451
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Pompili E, Fabrizi C, Somma F, Correani V, Maras B, Schininà ME, Ciraci V, Artico M, Fornai F, Fumagalli L. PAR1 activation affects the neurotrophic properties of Schwann cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 79:23-33. [PMID: 28064059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is the prototypic member of a family of four G-protein-coupled receptors that signal in response to extracellular proteases. In the peripheral nervous system, the expression and/or the role of PARs are still poorly investigated. High PAR1 mRNA expression was found in the rat dorsal root ganglia and the signal intensity of PAR1 mRNA increased in response to sciatic nerve transection. In the sciatic nerve, functional PAR1 receptor was reported at the level of non-compacted Schwann cell myelin microvilli of the nodes of Ranvier. Schwann cells are the principal population of glial cells of the peripheral nervous system which myelinate axons playing an important role during axonal regeneration and remyelination. The present study was undertaken in order to determine if the activation of PAR1 affects the neurotrophic properties of Schwann cells. Our results suggest that the stimulation of PAR1 could potentiate the Schwann cell ability to favour nerve regeneration. In fact, the conditioned medium obtained from Schwann cell cultures challenged with a specific PAR1 activating peptide (PAR1 AP) displays increased neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties with respect to the culture medium from untreated Schwann cells. The proteomic analysis of secreted proteins in untreated and PAR1 AP-treated Schwann cells allowed the identification of factors differentially expressed in the two samples. Some of them (such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2, decorin, syndecan 4, complement C1r subcomponent, angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1) appear to be transcriptionally regulated after PAR1 AP treatment as shown by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pompili
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Fabrizi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Somma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Correani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Maras
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Ciraci
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fumagalli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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452
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Learning to swim, again: Axon regeneration in fish. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:318-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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453
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Sánchez M, Garate A, Delgado D, Padilla S. Platelet-rich plasma, an adjuvant biological therapy to assist peripheral nerve repair. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:47-52. [PMID: 28250739 PMCID: PMC5319232 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.198973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies such as direct tension-free microsurgical repair or transplantation of a nerve autograft, are nowadays used to treat traumatic peripheral nerve injuries (PNI), focused on the enhancement of the intrinsic regenerative potential of injured axons. However, these therapies fail to recreate the suitable cellular and molecular microenvironment of peripheral nerve repair and in some cases, the functional recovery of nerve injuries is incomplete. Thus, new biomedical engineering strategies based on tissue engineering approaches through molecular intervention and scaffolding offer promising outcomes on the field. In this sense, evidence is accumulating in both, preclinical and clinical settings, indicating that platelet-rich plasma products, and fibrin scaffold obtained from this technology, hold an important therapeutic potential as a neuroprotective, neurogenic and neuroinflammatory therapeutic modulator system, as well as enhancing the sensory and motor functional nerve muscle unit recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Sánchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ane Garate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Diego Delgado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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454
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Gordon T, Borschel GH. The use of the rat as a model for studying peripheral nerve regeneration and sprouting after complete and partial nerve injuries. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:331-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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455
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Sánchez M, Anitua E, Delgado D, Sanchez P, Prado R, Orive G, Padilla S. Platelet-rich plasma, a source of autologous growth factors and biomimetic scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:197-212. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1259409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Sánchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Diego Delgado
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Peio Sanchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Gorka Orive
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
- Lab of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabino Padilla
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
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456
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Schwann cells: a new player in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 66:959-968. [PMID: 27885383 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancerous cells must cooperate with the surrounding stroma and non-malignant cells within the microenvironment to support the growth and invasion of the tumor. The nervous system is a component of every organ system of the body, and therefore, is invariably at the front line of the tumor invasion. Due to the complexity of the nervous system physiology, this review separately discusses the contributions of the central and peripheral nervous systems to the tumorigenesis and tumor progression. We further focus the discussion on the evidence that Schwann cells aid in tumor growth and invasion. Schwann cells, a largely unexplored element of the tumor microenvironment, may participate in the creation of tumor-favorable conditions through both bi-directional interaction with cancer cells and the facilitation of the immune-suppressive microenvironment through the mechanism of neural repair and immunomodulation.
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457
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An animal model of Miller Fisher syndrome: Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide is produced by the autoimmune attack of nerve terminals and activates Schwann cells. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:95-104. [PMID: 27597525 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction is a tripartite synapse composed of the presynaptic nerve terminal, the muscle and perisynaptic Schwann cells. Its functionality is essential for the execution of body movements and is compromised in a number of disorders, including Miller Fisher syndrome, a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome: this autoimmune peripheral neuropathy is triggered by autoantibodies specific for the polysialogangliosides GQ1b and GT1a present in motor axon terminals, including those innervating ocular muscles, and in sensory neurons. Their binding to the presynaptic membrane activates the complement cascade, leading to a nerve degeneration that resembles that caused by some animal presynaptic neurotoxins. Here we have studied the intra- and inter-cellular signaling triggered by the binding and complement activation of a mouse monoclonal anti-GQ1b/GT1a antibody to primary cultures of spinal cord motor neurons and cerebellar granular neurons. We found that a membrane attack complex is rapidly assembled following antibody binding, leading to calcium accumulation, which affects mitochondrial functionality. Consequently, using fluorescent probes specific for mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide, we found that this reactive oxygen species is rapidly produced by mitochondria of damaged neurons, and that it triggers the activation of the MAP kinase pathway in Schwann cells. These results throw light on the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of Miller Fisher syndrome, and may well be relevant to other pathologies of the motor axon terminals, including some subtypes of the Guillain Barré syndrome.
