451
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Napierska D, Thomassen LCJ, Lison D, Martens JA, Hoet PH. The nanosilica hazard: another variable entity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:39. [PMID: 21126379 PMCID: PMC3014868 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are produced on an industrial scale and are an addition to a growing number of commercial products. SNPs also have great potential for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine. Contrary to the well-studied crystalline micron-sized silica, relatively little information exists on the toxicity of its amorphous and nano-size forms. Because nanoparticles possess novel properties, kinetics and unusual bioactivity, their potential biological effects may differ greatly from those of micron-size bulk materials. In this review, we summarize the physico-chemical properties of the different nano-sized silica materials that can affect their interaction with biological systems, with a specific emphasis on inhalation exposure. We discuss recent in vitro and in vivo investigations into the toxicity of nanosilica, both crystalline and amorphous. Most of the in vitro studies of SNPs report results of cellular uptake, size- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, increased reactive oxygen species levels and pro-inflammatory stimulation. Evidence from a limited number of in vivo studies demonstrates largely reversible lung inflammation, granuloma formation and focal emphysema, with no progressive lung fibrosis. Clearly, more research with standardized materials is needed to enable comparison of experimental data for the different forms of nanosilicas and to establish which physico-chemical properties are responsible for the observed toxicity of SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Napierska
- Unit of Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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452
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Abstract
Over the past several decades, much has been revealed about the nature of the host innate immune response to microorganisms, with the identification of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which are the conserved microbial motifs sensed by these receptors. It is now apparent that these same PRRs can also be activated by non-microbial signals, many of which are considered as damage-associated molecular patterns. The sterile inflammation that ensues either resolves the initial insult or leads to disease. Here, we review the triggers and receptor pathways that result in sterile inflammation and its impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109, USA.
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453
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Huang YW, Wu CH, Aronstam RS. Toxicity of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Recent Insights from in vitro Studies. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4842-4859. [PMID: 28883356 PMCID: PMC5445783 DOI: 10.3390/ma3104842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has evolved to play a prominent role in our economy. Increased use of nanomaterials poses potential human health risk. It is therefore critical to understand the nature and origin of the toxicity imposed by nanomaterials (nanotoxicity). In this article we review the toxicity of the transition metal oxides in the 4th period that are widely used in industry and biotechnology. Nanoparticle toxicity is compellingly related to oxidative stress and alteration of calcium homeostasis, gene expression, pro-inflammatory responses, and cellular signaling events. The precise physicochemical properties that dictate the toxicity of nanoparticles have yet to be defined, but may include element-specific surface catalytic activity (e.g., metallic, semiconducting properties), nanoparticle uptake, or nanoparticle dissolution. These in vitro studies substantially advance our understanding in mechanisms of toxicity, which may lead to safer design of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Wern Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Missouri S&T cDNA Resource Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W. 11th Street, 105 Schrenk Hall, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
| | - Chi-Heng Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Missouri S&T cDNA Resource Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W. 11th Street, 105 Schrenk Hall, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
| | - Robert S Aronstam
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Missouri S&T cDNA Resource Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W. 11th Street, 105 Schrenk Hall, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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454
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Al Shamsi M, Al Samri MT, Al-Salam S, Conca W, Shaban S, Benedict S, Tariq S, Biradar AV, Penefsky HS, Asefa T, Souid AK. Biocompatibility of calcined mesoporous silica particles with cellular bioenergetics in murine tissues. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1796-805. [PMID: 20961102 DOI: 10.1021/tx100245j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel in vitro system was developed to investigate the effects of two forms of calcined mesoporous silica particles (MCM41-cal and SBA15-cal) on cellular respiration of mouse tissues. O(2) consumption by lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and pancreatic tissues was unaffected by exposure to 200 μg/mL MCM41-cal or SBA15-cal for several hours. Normal tissue histology was confirmed by light microscopy. Intracellular accumulation of the particles in the studied tissues was evident by electron microscopy. The results show reasonable in vitro biocompatibility of the mesoporous silicas with murine tissue bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al Shamsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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455
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An engineering intervention resulting in improvement in lung function and change in urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine among foundry workers in Taiwan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 84:175-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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456
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Possamai FP, Júnior SÁ, Parisotto EB, Moratelli AM, Inácio DB, Garlet TR, Dal-Pizzol F, Filho DW. Antioxidant intervention compensates oxidative stress in blood of subjects exposed to emissions from a coal electric-power plant in South Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:175-180. [PMID: 21787649 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the process of energy generation, particulate matter (PM) emissions derived from coal combustion expose humans to serious occupational diseases, which are associated with overgeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of the present study is to better understand the relations between PM exposure derived from a coal electric-power plant and the oxidative damage in subjects (n=20 each group) directly (working at the burning area) or indirectly (working at the office or living in the vicinity of the electric-power plant=group of residents) exposed to airborne contamination, before and after daily supplementation with vitamins C (500mg) and E (800mg) during six months, which were compared to non-exposed subjects (control group). Several biomarkers of oxidative stress were examined such as levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), protein thiols (PT) and vitamin E in plasma, levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in whole blood, and of activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in red cells. Before supplementation, TBARS and PC levels were significantly increased, levels of GSH and vitamin E were decreased, while the activities of SOD and CAT were increased in workers groups and GST were increased in all groups in compared to controls. After the antioxidant supplementation essentially all these biomarkers were normalized to control levels. The antioxidant intervention was able to confer a protective effect of vitamins C and E against the oxidative insult associated with airborne contamination derived from coal burning of an electric-power plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Pagani Possamai
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Cidade Universitária, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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457
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Biological effects and comparative cytotoxicity of thermal transformed asbestos-containing materials in a human alveolar epithelial cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1521-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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458
