451
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Mäde V, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis to obtain therapeutic peptides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1197-212. [PMID: 24991269 PMCID: PMC4077397 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The great versatility and the inherent high affinities of peptides for their respective targets have led to tremendous progress for therapeutic applications in the last years. In order to increase the drugability of these frequently unstable and rapidly cleared molecules, chemical modifications are of great interest. Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) offers a suitable technology to produce chemically engineered peptides. This review concentrates on the application of SPPS by Fmoc/t-Bu protecting-group strategy, which is most commonly used. Critical issues and suggestions for the synthesis are covered. The development of automated methods from conventional to essentially improved microwave-assisted instruments is discussed. In order to improve pharmacokinetic properties of peptides, lipidation and PEGylation are described as covalent conjugation methods, which can be applied by a combination of automated and manual synthesis approaches. The synthesis and application of SPPS is described for neuropeptide Y receptor analogs as an example for bioactive hormones. The applied strategies represent innovative and potent methods for the development of novel peptide drug candidates that can be manufactured with optimized automated synthesis technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mäde
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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452
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Qin X, Xie W, Tian S, Ali MA, Shirke A, Gross RA. Influence of Nε-Protecting Groups on the Protease-Catalyzed Oligomerization of l-Lysine Methyl Ester. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500268d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qin
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 4005B BioTechnology Bldg., 110 Eighth
Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Wenchun Xie
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 4005B BioTechnology Bldg., 110 Eighth
Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sai Tian
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 4005B BioTechnology Bldg., 110 Eighth
Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Mohamed Abo Ali
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 4005B BioTechnology Bldg., 110 Eighth
Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Abhijeet Shirke
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 4005B BioTechnology Bldg., 110 Eighth
Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Richard A. Gross
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 4005B BioTechnology Bldg., 110 Eighth
Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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453
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Suppo JS, Subra G, Bergès M, Marcia de Figueiredo R, Campagne JM. Inverse Peptide Synthesis via Activated α-Aminoesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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454
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Suppo JS, Subra G, Bergès M, Marcia de Figueiredo R, Campagne JM. Inverse Peptide Synthesis via Activated α-Aminoesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5389-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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455
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Váradi G, Tóth GK, Kele Z, Galgóczy L, Fizil Á, Batta G. Synthesis of PAF, an antifungal protein from P. chrysogenum, by native chemical ligation: native disulfide pattern and fold obtained upon oxidative refolding. Chemistry 2014; 19:12684-92. [PMID: 24175344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The folding of disulfide proteins is of considerable interest because knowledge of this may influence our present understanding of protein folding. However, sometimes even the disulfide pattern cannot be unequivocally determined by the available experimental techniques. For example, the structures of a few small antifungal proteins (PAF, AFP) have been disclosed recently using NMR spectroscopy but with some ambiguity in the actual disulfide pattern. For this reason, we carried out the chemical synthesis of PAF. Probing different approaches, the oxidative folding of the synthetic linear PAF yielded a folded protein that has identical structure and antifungal activity as the native PAF. In contrast, unfolded linear PAF was inactive, a result that may have implications concerning its redox state in the mode of action.
