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Wolfstadt JI, Cole BJ, Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Viswanathan S, Chahal J. Current concepts: the role of mesenchymal stem cells in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Sports Health 2015; 7:38-44. [PMID: 25553211 PMCID: PMC4272690 DOI: 10.1177/1941738114529727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The number of adults with osteoarthritis in the United States is expected to nearly double from 21.4 million in 2005 to 41.1 million by 2030. As a result, medical costs and associated comorbidity will exponentially increase in the coming decades. In the past decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a novel treatment for degenerative joint disease. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed (from 1990 to 2013) was searched to identify relevant studies. Reference lists of included studies were also reviewed. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: We identified 9 animal and 7 human studies investigating the use of MSCs in the treatment of osteoarthritis, with varying levels of support for this therapy. Conclusion: While MSCs have shown potential for improving function and decreasing inflammation in animal studies, translation to patients is still in question. There is a great deal of heterogeneity in treatment methods. Standardizing the manufacturing and characterization of MSCs will allow for better comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse I Wolfstadt
- University Health Network Arthritis Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Cole
- Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Darrell J Ogilvie-Harris
- University Health Network Arthritis Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaskarndip Chahal
- University Health Network Arthritis Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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452
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Rosner M, Hengstschläger M. Intercellular protein expression variability as a feature of stem cell pluripotency. Amino Acids 2014; 45:1315-7. [PMID: 24077670 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of pluripotent stem cell protein markers, self-renewal, the potential to differentiate in cell types of all three germlines and teratoma formation in nude mice form the spectrum of the stringent pluripotency criteria for human stem cells. Currently, intercellular variability is discussed as an additional putative defining property of pluripotent stem cells. In future, it will be of relevance to clarify the genesis of intercellular variability for each stem cell line/population before its application in basic science or therapy. Furthermore, for a better understanding of stemness it will be indispensable to separately investigate the issue of intercellular variability for each feature of pluripotency.
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453
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Tao Y, Zheng W, Jiang Y, Ding G, Hou X, Tang Y, Li Y, Gao S, Chang G, Zhang X, Liu W, Kou X, Wang H, Jiang C, Gao S. Nucleosome organizations in induced pluripotent stem cells reprogrammed from somatic cells belonging to three different germ layers. BMC Biol 2014; 12:109. [PMID: 25528259 PMCID: PMC4296552 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleosome organization determines the chromatin state, which in turn controls gene expression or silencing. Nucleosome remodeling occurs during somatic cell reprogramming, but it is still unclear to what degree the re-established nucleosome organization of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) resembles embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and whether the iPSCs inherit some residual gene expression from the parental fibroblast cells. Results We generated genome-wide nucleosome maps in mouse ESCs and in iPSCs reprogrammed from somatic cells belonging to three different germ layers using a secondary reprogramming system. Pairwise comparisons showed that the nucleosome organizations in the iPSCs, regardless of the iPSCs’ tissue of origin, were nearly identical to the ESCs, but distinct from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). There is a canonical nucleosome arrangement of -1, nucleosome depletion region, +1, +2, +3, and so on nucleosomes around the transcription start sites of active genes whereas only a nucleosome occupies silent transcriptional units. Transcription factor binding sites possessed characteristic nucleosomal architecture, such that their access was governed by the rotational and translational settings of the nucleosome. Interestingly, the tissue-specific genes were highly expressed only in the parental somatic cells of the corresponding iPS cell line before reprogramming, but had a similar expression level in all the resultant iPSCs and ESCs. Conclusions The re-established nucleosome landscape during nuclear reprogramming provides a conserved setting for accessibility of DNA sequences in mouse pluripotent stem cells. No persistent residual expression program or nucleosome positioning of the parental somatic cells that reflected their tissue of origin was passed on to the resulting mouse iPSCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0109-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Weisheng Zheng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Guitao Ding
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xinfeng Hou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yitao Tang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yueying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shuai Gao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Gang Chang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xiaobai Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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454
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Müller J, Ossig C, Greiner JFW, Hauser S, Fauser M, Widera D, Kaltschmidt C, Storch A, Kaltschmidt B. Intrastriatal transplantation of adult human neural crest-derived stem cells improves functional outcome in parkinsonian rats. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 4:31-43. [PMID: 25479965 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered the second most frequent and one of the most severe neurodegenerative diseases, with dysfunctions of the motor system and with nonmotor symptoms such as depression and dementia. Compensation for the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons during PD using current pharmacological treatment strategies is limited and remains challenging. Pluripotent stem cell-based regenerative medicine may offer a promising therapeutic alternative, although the medical application of human embryonic tissue and pluripotent stem cells is still a matter of ethical and practical debate. Addressing these challenges, the present study investigated the potential of adult human neural crest-derived stem cells derived from the inferior turbinate (ITSCs) transplanted into a parkinsonian rat model. Emphasizing their capability to give rise to nervous tissue, ITSCs isolated from the adult human nose efficiently differentiated into functional mature neurons in vitro. Additional successful dopaminergic differentiation of ITSCs was subsequently followed by their transplantation into a unilaterally lesioned 6-hydroxydopamine rat PD model. Transplantation of predifferentiated or undifferentiated ITSCs led to robust restoration of rotational behavior, accompanied by significant recovery of DA neurons within the substantia nigra. ITSCs were further shown to migrate extensively in loose streams primarily toward the posterior direction as far as to the midbrain region, at which point they were able to differentiate into DA neurons within the locus ceruleus. We demonstrate, for the first time, that adult human ITSCs are capable of functionally recovering a PD rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Müller
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christiana Ossig
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes F W Greiner
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Darius Widera
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany; Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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455
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Menendez JA, Joven J. Energy metabolism and metabolic sensors in stem cells: the metabostem crossroads of aging and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:117-40. [PMID: 25038997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We are as old as our adult stem cells are; therefore, stem cell exhaustion is considered a hallmark of aging. Our tumors are as aggressive as the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) they bear because CSCs can survive treatments with hormones, radiation, chemotherapy, and molecularly targeted drugs, thus increasing the difficulty of curing cancer. Not surprisingly, interest in stem cell research has never been greater among members of the public, politicians, and scientists. But how can we slow the rate at which our adult stem cells decline over our lifetime, reducing the regenerative potential of tissues, while efficiently eliminating the aberrant, life-threatening activity of "selfish", immortal, and migrating CSCs? Frustrated by the gene-centric limitations of conventional approaches to aging diseases, our group and other groups have begun to appreciate that bioenergetic metabolism, i.e., the production of fuel & building blocks for growth and division, and autophagy/mitophagy, i.e., the quality-control, self-cannibalistic system responsible for "cleaning house" and "recycling the trash", can govern the genetic and epigenetic networks that facilitate stem cell behaviors. Indeed, it is reasonable to suggest the existence of a "metabostem" infrastructure that operates as a shared hallmark of aging and cancer, thus making it physiologically plausible to maintain or even increase the functionality of adult stem cells while reducing the incidence of cancer and extending the lifespan. This "metabostemness" property could lead to the discovery of new drugs that reprogram cell metabotypes to increase the structural and functional integrity of adult stem cells and positively influence their lineage determination, while preventing the development and aberrant function of stem cells in cancer tissues. While it is obvious that the antifungal antibiotic rapamycin, the polyphenol resveratrol, and the biguanide metformin already belong to this new family of metabostemness-targeting drugs, we can expect a rapid identification of new drug candidates (e.g., polyphenolic xenohormetins) that reverse or postpone "geroncogenesis", i.e., aging-induced metabolic decline as a driver of tumorigenesis, at the stem cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain,
