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Bouffet E, Larouche V, Campbell BB, Merico D, de Borja R, Aronson M, Durno C, Krueger J, Cabric V, Ramaswamy V, Zhukova N, Mason G, Farah R, Afzal S, Yalon M, Rechavi G, Magimairajan V, Walsh MF, Constantini S, Dvir R, Elhasid R, Reddy A, Osborn M, Sullivan M, Hansford J, Dodgshun A, Klauber-Demore N, Peterson L, Patel S, Lindhorst S, Atkinson J, Cohen Z, Laframboise R, Dirks P, Taylor M, Malkin D, Albrecht S, Dudley RWR, Jabado N, Hawkins CE, Shlien A, Tabori U. Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Hypermutant Glioblastoma Multiforme Resulting From Germline Biallelic Mismatch Repair Deficiency. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:2206-11. [PMID: 27001570 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.66.6552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is incurable with current therapies. Biallelic mismatch repair deficiency (bMMRD) is a highly penetrant childhood cancer syndrome often resulting in GBM characterized by a high mutational burden. Evidence suggests that high mutation and neoantigen loads are associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibition. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed exome sequencing and neoantigen prediction on 37 bMMRD cancers and compared them with childhood and adult brain neoplasms. Neoantigen prediction bMMRD GBM was compared with responsive adult cancers from multiple tissues. Two siblings with recurrent multifocal bMMRD GBM were treated with the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. RESULTS All malignant tumors (n = 32) were hypermutant. Although bMMRD brain tumors had the highest mutational load because of secondary polymerase mutations (mean, 17,740 ± standard deviation, 7,703), all other high-grade tumors were hypermutant (mean, 1,589 ± standard deviation, 1,043), similar to other cancers that responded favorably to immune checkpoint inhibitors. bMMRD GBM had a significantly higher mutational load than sporadic pediatric and adult gliomas and all other brain tumors (P < .001). bMMRD GBM harbored mean neoantigen loads seven to 16 times higher than those in immunoresponsive melanomas, lung cancers, or microsatellite-unstable GI cancers (P < .001). On the basis of these preclinical data, we treated two bMMRD siblings with recurrent multifocal GBM with the anti-programmed death-1 inhibitor nivolumab, which resulted in clinically significant responses and a profound radiologic response. CONCLUSION This report of initial and durable responses of recurrent GBM to immune checkpoint inhibition may have implications for GBM in general and other hypermutant cancers arising from primary (genetic predisposition) or secondary MMRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bouffet
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Valérie Larouche
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Brittany B Campbell
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Daniele Merico
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Richard de Borja
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Melyssa Aronson
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Carol Durno
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Joerg Krueger
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Vanja Cabric
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Nataliya Zhukova
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Gary Mason
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Roula Farah
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Samina Afzal
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Michal Yalon
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Vanan Magimairajan
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Michael F Walsh
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Shlomi Constantini
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Rina Dvir
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ronit Elhasid
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Alyssa Reddy
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Michael Osborn
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Michael Sullivan
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jordan Hansford
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Andrew Dodgshun
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Nancy Klauber-Demore
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Lindsay Peterson
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Sunil Patel
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Scott Lindhorst
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jeffrey Atkinson
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Zane Cohen
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Rachel Laframboise
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Peter Dirks
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Michael Taylor
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - David Malkin
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Steffen Albrecht
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Roy W R Dudley
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Nada Jabado
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Adam Shlien
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Uri Tabori
- Eric Bouffet, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, and Uri Tabori, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Melyssa Aronson, and Zane Cohen, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai, Ontario; Valérie Larouche and Rachel Laframboise, Université Laval, Quebec City; Jeffrey Atkinson, Montreal Children's Hospital; Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, and Nada Jabado, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Samina Afzal, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Vanan Magimairajan, Cancer Care Manitoba and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Gary Mason, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Roula Farah, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Michal Yalon and Gideon Rechavi, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, and Ronit Elhasid, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Michael F. Walsh, Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, New York, NY; Alyssa Reddy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Michael Osborn, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia; Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, and Andrew Dodgshun, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, and Scott Lindhorst, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
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Pollack IF, Jakacki RI, Butterfield LH, Hamilton RL, Panigrahy A, Normolle DP, Connelly AK, Dibridge S, Mason G, Whiteside TL, Okada H. Immune responses and outcome after vaccination with glioma-associated antigen peptides and poly-ICLC in a pilot study for pediatric recurrent low-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1157-68. [PMID: 26984745 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are the most common brain tumors of childhood. Although surgical resection is curative for well-circumscribed superficial lesions, tumors that are infiltrative or arise from deep structures are therapeutically challenging, and new treatment approaches are needed. Having identified a panel of glioma-associated antigens (GAAs) overexpressed in these tumors, we initiated a pilot trial of vaccinations with peptides for GAA epitopes in human leukocyte antigen-A2+ children with recurrent LGG that had progressed after at least 2 prior regimens. METHODS Peptide epitopes for 3 GAAs (EphA2, IL-13Rα2, and survivin) were emulsified in Montanide-ISA-51 and administered subcutaneously adjacent to intramuscular injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose every 3 weeks for 8 courses, followed by booster vaccines every 6 weeks. Primary endpoints were safety and T-lymphocyte responses against GAA epitopes. Treatment response was evaluated clinically and by MRI. RESULTS Fourteen children were enrolled. Other than grade 3 urticaria in one child, no regimen-limiting toxicity was encountered. Vaccination induced immunoreactivity to at least one vaccine-targeted GAA in all 12 evaluable patients: to IL-13Rα2 in 3, EphA2 in 11, and survivin in 3. One child with a metastatic LGG had asymptomatic pseudoprogression noted 6 weeks after starting vaccination, followed by dramatic disease regression with >75% shrinkage of primary tumor and regression of metastatic disease, persisting >57 months. Three other children had sustained partial responses, lasting >10, >31, and >45 months, and one had a transient response. CONCLUSIONS GAA peptide vaccination in children with recurrent LGGs is generally well tolerated, with preliminary evidence of immunological and clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Regina I Jakacki
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Daniel P Normolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Angela K Connelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Sharon Dibridge
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Gary Mason
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
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