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456
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Li J, Yu J, Zhao J, Wang J, Zheng S, Lin S, Chen L, Yang M, Jia S, Zhang X, Chen PR. Palladium-triggered deprotection chemistry for protein activation in living cells. Nat Chem 2014; 6:352-61. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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457
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Tovstiga TE, Gillis EAL, Grossert JS, White RL. Characterization of multiple fragmentation pathways initiated by collision-induced dissociation of multifunctional anions formed by deprotonation of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonylglycine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:168-177. [PMID: 24677307 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The correlation of anion structure with the fragmentation behavior of deprotonated nitrobenzenesulfonylamino acids was investigated using tandem mass spectrometry, isotopic labeling and computational methods. Four distinct fragmentation pathways resulting from the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of deprotonated 2-nitrobenzenesulfonylglycine (NsGly) were characterized. The unusual loss of the aryl nitro substituent as HONO was the lowest energy process. Subsequent successive losses of CO, HCN and SO2 indicated that an ortho cyclization reaction had accompanied loss of HONO. Other pathways involving rearrangement of the ionized sulfonamide group, dual bond cleavage and intramolecular nucleophilic displacement were proposed to account for the formation of phenoxide, arylsulfinate and arylsulfonamide product ions at higher collision energies. The four distinct fragmentation pathways were consistent with precursor-product relationships established by CID experiments, isotopic labeling results and the formation of analogous product ions from 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonylglycine and the Ns derivatives of alanine and 2-aminoisobutyric acid. The computations confirmed a low barrier for ortho cyclization with loss of HONO and feasible energetics for each reaction step in the four pathways. Computations also indicated that three of the fragmentation pathways started from NsGly ionized at the carboxyl group. Overall, the pathways identified for the fragmentation of the NsGly anion differed from processes reported for anions containing a single functional group, demonstrating the importance of functional group interactions in the fragmentation pathways of multifunctional anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Tovstiga
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Rd., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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458
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Vaillard VA, González M, Perotti JP, Grau RJA, Vaillard SE. Method for the synthesis of N-alkyl-O-alkyl carbamates. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple three step method for the synthesis of N-alkyl, O-alkyl carbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Vaillard
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológica para la Industria Química (INTEC). Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. CONICET-UNL
- Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marianela González
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológica para la Industria Química (INTEC). Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. CONICET-UNL
- Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jesica P. Perotti
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológica para la Industria Química (INTEC). Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. CONICET-UNL
- Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J. A. Grau
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológica para la Industria Química (INTEC). Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. CONICET-UNL
- Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago E. Vaillard
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológica para la Industria Química (INTEC). Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. CONICET-UNL
- Santa Fe, Argentina
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459
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Li Y, Liu X. Tunable acid-sensitive ester protecting groups in oligosaccharide synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3155-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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460
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Abstract
The chemical synthesis of peptides or small proteins is often an important step in many research projects and has stimulated the development of numerous chemical methodologies. The aim of this review is to give a substantial overview of the solid phase methods developed for the production or purification of polypeptides. The solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) technique has facilitated considerably the access to short peptides (<50 amino acids). However, its limitations for producing large homogeneous peptides have stimulated the development of solid phase covalent or non-covalent capture purification methods. The power of the native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction for protein synthesis in aqueous solution has also been adapted to the solid phase by the combination of novel linker technologies, cysteine protection strategies and thioester or N,S-acyl shift thioester surrogate chemistries. This review details pioneering studies and the most recent publications related to the solid phase chemical synthesis of large peptides and proteins.
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461
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Liu S, Yang Y, Zhao C, Huang J, Han C, Han J. Effect of the 4′-substituted phenylalanine moiety of sansalvamide A peptide on antitumor activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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462
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Palomo JM. Solid-phase peptide synthesis: an overview focused on the preparation of biologically relevant peptides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailor-made design preparation of complex peptide sequence including posttranslational modifications, fluorescent labels, unnatural amino acids are of exceptional value for biological studies of several important diseases. The possibility to obtain these molecules in sufficient amounts in relative short time is thanks to the solid-phase approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Palomo
- Departamento of Biocatalisis
- Instituto de Catalisis (CSIC)
- Madrid, Spain
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463
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Di Gioia ML, Barattucci A, Bonaccorsi P, Leggio A, Minuti L, Romio E, Temperini A, Siciliano C. Deprotection/reprotection of the amino group in α-amino acids and peptides. A one-pot procedure in [Bmim][BF4] ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46599c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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464
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Peña S, Fagundez C, Medeiros A, Comini M, Scarone L, Sellanes D, Manta E, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F, Stewart L, Yardley V, Serra G. Synthesis of cyclohexapeptides as antimalarial and anti-trypanosomal agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00135d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azolic and non-azolic cyclohexapeptides were obtained and/or evaluated as promising antimalarial and/or anti-trypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Peña
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C. Fagundez
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A. Medeiros
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo
- Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica
- Facultad de Medicina
| | - M. Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L. Scarone
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - D. Sellanes
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - E. Manta
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J. Tulla-Puche
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Centre on Bioengineering
- Biomaterials and Nanomedicine
- Barcelona Science Park
| | - F. Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Centre on Bioengineering
- Biomaterials and Nanomedicine
- Barcelona Science Park
| | - L. Stewart
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Disease
- LSHTM
- London, UK
| | - V. Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Disease
- LSHTM
- London, UK
| | - G. Serra
- Cátedra de Química Farmacéutica
- (DQO)
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo, Uruguay
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465
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Tang W, Becker ML. “Click” reactions: a versatile toolbox for the synthesis of peptide-conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:7013-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00139g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptides that comprise the functional subunits of proteins have been conjugated to versatile materials (biomolecules, polymers, surfaces and nanoparticles) in an effort to modulate cell responses, specific binding affinity and/or self-assembly behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tang
- Department of Polymer Science
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science
- The University of Akron
- Akron, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of Akron
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466
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Guan X, Chaffey PK, Zeng C, Tan Z. New Methods for Chemical Protein Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 363:155-92. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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467
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A mild removal of Fmoc group using sodium azide. Amino Acids 2013; 46:367-74. [PMID: 24306456 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A mild method for effectively removing the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group using sodium azide was developed. Without base, sodium azide completely deprotected N (α)-Fmoc-amino acids in hours. The solvent-dependent conditions were carefully studied and then optimized by screening different sodium azide amounts and reaction temperatures. A variety of Fmoc-protected amino acids containing residues masked with different protecting groups were efficiently and selectively deprotected by the optimized reaction. Finally, a biologically significant hexapeptide, angiotensin IV, was successfully synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis using the developed sodium azide method for all Fmoc removals. The base-free condition provides a complement method for Fmoc deprotection in peptide chemistry and modern organic synthesis.