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456
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Wu C, Hong SG, Winkler T, Spencer DM, Jares A, Ichwan B, Nicolae A, Guo V, Larochelle A, Dunbar CE. Development of an inducible caspase-9 safety switch for pluripotent stem cell-based therapies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14053. [PMID: 26052521 PMCID: PMC4448736 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) therapies offer a promising path for patient-specific regenerative medicine. However, tumor formation from residual undifferentiated iPSC or transformation of iPSC or their derivatives is a risk. Inclusion of a suicide gene is one approach to risk mitigation. We introduced a dimerizable-“inducible caspase-9” (iCasp9) suicide gene into mouse iPSC (miPSC) and rhesus iPSC (RhiPSC) via a lentivirus, driving expression from either a cytomegalovirus (CMV), elongation factor-1 α (EF1α) or pluripotency-specific EOS-C(3+) promoter. Exposure of the iPSC to the synthetic chemical dimerizer, AP1903, in vitro induced effective apoptosis in EF1α-iCasp9-expressing (EF1α)-iPSC, with less effective killing of EOS-C(3+)-iPSC and CMV-iPSC, proportional to transgene expression in these cells. AP1903 treatment of EF1α-iCasp9 miPSC in vitro delayed or prevented teratomas. AP1903 administration following subcutaneous or intravenous delivery of EF1α-iPSC resulted in delayed teratoma progression but did not ablate tumors. EF1α-iCasp9 expression was downregulated during in vitro and in vivo differentiation due to DNA methylation at CpG islands within the promoter, and methylation, and thus decreased expression, could be reversed by 5-azacytidine treatment. The level and stability of suicide gene expression will be important for the development of suicide gene strategies in iPSC regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Wu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - So Gun Hong
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Alexander Jares
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Ichwan
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alina Nicolae
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vicky Guo
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia E Dunbar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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457
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Pham TLB, Nguyen TT, Van Bui A, Nguyen MT, Van Pham P. Fetal heart extract facilitates the differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells into heart muscle precursor cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:645-58. [PMID: 25377264 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) are a promising stem cell source with the potential to modulate the immune system as well as the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. In previous publications, UCB-MSCs have been successfully differentiated into cardiomyocytes. This study aimed to improve the efficacy of differentiation of UCB-MSCs into cardiomyocytes by combining 5-azacytidine (Aza) with mouse fetal heart extract (HE) in the induction medium. UCB-MSCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood according to a published protocol. Murine fetal hearts were used to produce fetal HE using a rapid freeze-thaw procedure. MSCs at the 3rd to 5th passage were differentiated into cardiomyocytes in two kinds of induction medium: complete culture medium plus Aza (Aza group) and complete culture medium plus Aza and fetal HE (Aza + HE group). The results showed that the cells in both kinds of induction medium exhibited the phenotype of cardiomyocytes. At the transcriptional level, the cells expressed a number of cardiac muscle-specific genes such as Nkx2.5, Gata 4, Mef2c, HCN2, hBNP, α-Ca, cTnT, Desmin, and β-MHC on day 27 in the Aza group and on day 18 in the Aza + HE group. At the translational level, sarcomic α-actin was expressed on day 27 in the Aza group and day 18 in the Aza + HE group. Although they expressed specific genes and proteins of cardiac muscle cells, the induced cells in both groups did not contract and beat spontaneously. These properties are similar to properties of heart muscle precursor cells in vivo. These results demonstrated that the fetal HE facilitates the differentiation process of human UCB-MSCs into heart muscle precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Le-Buu Pham
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Anh Van Bui
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - My Thu Nguyen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuc Van Pham
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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458
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Abstract
Various stem cell types have been tested for regenerating damaged myocardium after myocardial infarction. However, the results of clinical trials have not been consistent, with only some of the trials reporting small improvements in cardiac function. It seems that engraftment and survival of injected cells is limited and transplanted stem cells either do not differentiate into cardiac cells or differentiate into only limited number of cardiac cells. The exact mechanism(s) of cardiac functional improvement by cell therapy are unclear, but paracrine effect may play a central role. The resident cardiac progenitor cells identified within the adult myocardium have distinct advantages over other stem cell types for cardiac cell therapy, as they are likely precommitted to the cardiovascular fate. However, isolating and expanding these cells from cardiac biopsies is a challenge. More recently, direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes has given new hope for myocardial regeneration. Here we will review different stem cells used in cardiac cell therapy with a focus on the native cardiac progenitor cells and briefly outline future directions of cardiac cell therapy.
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459
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Lalit PA, Hei DJ, Raval AN, Kamp TJ. Induced pluripotent stem cells for post-myocardial infarction repair: remarkable opportunities and challenges. Circ Res 2014; 114:1328-45. [PMID: 24723658 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease with associated myocardial infarction continues to be a major cause of death and morbidity around the world, despite significant advances in therapy. Patients who have large myocardial infarctions are at highest risk for progressive heart failure and death, and cell-based therapies offer new hope for these patients. A recently discovered cell source for cardiac repair has emerged as a result of a breakthrough reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The iPSCs can proliferate indefinitely in culture and can differentiate into cardiac lineages, including cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and cardiac progenitors. Thus, large quantities of desired cell products can be generated without being limited by cellular senescence. The iPSCs can be obtained from patients to allow autologous therapy or, alternatively, banks of human leukocyte antigen diverse iPSCs are possible for allogeneic therapy. Preclinical animal studies using a variety of cell preparations generated from iPSCs have shown evidence of cardiac repair. Methodology for the production of clinical grade products from human iPSCs is in place. Ongoing studies for the safety of various iPSC preparations with regard to the risk of tumor formation, immune rejection, induction of arrhythmias, and formation of stable cardiac grafts are needed as the field advances toward the first-in-man trials of iPSCs after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik A Lalit
- From the Department of Medicine (P.A.L., A.N.R., T.J.K.), Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program (P.A.L., T.J.K.), and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center (P.A.L., D.J.H., A.N.R., T.J.K.), Waisman Biomanufacturing at University of Wisconsin, Madison (D.J.H.)
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460
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Aneuploidy induces profound changes in gene expression, proliferation and tumorigenicity of human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4825. [PMID: 25198699 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) tend to acquire genomic aberrations in culture, the most common of which is trisomy of chromosome 12. Here we dissect the cellular and molecular implications of this trisomy in hPSCs. Global gene expression analyses reveal that trisomy 12 profoundly affects the gene expression profile of hPSCs, inducing a transcriptional programme similar to that of germ cell tumours. Comparison of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis between diploid and aneuploid hPSCs shows that trisomy 12 significantly increases the proliferation rate of hPSCs, mainly as a consequence of increased replication. Furthermore, trisomy 12 increases the tumorigenicity of hPSCs in vivo, inducing transcriptionally distinct teratomas from which pluripotent cells can be recovered. Last, a chemical screen of 89 anticancer drugs discovers that trisomy 12 raises the sensitivity of hPSCs to several replication inhibitors. Together, these findings demonstrate the extensive effect of trisomy 12 and highlight its perils for successful hPSC applications.