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Sohaebuddin SK, Thevenot PT, Baker D, Eaton JW, Tang L. Nanomaterial cytotoxicity is composition, size, and cell type dependent. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:22. [PMID: 20727197 PMCID: PMC2936333 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite intensive research efforts, reports of cellular responses to nanomaterials are often inconsistent and even contradictory. Additionally, relationships between the responding cell type and nanomaterial properties are not well understood. Using three model cell lines representing different physiological compartments and nanomaterials of different compositions and sizes, we have systematically investigated the influence of nanomaterial properties on the degrees and pathways of cytotoxicity. In this study, we selected nanomaterials of different compositions (TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles, and multi-wall carbon nanotubes [MWCNTs]) with differing size (MWCNTs of different diameters < 8 nm, 20-30 nm, > 50 nm; but same length 0.5-2 μm) to analyze the effects of composition and size on toxicity to 3T3 fibroblasts, RAW 264.7 macrophages, and telomerase-immortalized (hT) bronchiolar epithelial cells. Results Following characterization of nanomaterial properties in PBS and serum containing solutions, cells were exposed to nanomaterials of differing compositions and sizes, with cytotoxicity monitored through reduction in mitochondrial activity. In addition to cytotoxicity, the cellular response to nanomaterials was characterized by quantifying generation of reactive oxygen species, lysosomal membrane destabilization and mitochondrial permeability. The effect of these responses on cellular fate - apoptosis or necrosis - was then analyzed. Nanomaterial toxicity was variable based on exposed cell type and dependent on nanomaterial composition and size. In addition, nanomaterial exposure led to cell type dependent intracellular responses resulting in unique breakdown of cellular functions for each nanomaterial: cell combination. Conclusions Nanomaterials induce cell specific responses resulting in variable toxicity and subsequent cell fate based on the type of exposed cell. Our results indicate that the composition and size of nanomaterials as well as the target cell type are critical determinants of intracellular responses, degree of cytotoxicity and potential mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed K Sohaebuddin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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459
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Tuluce Y, Ozkol H, Koyuncu I, Ine H. Increased occupational coal dust toxicity in blood of central heating system workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 27:57-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710381889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coal dust causes lung diseases in occupational exposure. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of its toxicity. In this study, serum enzymes, lipid profile and other biochemical values with oxidant/antioxidant status in whole blood and serum of central heating system workers (CHSW; the persons responsible for heating the apartment with coal) were determined to reflect the cell injury. Blood samples were obtained from CHSW (n = 25) and healthy individuals (n = 25). All values were measured in whole blood and serum. ANOVA was used for the estimation of statistical data. In the group of CHSW, creatinine, ferritin, alanin aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activities as well as triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein, protein carbonyl and malondialdehide were significantly higher, while transferrin, high density lipoprotein and catalase (CAT) activities were lower than the group of healthy individuals. This result is consistent with hypothesis that respirable coal dust generates lipid and protein oxidation and induces leakage of serum enzymes by cell damage. It also leads to imbalance in antioxidant defense system, lipid profile and other biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tuluce
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey,
| | - Halil Ozkol
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Harran University, S Urfa, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ine
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Harran University, S Urfa, Turkey
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460
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Barillet S, Jugan ML, Laye M, Leconte Y, Herlin-Boime N, Reynaud C, Carrière M. In vitro evaluation of SiC nanoparticles impact on A549 pulmonary cells: cyto-, genotoxicity and oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:324-30. [PMID: 20655996 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is considered a highly biocompatible material, consequently SiC nanoparticles (NPs) have been proposed for potential applications in diverse areas of technology. Since no toxicological data are available for these NPs, the aim of this study was to draw their global toxicological profile on A549 lung epithelial cells, using a battery of classical in vitro assays. Five SiC-NPs, with varying diameters and Si/C ratios were used, and we show that these SiC-NPs are internalized in cells where they cause a significant, though limited, cytotoxic effect. Cell redox status is deeply disturbed: SiC-NP exposure cause reactive oxygen species production, glutathione depletion and inactivation of some antioxidant enzymes: glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, but not catalase. Finally, the alkaline comet assay shows that SiC-NPs are genotoxic. Taken together, these data prove that SiC-NPs biocompatibility should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barillet
- Laboratoire de Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique, CEA-CNRS UMR3299 SIS2M, IRAMIS, CEA Saclay, bât 639 pce 10, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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461
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Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Kumar S, Siddiqui H, Patil G, Ashquin M, Ahmad I. Nanotoxicity of pure silica mediated through oxidant generation rather than glutathione depletion in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicology 2010; 276:95-102. [PMID: 20654680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Though, oxidative stress has been implicated in silica nanoparticles induced toxicity both in vitro and in vivo, but no similarities exist regarding dose-response relationship. This discrepancy may, partly, be due to associated impurities of trace metals that may present in varying amounts. Here, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters of two sizes (10 nm and 80 nm) of pure silica nanoparticles was determined in human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells). Both sizes of silica nanoparticles induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity as measured by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Silica nanoparticles were also found to induce oxidative stress in dose-dependent manner indicated by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO). However, both sizes of silica nanoparticles had little effect on intracellular glutathione (GSH) level and the activities of glutathione metabolizing enzymes; glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO) plus silica nanoparticles did not result in significant GSH depletion than that caused by BSO alone nor N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) afforded significant protection from ROS and LPO induced by silica nanoparticles. The rather unaltered level of GSH is also supported by finding no appreciable alteration in the level of GR and GPx. Our data suggest that the silica nanoparticles exert toxicity in A549 cells through the oxidant generation (ROS and LPO) rather than the depletion of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Javed Akhtar
- Fibre Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), Lucknow, UP, India
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462
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Santos HA, Riikonen J, Salonen J, Mäkilä E, Heikkilä T, Laaksonen T, Peltonen L, Lehto VP, Hirvonen J. In vitro cytotoxicity of porous silicon microparticles: effect of the particle concentration, surface chemistry and size. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2721-31. [PMID: 20036766 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here the in vitro cytotoxicity of mesoporous silicon (PSi) microparticles on the Caco-2 cells as a function of particle size fractions (1.2-75 microm), particle concentration (0.2-4 mg ml(-1)) and incubation times (3, 11 and 24 h). The particle size (smaller PSi particles showed higher cytotoxicity) and the surface chemistry treatment of the PSi microparticles were considered to be the key factors regarding the toxicity aspects. These effects were significant after the 11 and 24 h exposure times, and were explained by cell-particle interactions involving mitochondrial disruption resulting from ATP depletion and reactive oxygen species production induced by the PSi surface. These events further induced an increase in cell apoptosis and consequent cell damage and cell death in a dose-dependent manner and as a function of the PSi particle size. These effects were, however, less pronounced with thermally oxidized PSi particles. Under the experimental conditions tested and at particle sizes >25 microm, the non-toxic threshold concentration for thermally hydrocarbonized and carbonized PSi particles was <2 mg ml(-1), and for thermally oxidized PSi microparticles was <4 mg ml(-1).
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463
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Landsiedel R, Ma-Hock L, Kroll A, Hahn D, Schnekenburger J, Wiench K, Wohlleben W. Testing metal-oxide nanomaterials for human safety. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2601-27. [PMID: 20512811 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials can display distinct biological effects compared with bulk materials of the same chemical composition. The physico-chemical characterization of nanomaterials and their interaction with biological media are essential for reliable studies and are reviewed here with a focus on widely used metal oxide and carbon nanomaterials. Available rat inhalation and cell culture studies compared to original results suggest that hazard potential is not determined by a single physico-chemical property but instead depends on a combination of material properties. Reactive oxygen species generation, fiber shape, size, solubility and crystalline phase are known indicators of nanomaterials biological impact. According to these properties the summarized hazard potential decreases in the order multi-walled carbon nanotubes >> CeO(2), ZnO > TiO(2) > functionalized SiO(2) > SiO(2), ZrO(2), carbon black. Enhanced understanding of biophysical properties and cellular effects results in improved testing strategies and enables the selection and production of safe materials.