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468
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Hibino H, Miki Y, Nishiuchi Y. Evaluation of acid-labile S-protecting groups to prevent Cys racemization in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:30-5. [PMID: 24357151 PMCID: PMC4253322 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphonium and uronium salt-based reagents enable efficient and effective coupling reactions and are indispensable in peptide chemistry, especially in machine-assisted SPPS. However, after the activating and coupling steps with these reagents in the presence of tertiary amines, Fmoc derivatives of Cys are known to be considerably racemized during their incorporation. To avoid this side reaction, a coupling method mediated by phosphonium/uronium reagents with a weaker base, such as 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, than the ordinarily used DIEA or that by carbodiimide has been recommended. However, these methods are appreciably inferior to the standard protocol applied for SPPS, that is, a 1 min preactivation procedure of coupling with phosphonium or uronium reagents/DIEA in DMF, in terms of coupling efficiency, and also the former method cannot reduce racemization of Cys(Trt) to an acceptable level (<1.0%) even when the preactivation procedure is omitted. Here, the 4,4′-dimethoxydiphenylmethyl and 4-methoxybenzyloxymethyl groups were demonstrated to be acid-labile S-protecting groups that can suppress racemization of Cys to an acceptable level (<1.0%) when the respective Fmoc derivatives are incorporated via the standard SPPS protocol of phosphonium or uronium reagents with the aid of DIEA in DMF. Furthermore, these protecting groups significantly reduced the rate of racemization compared to the Trt group even in the case of microwave-assisted SPPS performed at a high temperature. © 2013 The Authors. European Peptide Society published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hibino
- SAITO Research Center, Peptide Institute, Inc., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
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469
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Góngora-Benítez M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Multifaceted Roles of Disulfide Bonds. Peptides as Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2013; 114:901-26. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400031z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Góngora-Benítez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
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470
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of potential threonine synthase inhibitors: Rhizocticin A and Plumbemycin A. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4958-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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471
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Arayne MS, Sultana N, Gul S, Khan A. Novel derivatives of 5-amino-1-cyclopropyl-7-[(3R,5S)3,5-dimethylpiperazine-1-yl]-6,8-difluoro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid: their synthesis, antimicrobial, antifungal, and urease inhibitory studies. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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472
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473
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Mendes AC, Baran ET, Reis RL, Azevedo HS. Self-assembly in nature: using the principles of nature to create complex nanobiomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:582-612. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Mendes
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Erkan T. Baran
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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474
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The cathepsin B inhibitor, z-FA-CMK is toxic and readily induced cell death in human T lymphocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:559-67. [PMID: 23933532 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cathepsin B inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-alanine-chloromethylketone (z-FA-CMK) was found to be toxic and readily induced cell death in the human T cell line, Jurkat, whereas two other analogs benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-alanine-fluoromethylketone (z-FA-FMK) and benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-alanine-diazomethylketone (z-FA-DMK) were not toxic. The toxicity of z-FA-CMK requires not only the CMK group, but also the presence of alanine in the P1 position and the benzyloxycarbonyl group at the N-terminal. Dose-response studies showed that lower concentrations of z-FA-CMK induced apoptosis in Jurkat T cells whereas higher concentrations induced necrosis. In z-FA-CMK-induced apoptosis, both initiator caspases (-8 and -9) and effector caspases (-3, -6 and -7) were processed to their respective subunits in Jurkat T cells. However, only the pro-form of the initiator caspases were reduced in z-FA-CMK-induced necrosis and no respective subunits were apparent. The caspase inihibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-valine-alanine-aspartic acid-(O-methyl)-fluoromehylketone (z-VAD-FMK) inhibits apoptosis and caspase processing in Jurkat T cells treated with low concentration of z-FA-CMK but has no effect on z-FA-CMK-induced necrosis and the loss of initiator caspases. This suggests that the loss of initiator caspases in Jurkat T cells during z-FA-CMK-induced necrosis is not a caspase-dependent process. Taken together, we have demonstrated that z-FA-CMK is toxic to Jurkat T cells and induces apoptosis at low concentrations, while at higher concentrations the cells die of necrosis.
