topology) describes the shape of a single polymer molecule. Every natural, seminatural, and synthetic polymer falls into one of categorized architectures: linear, graft, branched, cross-linked, block, star-shaped, and dendron/dendrimer topology. Although this topic spans a truly broad area in polymer science, this review introduces polymer architectures along with brief synthetic approaches for pharmaceutical scientists who are not familiar with polymer science, summarizes the characteristic properties of each architecture useful for drug delivery applications, and covers recent advances in drug delivery relevant to polymer architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 315, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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460
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Duncan R, Ringsdorf H, Satchi-Fainaro R. Polymer Therapeutics: Polymers as Drugs, Drug and Protein Conjugates and Gene Delivery Systems: Past, Present and Future Opportunities. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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461
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O'Reilly RK, Joralemon MJ, Hawker CJ, Wooley KL. Facile syntheses of surface-functionalized micelles and shell cross-linked nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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462
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Designing Polymer-Based DNA Carriers for Non-Viral Gene Delivery: Have We Reached an Upper Performance Limit? Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-044452806-3/50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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463
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Lutz JF. Solution self-assembly of tailor-made macromolecular building blocks prepared by controlled radical polymerization techniques. POLYM INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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464
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Cuervo-Rodríguez R, Bordegé V, Sánchez-Chaves M, Fernández-García M. Free-radical copolymerization of ethyl α-hydroxymethylacrylate with methyl methacrylate by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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465
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Wang H, Denton AR. Effective electrostatic interactions in solutions of polyelectrolyte stars with rigid rodlike arms. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:244901. [PMID: 16396567 DOI: 10.1063/1.2138695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In solutions of star-branched polyelectrolytes, electrostatic interactions between charged arms on neighboring stars can compete with intrastar interactions and rotational entropy to induce anisotropy in the orientational distribution of arms. We explore the influence of arm orientational anisotropy on effective star-star interactions for model stars comprising rigid rodlike arms with evenly spaced charged monomers interacting via an effective screened-Coulomb (Yukawa) potential. Monte Carlo simulation and density-functional theory are used to compute the arm orientational distributions and effective pair potentials between weakly charged stars. For comparison, a torque balance analysis is performed to obtain the configuration and energy of the ground state, in which the torque vanishes on each arm of the two-star system. The degree of anisotropy is found to increase with the strength of electrostatic interactions and proximity of the stars. As two stars begin to overlap, the forward arms are pushed back by interstar arm-arm repulsion, but partially interdigitate due to rotational entropy. At center-center separations approaching complete overlap, the arms relax to an isotropic distribution. For nonoverlapping stars, anisotropy-induced changes in the intra- and interstar arm-arm interactions largely cancel and the effective pair interactions are then well approximated by a simple Yukawa potential, as predicted by linear-response theory for a continuum model of isotropic stars [A. R. Denton, Phys. Rev. E 67, 11804 (2003)]. For overlapping stars, the effective pair interactions in the simple rigid-arm-Yukawa model agree closely with simulations of a molecular model that includes flexible arms and explicit counterions [A. Jusufi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 018301 (2002); J. Chem. Phys. 116, 11011 (2002)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5566, USA
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466
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Lutz JF, Hoth A. Preparation of Ideal PEG Analogues with a Tunable Thermosensitivity by Controlled Radical Copolymerization of 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethyl Methacrylate and Oligo(ethylene glycol) Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0517042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 745] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lutz
- Research Group Nanotechnology for Life Science, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Ann Hoth
- Research Group Nanotechnology for Life Science, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, Potsdam 14476, Germany
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467
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Hu Y, Chen Y, Chen Q, Zhang L, Jiang X, Yang C. Synthesis and stimuli-responsive properties of chitosan/poly(acrylic acid) hollow nanospheres. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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468