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461
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Wyles SP, Yamada S, Oommen S, Maleszewski JJ, Beraldi R, Martinez-Fernandez A, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II selectively reduces the threat of tumorigenicity following induced pluripotent stem cell-based myocardial therapy. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2274-82. [PMID: 25036735 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology creates new opportunities for transplant-based therapeutic strategies. The potential for clinical translation is currently hindered by the risk of dysregulated cell growth. Pluripotent stem cells reprogrammed by three-factor (Sox2, Klf, and Oct4) and four-factor (Sox2, Klf, Oct4, and c-Myc) strategies result in the capacity for teratogenic growth from residual pluripotent progeny upon in vivo transplantation. However, these pluripotent stem cells also have a stage-specific hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents that may allow separation of lineage-specific therapeutic subpopulation of cells. We aimed to demonstrate the selective effect of DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor, etoposide, in eliminating pluripotent cells in the early cardiac progenitor population thus decreasing the effect of teratoma formation. Immunodeficient murine hearts were infarcted and received implantation of a therapeutic dose of cardiac progenitors derived from partially differentiated iPSCs. Etoposide-treated cell implantation reduced mass formation in the intracardiac and extracardiac chest cavity compared with the same dose of iPSC-derived cardiac progenitors in the control untreated group. In vivo bioluminescence imaging confirmed the localization and engraftment of transplanted cells in the myocardium postinjection in both groups. Comparatively, the equivalent cell population without etoposide treatment demonstrated a greater incidence and size of teratoma formation. Hence, pretreatment with genotoxic etoposide significantly lowered the threat of teratogenicity by purging the contaminating pluripotent cells, establishing an adjunctive therapy to further harness the clinical value of iPSC-derived cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya P Wyles
- 1 Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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462
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Ben-David U. Genomic instability, driver genes and cell selection: Projections from cancer to stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:427-35. [PMID: 25132386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells and stem cells share many traits, including a tendency towards genomic instability. Human cancers exhibit tumor-specific genomic aberrations, which often affect their malignancy and drug response. During their culture propagation, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) also acquire characteristic genomic aberrations, which may have significant impact on their molecular and cellular phenotypes. These aberrations vary in size from single nucleotide alterations to copy number alterations to whole chromosome gains. A prominent challenge in both cancer and stem cell research is to identify "driver aberrations" that confer a selection advantage, and "driver genes" that underlie the recurrence of these aberrations. Following principles that are already well-established in cancer research, candidate driver genes have also been suggested in hPSCs. Experimental validation of the functional role of such candidates can uncover whether these are bona fide driver genes. The identification of driver genes may bring us closer to a mechanistic understanding of the genomic instability of stem cells. Guided by terminologies and methodologies commonly applied in cancer research, such understanding may have important ramifications for both stem cell and cancer biology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ben-David
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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464
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Induced pluripotent stem cells and their implication for regenerative medicine. Cell Tissue Bank 2014; 16:171-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-014-9462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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465
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Stem cell therapy for glaucoma: science or snake oil? Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 60:93-105. [PMID: 25132498 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been substantial progress in developing stem cell treatments for glaucoma. As a downstream approach that targets the underlying susceptibility of retinal ganglion and trabecular meshwork cells, stem cell therapy has the potential to both replace lost, and protect damaged, cells by secreting neurotrophic factors. A variety of sources, including embryonic cells, adult cells derived from the central nervous system, and induced pluripotent stem cells show promise as therapeutic approaches. Even though safety concerns and ethical controversies have limited clinical implementation, some institutions have already commercialized stem cell therapy and are using direct-to-consumer advertising to attract patients with glaucoma. We review the progress of stem cell therapy and its current commercial availability.
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466
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Young JS, Morshed RA, Kim JW, Balyasnikova IV, Ahmed AU, Lesniak MS. Advances in stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and engineered cells: delivery vehicles for anti-glioma therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1733-46. [PMID: 25005767 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.937420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A limitation of small molecule inhibitors, nanoparticles (NPs) and therapeutic adenoviruses is their incomplete distribution within the entirety of solid tumors such as malignant gliomas. Currently, cell-based carriers are making their way into the clinical setting as they offer the potential to selectively deliver many types of therapies to cancer cells. AREAS COVERED Here, we review the properties of stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and engineered cells that possess the tumor-tropic behavior necessary to serve as cell carriers. We also report on the different types of therapeutic agents that have been delivered to tumors by these cell carriers, including: i) therapeutic genes; ii) oncolytic viruses; iii) NPs; and iv) antibodies. The current challenges and future promises of cell-based drug delivery are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION While the emergence of stem cell-mediated therapy has resulted in promising preclinical results and a human clinical trial utilizing this approach is currently underway, there is still a need to optimize these delivery platforms. By improving the loading of therapeutic agents into stem cells and enhancing their migratory ability and persistence, significant improvements in targeted cancer therapy may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Young
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , 5841 South Maryland Ave., M/C 3026, Chicago, IL 60637 , USA
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467
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Kuo TF, Mao D, Hirata N, Khambu B, Kimura Y, Kawase E, Shimogawa H, Ojika M, Nakatsuji N, Ueda K, Uesugi M. Selective elimination of human pluripotent stem cells by a marine natural product derivative. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9798-801. [PMID: 24992689 DOI: 10.1021/ja501795c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the current obstacles to stem cell therapy is the tumorigenic potential of residual undifferentiated stem cells. The present study reports rediscovery of a synthetic derivative of okadaic acid, a marine polyether toxin, as a reagent that selectively induces the death of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell-based screening of 333 cytotoxic compounds identified methyl 27-deoxy-27-oxookadaate (molecule 1) as a substrate of two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, ABCB1 (MDR1) and ABCG2 (BCRP), whose expression is repressed in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. The results demonstrate that selective elimination of human pluripotent stem cells can be achieved by designing cytotoxic small molecules with appropriate ABC-transporter selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Fang Kuo
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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468
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EGF-induced adipose tissue mesothelial cells undergo functional vascular smooth muscle differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1304. [PMID: 24967966 PMCID: PMC4611741 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that the post-natal mesothelium retain differentiative potential of the embryonic mesothelium, which generates fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), in developing coelomic organs via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Whether adult mesothelial cells (MCs) are able to give rise to functional VSMCs in vitro and which are the factors and mechanisms directing this process remain largely unknown. Here, we isolated adipose tissue MCs (ATMCs) from adult mice, and demonstrated that ATMCs cultured in a serum-containing media supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) efficiently increased both their proliferation and EMT above levels found in only serum-containing media cultures. EGF-induced ATMCs gained phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and activated simultaneously ILK/Erk1/2, PI3K/Akt and Smad2/3-dependent pathways. Sequential subculture onto collagen-I surface efficiently improved their vasculogenic EMT towards cells featuring VSMCs (α-SMA, calponin, caldesmon, SM22α, desmin, SM-MHC, smoothelin-B and PDGFR-β) that could actively contract in response to receptor and non-receptor-mediated vasoactive agonists. Overall, our results indentify EGF signalling as a robust vasculogenic inductive pathway for ATMCs, leading to their transdifferentiation into functional VSMC-like cells.