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464
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Zhang JW, Lv GC, Yao JM, Hong XP. Assessment of Serum Antioxidant Status in Patients with Silicosis. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:884-9. [PMID: 20819424 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to silica dust causes an imbalance in the generation of free radicals and in the antioxidant system, thereby inducing oxidative stress. The antioxidant status of 113 silicosis patients and 116 control subjects without silicosis was examined. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were significantly higher in silicosis patients than in controls. The GSH level in patients with stage I silicosis was higher than that in patients with other stages, but there was no difference in serum MDA level and SOD activity between disease stages. The GSH level of patients who worked with air drills was significantly lower than that of patients in other occupations, whereas the MDA level was significantly elevated in patients who used air drills. Serum SOD activity did not differ significantly according to the occupational group. It is concluded that the measurement of serum SOD, GSH and MDA levels could be beneficial in the clinical evaluation of serum antioxidant status in silicosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- JW Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - GC Lv
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - JM Yao
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - XP Hong
- Clinical Laboratory, Occupational Disease Hospital of the State Grid, Jiande, China
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465
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Giordano G, van den Brûle S, Lo Re S, Triqueneaux P, Uwambayinema F, Yakoub Y, Couillin I, Ryffel B, Michiels T, Renauld JC, Lison D, Huaux F. Type I interferon signaling contributes to chronic inflammation in a murine model of silicosis. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:682-92. [PMID: 20513754 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disorders induced by inhaled inorganic particles such as crystalline silica are characterized by chronic inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we demonstrate the importance of type I interferon (IFN) in the development of crystalline silica-induced lung inflammation in mice, revealing that viruses and inorganic particles share similar signaling pathways. We found that instillation of silica is followed by the upregulation of IFN-beta and IRF-7 and that granulocytes (GR1(+)) and macrophages/dendritic cells (CD11c(+)) are major producers of type I IFN in response to silica. Two months after silica administration, both IFNAR- and IRF-7-deficient mice produced significantly less pulmonary inflammation and chemokines (KC and CCL2) than competent mice but developed similar lung fibrosis. Our data indicate that type I IFN contributes to the chronic lung inflammation that accompanies silica exposure in mice. Type I IFN is, however, dispensable in the development of silica-induced acute lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giordano
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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466
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Abstract
Gout is an arthritis characterized by elevated uric acid in the bloodstream. In this condition, crystals of uric acid are formed and accumulate in the synovial fluids. Crystal deposition leads to acute inflammation, which is associated with the spontaneous resolution of the disease. Recent studies have led to significant advances in the understanding of the basic biology of crystal-mediated inflammation. Uric acid has been identified as a danger signal that triggers a cytosolic sensor, the inflammasome. This signaling platform is required for the activation of interleukin-1, a cytokine that is critical to the initiation of acute inflammation in gout. Importantly, both molecular and pathological evidence support the notion that gout is a prototypical member of the growing family of autoinflammatory diseases. This review discusses the role of the inflammasome in gout and the emerging new therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling inflammation in crystal arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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467
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Choi J, Zheng Q, Katz HE, Guilarte TR. Silica-based nanoparticle uptake and cellular response by primary microglia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:589-95. [PMID: 20439179 PMCID: PMC2866671 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are being formulated for cellular imaging and for nonviral gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS), but it is unclear what potential effects SiNPs can elicit once they enter the CNS. As the resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are the cells most likely to respond to SiNP entry into the brain. Upon activation, they are capable of undergoing morphological and functional changes. OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of SiNP exposure using primary rat microglia. METHODS We observed microglial uptake of SiNPs using transmission electron and fluorescence confocal microscopy. Microglial functions, including phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), expression of proinflammatory genes, and cytokine release, were measured after SiNP exposure at different concentrations. RESULTS Microglia are capable of avidly taking up SiNPs at all concentrations tested. These same concentrations did not elicit cytotoxicity or a change in phagocytic activity. SiNPs did increase the productions of both intracellular ROS and RNS. We also observed a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression at all concentrations tested and a significant increase in COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) gene expression at the highest concentration of SiNPs. Analysis of cytokine release showed a detectable level of interleukin-1beta. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating the in vitro effects of SiNPs in primary microglia. Our findings suggest that very low levels of SiNPs are capable of altering microglial function. Increased ROS and RNS production, changes in proinflammatory genes, and cytokine release may not only adversely affect microglial function but also affect surrounding neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qingdong Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomás R. Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Address correspondence to T.R. Guilarte, Neurotoxicology and Molecular Imaging, Division of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Room E6622, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Telephone: (410) 955-2485. Fax: (410) 502-2470. E-mail:
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468
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Han SG, Andrews R, Gairola CG. Acute pulmonary response of mice to multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:340-7. [PMID: 20064106 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903359984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of carbon nanotubes is predicted for future and concerns have been raised about their potential health effects. The present study determined the pulmonary response of mice to multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNT suspension in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was introduced into mice lungs by oropharyngeal aspiration. Female C57Bl mice were treated with either 20 or 40 microg of MWCNTs in 40 microl PBS and control groups received equal volume of PBS. From each group, half of the mice were euthanized at day 1 and the remaining half at day 7 post treatment. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids, serum, and lung tissue samples were analyzed for inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. The results showed significant cellular influx by a single exposure to MWCNTs. Yields of total cells and the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in BAL cells were significantly elevated in MWCNT-treated mice post-treatment days 1 and 7. Analysis of cell-free BAL fluids showed significantly increased levels of total proteins, lactate dehydrogenase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, mucin, and surfactant protein-D (SP-D) in MWCNT-treated mice at day 1 post treatment. However, these biomarkers returned to basal levels by day 7 post exposure except mucin and SP-D. An increase in the urinary level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in mice treated with MWCNT suggested systemic oxidative stress. Western analysis of lung tissue showed decreased levels of extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein in MWCNT-treated mice but copper/zinc and manganese SOD remained unchanged. It is concluded that a single treatment of MWCNT is capable of inducing cytotoxic and inflammatory response in the lungs of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gu Han
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, and Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture in the University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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469
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Abstract
This review is presented as a common foundation for scientists interested in nanoparticles, their origin,activity, and biological toxicity. It is written with the goal of rationalizing and informing public health concerns related to this sometimes-strange new science of "nano," while raising awareness of nanomaterials' toxicity among scientists and manufacturers handling them.We show that humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and that our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful intruders. There ticuloendothelial system, in particular, actively neutralizes and eliminates foreign matter in the body,including viruses and nonbiological particles. Particles originating from human activities have existed for millennia, e.g., smoke from combustion and lint from garments, but the recent development of industry and combustion-based engine transportation has profoundly increased an thropogenic particulate pollution. Significantly, technological advancement has also changed the character of particulate pollution, increasing the proportion of nanometer-sized particles--"nanoparticles"--and expanding the variety of chemical compositions. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between particulate air pollution levels, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, and mortality. Adverse effects of nanoparticles on human health depend on individual factors such as genetics and existing disease, as well as exposure, and nanoparticle chemistry, size, shape,agglomeration state, and electromagnetic properties. Animal and human studies show that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently removed than larger particles by the macrophage clearance mechanisms in the lungs, causing lung damage, and that nanoparticles can translocate through the circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous systems to many tissues and organs, including the brain. The key to understanding the toxicity of nanoparticles is that their minute size, smaller than cells and cellular organelles, allows them to penetrate these basic biological structures, disrupting their normal function.Examples of toxic effects include tissue inflammation, and altered cellular redox balance toward oxidation, causing abnormal function or cell death. The manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms,"nanotechnology," is creating many new materials with characteristics not always easily predicted from current knowledge. Within the nearly limitless diversity of these materials, some happen to be toxic to biological systems, others are relatively benign, while others confer health benefits. Some of these materials have desirable characteristics for industrial applications, as nanostructured materials often exhibit beneficial properties, from UV absorbance in sunscreen to oil-less lubrication of motors.A rational science-based approach is needed to minimize harm caused by these materials, while supporting continued study and appropriate industrial development. As current knowledge of the toxicology of "bulk" materials may not suffice in reliably predicting toxic forms of nanoparticles,ongoing and expanded study of "nanotoxicity" will be necessary. For nanotechnologies with clearly associated health risks, intelligent design of materials and devices is needed to derive the benefits of these new technologies while limiting adverse health impacts. Human exposure to toxic nanoparticles can be reduced through identifying creation-exposure pathways of toxins, a study that may someday soon unravel the mysteries of diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Reduction in fossil fuel combustion would have a large impact on global human exposure to nanoparticles, as would limiting deforestation and desertification.While nanotoxicity is a relatively new concept to science, this review reveals the result of life's long history of evolution in the presence of nanoparticles, and how the human body, in particular, has adapted to defend itself against nanoparticulate intruders.