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Miyata K, Kakizawa Y, Nishiyama N, Yamasaki Y, Watanabe T, Kohara M, Kataoka K. Freeze-dried formulations for in vivo gene delivery of PEGylated polyplex micelles with disulfide crosslinked cores to the liver. J Control Release 2005; 109:15-23. [PMID: 16298011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A stable, freeze-dried formulation consisting of a core-shell-type polyplex with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) shell (polyplex micelles) was prepared from a polyion complex of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and thiolated PEG-poly(L-lysine) block copolymers. The use of lyoprotectants was avoided by crosslinking the core with disulfide bonds. The crosslinked polyplex micelles (CPMs) showed excellent stability during freeze-drying and reconstitution processes, which is in sharp contrast with the formation of visible agglomerates from the non-crosslinked polyplex micelles (NCPMs) after a similar process. A thiolation degree higher than 13% of the lysine residues was required to achieve sufficient tolerability of the CPMs during the freeze-drying/reconstitution cycle. Dynamic light scattering measurements and atomic force microscopy observations demonstrated that the original size and shape of the CPMs with a thiolation degree of higher than 13% were maintained even after the freeze-drying. Furthermore, the CPMs reconstituted from the freeze-dried state achieved a transfection efficiency as high as that of the original samples. The intravenous injection of the CPM with a thiolation degree of 37% into mice via the orbital vein led to an appreciably uniform gene expression of a yellow fluorescence protein variant (Venus) in the liver, while no gene expression was observed in the case of the free pDNA injection. The procedure of disulfide crosslinking of the polyplex micell core allows the preparation of non-viral gene vectors as a powder formulation without the use of any lyoprotectants. This achievement is certainly useful for pharmaceutical applications and exhibits many advantages, including easy concentration adjustments of dosing samples, long-term storage stability, and large-scale production reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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469
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Cegnar M, Kristl J, Kos J. Nanoscale polymer carriers to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to tumours. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:1557-69. [PMID: 16318420 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.12.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale polymer carriers have the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of antitumour drugs as they can regulate their release, improve their stability and prolong circulation time by protecting the drug from elimination by phagocytic cells or premature degradation. Moreover, nanoscale polymeric carriers are capable of accumulating in tumour cells and tissues due to enhanced permeability and retention effect or by active targeting bearing ligands designed to recognise overexpressed tumour-associated antigens. The diversity in the polymer structures being studied as drug carriers in cancer therapy allows an optimal solution for a particular drug to be provided regarding its delivery and efficacy, and thus the patient's quality of life. This review is focused on the different types of nanoscale polymer carriers used for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and on the factors that affect their cellular uptake and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Cegnar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askercceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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470
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Guerrero-Sanchez C, Wouters D, Fustin CA, Gohy JF, Lohmeijer BGG, Schubert US. Structure−Property Study of Diblock Copolymer Micelles: Core and Corona Radius with Varying Composition and Degree of Polymerization. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051544u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Unité de Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (CMAT), Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daan Wouters
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Unité de Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (CMAT), Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Unité de Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (CMAT), Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Unité de Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (CMAT), Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bas G. G. Lohmeijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Unité de Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (CMAT), Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Unité de Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (CMAT), Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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471
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Chatterjee U, Jewrajka SK, Mandal BM. The amphiphilic block copolymers of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate: Synthesis by atom transfer radical polymerization and solution properties. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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472