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469
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Simeonov KP, Uppal H. Direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells by synthetic modified mRNAs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100134. [PMID: 24963715 PMCID: PMC4070971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming by overexpression of defined transcription factors is a promising new method of deriving useful but rare cell types from readily available ones. While the method presents numerous advantages over induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell approaches, a focus on murine conversions and a reliance on retroviral vectors limit potential human applications. Here we address these concerns by demonstrating direct conversion of human fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells via repeated transfection with synthetic modified mRNAs. Hepatic induction was achieved with as little as three transcription factor mRNAs encoding HNF1A plus any two of the factors, FOXA1, FOXA3, or HNF4A in the presence of an optimized hepatic growth medium. We show that the absolute necessity of exogenous HNF1A mRNA delivery is explained both by the factor's inability to be activated by any other factors screened and its simultaneous ability to strongly induce expression of other master hepatic transcription factors. Further analysis of factor interaction showed that a series of robust cross-activations exist between factors that induce a hepatocyte-like state. Transcriptome and small RNA sequencing during conversion toward hepatocyte-like cells revealed global preferential activation of liver genes and miRNAs over those associated with other endodermal tissues, as well as downregulation of fibroblast-associated genes. Induced hepatocyte-like cells also exhibited hepatic morphology and protein expression. Our data provide insight into the process by which direct hepatic reprogramming occurs in human cells. More importantly, by demonstrating that it is possible to achieve direct reprogramming without the use of retroviral gene delivery, our results supply a crucial step toward realizing the potential of direct reprogramming in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamen P. Simeonov
- Department of Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirdesh Uppal
- Department of Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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470
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Wang Z, Cheung D, Zhou Y, Han C, Fennelly C, Criswell T, Soker S. An in vitro culture system that supports robust expansion and maintenance of in vivo engraftment capabilities for myogenic progenitor cells from adult mice. Biores Open Access 2014; 3:79-87. [PMID: 24940559 PMCID: PMC4048971 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle cell therapy and tissue engineering require large numbers of functional muscle precursor/progenitor cells (MPCs), making the in vitro expansion of MPCs a critical step for these applications. The cells must maintain their myogenic properties upon robust expansion, especially for cellular therapy applications, in order to achieve efficacious treatment. A major obstacle associated with MPCs expansion is the loss of "stemness," or regenerative capacity, of freshly isolated cells, presumably due to the absence of the native cellular niches. In the current study, we developed an in vitro system that allowed for long-term culture and massive expansion of murine MPCs (mMPCs) with the preservation of myogenic regeneration capabilities. Long term in vitro expanded mMPC expressed the myogenic stem cell markers Pax3 and Pax7 and formed spontaneously contracting myotubes. Furthermore, expanded mMPC injected into the tibialis anterior muscle of nude mice engrafted and formed myofibers. Collectively, the method developed in this study can be potentially adapted for the expansion of human MPCs to high enough numbers for treatment of muscle injuries in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Cheung
- Oregon State University , School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Yu Zhou
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Changjie Han
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Colin Fennelly
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tracy Criswell
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina. ; Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina. ; Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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471
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Dell'Anno MT, Caiazzo M, Leo D, Dvoretskova E, Medrihan L, Colasante G, Giannelli S, Theka I, Russo G, Mus L, Pezzoli G, Gainetdinov RR, Benfenati F, Taverna S, Dityatev A, Broccoli V. Remote control of induced dopaminergic neurons in parkinsonian rats. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3215-29. [PMID: 24937431 DOI: 10.1172/jci74664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming through genetic-based strategies enables the conversion of differentiated somatic cells into functional neurons and distinct neuronal subtypes. Induced dopaminergic (iDA) neurons can be generated by direct conversion of skin fibroblasts; however, their in vivo phenotypic and functional properties remain incompletely understood, leaving their impact on Parkinson's disease (PD) cell therapy and modeling uncertain. Here, we determined that iDA neurons retain a transgene-independent stable phenotype in culture and in animal models. Furthermore, transplanted iDA neurons functionally integrated into host neuronal tissue, exhibiting electrically excitable membranes, synaptic currents, dopamine release, and substantial reduction of motor symptoms in a PD animal model. Neuronal cell replacement approaches will benefit from a system that allows the activity of transplanted neurons to be controlled remotely and enables modulation depending on the physiological needs of the recipient; therefore, we adapted a DREADD (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug) technology for remote and real-time control of grafted iDA neuronal activity in living animals. Remote DREADD-dependent iDA neuron activation markedly enhanced the beneficial effects in transplanted PD animals. These data suggest that iDA neurons have therapeutic potential as a cell replacement approach for PD and highlight the applicability of pharmacogenetics for enhancing cellular signaling in reprogrammed cell-based approaches.
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472
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Vazey EM, Aston-Jones G. Designer receptors: therapeutic adjuncts to cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2858-60. [PMID: 24937425 DOI: 10.1172/jci76833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement for restoring neuronal populations in Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated as a potential therapeutic strategy over several decades of studies; however, a number of issues regarding sources of replacement neurons and optimization of therapeutic efficacy in vivo have hampered clinical implementation. In this issue of the JCI, Dell'Anno and colleagues evaluated the use of induced dopaminergic (iDA) neurons that were generated by direct fibroblast reprogramming for transplantation and demonstrated that postmitotic iDA neurons stably and functionally integrate into host striatum to produce motor improvements in 6-OHDA rats, a Parkinson's disease model. Furthermore, using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in iDA grafts to noninvasively increase dopamine release from grafted neurons, the authors were able to remotely control transplanted neurons and enhance therapeutic efficacy. This initial proof-of-concept study is the first application of DREADD technology to treat neurodegenerative dysfunction, and by using DREADDs as an adjunct to iDA cell therapy, it presents a novel strategy to overcome some current caveats of cell replacement therapy.
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473
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Tung PY, Knoepfler PS. Epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenicity manifesting in stem cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:2288-96. [PMID: 24931168 PMCID: PMC4268091 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest roadblocks to using stem cells as the basis for regenerative medicine therapies is the tumorigenicity of stem cells. Unfortunately, the unique abilities of stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types are also mechanistically linked to their tumorigenic behaviors. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the close relationship between stem cells and cancer cells has therefore become a primary goal in the field. In addition, knowledge gained from investigating the striking parallels between mechanisms orchestrating normal embryogenesis and those that invoke tumorigenesis may well serve as the foundation for developing novel cancer treatments. Emerging discoveries have demonstrated that epigenetic regulatory machinery plays important roles in normal stem cell functions, cancer development, and cancer stem cell identity. These studies provide valuable insights into both the shared and distinct mechanisms by which pluripotency and oncogenicity are established and regulated. In this review, the cancer-related epigenetic mechanisms found in pluripotent stem cells and cancer stem cells will be discussed, focusing on both the similarities and the differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Tung
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA [2] UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA [3] UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA [4] Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - P S Knoepfler
- 1] Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA [2] UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA [3] UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA [4] Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
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474
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Malecki M. 'Above all, do no harm': safeguarding pluripotent stem cell therapy against iatrogenic tumorigenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:73. [PMID: 25158017 PMCID: PMC4076624 DOI: 10.1186/scrt462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells are the foundations of regenerative medicine. However, the worst possible complication of using pluripotent stem cells in therapy could be iatrogenic cancerogenesis. Nevertheless, despite the rapid progress in the development of new techniques for induction of pluripotency and for directed differentiation, risks of cancerogenic transformation of therapeutically implanted pluripotent stem cells still persist. 'Above all, do no harm', as quoted from the Hippocratic Oath, is our ultimate creed. Therefore, the primary goal in designing any therapeutic regimes involving stem cells should be the elimination of any possibilities of their neoplasmic transformation. I review here the basic strategies that have been designed to attain this goal: sorting out undifferentiated, pluripotent stem cells with antibodies targeting surface-displayed biomarkers; sorting in differentiating cells, which express recombinant proteins as reporters; killing undifferentiated stem cells with toxic antibodies or antibody-guided toxins; eliminating undifferentiated stem cells with cytotoxic drugs; making potentially tumorigenic stem cells sensitive to pro-drugs by transformation with suicide-inducing genes; eradication of differentiation-refractive stem cells by self-triggered transgenic expression of human recombinant DNases. Every pluripotent undifferentiated stem cell poses a risk of neoplasmic transformation. Therefore, the aforementioned or other novel strategies that would safeguard against iatrogenic transformation of these stem cells should be considered for incorporation into every stem cell therapy trial.