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470
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Cohn CA, Fisher SC, Brownawell BJ, Schoonen MAA. Adenine oxidation by pyrite-generated hydroxyl radicals. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2010; 11:2. [PMID: 20420694 PMCID: PMC2873965 DOI: 10.1186/1467-4866-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular exposure to particulate matter with concomitant formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidization of biomolecules may lead to negative health outcomes. Evaluating the particle-induced formation of ROS and the oxidation products from reaction of ROS with biomolecules is useful for gaining a mechanistic understanding of particle-induced oxidative stress. Aqueous suspensions of pyrite particles have been shown to form hydroxyl radicals and degrade nucleic acids. Reactions between pyrite-induced hydroxyl radicals and nucleic acid bases, however, remain to be determined. Here, we compared the oxidation of adenine by Fenton-generated (i.e., ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide) hydroxyl radicals to adenine oxidation by hydroxyl radicals generated in pyrite aqueous suspensions. Results show that adenine oxidizes in the presence of pyrite (without the addition of hydrogen peroxide) and that the rate of oxidation is dependent on the pyrite loading. Adenine oxidation was prevented by addition of either catalase or ethanol to the pyrite/adenine suspensions, which implies that hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are causing the adenine oxidation. The adenine oxidation products, 8-oxoadenine and 2-hydroxyadenine, were the same whether hydroxyl radicals were generated by Fenton or pyrite-initiated reactions. Although nucleic acid bases are unlikely to be directly exposed to pyrite particles, the formation of ROS in the vicinity of cells may lead to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Cohn
- Center for Environmental Molecular Science, Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794-2100 USA
- Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C. 20585 USA
| | - Shawn C Fisher
- Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y 11794-5000 USA
| | - Bruce J Brownawell
- Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y 11794-5000 USA
| | - Martin AA Schoonen
- Center for Environmental Molecular Science, Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794-2100 USA
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471
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Ives JA, Moffett JR, Arun P, Lam D, Todorov TI, Brothers AB, Anick DJ, Centeno J, Namboodiri MAA, Jonas WB. Enzyme stabilization by glass-derived silicates in glass-exposed aqueous solutions. HOMEOPATHY 2010; 99:15-24. [PMID: 20129173 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the solutes leaching from glass containers into aqueous solutions, and to show that these solutes have enzyme activity stabilizing effects in very dilute solutions. METHODS Enzyme assays with acetylcholine esterase were used to analyze serially succussed and diluted (SSD) solutions prepared in glass and plastic containers. Aqueous SSD preparations starting with various solutes, or water alone, were prepared under several conditions, and tested for their solute content and their ability to affect enzyme stability in dilute solution. RESULTS We confirm that water acts to dissolve constituents from glass vials, and show that the solutes derived from the glass have effects on enzymes in the resultant solutions. Enzyme assays demonstrated that enzyme stability in purified and deionized water was enhanced in SSD solutions that were prepared in glass containers, but not those prepared in plastic. The increased enzyme stability could be mimicked in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of silicates to the purified, deionized water that enzymes were dissolved in. Elemental analyses of SSD water preparations made in glass vials showed that boron, silicon, and sodium were present at micromolar concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These results show that silicates and other solutes are present at micromolar levels in all glass-exposed solutions, whether pharmaceutical or homeopathic in nature. Even though silicates are known to have biological activity at higher concentrations, the silicate concentrations we measured in homeopathic preparations were too low to account for any purported in vivo efficacy, but could potentially influence in vitro biological assays reporting homeopathic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ives
- Samueli Institute, 1737 King Street, Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA.