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Lee RS, Li HR, Yang JM, Tsai FY. Synthesis of biodegradable poly(trans-4-hydroxy-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-proline)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers and micellar characterizations. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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473
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Metzke M, O'Connor N, Maiti S, Nelson E, Guan Z. Saccharide-Peptide Hybrid Copolymers as Biomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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474
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Metzke M, O'Connor N, Maiti S, Nelson E, Guan Z. Saccharide-Peptide Hybrid Copolymers as Biomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:6529-33. [PMID: 16163780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Metzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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475
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Ouarti N, Viville P, Lazzaroni R, Minatti E, Schappacher M, Deffieux A, Putaux JL, Borsali R. Micellar aggregation in blends of linear and cyclic poly(styrene-b-isoprene) diblock copolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:9085-90. [PMID: 16171336 DOI: 10.1021/la050935z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of micelles formed from blends of linear and cyclic poly(styrene-b-isoprene) (PS-b-PI) block copolymers has been investigated in solution using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and in thin solid deposits by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy under cryogenic conditions (cryo-TEM). Micelles of the pure cyclic PS(290)-b-PI(110) copolymers are wormlike cylindrical objects built by unidirectional aggregation of 33 nm wide sunflower micelles, while the linear block copolymer having the same volume fraction and molar mass forms spherical micelles 40 nm in diameter. The DLS, AFM, and cryo-TEM results consistently show that the addition of the linear copolymer (even for amounts as low as 5% w/w) to the cyclic copolymer rather favors the formation of spherical micelles at the expense of the cylindrical aggregates. Those results clearly show that the linear block copolymer chains can be used to stabilize the thermodynamically unstable elementary sunflower micelle. The thermal stability of the micelles (from the pure copolymers and from the blends) has been examined in solid deposits with in situ AFM measurements. Coalescence starts at about 70 degrees C, and the surface roughness shows a two-step decrease toward a fully homogeneous and flat structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ouarti
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons-Hainaut/Materia Nova, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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476
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Burger K, Hennig L, Fuchs A, Greif D, Spengler J, Albericio F. Domino Reactions with Fluorinated Five-membered Heterocycles – Syntheses of Trifluoromethyl Substituted Butenolides and γ-Ketoacids. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-005-0366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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477
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Keller S, Sauer I, Strauss H, Gast K, Dathe M, Bienert M. Membranmimetische Nanotransporter auf Grundlage eines dipalmitoylierten zellpenetrierenden Peptids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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478
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Keller S, Sauer I, Strauss H, Gast K, Dathe M, Bienert M. Membrane-Mimetic Nanocarriers Formed by a Dipalmitoylated Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5252-5. [PMID: 16035010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Keller
- Research Institute of Molecular Pharmacology FMP, Berlin, Germany.
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479
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Garnier S, Laschewsky A. Synthesis of New Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers and Their Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0506785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Garnier
- Universität Potsdam, P.O Box 601553, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany, and Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research FhG-IAP, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Universität Potsdam, P.O Box 601553, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany, and Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research FhG-IAP, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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480
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Functionalized micelles from new ABC polyglycidol-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(d,l-lactide) terpolymers. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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481