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475
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Garbati P, Salis A, Adriano E, Galatini A, Damonte G, Balestrino M, Millo E. A new method to synthesize creatine derivatives. Amino Acids 2013; 45:821-33. [PMID: 23744400 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is an amino acid that has a pivotal role in energy metabolism of cells. Creatine acts as an "ATP shuttle", carrying ATP to the sites where it is utilized, through its reversible phosphorylation by creatine kinase. Moreover, the creatine-phosphocreatine system delays ATP depletion during anoxia or ischemia, thus exerting a neuroprotective role during those pathological conditions. Thus, its administration has been advocated as a treatment or prevention of several conditions involving the central nervous system. However, creatine crosses poorly the blood-brain barrier and the cell plasma membrane, thus its administration has but a limited effect. The use of more lipophilic creatine derivatives has thus been suggested. However, such a synthesis is complicated by the intrinsic characteristics of the creatine molecule that hardly reacts with other molecules and easily cyclizes to creatinine. We obtained amide derivatives from creatine starting from a new protected creatine molecule synthesized by us, the so-called (Boc)2-creatine. We used a temporary protection only on the creatine guanidine group while allowing a good reactivity on the carboxylic group. This temporary protection ensured efficient creatine dissolution in organic solvents and offered simultaneous protection of creatine toward intramolecular cyclization to creatinine. In this manner, it was possible to selectively conjugate molecules on the carboxylic group. The creatine guanidine group was easily released from the protection at the end of the reaction, thus obtaining the desired creatine derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Garbati
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal-Infantile Sciences, University of Genova, Largo Paolo Daneo 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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476
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Evers A, Hessler G, Wang LH, Werrel S, Monecke P, Matter H. CROSS: An Efficient Workflow for Reaction-Driven Rescaffolding and Side-Chain Optimization Using Robust Chemical Reactions and Available Reagents. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4656-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400404v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Evers
- Struct., Design & Informatics, R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hessler
- Struct., Design & Informatics, R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Li-hsing Wang
- F2S IAIS PnS, Sanofi-Aventis
Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am
Main, Germany
| | - Simon Werrel
- Struct., Design & Informatics, R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Monecke
- Chemistry, R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans Matter
- Struct., Design & Informatics, R&D LGCR, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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477
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Góngora-Benítez M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Handles for Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of protected peptides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:217-28. [PMID: 23573835 DOI: 10.1021/co300153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protected peptide fragments are valuable building blocks for the assembly of large peptide sequences through fragment condensation approaches, whereas protected peptides are typically synthesized for the preparation of amide-bridge cyclic peptides in solution. Efficient synthesis of both protected peptides and protected peptide fragments by solid-phase peptide synthesis methodology requires handles that attach the growing peptides to the polymeric support and can be cleaved under appropriate conditions, while maintaining intact the side-chain protecting groups. Here, we provide an overview of attachment methods described in the literature for the preparation of protected peptides using Fmoc/tBu chemistry, including the most commonly used acid-labile linkers along with the most recent and sophisticated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Góngora-Benítez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science Park, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science Park, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science Park, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, 4001-Durban, South Africa
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478
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Ramos-Tomillero I, Mendive-Tapia L, Góngora-Benítez M, Nicolás E, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Understanding acid lability of cysteine protecting groups. Molecules 2013; 18:5155-62. [PMID: 23648593 PMCID: PMC6270164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cys-disulfide bonds contribute to the stabilization of peptide and protein structures. The synthesis of these molecules requires a proper protection of Cys residues, which is crucial to prevent side-reactions and also to achieve the correct Cys connectivity. Here we undertook a mechanistic study of a set of well-known acid-labile Cys protecting groups, as well other new promising groups, in order to better understand the nature of their acid-lability. The stability of the carbocation generated during the acid treatment was found to have a direct impact on the removal of the protective groups from the corresponding protected Cys-containing peptides. Hence a combination of steric and conjugative effects determines the stability of the carbocations generated. Here we propose diphenylmethyl (Dpm) as a promising protecting group on the basis of its intermediate relative carbocation stability. All the optimized geometries and energies presented in this study were determined using a B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculation. The results discussed herein may be of broader applicability for the development of new protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ramos-Tomillero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-T.); (L.M-T.); (M.G.-B.); (J.T.-P.)