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472
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling pathways that sense pathogens and injury to direct the proteolytic maturation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta and IL-18. Among inflammasomes, the NLRP3/NALP3 inflammasome is the most studied. However, little is known on the molecular mechanisms that mediate its assembly and activation. Recent findings suggest that ROS are produced by NLRP3/NALP3 activators and are essential secondary messengers signaling NLRP3/NALP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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473
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Reddy ARN, Reddy YN, Krishna DR, Himabindu V. Multi wall carbon nanotubes induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Toxicology 2010; 272:11-6. [PMID: 20371264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at evaluating the potential toxicity and the general mechanism involved in multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-induced cytotoxicity using human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) cells. Two multi wall carbon nanotubes (coded as MWCNT1, size: 90-150nm and MWCNT2, size: 60-80nm) used in this study are MWCNT1 (produced by the electric arc method and size of the nanotubes was 90-150nm) and MWCNT2 (produced by the chemical vapor deposition method with size of 60-80nm). To elucidate the possible mechanisms of MWCNT induced cytotoxicity, cell viability, mitochondrial function (MTT assay), cell membrane damage (LDH assay), reduced glutathione (GSH), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and lipid peroxidation levels were quantitatively assessed under carbon nanotubes exposed (48h) conditions. Exposure of different sizes of two carbon nanotubes at dosage levels between 3 and 300mug/ml decreased cell viability in a concentration dependent manner. The IC(50) values (concentration of nanoparticles to induce 50% cell mortality) of two (MWCNT1, MWCNT2) nanoparticles were found as 42.10 and 36.95mug/ml. Exposure of MWCNT (10-100mug/ml) to HEK cells resulted in concentration dependent cell membrane damage (as indicated by the increased levels of LDH), increased production of IL-8, increased TBARS and decreased intracellular glutathione levels. The cytotoxicity and oxidative stress was significantly more in MWCNT2 exposed cells than MWCNT1. In summary, exposure of carbon nanotubes resulted in a concentration dependent cytotoxicity in cultured HEK293 cells that was associated with increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anreddy Rama Narsimha Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506 009, India
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474
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Epigenetic mediated transcriptional activation of PARP-1 participates in silica-associated malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:236-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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475
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Møller P, Jacobsen NR, Folkmann JK, Danielsen PH, Mikkelsen L, Hemmingsen JG, Vesterdal LK, Forchhammer L, Wallin H, Loft S. Role of oxidative damage in toxicity of particulates. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1-46. [PMID: 19886744 DOI: 10.3109/10715760903300691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulates are small particles of solid or liquid suspended in liquid or air. In vitro studies show that particles generate reactive oxygen species, deplete endogenous antioxidants, alter mitochondrial function and produce oxidative damage to lipids and DNA. Surface area, reactivity and chemical composition play important roles in the oxidative potential of particulates. Studies in animal models indicate that particles from combustion processes (generated by combustion of wood or diesel oil), silicate, titanium dioxide and nanoparticles (C60 fullerenes and carbon nanotubes) produce elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products and oxidatively damaged DNA. Biomonitoring studies in humans have shown associations between exposure to air pollution and wood smoke particulates and oxidative damage to DNA, deoxynucleotides and lipids measured in leukocytes, plasma, urine and/or exhaled breath. The results indicate that oxidative stress and elevated levels of oxidatively altered biomolecules are important intermediate endpoints that may be useful markers in hazard characterization of particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environment Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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476
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Darne C, Terzetti F, Coulais C, Fournier J, Guichard Y, Gaté L, Binet S. In vitro cytotoxicity and transforming potential of industrial carbon dust (fibers and particles) in syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 54:532-44. [PMID: 20219837 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fibers have many applications, mainly in high-tech industries such as the aviation industry. Eleven carbon samples (fibers and particles) coming from an aeronautic group were tested for their cytotoxicity and carcinogenic potential using in vitro short-term assays in Syrian hamster embryo cells. These samples were taken during each important step of the process, i.e. from the initial heating of polyacrylonitrile fibers to pure carbon fibers. They were compared to an asbestos fiber, an amorphous silica, and two commercial graphite powders. Their physical-chemical characteristics and their capacity to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. This study showed that none of the carbon samples was able to generate ROS as measured by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance analysis, and in our biological assays, they demonstrated no morphological transformation potential and low cytotoxicity compared to positive control (chrysotile asbestos).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Darne
- Département Polluants et Santé, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), 54519 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
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477
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Schmid O, Möller W, Semmler-Behnke M, Ferron GA, Karg E, Lipka J, Schulz H, Kreyling WG, Stoeger T. Dosimetry and toxicology of inhaled ultrafine particles. Biomarkers 2010; 14 Suppl 1:67-73. [PMID: 19604063 DOI: 10.1080/13547500902965617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Both epidemiological and toxicological studies indicate that inhalation and subsequent deposition of airborne particles into the lungs have adverse health effects. Recently, the ultrafine particle (UfP) fraction (diameter < 100 nm) has received particular attention, as their small size may lead to more toxic properties. In this study we summarize the current knowledge on the dosimetry of inhaled particles (including UfPs) with a focus on recent data on translocation of UfPs into secondary target organs (such as brain and heart) suggesting that the lifetime dose of ambient UfPs in secondary target organs is about 10(11) particles. Furthermore, we highlight the main pathways of particle induced toxicity and the reasons for the potentially higher toxicity of UfPs. Finally, we discuss recent evidence indicating that (BET) surface area is the single most relevant dose metric for the toxicity of UfPs, which has important implications for regulatory measures on the toxicity of ambient and engineered particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmid
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Neuherberg, Germany.
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478
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Liang G, Yin L, Zhang J, Liu R, Zhang T, Ye B, Pu Y. Effects of subchronic exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes on mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:463-470. [PMID: 20391125 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903523378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have attracted attention not only due to electrical, optical, and mechanical applications but also due to their presence in biological and pharmaceutical products. In this study, modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were used as a model to evaluate potential subchronic effects of carbon nanotubes on mice. ICR mice were treated with phosphorylcholine-grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-PC) daily for 28 d at 10, 50, or 250 mg/kg by the intraperitoneal (ip) route. Subchronic exposure to MWCNT-PC did not produce any apparent systemic effects in mice. The body weight of the high-dose group was significantly lower than control in male mice, whereas tissue to body weight ratios of liver, spleen, and lung rose significantly with increase of dose of MWCNT-PC. There were significant differences between high-dose exposure and control groups. Accumulation of carbon nanotubes and inflammation response in liver, spleen, and lung were observed in the high-dose exposure group. No systemic toxicity and histopathological changes were found in 10-mg/kg exposure groups. Data in the present study support the view that MWCNT in vivo do not exert apparent marked effects in mice and that MWCNT products are relatively safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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479
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Park YO, Lim HS. Antioxidant Activities of Bamboo (Sasa Borealis) Leaf Extract according to Extraction Solvent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.12.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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480
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Francis SM, Stephens WE, Richardson NV. X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopies of quartz samples of contrasting toxicity. Environ Health 2009; 8 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 20102589 PMCID: PMC2796500 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An exploratory XPS and FTIR investigation of the surfaces of bulk quartz powders widely used in toxicological studies (DQ12 and Min-U-Sil 5) was carried with the aim of correlating surface features with toxicity as reflected by indicators of biological response. Some patches of amorphous silica were identified as well as varying amounts of calcium but none of these features correlated with biological response. No evidence of widely-quoted surface silanol (SiOH) structures was found in this investigation and the possibility that FTIR artefacts have been previously misidentified as silanol structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Francis
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - W Edryd Stephens
- School of Geography & Geosciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Neville V Richardson
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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481