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Ravi Kumar M, Hellermann G, Lockey RF, Mohapatra SS. Nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery: state of the art. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1213-24. [PMID: 15268657 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.8.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With the development of genomic and proteomic technologies, the prospect for gene therapy has progressed rapidly. This has been partly possible due to the emergence of a diverse array of polymeric and non-polymeric nanoparticles that are being investigated for their ability to deliver genes and drugs. In this review, particles have been pragmatically divided as chitosan-related and chitosan-unrelated nanomaterials. The state of the art in terms of the development, characterisation and evaluation of their in vitro and/or in vivo potential is discussed for each of these various particles. Although substantial progress has been made, the potential of these particles in the clinical arena and human responses remain to be evaluated. It is hoped that this review will provide an impetus for further studies of these particles, with the ultimate intent that one or more of these diverse nanoparticle-based non-viral approaches for gene transfer will translate from 'bench to bedside' in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ravi Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SASNagar, Mohali, India
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482
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Kim IS, Lee SK, Park YM, Lee YB, Shin SC, Lee KC, Oh IJ. Physicochemical characterization of poly(l-lactic acid) and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles with polyethylenimine as gene delivery carrier. Int J Pharm 2005; 298:255-62. [PMID: 15941631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles have been used as non-viral gene delivery systems and drug delivery systems. In this study, biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA)/polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/PEI nanoparticles were prepared and characterized as gene delivery systems. The PLA/PEI and PLGA/PEI nanoparticles, which were prepared by a diafiltration method, had spherical shapes and smooth surface characteristics. The size of nanoparticles was controlled by the amount of PEI, which acted as a hydrophilic moiety, which effectively reduced the interfacial energy between the particle surface and the aqueous media. The nanoparticles showed an excellent dispersive stability under storage in a phosphate-buffered saline solution for 12 days. The positive zeta-potentials for the nanoparticles decreased and changed to negative values with increasing plasmid DNA (pDNA) content. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the complex formation between the nanoparticles and the pDNA coincided with the zeta-potential results. The results of in vitro transfection and cell viability on HEK 293 cells indicated that the nanoparticles could be used as gene delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sook Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-dong, Bug-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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483
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Tian HY, Deng C, Lin H, Sun J, Deng M, Chen X, Jing X. Biodegradable cationic PEG–PEI–PBLG hyperbranched block copolymer: synthesis and micelle characterization. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4209-17. [PMID: 15683643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel amphiphilic biodegradable cationic hyperbranched poly(ethylene glycol)-polyethylenimine-poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (PEG-PEI-PBLG) block copolymer was successfully synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate (BLG-NCA) with PEG-PEI as a macroinitiator. PEG-PEI was firstly prepared by coupling of PEG and PEI using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI). The structural properties of PEG-PEI-PBLG copolymers were confirmed by 1H NMR and GPC. The copolymers were found to be self-assembled in water with critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the range of 0.00368-0.0125 g/l and high hydrophobic micelle core. The micelle size and CMC obviously depended on the hydrophobic block content in the copolymer and the ionic state of the PEI block. The CMC decreased with the increase in the PBLG block content. The decrease of micelle size and the increase of CMC simultaneously occurred with the protonated degree of PEI block by addition of HCl solution. ESEM and Gel retardation assay showed that the cationic micelles had ability to encapsulate plasmid DNA. The copolymer has potential medical applications in drug and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, ChangChun, Jilin 130022, China
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484
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Djordjevic J, Barch M, Uhrich KE. Polymeric micelles based on amphiphilic scorpion-like macromolecules: novel carriers for water-insoluble drugs. Pharm Res 2005; 22:24-32. [PMID: 15771226 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-9005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective was to evaluate amphiphilic scorpion-like macromolecules (AScMs) as drug carriers for hydrophobic drugs. METHODS Indomethacin (IMC) was incorporated into two AScM micelles (M12P5 and M12P2) by the O/W emulsion technique. The influences of IMC:polymer feed ratio and molecular weight of the hydrophilic block of AScMs on the micelle size, IMC entrapment efficiency and release behavior were investigated. Furthermore, cytotoxicity of the AScMs was evaluated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). RESULTS The maximal IMC entrapment efficiency in M12P5 and M12P2 micelles (72.3 and 20.2%, respectively) was obtained at ratios of 0.1 to 1 for indomethacin:polymer. The sizes of IMC-loaded M12P5 and Mi2P2 polymeric micelles were <20 nm with a narrow size distribution. In vitro release studies revealed that IMC released from MI2P5 and M12P2 polymeric micelles showed sustained release behavior during the 24 h of experiment. Additionally, M12P5 and M12P2 polymeric micelles did not induce remarkable cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells at concentrations up to 1 and 0.5 mM, respectively. CONCLUSION The amphiphilic scorpion-like macromolecules may be useful as novel drug carriers because of their small size, ability to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs and release them in a sustained manner as well as low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djordjevic