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475
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Ben-David U, Biran A, Scaffidi P, Herold-Mende C, Boehringer M, Meshorer E, Benvenisty N. Elimination of undifferentiated cancer cells by pluripotent stem cell inhibitors. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:267-9. [PMID: 24683201 PMCID: PMC4055828 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mju012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ben-David
- Stem Cell Unit, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alva Biran
- Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- Stem Cell Unit, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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476
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Abstract
Repair and reconstruction of damaged tissues and organs has been a major issue in the medical field. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, as rapid evolving technologies, may offer alternative treatments and hope for patients with serious defects and end-stage diseases. Most urologic diseases could benefit from the development of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This article discusses the role of cells and materials in regenerative medicine, as well as the status of current role of regenerative medicine for the generation of specific urologic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sean V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157.
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477
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Kanke K, Masaki H, Saito T, Komiyama Y, Hojo H, Nakauchi H, Lichtler AC, Takato T, Chung UI, Ohba S. Stepwise differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into osteoblasts using four small molecules under serum-free and feeder-free conditions. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:751-60. [PMID: 24936463 PMCID: PMC4050355 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are a promising tool for mechanistic studies of tissue development, drug screening, and cell-based therapies. Here, we report an effective and mass-producing strategy for the stepwise differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs and hiPSCs, respectively) into osteoblasts using four small molecules (CHIR99021 [CHIR], cyclopamine [Cyc], smoothened agonist [SAG], and a helioxanthin-derivative 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrido[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide [TH]) under serum-free and feeder-free conditions. The strategy, which consists of mesoderm induction, osteoblast induction, and osteoblast maturation phases, significantly induced expressions of osteoblast-related genes and proteins in mESCs, miPSCs, and hiPSCs. In addition, when mESCs defective in runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a master regulator of osteogenesis, were cultured by the strategy, they molecularly recapitulated osteoblast phenotypes of Runx2 null mice. The present strategy will be a platform for biological and pathological studies of osteoblast development, screening of bone-augmentation drugs, and skeletal regeneration. Osteoblasts were differentiated from pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions The strategy utilizes four small molecule inducers with no serum or feeder cells The strategy comprises mesoderm induction and subsequent osteoblast induction The strategy can at least partially recapitulate physiological osteoblast development
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kanke
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan ; Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan ; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan ; Department of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuske Komiyama
- Intensive Care Unit, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan ; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Alexander C Lichtler
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Takato
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ung-Il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan ; Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan ; Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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478
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Simerman AA, Dumesic DA, Chazenbalk GD. Pluripotent muse cells derived from human adipose tissue: a new perspective on regenerative medicine and cell therapy. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:12. [PMID: 24940477 PMCID: PMC4041046 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, Multilineage Differentiating Stress Enduring (Muse) cells were introduced to the scientific community, offering potential resolution to the issue of teratoma formation that plagues both embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent (iPS) stem cells. Isolated from human bone marrow, dermal fibroblasts, adipose tissue and commercially available adipose stem cells (ASCs) under severe cellular stress conditions, Muse cells self-renew in a controlled manner and do not form teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice. Furthermore, Muse cells express classic pluripotency markers and differentiate into cells from the three embryonic germ layers both spontaneously and under media-specific induction. When transplanted in vivo, Muse cells contribute to tissue generation and repair. This review delves into the aspects of Muse cells that set them apart from ES, iPS, and various reported adult pluripotent stem cell lines, with specific emphasis on Muse cells derived from adipose tissue (Muse-AT), and their potential to revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Simerman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951740, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - Daniel A Dumesic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951740, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - Gregorio D Chazenbalk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951740, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
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479
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Itakura G, Kobayashi Y, Nishimura S, Iwai H, Takano M, Iwanami A, Toyama Y, Okano H, Nakamura M. Control of the Survival and Growth of Human Glioblastoma Grafted Into the Spinal Cord of Mice by Taking Advantage of Immunorejection. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1299-311. [PMID: 24818989 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x681711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurospheres can promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rodents, as well as in nonhuman primates. However, the potential tumorigenicity of the transplanted cells remains a matter of apprehension prior to clinical applications. As a first step to overcome this concern, this study established a glioblastoma multiforme xenograft model mouse. The feasibility of controlling immune suppression to ablate the grafted cells was then investigated. The human glioblastoma multiforme cell line U251 MG was transplanted into the intact spinal cords of immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice or into those of immunocompetent C57BL/6J H-2kb mice treated with or without immunosuppressants [FK506 plus anticluster of differentiation (CD) 4 antibody (Ab), or FK506 alone]. In vivo bioluminescent imaging was used to evaluate the chronological survival of the transplanted cells. The graft survival rate was 100% (n = 9/9) in NOD/SCID mice, 0% (n = 6/6) in C57BL/6J mice without immunosuppressant treatment, and 100% (n = 37/37) in C57BL6/J mice with immunosuppressant treatment. After confirming the growth of the grafted cells in the C57/BL6J mice treated with immunosuppressants, immune suppression was discontinued. The grafted cells were subsequently rejected within 3 days in C57BL/6J mice treated with FK506 alone, as opposed to 26 days in C57BL/6J mice treated with FK506 plus anti-CD4 Ab. Histological evaluation confirmed the ablation of the grafted cells. Although this work describes a xenograft setting, the results suggest that this immunomodulatory strategy could provide a safety lock against tumor formation stemming from transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Itakura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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480