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-T.); (L.M-T.); (M.G.-B.); (J.T.-P.)
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Miriam Góngora-Benítez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-T.); (L.M-T.); (M.G.-B.); (J.T.-P.)
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Ernesto Nicolás
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-T.); (L.M-T.); (M.G.-B.); (J.T.-P.)
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-T.); (L.M-T.); (M.G.-B.); (J.T.-P.)
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-Mail:
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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479
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Galy N, Mazières MR, Plaquevent JC. Toward waste-free peptide synthesis using ionic reagents and ionic liquids as solvents. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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480
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Arthur IN, Hennessy JE, Padmakshan D, Stigers DJ, Lesturgez S, Fraser SA, Liutkus M, Otting G, Oakeshott JG, Easton CJ. In Situ Deprotection and Incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids during Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Chemistry 2013; 19:6824-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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481
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Pandey AK, Naduthambi D, Thomas KM, Zondlo NJ. Proline editing: a general and practical approach to the synthesis of functionally and structurally diverse peptides. Analysis of steric versus stereoelectronic effects of 4-substituted prolines on conformation within peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4333-63. [PMID: 23402492 PMCID: PMC4209921 DOI: 10.1021/ja3109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized proline residues have diverse applications. Herein we describe a practical approach, proline editing, for the synthesis of peptides with stereospecifically modified proline residues. Peptides are synthesized by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis to incorporate Fmoc-hydroxyproline (4R-Hyp). In an automated manner, the Hyp hydroxyl is protected and the remainder of the peptide synthesized. After peptide synthesis, the Hyp protecting group is orthogonally removed and Hyp selectively modified to generate substituted proline amino acids, with the peptide main chain functioning to "protect" the proline amino and carboxyl groups. In a model tetrapeptide (Ac-TYPN-NH2), 4R-Hyp was stereospecifically converted to 122 different 4-substituted prolyl amino acids, with 4R or 4S stereochemistry, via Mitsunobu, oxidation, reduction, acylation, and substitution reactions. 4-Substituted prolines synthesized via proline editing include incorporated structured amino acid mimetics (Cys, Asp/Glu, Phe, Lys, Arg, pSer/pThr), recognition motifs (biotin, RGD), electron-withdrawing groups to induce stereoelectronic effects (fluoro, nitrobenzoate), handles for heteronuclear NMR ((19)F:fluoro; pentafluorophenyl or perfluoro-tert-butyl ether; 4,4-difluoro; (77)SePh) and other spectroscopies (fluorescence, IR: cyanophenyl ether), leaving groups (sulfonate, halide, NHS, bromoacetate), and other reactive handles (amine, thiol, thioester, ketone, hydroxylamine, maleimide, acrylate, azide, alkene, alkyne, aryl halide, tetrazine, 1,2-aminothiol). Proline editing provides access to these proline derivatives with no solution-phase synthesis. All peptides were analyzed by NMR to identify stereoelectronic and steric effects on conformation. Proline derivatives were synthesized to permit bioorthogonal conjugation reactions, including azide-alkyne, tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene, oxime, reductive amination, native chemical ligation, Suzuki, Sonogashira, cross-metathesis, and Diels-Alder reactions. These proline derivatives allowed three parallel bioorthogonal reactions to be conducted in one solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Devan Naduthambi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Krista M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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482
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Jamous M, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Synthesis of peptide radiopharmaceuticals for the therapy and diagnosis of tumor diseases. Molecules 2013; 18:3379-409. [PMID: 23493103 PMCID: PMC6269889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in molecular biology and biochemistry, the prognosis of patients suffering from tumor diseases remains poor. The limited therapeutic success can be explained by the insufficient performance of the common chemotherapeutic drugs that lack the ability to specifically target tumor tissues. Recently peptide radiopharmaceuticals have been developed that enable the concurrent imaging and therapy of tumors expressing a specific target. Here, with a special emphasis on the synthesis of the building blocks required for the complexation of metallic radioisotopes, the requirements to the design and synthesis of radiolabeled peptides for clinical applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter Mier
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-7720; Fax: +49-6221-65-33629
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483