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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485
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Kang Y, Taton TA. Controlling Shell Thickness in Core−Shell Gold Nanoparticles via Surface-Templated Adsorption of Block Copolymer Surfactants. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050400c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - T. Andrew Taton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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486
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Liu SQ, Tong YW, Yang YY. Thermally sensitive micelles self-assembled from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-b-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) for controlled delivery of paclitaxel. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2005; 1:158-65. [PMID: 16880979 DOI: 10.1039/b501756b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermally sensitive micelles self-assembled from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co- N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-b-poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)[P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm)-b-PLGA] are fabricated and used as a carrier for the controlled delivery of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is efficiently loaded into the micelles by a membrane dialysis method. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the micelles is 39.0 degrees C in PBS. Encapsulation efficiency and loading level of paclitaxel are affected by the initial loading level of paclitaxel, fabrication temperature and polymer composition. The blank and paclitaxel-loaded micelles are characterized by particle size analysis (DLS), morphology (TEM and AFM) and paclitaxel distribution (NMR, DSC and WAXRD). The micelles are spherical in shape, having an average size less than 130 nm. Paclitaxel is molecularly distributed within the core of micelles. Sustained release of paclitaxel is achieved, which is much faster at a temperature above the LCST than at the normal body temperature (37 degrees C). Cytotoxicity of free paclitaxel and paclitaxel-loaded micelles against a human breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-435S) is studied at different temperatures. The cytotoxicity of the paclitaxol-loaded micelles is greater as compared to free paclitaxel. Enhanced cytotoxicity is achieved by the paclitaxol-loaded micelles when the environmental temperature increases slightly above the LCST. Paclitaxel-loaded P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm)-b-PLGA micelles may provide a good formulation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore
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487
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Kakizawa Y, Furukawa S, Kataoka K. Block copolymer-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles sensing intracellular environment for oligodeoxynucleotide and siRNA delivery. J Control Release 2005; 97:345-56. [PMID: 15196761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles entrapping oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) or siRNA were prepared through the self-associating phenomenon of the block copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(aspartic acid) (PEG-PAA), with calcium phosphate. The nanoparticles have diameters in the range of several hundreds of nanometers depending on the PEG-PAA concentration and revealed excellent colloidal stability due to the steric repulsion effect of the PEG layer surrounding the calcium phosphate core. The loading capacities of ODN and siRNA were fairly high, reaching almost 100% under optimal conditions. The flowcytometric analysis and confocal microscopy observation indicated that the hybrid nanoparticles loaded with ODN were taken up by the cells through the endocytosis mechanism. Furthermore, the calcium phosphate core dissociates in the intracellular environment with appreciably lowered calcium ion concentration compared to the exterior, allowing the release of the incorporated ODN and siRNA in a controlled manner. Eventually, effective intracellular delivery and nuclear localization of these nucleic acid-based drugs were evidenced through the observation of laser confocal microscopy using FITC-labeled ODN. This smart ion-sensitive characteristic of hybrid nanoparticles was further demonstrated by the appreciable silencing of reporter gene expression by siRNA incorporated in the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kakizawa
- Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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488