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Heikkilä T, Santos HA, Kumar N, Murzin DY, Salonen J, Laaksonen T, Peltonen L, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP. Cytotoxicity study of ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 and SBA-15 microparticles on Caco-2 cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 74:483-94. [PMID: 20025968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 and SBA-15 microparticles (fractions between 1 and 160 microm) was determined in vitro on undifferentiated human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cell line, considering the feasibility of using these silica-based materials in oral drug formulations. The cellular endpoints employed for assessing the effects of the MCM-41 and SBA-15 microparticles on Caco-2 were: (1) cell membrane integrity by monitoring live-cell protease activity (AFC) and by employing the flow cytometry method; (2) metabolic activity by monitoring total ATP content via luminescence assay; (3) activity of apoptotic effectors by caspase-3/7 activity assay. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also followed, specifically the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and the superoxide radical (O(2)(-)). MCM-41 and SBA-15 microparticles caused cytotoxic effects on the Caco-2 cells, at most tested concentrations (0.2-14 mg/ml) and incubation times (3 and 24h). The effects on the cells included weakened cell membrane integrity, diminished cell metabolism and increased apoptotic signalling. The root cause for the cytotoxicity was heightened production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially the formation of the superoxide radical O(2)(-) already after 3h incubation with threshold dose 1mg/ml, apparently overwhelming the antioxidant defences and causing mitochondrial dysfunction, hence increasing the apoptotic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Heikkilä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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482
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Chiesa M, Giamello E, Che M. EPR Characterization and Reactivity of Surface-Localized Inorganic Radicals and Radical Ions. Chem Rev 2009; 110:1320-47. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800366v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elio Giamello
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Che
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
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483
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Ma Q. Transcriptional responses to oxidative stress: pathological and toxicological implications. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:376-93. [PMID: 19945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor for energy production has in many ways shaped the evolution of complex life, physiology, and certain disease processes. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), either as by-products of O(2) metabolism or by specialized enzymes, has the potential to damage cellular components and functions. Exposure to a variety of exogenous toxicants also promotes ROS production directly or through indirect means to cause toxicity. Oxidative stress activates the expression of a wide range of genes that mediate the pathogenic effect of ROS or are required for the detection and detoxification of the oxidants. In many cases, these are mediated by specific transcription factors whose expression, structure, stability, nuclear targeting, or DNA-binding affinity is regulated by the level of oxidative stress. This review examines major transcription factors that mediate transcriptional responses to oxidative stress, focusing on recent progress in the signaling pathways and mechanisms of activation of transcription factors by oxidative stress and the implications of this regulation in the development of disease and chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
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484
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Demircigil GC, Coskun E, Vidinli N, Erbay Y, Yilmaz M, Cimrin A, Schins RP, Borm PJ, Burgaz S. Increased micronucleus frequencies in surrogate and target cells from workers exposed to crystalline silica-containing dust. Mutagenesis 2009; 25:163-9. [PMID: 19939883 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mining, crushing, grinding, sandblasting and construction are high-risk activities with regard to crystalline silica exposure, especially in developing countries. Respirable crystalline silica (quartz and cristobalite) inhaled from occupational sources has been reclassified as a human carcinogen in 1997 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the biological activity of crystalline silica has been found to be variable among different industries, and this has formed the basis for further in vivo/in vitro mechanistic research and epidemiologic studies. This study was conducted for genotoxicity evaluation in a population of workers (e.g. glass industry workers, sandblasters, and stone grinders) mainly exposed to crystalline silica in four different workplaces in Turkey. The micronucleus (MN) assay was applied both in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as a surrogate tissue and in nasal epithelial cells (NEC) as a target tissue of the respiratory tract. Our study revealed significantly higher MN frequencies in the workers (n = 50) versus the control group (n = 29) (P < 0.001) and indicated a significant effect of occupational exposure on MN induction in both of the tissues. For the NEC target tissue, the difference in MN frequencies between the workers and control group was 3-fold, whereas in peripheral tissue, it was 2-fold. Respirable dust and crystalline silica levels exceeding limit values and mineralogical/elemental dust composition of the dust of at least 70% SiO(2) were used as markers of crystalline silica exposure in each of the workplaces. Moreover, 24% of the current workers were found to have early radiographical changes (profusion category of 1). In conclusion, although the PBL are not primary target cells for respiratory particulate toxicants, an evident increase in MN frequencies in this surrogate tissue was observed, alongside with a significant increase in NEC and may be an indicator of the accumulated genetic damage associated with crystalline silica exposure.
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485
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Zhao L, Wang X, Chang Q, Xu J, Huang Y, Guo Q, Zhang S, Wang W, Chen X, Wang J. Neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinline alkaloid attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 627:304-12. [PMID: 19909737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the potential anti-fibrotic property of neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinline alkaloid extracted from the seed embryo of Nelumbo mucifera Gaertn. Intratracheal bleomycin administration resulted in pulmonary fibrosis 14 and 21 days posttreatment, as evidenced by increased hydroxyproline content in bleomycin group (255.77+/-97.17 microg/lung and 269.74+/-40.92 microg/lung) compared to sham group (170.78+/-76.46 microg/lung and 191.24+/-60.45 microg/lung), and the hydroxyproline was significantly suppressed (193.07+/-39.55 microg/lung and 201.08+/-71.74 microg/lung) by neferine administration (20mg/kg, b.i.d). The attenuated-fibrosis condition was also validated by histological observations. Biochemical measurements revealed that bleomycin caused a significant decrease in lung superoxidae dismutase (SOD) activity, which was accompanied with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity on the 7th and 14th days. However, neferine reversed the decrease in SOD activity as well as the increase in MDA and MPO activity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radio-immunity assay showed that treatment with neferine alleviated bleomycin-induced increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and endothelin-1 in plasma or in tissue. Additionally, neferine blocked bleomycin-induced increases of NF-kappaB in nuclear extracts and TGF-beta(1) in total protein extracts of murine RAW264.7 macrophages. In summary, neferine attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. The beneficial effect of neferine might be associated with its activities of anti-inflammation, antioxidation, cytokine and NF-kappaB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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486
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Avila Júnior S, Possamai FP, Budni P, Backes P, Parisotto EB, Rizelio VM, Torres MA, Colepicolo P, Wilhelm Filho D. Occupational airborne contamination in south Brazil: 1. Oxidative stress detected in the blood of coal miners. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:1150-7. [PMID: 19618269 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of coal dust-induced toxicity. The present study investigated several oxidative stress biomarkers (Contents of lipoperoxidation = TBARS, reduced = GSH, oxidized = GSSG and total glutathione = TG, alpha-tocopherol, and the activities of glutathione S-transferase = GST, glutathione reductase = GR, glutathione peroxidase = GPx, catalase = CAT and superoxide dismutase = SOD), in the blood of three different groups (n = 20 each) exposed to airborne contamination associated with coal mining activities: underground workers directly exposed, surface workers indirectly exposed, residents indirectly exposed (subjects living near the mines), and controls (non-exposed subjects). Plasma TBARS were increased and whole blood TG and GSH levels were decreased in all groups compared to controls. Plasma alpha-tocopherol contents showed approximately half the values in underground workers compared to controls. GST activity was induced in workers and also in residents at the vicinity of the mining plant, whilst CAT activity was induced only in mine workers. SOD activity was decreased in all groups examined, while GPx activity showed decreased values only in underground miners, and GR did not show any differences among the groups. The results showed that subjects directly and indirectly exposed to coal dusts face an oxidative stress condition. They also indicate that people living in the vicinity of the mine plant are in health risk regarding coal mining-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Avila Júnior
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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487
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Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Pauluhn J. Pulmonary toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Baytubes) relative to alpha-quartz following a single 6h inhalation exposure of rats and a 3 months post-exposure period. Toxicology 2009; 266:16-29. [PMID: 19836432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Manufactured multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have attracted a great deal of attention due to their unique structural, chemical, and physical characteristics. This study utilized a 1x 6h inhalation exposure protocol followed by a 3 months post-exposure period. Wistar rats were nose-only exposed to 11 and 241 mg/m(3) MWCNT (Baytubes) of respirable, solid aerosol. MWCNT depleted of residual metals (depletion from 0.53% to 0.12% Co) were compared at 11 mg/m(3). Rats similarly exposed to air and alpha-quartz (248 mg/m(3)) served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Pulmonary response was characterized by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung histopathology, organ burden determinations, and gene expression analyses of lung homogenates with emphasis on extracellular matrix components. This acute inhalation exposure protocol was suitable to characterize and distinguish acute deposition-related effects from the long-term sequelae of retained MWCNT. Subtle differences in acute pulmonary toxic potency due to differences in metal contaminations could be revealed by this protocol. Consistent with the long retention halftime of poorly soluble particles, even short-term inhalation studies may require post-exposure periods of at least 3 months to reveal MWCNT-specific dispositional and toxicological characteristics relative to alpha-quartz. Distinct differences in the time course of pulmonary inflammation of MWCNT and alpha-quartz could be demonstrated. Transcriptomics proved to be a useful tool to analyze the etiopathology of collagen detected by BAL and histopathology. In summary, the pulmonary inflammogenicity following exposure to MWCNT was concentration-dependent with evidence of regression over time. Conversely, alpha-quartz resulted in progressive changes over time. The time course of pulmonary inflammation associated with retained MWCNT was independent on the concentration of residual cobalt. This supports the conclusion that the predominant response to inhaled MWCNT is principally related to the assemblage structure and not catalyst impurities (if in the range of < or = 0.5%).