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Di Toma C, Sonke T, Quaedflieg PJ, Volker Wagner AF, Janssen DB. Purification and use of E. coli peptide deformylase for peptide deprotection in chemoenzymatic peptide synthesis. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 89:73-9. [PMID: 23357810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peptide deformylases (PDFs) catalyze the removal of the formyl group from the N-terminal methionine residue in nascent polypeptide chains in prokaryotes. Its deformylation activity makes PDF an attractive candidate for the biocatalytic deprotection of formylated peptides that are used in chemoenzymatic peptide synthesis. For this application it is essential to use PDF preparations that are free of contamination by peptidases that can cleave internal peptide bonds. Therefore, different purification methods were attempted and an industrially applicable purification procedure was developed based on a single anion-exchange chromatography step of an engineered PDF variant that was equipped with an anionic octaglutamate tag. The deformylation activity and stability of the engineered enzyme were similar to those of the wild-type PDF. This purification method furnished a PDF preparation with a 1500-fold decreased level of contamination by amidases and peptidases as compared to cell-free extract. It was shown that the enzyme could be used for deprotection of a formylated dipeptide that was prepared by thermolysin-mediated coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Di Toma
- DSM Innovative Synthesis, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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484
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Bajaj K, Panda SS, Ibrahim MA, El-Feky SA, Katritzky AR. Introduction of histidine units using benzotriazolide activation. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:110-7. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bajaj
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Mohamed A. Ibrahim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Zagazig University; Zagazig 44519 Egypt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy; Misr University for Science and Technology; Al-Motamayez District, P.O. Box 77 Egypt
| | - Said A. El-Feky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Zagazig University; Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
- Chemistry Department; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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485
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Stuhr-Hansen N, Sølling TI, Strømgaard K. Synthetic and mechanistic insight into nosylation of glycine residues. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2288-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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486
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Rafiee A, Mansfeld FM, Moyle PM, Toth I. Synthesis and Characterization of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH)-Functionalized Mini-Dendrimers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2013.31006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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487
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Gawande MB, Bonifácio VDB, Luque R, Branco PS, Varma RS. Benign by design: catalyst-free in-water, on-water green chemical methodologies in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5522-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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488
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Qin X, Khuong AC, Yu Z, Du W, Decatur J, Gross RA. Simplifying alternating peptide synthesis by protease-catalyzed dipeptide oligomerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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489
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De Marco R, Greco A, Rupiani S, Tolomelli A, Tomasini C, Pieraccini S, Gentilucci L. In-peptide synthesis of di-oxazolidinone and dehydroamino acid–oxazolidinone motifs as β-turn inducers. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4316-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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490
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Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of peptide chemistry with a focus on solid-phase peptide synthesis. The background, the most common reagents, and some mechanisms are presented. This chapter also points to the different chapters and puts them into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud J Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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491
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Qin X, Xie W, Tian S, Cai J, Yuan H, Yu Z, Butterfoss GL, Khuong AC, Gross RA. Enzyme-triggered hydrogelation via self-assembly of alternating peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4839-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41794h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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492
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Pedersen SW, Armishaw CJ, Strømgaard K. Synthesis of peptides using tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) as the α-amino protection group. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:65-80. [PMID: 23943478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) as the Nα-amino protecting group in peptide synthesis can be advantageous in several cases, such as synthesis of hydrophobic peptides and peptides containing ester and thioester moieties. The primary challenge of using Boc SPPS is the need for treatment of the resin-bound peptide with hazardous hydrogen fluoride (HF), which requires special equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren W Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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493