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458
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Miller SR, Perera SN, Benito C, Stott SRW, Baker CVH. Evidence for a Notch1-mediated transition during olfactory ensheathing cell development. J Anat 2016; 229:369-83. [PMID: 27271278 PMCID: PMC4974551 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a unique glial population found in both the peripheral and central nervous system: they ensheath bundles of unmyelinated olfactory axons from their peripheral origin in the olfactory epithelium to their central synaptic targets in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Like all other peripheral glia (Schwann cells, satellite glia, enteric glia), OECs are derived from the embryonic neural crest. However, in contrast to Schwann cells, whose development has been extensively characterised, relatively little is known about their normal development in vivo. In the Schwann cell lineage, the transition from multipotent Schwann cell precursor to immature Schwann cell is promoted by canonical Notch signalling. Here, in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry data from chicken, mouse and human embryos are presented that suggest a canonical Notch-mediated transition also occurs during OEC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address: DanStemUniversity of Copenhagen3B BlegdamsvejDK‐2200Copenhagen NDenmark
| | - Surangi N. Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Simon R. W. Stott
- John van Geest Centre for Brain RepairUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Clare V. H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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459
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Cattin AL, Lloyd AC. The multicellular complexity of peripheral nerve regeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:38-46. [PMID: 27128880 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves show a remarkable ability to regenerate following a transection injury. Downstream of the cut, the axons degenerate and so to regenerate the nerve, the severed axons need to regrow back to their targets and regain function. This requires the axons to navigate through two different environments. (1) The bridge of new tissue that forms between the two nerve stumps and (2) the distal stump of the nerve that remains associated with the target tissues. This involves distinct, complex multicellular responses that guide and sustain axonal regrowth. These processes have important implications for our understanding of the regeneration of an adult tissue and have parallels to aspects of tumour formation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Cattin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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460
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Zeb2 recruits HDAC-NuRD to inhibit Notch and controls Schwann cell differentiation and remyelination. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1060-72. [PMID: 27294509 PMCID: PMC4961522 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that coordinate and balance a complex network of opposing regulators to control Schwann cell (SC) differentiation remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that zinc-finger E-box binding-homeobox 2 (Zeb2/Sip1) transcription factor is a critical intrinsic timer that controls the onset of Schwann cell (SC) differentiation by recruiting HDAC1/2-NuRD co-repressor complexes. Zeb2 deletion arrests SCs at an undifferentiated state during peripheral nerve development and inhibits remyelination after injury. Zeb2 antagonizes inhibitory effectors including Notch and Sox2. Importantly, genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals a Zeb2 target gene, encoding the Notch effector Hey2, as a potent inhibitor for SC differentiation. Strikingly, a genetic Zeb2 variant, which is associated with Mowat-Wilson syndrome, disrupts the interaction with HDAC1/2-NuRD and abolishes Zeb2 activity for SC differentiation. Therefore, Zeb2 controls SC maturation by recruiting HDAC1/2-NuRD complexes and inhibiting a novel Notch-Hey2 signaling axis, pointing to the critical role of HDAC1/2-NuRD activity in peripheral neuropathies caused by ZEB2 mutations.
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461
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Glu-tubulin is a marker for Schwann cells and can distinguish between schwannomas and neurofibromas. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:467-77. [PMID: 27278446 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells generate myelin sheaths around the axons of the peripheral nervous system, thus facilitating efficient nerve impulse propagation. Two main tumor types can arise from peripheral nerves, schwannomas and neurofibromas, which are sometimes difficult to distinguish and may require the use of diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we characterize a new marker for Schwann cells and its potential use as a diagnostic marker for schwannomas. Immunohistochemistry for Glu-tubulin, a posttranslational modification of α-tubulin, was performed in mouse and human tissues. This technique labels Schwann cells but not oligodendrocytes. All peripheral nerves were immunoreactive for this antibody, including large nerve trunks, thin myelinated nerves, as well as the myenteric and submucous plexus of the digestive tract. In the mouse brain, many neurons were immunoreactive for Glu-tubulin but oligodendrocytes were negative. During embryo development, immunoreactive nerves were already found at E10. In Schwann cells, the staining is restricted to the myelin sheaths and is not present in the perinuclear cytoplasm or the Ranvier nodes. Primary cultures of fibroblasts and Schwann cells were established from mouse sciatic nerves, and Western blot analysis showed that Glu-tubulin immunoreactivity was found in the Schwann cells but not in the fibroblasts. Clinical specimens of schwannomas (n = 20) and neurofibromas (n = 20) were stained with anti-Glu-tubulin antibodies. Schwannomas presented a strong staining in all tumor cells, whereas neurofibromas had a light speckled staining pattern, easily distinguishable from the one found in schwannomas. In conclusion, Glu-tubulin can be used as a marker of Schwann cells and can help in diagnosing peripheral nerve tumors.