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Batrakova EV, Li S, Li Y, Alakhov VY, Elmquist WF, Kabanov AV. Distribution kinetics of a micelle-forming block copolymer Pluronic P85. J Control Release 2005; 100:389-97. [PMID: 15567504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pluronic block copolymers, micelle-forming polymeric surfactants, are currently being evaluated in chemotherapy clinical trials in combination with doxorubicin to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors. This study examines the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Pluronic P85 (P85), a potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (Pgp). P85 was radioactively labeled and administered intravenously (i.v.) to mice. The concentration of the copolymer was varied to examine the effects of micelle formation on the distribution kinetics. The main pharmacokinetic parameters (the area under the curve, half-life, clearance, mean residence time, and volume of distribution) were determined. The results suggest that half-life of P85 varies from 60 to 90 h, depending on its aggregation state. Formation of micelles decreased the uptake of the block copolymer in the liver. However, it had no effect on the total clearance, suggesting that the elimination of P85 was controlled by the renal elimination of P85 unimers and not by the rate of micelle disposition or disintegration. The total clearance value suggests that a significant portion of P85 is reabsorbed back into the blood, probably through the kidney's tubular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
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489
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Prompruk K, Govender T, Zhang S, Xiong CD, Stolnik S. Synthesis of a novel PEG-block-poly(aspartic acid-stat-phenylalanine) copolymer shows potential for formation of a micellar drug carrier. Int J Pharm 2005; 297:242-53. [PMID: 15907607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel functionalised copolymer with three polymeric components, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(aspartic acid-stat-phenylalanine), PEG-P(asp-phe), was synthesised and investigated for its potential to form micelles via ionic interactions with a model water-soluble drug, diminazene aceturate. Drug-free solutions of structurally related PEG-P(asp-phe) 5:6:4 and PEG-P(asp-phe) 5:4:6 copolymers indicated polymeric aggregation into micellar-type constructs. The size of PEG-P(asp-phe) 5:6:4 micelles was found to be pH and drug content-dependent. The drug-loaded systems existed as discreet units and were fairly uniform in size and shape. More drug could be included in the PEG-P(asp-phe) 5:6:4 micelles as compared to if only interaction with carboxyl groups from aspartic acid units was responsible for micelle formation, indicating the augmentative role of phenylalanine moieties in drug-incorporation. The slower in vitro drug release from PEG-P(asp-phe) 5:6:4 micelles as compared to PEG-Pasp (AB) micelles indicated the role of the phenylalanine moiety in controlling drug release. This study, therefore, confirmed the potential of a novel tri-component copolymer structure, PEG-P(asp-phe), for the formation of polyionic micelles for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Prompruk
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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490
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491
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Ouhib F, Randriamahefa S, Wintgens V, Guérin P, Barbaud C. Polymeric Micelles and Nanoparticles from Block and Statistical Poly((RS)-3,3-dimethylmalic acid) Derivatives: Preparation and Characterization. Macromol Biosci 2005; 5:299-305. [PMID: 15818582 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200400177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic and biodegradable micelles and nanoparticles designed as potential drug carriers were prepared from biodegradable statistical and block copolyesters obtained by a living anionic ring-opening process. These novel materials display amphiphilic properties arising from the joint presence of hydrophilic poly((RS)-3,3-dimethylmalic acid) and hydrophobic poly(hexyl (RS)-3,3-dimethylmalate) segments. Micelles obtained from a well-defined block copolymer have been characterized by their critical aggregation concentration, and nanoparticles derived from statistical copolymer have been analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ouhib
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Polyméres, UMR C7581 CNRS-Université Paris XII, 2-8 Rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
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492
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Krämer M, Stumbé JF, Grimm G, Kaufmann B, Krüger U, Weber M, Haag R. Dendritic polyamines: simple access to new materials with defined treelike structures for application in nonviral gene delivery. Chembiochem 2005; 5:1081-7. [PMID: 15300831 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycationic dendrimers are interesting nonviral vectors for in vitro DNA delivery. We describe a simple approach to the synthesis of dendritic polyamines with different molecular weights and adjustable flexibility (degrees of branching; DB). Both parameters influence the transfection efficiency and the cell toxicity of the polymer. Functionalization of hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) by a two-step procedure generated fully branched pseudodendrimers (analogues of polypropylenimine (PPI) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers). The DNA transfection efficiencies observed for these polymers depended on the cell line investigated. The highest efficiencies were observed for polymers whose unfunctionalized PEI cores had molecular weights in the range M(w)=6000-25 000 g mol(-1). The cytotoxicity of the dendrimers generally rises with increasing core size. The data collected for NIH/3T3 and COS-7 cells indicate a maximum transfection efficiency at around 60 % branching for the PPI analogues, and at a PEI-core molecular weight of M(w)=25 000 g mol(-1). PAMAM functionalization of PEI (M(w)=5000 and 21 000 g mol(-1)) leads to polymers with little or no cytotoxity in the cell lines investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krämer