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Li H, Xie H, Cao Y, Ding X, Yin Y, Li G. A general way to assay protein by coupling peptide with signal reporter via supermolecule formation. Anal Chem 2012; 85:1047-52. [PMID: 23237077 DOI: 10.1021/ac302906c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein-binding peptide is recently recognized as an effective artificial affinity reagent for protein assays. However, its application is hampered by the limited choices of available signal readout methods. Herein, we report a general electrochemical signal readout method for protein-binding peptides exploiting the host-guest chemistry of cucurbituril. Via the formation of supermolecules among cucurbituril, electrochemical reporter, and the peptide, a protein-binding peptide can be noncovalently coupled with the electrochemical reporter. To assay the target protein, the protein-binding peptides are first self-assembled in the sensing layer, and after the capturing of the target protein, a portion of the peptides become protein-bound. The protein-free peptides are then coupled with the electrochemical reporter to yield a signal readout inversely proportional to the amount of the captured target proteins. Since the only requirement of supermolecule formation is the incorporation of aromatic amino acids in the peptide sequence, this strategy is universally applicable to many protein-binding peptides. The generality and target specificity of the proposed method are successfully demonstrated in the assays of two kinds of target proteins: tumor necrosis factor-α and amyloid β 1-42 soluble oligomer, respectively. The feasibility of our method is also tested in the monitoring of tumor necrosis factor-α secretion activity of HL-60 cells. These results indicate that our method can have great use in protein detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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494
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Palladino P, Stetsenko DA. New TFA-Free Cleavage and Final Deprotection in Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis: Dilute HCl in Fluoro Alcohol. Org Lett 2012; 14:6346-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol303124r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, P.O. Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Dmitry A. Stetsenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, P.O. Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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495
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Jamous M, Haberkorn U, Mier W. DOTA-tris(OPp ester) as a bifunctional prochelator for the preparation of DOTA–peptide conjugates. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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496
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Menegatti S, Hussain M, Naik AD, Carbonell RG, Rao BM. mRNA display selection and solid-phase synthesis of Fc-binding cyclic peptide affinity ligands. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:857-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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497
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Roodbeen R, Pedersen SL, Hosseini M, Jensen KJ. Microwave Heating in the Solid-Phase Synthesis ofN-Methylated Peptides: When Is Room Temperature Better? European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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498
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Kurane R, Gaikwad V, Jadhav J, Salunkhe R, Rashinkar G. Ferrocene tagged functional polymer: a robust solid-phase reagent for O-demethylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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499
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Hibino H, Miki Y, Nishiuchi Y. Synthesis and application of Nα-Fmoc-Nπ-4-methoxybenzyloxymethylhistidine in solid phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:763-9. [PMID: 23109435 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The 4-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (MBom) group was introduced at the Nπ-position of the histidine (His) residue by using a regioselective procedure, and its utility was examined under standard conditions used for the conventional and the microwave (MW)-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) with 9-fluorenylmethyoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. The Nπ-MBom group fulfilling the requirements for the Fmoc strategy was found to prevent side-chain-induced racemization during incorporation of the His residue even in the case of MW-assisted SPPS performed at a high temperature. In particular, the MBom group proved to be a suitable protecting group for the convergent synthesis because it remains attached to the imidazole ring during detachment of the protected His-containing peptide segments from acid-sensitive linkers by treatment with a weak acid such as 1% trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane. We also demonstrated the facile synthesis of Fmoc-His(π-MBom)-OH with the aid of purification procedure by crystallization to effectively remove the undesired τ-isomer without resorting to silica gel column chromatography. This means that the present synthetic procedure can be used for large-scale production without any obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hibino
- SAITO Research Center, Peptide Institute, Inc., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
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Chemical synthesis, backbone cyclization and oxidative folding of cystine-knot peptides: promising scaffolds for applications in drug design. Molecules 2012; 17:12533-52. [PMID: 23095896 PMCID: PMC6268209 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystine-knot peptides display exceptional structural, thermal, and biological stability. Their eponymous motif consists of six cysteine residues that form three disulfide bonds, resulting in a notably rigid structural core. Since they highly tolerate either rational or combinatorial changes in their primary structure, cystine knots are considered to be promising frameworks for the development of peptide-based pharmaceuticals. Despite their relatively small size (two to three dozens amino acid residues), the chemical synthesis route is challenging since it involves critical steps such as head-to-tail cyclization and oxidative folding towards the respective bioactive isomer. Herein we describe the topology of cystine-knot peptides, their synthetic availability and briefly discuss potential applications of engineered variants in diagnostics and therapy.
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