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Malecki M, Putzer E, Sabo C, Foorohar A, Quach C, Stampe C, Beauchaine M, Tombokan X, Malecki R, Anderson M. Directed cardiomyogenesis of autologous human induced pluripotent stem cells recruited to infarcted myocardium with bioengineered antibodies. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:13. [PMID: 25132967 PMCID: PMC4131312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial infarctions constitute a major factor contributing to non-natural mortality world-wide. Clinical trials of myocardial regenerative therapy, currently pursued by cardiac surgeons, involve administration of stem cells into the hearts of patients suffering from myocardial infarctions. Unfortunately, surgical acquisition of these cells from bone marrow or heart is traumatic, retention of these cells to sites of therapeutic interventions is low, and directed differentiation of these cells in situ into cardiomyocytes is difficult. The specific aims of this work were: (1) to generate autologous, human, pluripotent, induced stem cells (ahiPSCs) from the peripheral blood of the patients suffering myocardial infarctions; (2) to bioengineer heterospecific antibodies (htAbs) and use them for recruitment of the ahiPSCs to infarcted myocardium; (3) to initiate in situ directed cardiomyogenesis of the ahiPSCs retained to infarcted myocardium. METHODS Peripheral blood was drawn from six patients scheduled for heart transplants. Mononuclear cells were isolated and reprogrammed, with plasmids carrying six genes (NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, LIN28A, MYC), to yield the ahiPSCs. Cardiac tissues were excised from the injured hearts of the patients, who received transplants during orthotopic surgery. These tissues were used to prepare in vitro models of stem cell therapy of infarcted myocardium. The htAbs were bioengineered, which simultaneously targeted receptors displayed on pluripotent stem cells (SSEA-4, SSEA-3, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81) and proteins of myocardial sarcomeres (myosin, α-actinin, actin, titin). They were used to bridge the ahiPSCs to the infarcted myocardium. The retained ahiPSCs were directed with bone morphogenetic proteins and nicotinamides to differentiate towards myocardial lineage. RESULTS The patients' mononuclear cells were efficiently reprogrammed into the ahiPSCs. These ahiPSCs were administered to infarcted myocardium in in vitro models. They were recruited to and retained at the treated myocardium with higher efficacy and specificity, if were preceded with the htAbs, than with isotype antibodies or plain buffers. The retained cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS The proof of concept has been attained, for reprogramming the patients' blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into the ahiPSCs, recruiting these cells to infarcted myocardium, and initiating their cardiomyogenesis. This novel strategy is ready to support the ongoing clinical trials aimed at regeneration of infarcted myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Malecki
- />Phoenix Biomolecular Engineering Foundation, San Francisco, CA USA
- />National Magnetic Resonance Facility, National Institutes of Health, Madison, WI USA
- />University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Emily Putzer
- />University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI USA
- />Latin American Youth Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Chelsea Sabo
- />University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI USA
- />University of Sheffield, Sheffield, EU UK
| | - Afsoon Foorohar
- />Phoenix Biomolecular Engineering Foundation, San Francisco, CA USA
- />Western University, Lebanon, OR USA
| | - Carol Quach
- />Phoenix Biomolecular Engineering Foundation, San Francisco, CA USA
- />Western University, Pomona, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Raf Malecki
- />San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mark Anderson
- />National Magnetic Resonance Facility, National Institutes of Health, Madison, WI USA
- />University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI USA
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Abstract
The enteric nervous system is vulnerable to a range of congenital and acquired disorders that disrupt the function of its neurons or lead to their loss. The resulting enteric neuropathies are some of the most challenging clinical conditions to manage. Neural stem cells offer the prospect of a cure given their potential ability to replenish missing or dysfunctional neurons. This article discusses diseases that might be targets for stem cell therapies and the barriers that could limit treatment application. We explore various sources of stem cells and the proof of concept for their use. The critical steps that remain to be addressed before these therapies can be used in patients are also discussed. Key milestones include the harvesting of neural stem cells from the human gut and the latest in vivo transplantation studies in animals. The tremendous progress in the field has brought experimental studies exploring the potential of stem cell therapies for the management of enteric neuropathies to the cusp of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Burns
- Neural Development and Gastroenterology Units, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- 1] Neural Development and Gastroenterology Units, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. [2] Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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482
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Isobe KI, Cheng Z, Nishio N, Suganya T, Tanaka Y, Ito S. iPSCs, aging and age-related diseases. N Biotechnol 2014; 31:411-21. [PMID: 24784583 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human histocompatibility antigens are quite heterogeneous and promote the rejection of transplanted tissue. Recent advances in stem cell research that enable the use of a patient's own stem cells for transplantation are very important because rejection could be avoided. In particular, Yamanaka's group in Japan gave new hope to patients with incurable diseases when they developed induced murine pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006 and human iPSCs in 2007. Whereas embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass and are supported in culture by LIF, iPSCs are derived from fetal or adult somatic cells. Through the application of iPSC technology, adult somatic cells can develop a pluripotent state. One advantage of using iPSCs instead of ESCs in regenerative medicine is that (theoretically) immune rejection could be avoided, although there is some debate about immune rejection of a patient's own iPSCs. Many diseases occur in elderly patients. In order to use regenerative medicine with the elderly, it is important to demonstrate that iPSCs can indeed be generated from older patients. Recent findings have shown that iPSCs can be established from aged mice and aged humans. These iPSCs can differentiate to cells from all three germ layers. However, it is not known whether iPSCs from aged mice or humans show early senescence. Before clinical use of iPSCs, issues related to copy number variation, tumorigenicity and immunogenicity must be resolved. It is particularly important that researchers have succeeded in generating iPSCs that have differentiated to somatic cells related to specific diseases of the elderly, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. These efforts will facilitate the use of personalized stem cell transplantation therapy for currently incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Isobe
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Turumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Turumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naomi Nishio
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Turumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Thanasegan Suganya
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Turumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Turumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Turumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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483
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Simerman AA, Perone MJ, Gimeno ML, Dumesic DA, Chazenbalk GD. A mystery unraveled: nontumorigenic pluripotent stem cells in human adult tissues. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:917-29. [PMID: 24745973 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.900538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have emerged as the gold standard of pluripotent stem cells and the class of stem cell with the highest potential for contribution to regenerative and therapeutic application; however, their translational use is often impeded by teratoma formation, commonly associated with pluripotency. We discuss a population of nontumorigenic pluripotent stem cells, termed Multilineage Differentiating Stress Enduring (Muse) cells, which offer an innovative and exciting avenue of exploration for the potential treatment of various human diseases. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the origin of Muse cells, describes in detail their various unique characteristics, and considers future avenues of their application and investigation with respect to what is currently known of adult pluripotent stem cells in scientific literature. We begin by defining cell potency, then discuss both mesenchymal and various reported populations of pluripotent stem cells, and finally delve into Muse cells and the characteristics that set them apart from their contemporaries. EXPERT OPINION Muse cells derived from adipose tissue (Muse-AT) are efficiently, routinely and painlessly isolated from human lipoaspirate material, exhibit tripoblastic differentiation both spontaneously and under media-specific induction, and do not form teratomas. We describe qualities specific to Muse-AT cells and their potential impact on the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Simerman
- The University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951740, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740 , USA +1 310 206 3670 ;
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484
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Weissbein U, Benvenisty N, Ben-David U. Quality control: Genome maintenance in pluripotent stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:153-63. [PMID: 24446481 PMCID: PMC3897183 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) must maintain their proper genomic content in order to preserve appropriate self-renewal and differentiation capacities. However, their prolonged in vitro propagation, as well as the environmental culture conditions, present serious challenges to genome maintenance. Recent work has been focused on potential means to alleviate the genomic insults experienced by PSCs, and to detect them as soon as they arise, in order to prevent the detrimental consequences of these genomic aberrations on PSC application in basic research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Weissbein