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum und Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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493
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Funhoff AM, van Nostrum CF, Lok MC, Fretz MM, Crommelin DJA, Hennink WE. Poly(3-guanidinopropyl methacrylate): a novel cationic polymer for gene delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 15:1212-20. [PMID: 15546186 DOI: 10.1021/bc049864q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cationic polymethacrylate with a guanidinium side group was designed in order to create a polymer with cell membrane-penetrating properties such as Tat or other arginine-rich peptides. The polymer, poly(3-guanidinopropyl methacrylate), abbreviated as pGuaMA, was synthesized by free radical polymerization. The DNA-condensing properties of pGuaMA (Mw 180 kDa) were investigated via dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements, and small, positively charged particles (110 nm, +37 mV) were found. It was shown that polyplexes based on pGuaMA were able to transfect COS-7 cells efficiently in the absence of serum, while under the same conditions poly(arginine) (pArg) polyplexes did not show detectable transfection levels. Addition of a membrane-disrupting peptide, INF 7, derived from the influenza virus, to preformed pGuaMA polyplexes did result in approximately 2 times increased transfection levels. DLS, zeta potential measurements, gel electrophoresis, and ethidium bromide displacement measurements indicated that serum induced aggregation of the polyplexes at high polymer/plasmid ratios, while at low polymer/plasmid ratios the polarity of the polyplexes reversed likely due to adsorption of negatively charged proteins on their surface. Likely, the unfavorable interactions of pGuaMA polyplexes with serum proteins is the reason for the absent transfection activity of these polyplexes in the presence of serum. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated cellular internalization via endocytosis of both polyplexes and free polymer. Thus, pGuaMA polyplexes enter cells, as reported for other polyplexes, by endocytosis and not, as hypothesized, via direct membrane passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen M Funhoff
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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494
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Yi Y, Kim JH, Kang HW, Oh HS, Kim SW, Seo MH. A Polymeric Nanoparticle Consisting of mPEG-PLA-Toco and PLMA-COONa as a Drug Carrier: Improvements in Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution. Pharm Res 2005; 22:200-8. [PMID: 15783067 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-1187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a new polymeric nanoparticulate drug delivery formulation that consists of two components: i) an amphiphilic diblock copolymer having tocopherol moiety at the end of the hydrophobic block in which the hydrophobic tocopherol moiety increases stability of hydrophobic core of the nanoparticle in aqueous medium; and ii) a biodegradable copolyester having carboxylate end group that is capable of forming ionic complex with positively charged compounds such as doxorubicin. METHODS A doxourubicin-loaded polymeric nanoparticle (Dox-PNP) was prepared by solvent evaporation method. The entrapment efficiency, size distribution, and in vitro release profile at various pH conditions were characterized. In vitro cellular uptake was investigated by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and MTT assay using drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cell lines. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were evaluated in rats and tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Doxorubicin (Dox) was efficiently loaded into the PNP (higher than 95% of entrapment efficiency), and the diameter of Dox-PNP was in the range 20-25 nm with a narrow size distribution. In Vitro study showed that Dox-PNP exhibited higher cellular uptake into both human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) and human uterine cancer cell (MES-SA) than free doxorubicin solution (Free-Dox), especially into drug-resistant cells (MCF-7/ADR and MES-SA/Dx-5). In pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study, the bioavailability of Dox-PNP calculated from the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) was 69.8 times higher than that of Free-Dox in rats, and Dox-PNP exhibited 2 times higher bioavailability in tumor tissue of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS Dox-PNP exhibited enhanced cellular uptake of the drug. In the cytotoxic activity study, this improved cellular uptake was proved to be more advantageous in drug-resistant cell. Dox-PNP exhibited much higher bioavailability in blood plasma and more drug accumulation in tumor tissue than conventional doxorubicin formulation. The results of this study suggest that the PNP system is an advantageous carrier for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilwoong Yi
- Parenteral Delivery Research, Samyang R&D Center, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-717, South Korea
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495
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Yang Z, Yuan J, Cheng S. Self-assembling of biocompatible BAB amphiphilic triblock copolymers PLL(Z)–PEG–PLL(Z) in aqueous medium. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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496