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488
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Klinman DM, Tross D, Klaschik S, Shirota H, Sato T. Therapeutic applications and mechanisms underlying the activity of immunosuppressive oligonucleotides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1175:80-8. [PMID: 19796080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) capable of "neutralizing" or "inhibiting" immune responses have been described. This review will focus on the properties of phosphorothioate ODN that mimic the immunosuppressive activity of the repetitive TTAGGG motifs present in mammalian telomeres. These TTAGGG multimers block the production of pro-inflammatory and T helper type 1 cytokines elicited when immune cells are activated by a wide variety of Toll-like receptor ligands, polyclonal activators, and antigens. Several mechanisms contribute to the suppressive activity of such ODN. Ongoing microarray studies indicate that suppressive ODN interfere with the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT4, thereby blocking the inflammation mediated by STAT-associated signaling cascades. In animal models, suppressive ODN can be used to prevent or treat diseases characterized by persistent immune activation, including collagen-induced arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, silicosis, and toxic shock. These findings suggest that TTAGGG multimers may find broad use in the treatment of diseases characterized by over-exuberant/persistent immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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489
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Herseth JI, Refsnes M, Låg M, Schwarze PE. Role of IL-1β and COX2 in silica-induced IL-6 release and loss of pneumocytes in co-cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1342-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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490
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Ferguson HE, Thatcher TH, Olsen KC, Garcia-Bates TM, Baglole CJ, Kottmann RM, Strong ER, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands induce heme oxygenase-1 in lung fibroblasts by a PPARgamma-independent, glutathione-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L912-9. [PMID: 19734319 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00148.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a key antioxidant enzyme, and overexpression of HO-1 significantly decreases lung inflammation and fibrosis in animal models. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a transcription factor that regulates adipogenesis, insulin sensitization, and inflammation. We report here that the PPARgamma ligands 15d-PGJ2 and 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), which have potent antifibrotic effects in vitro, also strongly induce HO-1 expression in primary human lung fibroblasts. Pharmacological and genetic approaches are used to demonstrate that induction of HO-1 is PPARgamma independent. Upregulation of HO-1 coincides with decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and can be inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a thiol antioxidant and GSH precursor. Upregulation of HO-1 is not inhibited by Trolox, a non-thiol antioxidant, and does not involve the transcription factors AP-1 or Nrf2. CDDO and 15d-PGJ2 contain an alpha/beta unsaturated ketone that acts as an electrophilic center that can form covalent bonds with free reduced thiols. Rosiglitazone, a PPARgamma ligand that lacks an electrophilic center, does not induce HO-1. These data suggest that in human lung fibroblasts, 15d-PGJ2 and CDDO induce HO-1 via a GSH-dependent mechanism involving the formation of covalent bonds between 15d-PGJ2 or CDDO and GSH. Inhibiting HO-1 upregulation with NAC has only a small effect on the antifibrotic properties of 15d-PGJ2 and CDDO in vitro. These results suggest that CDDO and similar electrophilic PPARgamma ligands may have great clinical potential as antifibrotic agents, not only through direct effects on fibroblast differentiation and function, but indirectly by bolstering antioxidant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 692, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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491
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Lee HL, Kim YS, Park JH, Chung WY, Lee KS, Oh YJ, Sheen SS, Park KJ, Hwang SC. Selectively decreased expression of peroxiredoxins induced by silica in pulmonary epithelial cells. Korean J Intern Med 2009; 24:220-6. [PMID: 19721858 PMCID: PMC2732781 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.3.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Peroxiredoxin (Prx) belongs to a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes that regulates many cellular processes through intracellular oxidative signal transduction pathways. Silica-induced lung damage involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) that trigger subsequent toxic effects and inflammatory responses in alveolar epithelial cells resulting in fibrosis. Therefore, we investigated the role of Prx in the development of lung oxidant injury caused by silicosis, and determined the implication of ROS in that process. METHODS Lung epithelial cell lines A549 and WI26 were treated with 1% silica for 0, 24, or 48 hours, following pretreatment of the A549 cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine and diphenylene iodonium and no pretreatment of the WI26 cells. We transfected an HA-ubiquitin construct into the A549 cell line and then analyzed the cells via Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Silica treatment induced cell death in the A549 lung epithelial cell line and selectively degraded Prx I without impairing protein synthesis in the A549 cells, even when the ROS effect was blocked chemically by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. A co-immunoprecipitation study revealed that Prx I did not undergo ubiquitination. CONCLUSIONS Silica treatment induces a decrease of Prx I expression in lung epithelial cell lines regardless of the presence of ROS. The silica-induced degradation of Prx does not involve the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lim Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Sun Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joo Hun Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Wou Young Chung
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyu Sung Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Soo Sheen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang Joo Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Hwang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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492
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van Berlo D, Haberzettl P, Gerloff K, Li H, Scherbart AM, Albrecht C, Schins RPF. Investigation of the Cytotoxic and Proinflammatory Effects of Cement Dusts in Rat Alveolar Macrophages. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1548-58. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien van Berlo
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Haberzettl
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kirsten Gerloff
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hui Li
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnes M. Scherbart
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel P. F. Schins
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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493
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Cohn CA, Pedigo CE, Hylton SN, Simon SR, Schoonen MAA. Evaluating the use of 3'-(p-Aminophenyl) fluorescein for determining the formation of highly reactive oxygen species in particle suspensions. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2009; 10:8. [PMID: 19671165 PMCID: PMC2736975 DOI: 10.1186/1467-4866-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the importance of highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) as reactants in a wide range of biological, photochemical, and environmental systems there is an interest in detection and quantification of these species. The extreme reactivity of the hROS, which includes hydroxyl radicals, presents an analytical challenge. 3'-(p-Aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) is a relatively new probe used for measuring hROS. Here, we further evaluate the use of APF as a method for the detection of hydroxyl radicals in particle suspensions. RESULTS Particle-generated hROS can be quantified with an estimated detection limit of 50 nM. Measurements of hROS in two National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST 2709 and 2710) soil suspensions and a pyrite suspension show non-linear particle dose-response curves for hROS generation. APF can also be used in solutions containing no dissolved molecular oxygen (O2) to determine the role of O2 in the formation of hROS. Results confirm that O2 is mechanistically important in the formation of hROS by dissolved ferrous iron and in pyrite suspensions. CONCLUSION Given the non-linear dose-response curves for particle generation of hROS, we recommend using several particle loadings in experiments aimed to compare particles for their hROS generation potential. The method presented here is specific to hROS and simple to perform. The analysis can be conducted in mobile labs as only basic laboratory equipment is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Cohn