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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485
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Osborne JK, Guerra ML, Gonzales JX, McMillan EA, Minna JD, Cobb MH. NeuroD1 mediates nicotine-induced migration and invasion via regulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in a subset of neural and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1782-92. [PMID: 24719457 PMCID: PMC4038504 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-06-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine up-regulates NeuroD1 in bronchial epithelial cells and certain undifferentiated carcinomas. NeuroD1 enhances expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. Increased invasion in Matrigel depends on these receptor subunits. Nicotine may induce positive feedback through NeuroD1 and increased expression of its own receptor. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for acquisition of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A role has been demonstrated for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD1 in the pathogenesis of neural and neuroendocrine lung cancer, including SCLC. In the present study we investigate the possible function of NeuroD1 in established tumors, as well as actions early on in pathogenesis, in response to nicotine. We demonstrate that nicotine up-regulates NeuroD1 in immortalized normal bronchial epithelial cells and a subset of undifferentiated carcinomas. Increased expression of NeuroD1 subsequently leads to regulation of expression and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit cluster of α3, α5, and β4. In addition, we find that coordinated expression of these subunits by NeuroD1 leads to enhanced nicotine-induced migration and invasion, likely through changes in intracellular calcium. These findings suggest that aspects of the pathogenesis of neural and neuroendocrine lung cancers may be affected by a nicotine- and NeuroD1-induced positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan K Osborne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Marcy L Guerra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Joshua X Gonzales
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Elizabeth A McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - John D Minna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041Hamon Cancer Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
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486
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Acimovic I, Vilotic A, Pesl M, Lacampagne A, Dvorak P, Rotrekl V, Meli AC. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as research and therapeutic tools. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:512831. [PMID: 24800237 PMCID: PMC3996932 DOI: 10.1155/2014/512831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), namely, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with their ability of indefinite self-renewal and capability to differentiate into cell types derivatives of all three germ layers, represent a powerful research tool in developmental biology, for drug screening, disease modelling, and potentially cell replacement therapy. Efficient differentiation protocols that would result in the cell type of our interest are needed for maximal exploitation of these cells. In the present work, we aim at focusing on the protocols for differentiation of hPSCs into functional cardiomyocytes in vitro as well as achievements in the heart disease modelling and drug testing on the patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Acimovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Vilotic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pesl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alain Lacampagne
- INSERM U1046, University of Montpellier I, University of Montpellier II, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Petr Dvorak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Rotrekl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Albano C. Meli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- INSERM U1046, University of Montpellier I, University of Montpellier II, 34295 Montpellier, France
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487
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Jalali M, Kirkpatrick WNA, Cameron MG, Pauklin S, Vallier L. Human stem cells for craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1437-51. [PMID: 24564584 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cell research represents an exceptional opportunity for regenerative medicine and the surgical reconstruction of the craniomaxillofacial complex. The correct architecture and function of the vastly diverse tissues of this important anatomical region are critical for life supportive processes, the delivery of senses, social interaction, and aesthetics. Craniomaxillofacial tissue loss is commonly associated with inflammatory responses of the surrounding tissue, significant scarring, disfigurement, and psychological sequelae as an inevitable consequence. The in vitro production of fully functional cells for skin, muscle, cartilage, bone, and neurovascular tissue formation from human stem cells, may one day provide novel materials for the reconstructive surgeon operating on patients with both hard and soft tissue deficit due to cancer, congenital disease, or trauma. However, the clinical translation of human stem cell technology, including the application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in novel regenerative therapies, faces several hurdles that must be solved to permit safe and effective use in patients. The basic biology of hPSCs remains to be fully elucidated and concerns of tumorigenicity need to be addressed, prior to the development of cell transplantation treatments. Furthermore, functional comparison of in vitro generated tissue to their in vivo counterparts will be necessary for confirmation of maturity and suitability for application in reconstructive surgery. Here, we provide an overview of human stem cells in disease modeling, drug screening, and therapeutics, while also discussing the application of regenerative medicine for craniomaxillofacial tissue deficit and surgical reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Jalali
- 1 Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
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488
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Yoshimoto N, Kuroda S. Single-cell-based breeding: Rational strategy for the establishment of cell lines from a single cell with the most favorable properties. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:394-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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489
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Rosner M, Schipany K, Hengstschläger M. The decision on the "optimal" human pluripotent stem cell. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:553-9. [PMID: 24692589 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of recent advances, the array of human pluripotent stem cells now contains embryonic stem cells, derived from "surplus" in vitro fertilization embryos or from cloned embryos; induced pluripotent stem cells; and amniotic fluid stem cells. Here, we compare these stem cell types regarding ethical and legal concerns, cultivation conditions, genomic stability, tumor developing potentials, and applicability for disease modeling and human therapy. This overview highlights that in the future appropriate methodological management must include a decision on the "optimal" stem cell to use before the specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Rosner
- Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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490
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A new class of pluripotent stem cell cytotoxic small molecules. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85039. [PMID: 24647085 PMCID: PMC3960094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major concern in Pluripotent Stem Cell (PSC)-derived cell replacement therapy is the risk of teratoma formation from contaminating undifferentiated cells. Removal of undifferentiated cells from differentiated cultures is an essential step before PSC-based cell therapies can be safely deployed in a clinical setting. We report a group of novel small molecules that are cytotoxic to PSCs. Our data indicates that these molecules are specific and potent in their activity allowing rapid eradication of undifferentiated cells. Experiments utilizing mixed PSC and primary human neuronal and cardiomyocyte cultures demonstrate that up to a 6-fold enrichment for specialized cells can be obtained without adversely affecting cell viability and function. Several structural variants were synthesized to identify key functional groups and to improve specificity and efficacy. Comparative microarray analysis and ensuing RNA knockdown studies revealed involvement of the PERK/ATF4/DDIT3 ER stress pathway. Surprisingly, cell death following ER stress induction was associated with a concomitant decrease in endogenous ROS levels in PSCs. Undifferentiated cells treated with these molecules preceding transplantation fail to form teratomas in SCID mice. Furthermore, these molecules remain non-toxic and non-teratogenic to zebrafish embryos suggesting that they may be safely used in vivo.