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Vandermeulen GWM, Tziatzios C, Duncan R, Klok HA. PEG-Based Hybrid Block Copolymers Containing α-Helical Coiled Coil Peptide Sequences: Control of Self-Assembly and Preliminary Biological Evaluation. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0485538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido W. M. Vandermeulen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Institut für Biophysik, Theodor-Stern-Kai, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK; and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MX-D, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christos Tziatzios
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Institut für Biophysik, Theodor-Stern-Kai, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK; and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MX-D, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Duncan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Institut für Biophysik, Theodor-Stern-Kai, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK; and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MX-D, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Institut für Biophysik, Theodor-Stern-Kai, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK; and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MX-D, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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497
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Jang WD, Nishiyama N, Zhang GD, Harada A, Jiang DL, Kawauchi S, Morimoto Y, Kikuchi M, Koyama H, Aida T, Kataoka K. Supramolecular Nanocarrier of Anionic Dendrimer Porphyrins with Cationic Block Copolymers Modified with Polyethylene Glycol to Enhance Intracellular Photodynamic Efficacy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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498
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Korobko AV, Jesse W, van der Maarel JRC. Encapsulation of DNA by cationic diblock copolymer vesicles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:34-42. [PMID: 15620282 DOI: 10.1021/la047967r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of dsDNA fragments (contour length 54 nm) by the cationic diblock copolymer poly(butadiene-b-N-methyl-4-vinyl pyridinium) [PBd-b-P4VPQ] has been studied with phase contrast, polarized light, and fluorescence microscopies, as well as scanning electron microscopy. Encapsulation was achieved with a single emulsion technique. For this purpose, an aqueous DNA solution is emulsified in an organic solvent (toluene) and stabilized by the amphiphilic diblock copolymer. The PBd block forms an interfacial brush, whereas the cationic P4VPQ block complexes with DNA. A subsequent change of the quality of the organic solvent results in a collapse of the PBd brush and the formation of a capsule. Inside the capsules, the DNA is compacted as shown by the appearance of birefringent textures under crossed polarizers and the increase in fluorescence intensity of labeled DNA. The capsules can also be dispersed in an aqueous medium to form vesicles, provided they are stabilized with an osmotic agent [poly(ethylene glycol)] in the external phase. It is shown that the DNA is released from the vesicles once the osmotic pressure drops below 10(5) N/m(2) or if the ionic strength of the supporting medium exceeds 0.1 M. The method has also proven to be efficient to encapsulate pUC18 plasmid in submicrometer-sized vesicles, and the general applicability of the method has been demonstrated by the preparation of the charge inverse system: cationic poly(ethylene imine) encapsulated by the anionic diblock poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Korobko
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kabanov A, Zhu J, Alakhov V. Pluronic Block Copolymers for Gene Delivery. NON-VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY, SECOND EDITION: PART 1 2005; 53PA:231-261. [PMID: 16243066 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(05)53009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) called Pluronic or poloxamer are commercially available pharmaceutical excipients. They recently attracted considerable attention in gene delivery applications. First, they were shown to increase the transfection with adenovirus and lentivirus vectors. Second, they were shown to increase expression of genes delivered into cells using non-viral vectors. Third, the conjugates of Pluronic with polycations, were used as DNA-condensing agents to form polyplexes. Finally, it was demonstrated that they can increase regional expression of the naked DNA after its injection in the skeletal and cardiac muscles or tumor. Therefore, there is substantial evidence that Pluronic block copolymers can improve gene expression with different delivery routes and different types of vectors, including naked DNA. These results and possible mechanisms of Pluronic effects are discussed. At least in some cases, Pluronic can act as biological adjuvants by activating selected signaling pathways, such as NF-kappaB, and upregulating the transcription of the genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kabanov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska 68198
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Deng L, Yao C, Li A, Dong A. Preparation and characterization of poly{[α-maleic anhydride-ω-methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)]-co-(ethyl cyanoacrylate)} copolymer nanoparticles. POLYM INT 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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