- Center for Environmental Molecular Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkalle 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher E Pedigo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Shavonne N Hylton
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
| | - Sanford R Simon
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Martin AA Schoonen
- Center for Environmental Molecular Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
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494
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Crystalline silica Min-U-Sil 5 induces oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B by reducing the efficiency of antiglycation and antioxidant enzymatic defenses. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 182:13-21. [PMID: 19679115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role as mediators of pulmonary damage in mineral dust-induced diseases. Studies carried out to date have largely focused on silica-induced production of ROS by lung phagocytes. In this study we investigated the hypothesis that crystalline silica Min-U-Sil 5 can induce elevations in intracellular ROS in human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B, via an indirect mechanism that involves ROS-inducing intracellular factors, through a reduction of antiglycation (glyoxalase enzymes) and antioxidant (paraoxonase 1 and glutathione-S-transferases) enzymatic defenses. The results show that crystalline silica Min-U-Sil 5 causes a significant reduction in the efficiency of antiglycation and antioxidant enzymatic defenses, paralleled by an early and extensive ROS generation, thus preventing the cells from an efficient scavenging action, and eliciting oxidative damage. These results confirm the importance of ROS in development of crystalline silica-induced oxidative stress and emphasize the pivotal role of antiglycation/antioxidant and detoxifying systems in determining the level of protection from free radicals-induced injury for cells exposed to crystalline silica Min-U-Sil 5.
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495
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Choi EJ, Bae SC, Yu R, Youn J, Sung MK. Dietary Vitamin E and Quercetin Modulate Inflammatory Responses of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. J Med Food 2009; 12:770-5. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Major in Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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496
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Wang F, Gao F, Lan M, Yuan H, Huang Y, Liu J. Oxidative stress contributes to silica nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:808-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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497
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Oner G, Cirrik S, Bulbul M, Yuksel S. Dietary Silica Modifies the Characteristics of Endothelial Dilation in Rat Aorta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 13:17-23. [PMID: 16885063 DOI: 10.1080/10623320600660045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of nitric oxide generation in the regulation of vessel tone, reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in alveolar macrophages exposed to short-term silica (Si) suggests the possibility of Si-induced changes in endothelial functions. In this experimental study, the functional changes of the endothelial cells were investigated in the aortic rings of rats subjected to 50 mg Si/kg body weight in their drinking water for 8 days. Norepinephrine elicited contractility and dilation response to acetylcholine (ACh) was significantly high in the aortic rings of Si-treated group. Alteration in receptor-independent endothelial response to A23187 in the aortic rings of Si-exposed rats was less obvious, but sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-elicited dilation was reduced significantly. A23187-induced relaxation was fully eliminated with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) pretreatment, whereas 19.24 +/- 4.36% of ACh response was L-NAME resistant and eliminated with 10-5 M tetraethylammonium (TEA). Despite a significant reduction in the share of NO, the contribution of indomethacine (IND)-sensitive relaxation to ACh response remained unchanged in Si group. As a result, our findings demonstrated that Si both modifies the characteristics of endothelial relaxants and attenuates smooth muscle cell responsiveness to NO. Si-induced reduced NO association with elevated endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in response to ACh, together with reduced NO sensitization, might have clinical importance in cardiovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülsen Oner
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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498
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Gonzalez L, Lison D, Kirsch-Volders M. Genotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials: A critical review. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390802464986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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499
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Ji WJ, Zhou X, Zeng S, Wang SX. ATTENUATION OF SILICA-INDUCED PULMONARY FIBROBLASTS PROLIFERATION BY TAURINE AND NIACIN IN VITRO. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:198-209. [DOI: 10.1080/01902140802499401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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500
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Wood dusts induce the production of reactive oxygen species and caspase-3 activity in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 2009; 262:265-70. [PMID: 19573573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wood dusts are associated with several respiratory symptoms, e.g. impaired lung function and asthma, in exposed workers. However, despite the evidence from epidemiological studies, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated different wood dusts for their capacity to induce cytotoxicity and production of radical oxygen species (ROS) as well as activation of the apoptotic caspase-3 enzyme in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Dusts from three different tree species widely used in wood industry were studied; birch and oak represented hardwood species, and pine a common softwood species. All the experiments were carried out in three different concentrations (10, 50, and 500 microg/ml) and the analysis was performed after 0.5, 2, 6, and 24h exposure. All wood dusts studied were cytotoxic to human bronchial epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner after 2 and 6h treatment. Exposure to pine, birch, or oak dust had a significant stimulating effect on the production of ROS. Also an induction in caspase-3 protease activity, one of the central components of the apoptotic cascade, was seen in BEAS-2B cells after 2 and 6h exposure to each of the wood dusts studied. In summary, we demonstrate that dusts from pine, birch and oak are cytotoxic, able to increase the production of ROS and the apoptotic response in human broncho-epithelial cells in vitro. Thus, our current data suggest oxidative stress by ROS as an important mechanism likely to function in wood dust related pulmonary toxicity although details of the cellular targets and cell-particle interactions remain to be solved. It is though tempting to speculate that redox-regulated transcription factors such as NFkappaB or AP-1 may play a role in this wood dust-evoked process leading to apparently induced apoptosis of target cells.
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