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491
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Budniatzky I, Gepstein L. Concise review: reprogramming strategies for cardiovascular regenerative medicine: from induced pluripotent stem cells to direct reprogramming. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:448-57. [PMID: 24591731 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial cell-replacement therapies are emerging as novel therapeutic paradigms for myocardial repair but are hampered by the lack of sources of autologous human cardiomyocytes. The recent advances in stem cell biology and in transcription factor-based reprogramming strategies may provide exciting solutions to this problem. In the current review, we describe the different reprogramming strategies that can give rise to cardiomyocytes for regenerative medicine purposes. Initially, we describe induced pluripotent stem cell technology, a method by which adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed to yield pluripotent stem cells that could later be coaxed ex vivo to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. The generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes could then be used for myocardial cell transplantation and tissue engineering strategies. We also describe the more recent direct reprogramming approaches that aim to directly convert the phenotype of one mature cell type (fibroblast) to another (cardiomyocyte) without going through a pluripotent intermediate cell type. The advantages and shortcomings of each strategy for cardiac regeneration are discussed, along with the hurdles that need to be overcome on the road to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Budniatzky
- Sohnis Research Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine and Cardiology Department, Rambam Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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492
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493
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Choi HS, Kim WT, Ryu CJ. Antibody approaches to prepare clinically transplantable cells from human embryonic stem cells: identification of human embryonic stem cell surface markers by monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:915-20. [PMID: 24616439 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are unique cell populations, possessing both unlimited self-renewal capacity and pluripotency, i.e. the potential to give rise to all kinds of specialized cells in the human body. Marker molecules expressed on the surface of hESCs are important for the identification, characterization, and clinical application of hESCs. Compared with conventional genomics- or proteomics-based approaches, generating monoclonal antibody (mAb) libraries against hESCs using alternative methodologies expands the repertoire of mAbs raised against non-protein markers, for example, glycolipid antigens. Additional information about the conformation and post-translational modification of surface molecules can also be obtained. In this article, we review how mAb libraries against hESC surface markers have been developed using whole-cell and decoy immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seo Choi
- Institute of Bioscience, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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494
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Kalladka D, Muir KW. Brain repair: cell therapy in stroke. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 7:31-44. [PMID: 24627643 PMCID: PMC3937183 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s38003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke affects one in every six people worldwide, and is the leading cause of adult disability. Some spontaneous recovery is usual but of limited extent, and the mechanisms of late recovery are not completely understood. Endogenous neurogenesis in humans is thought to contribute to repair, but its extent is unknown. Exogenous cell therapy is promising as a means of augmenting brain repair, with evidence in animal stroke models of cell migration, survival, and differentiation, enhanced endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis, immunomodulation, and the secretion of trophic factors by stem cells from a variety of sources, but the potential mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. In the animal models of stroke, both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) improve functional recovery, and MSCs reduce the infarct volume when administered acutely, but the heterogeneity in the choice of assessment scales, publication bias, and the possible confounding effects of immunosuppressants make the comparison of effects across cell types difficult. The use of adult-derived cells avoids the ethical issues around embryonic cells but may have more restricted differentiation potential. The use of autologous cells avoids rejection risk, but the sources are restricted, and culture expansion may be necessary, delaying treatment. Allogeneic cells offer controlled cell numbers and immediate availability, which may have advantages for acute treatment. Early clinical trials of both NSCs and MSCs are ongoing, and clinical safety data are emerging from limited numbers of selected patients. Ongoing research to identify prognostic imaging markers may help to improve patient selection, and the novel imaging techniques may identify biomarkers of recovery and the mechanism of action for cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kalladka
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Keith W Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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495
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Liang G, Zhang Y. Genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs: potential causes and implications for application. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:149-59. [PMID: 23910082 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine. However, recent studies on the genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs have raised concerns that these variations may compromise the utility of iPSCs. In this Perspective, we review the current understanding of genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs, trace their causes, discuss the implications of these variations for iPSC applications, and propose approaches to cope with these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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496
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Yoshioka N, Gros E, Li HR, Kumar S, Deacon DC, Maron C, Muotri AR, Chi NC, Fu XD, Yu BD, Dowdy SF. Efficient generation of human iPSCs by a synthetic self-replicative RNA. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:246-54. [PMID: 23910086 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds great promise for the development of regenerative medicine therapies to treat a wide range of human diseases. However, the generation of iPSCs in the absence of integrative DNA vectors remains problematic. Here, we report a simple, highly reproducible RNA-based iPSC generation approach that utilizes a single, synthetic self-replicating VEE-RF RNA replicon that expresses four reprogramming factors (OCT4, KLF4, and SOX2, with c-MYC or GLIS1) at consistent high levels prior to regulated RNA degradation. A single VEE-RF RNA transfection into newborn or adult human fibroblasts resulted in efficient generation of iPSCs with all the hallmarks of stem cells, including cell surface markers, global gene expression profiles, and in vivo pluripotency, to differentiate into all three germ layers. The VEE-RF RNA-based approach has broad applicability for the generation of iPSCs for ultimate use in human stem cell therapies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Yoshioka
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0686, USA
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497
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Tateno H, Onuma Y, Ito Y, Hiemori K, Aiki Y, Shimizu M, Higuchi K, Fukuda M, Warashina M, Honda S, Asashima M, Hirabayashi J. A medium hyperglycosylated podocalyxin enables noninvasive and quantitative detection of tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4069. [PMID: 24518842 PMCID: PMC3921628 DOI: 10.1038/srep04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While human pluripotent stem cells are attractive sources for cell-replacement therapies, a major concern remains regarding their tumorigenic potential. Thus, safety assessment of human pluripotent stem cell-based products in terms of tumorigenicity is critical. Previously we have identified a pluripotent stem cell-specific lectin probe rBC2LCN recognizing hyperglycosylated podocalyxin as a cell surface ligand. Here we demonstrate that hyperglycosylated podocalyxin is secreted from human pluripotent stem cells into cell culture supernatants. We establish a sandwich assay system, named the GlycoStem test, targeting the soluble hyperglycosylated podocalyxin using rBC2LCN. The GlycoStem test is sufficiently sensitive and quantitative to detect residual human pluripotent stem cells. This work provides a proof of concept for the noninvasive and quantitative detection of tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells using cell culture supernatants. The developed method should increase the safety of human pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tateno
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yasuko Onuma
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Keiko Hiemori
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Aiki
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Madoka Shimizu
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Kumiko Higuchi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Masakazu Fukuda
- Cell Biology Research Center, Life Science Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. 6-1 Takada-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0963, Japan
| | - Masaki Warashina
- Cell Biology Research Center, Life Science Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. 6-1 Takada-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0963, Japan
| | - Susumu Honda
- Cell Biology Research Center, Life Science Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. 6-1 Takada-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0963, Japan
| | - Makoto Asashima
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Jun Hirabayashi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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498
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Otsu K, Kumakami-Sakano M, Fujiwara N, Kikuchi K, Keller L, Lesot H, Harada H. Stem cell sources for tooth regeneration: current status and future prospects. Front Physiol 2014; 5:36. [PMID: 24550845 PMCID: PMC3912331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are capable of renewing themselves through cell division and have the remarkable ability to differentiate into many different types of cells. They therefore have the potential to become a central tool in regenerative medicine. During the last decade, advances in tissue engineering and stem cell-based tooth regeneration have provided realistic and attractive means of replacing lost or damaged teeth. Investigation of embryonic and adult (tissue) stem cells as potential cell sources for tooth regeneration has led to many promising results. However, technical and ethical issues have hindered the availability of these cells for clinical application. The recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has provided the possibility to revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine (dentistry) by offering the option of autologous transplantation. In this article, we review the current progress in the field of stem cell-based tooth regeneration and discuss the possibility of using iPS cells for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Otsu
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University Yahaba, Japan
| | - Mika Kumakami-Sakano
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University Yahaba, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujiwara
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University Yahaba, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kikuchi
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University Yahaba, Japan ; Division of Special Care Dentistry, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, Iwate Medical University Morioka, Japan
| | - Laetitia Keller
- INSERM UMR 1109, team "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative NanoMedicine", Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Lesot
- INSERM UMR 1109, team "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative NanoMedicine", Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France ; Faculté de Chirurgie dentaire, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
| | - Hidemitsu Harada
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University Yahaba, Japan
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499
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Donnelly N, Storchová Z. Dynamic karyotype, dynamic proteome: buffering the effects of aneuploidy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:473-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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500
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Zhang K, Liu GH, Yi F, Montserrat N, Hishida T, Esteban CR, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into retinal pigment epithelium-like cells by defined factors. Protein Cell 2014; 5:48-58. [PMID: 24474194 PMCID: PMC3938849 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of functional retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is of great therapeutic interest to the field of regenerative medicine and may provide possible cures for retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although RPE cells can be produced from either embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, direct cell reprogramming driven by lineage-determining transcription factors provides an immediate route to their generation. By monitoring a human RPE specific Best1::GFP reporter, we report the conversion of human fibroblasts into RPE lineage using defined sets of transcription factors. We found that Best1::GFP positive cells formed colonies and exhibited morphological and molecular features of early stage RPE cells. Moreover, they were able to obtain pigmentation upon activation of Retinoic acid (RA) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathways. Our study not only established an ideal platform to investigate the transcriptional network regulating the RPE cell fate determination, but also provided an alternative strategy to generate functional RPE cells that complement the use of pluripotent stem cells for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell therapy of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Zhang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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