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462
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YAP and TAZ control peripheral myelination and the expression of laminin receptors in Schwann cells. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:879-87. [PMID: 27273766 PMCID: PMC4925303 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is essential for nervous system function. Schwann cells interact with neurons and the basal lamina to myelinate axons, using known receptors, signals and transcription factors. In contrast, the transcriptional control of axonal sorting and the role of mechanotransduction in myelination are largely unknown. Yap and Taz are effectors of the Hippo pathway that integrate chemical and mechanical signals in cells. We describe a previously unknown role for the Hippo pathway in myelination. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice we show that Taz is required in Schwann cells for radial sorting and myelination, and that Yap is redundant with Taz. Yap/Taz are activated in Schwann cells by mechanical stimuli, and regulate Schwann cell proliferation and transcription of basal lamina receptor genes, both necessary for proper radial sorting of axons and subsequent myelination. These data link transcriptional effectors of the Hippo pathway and of mechanotransduction to myelin formation in Schwann cells.
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463
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Chera S, Herrera PL. Regeneration of pancreatic insulin-producing cells by in situ adaptive cell conversion. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:1-10. [PMID: 27266969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impaired ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone synthetized by the pancreatic β-cells, leads to diabetes. There is an excruciating need of finding new approaches to protect or restore these cells once they are lost. Replacement and ex vivo directed reprogramming methods have an undeniable therapeutic potential, yet they exhibit crucial flaws. The in vivo conversion of adult cells to functional insulin-producing cells is a promising alternative for regenerative treatments in diabetes. The stunning natural transdifferentiation potential of the adult endocrine pancreas was recently uncovered. Modulating molecular targets involved in β-cell fate maintenance or in general differentiation mechanisms can further potentiate this intrinsic cell plasticity, which leads to insulin production reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine & Development, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), and Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland.
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464
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Negro S, Bergamin E, Rodella U, Duregotti E, Scorzeto M, Jalink K, Montecucco C, Rigoni M. ATP Released by Injured Neurons Activates Schwann Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:134. [PMID: 27242443 PMCID: PMC4876115 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injured nerve terminals of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) can regenerate. This remarkable and complex response is governed by molecular signals that are exchanged among the cellular components of this synapse: motor axon nerve terminal (MAT), perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs), and muscle fiber. The nature of signals that govern MAT regeneration is ill-known. In the present study the spider toxin α-latrotoxin has been used as tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying peripheral neuroregeneration. Indeed this neurotoxin induces an acute, specific, localized and fully reversible damage of the presynaptic nerve terminal, and its action mimics the cascade of events that leads to nerve terminal degeneration in injured patients and in many neurodegenerative conditions. Here we provide evidence of an early release by degenerating neurons of adenosine triphosphate as alarm messenger, that contributes to the activation of a series of intracellular pathways within Schwann cells that are crucial for nerve regeneration: Ca(2+), cAMP, ERK1/2, and CREB. These results contribute to define the cross-talk taking place among degenerating nerve terminals and PSCs, involved in the functional recovery of the NMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Rodella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Elisa Duregotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Michele Scorzeto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of NeurosciencePadua, Italy
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
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465
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Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Gordon A, Sukhanov N, Peles E. Specific inhibition of secreted NRG1 types I-II by heparin enhances Schwann Cell myelination. Glia 2016; 64:1227-34. [PMID: 27143444 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of mixed neuron and Schwann cells prepared from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are extensively used as a model to study myelination. These dissociated DRG cultures have the particular advantage of bypassing the difficulty in purifying mouse Schwann cells, which is often required when using mutant mice. However, the drawback of this experimental system is that it yields low amounts of myelin. Here we report a simple and efficient method to enhance myelination in vitro. We show that the addition of heparin or low molecular weight heparin to mixed DRG cultures markedly increases Schwann cells myelination. The myelin promoting activity of heparin results from specific inhibition of the soluble immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing isoforms of neuregulin 1 (i.e., NRG1 types I and II) that negatively regulates myelination. Heparin supplement provides a robust and reproducible method to increase myelination in a simple and commonly used culture system. GLIA 2016;64:1227-1234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Aaron Gordon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Natalya Sukhanov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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466
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Shi H, Gong Y, Qiang L, Li X, Zhang S, Gao J, Li K, Ji X, Tian L, Gu X, Ding F. Derivation of Schwann cell precursors from neural crest cells resident in bone marrow for cell therapy to improve peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 2016; 89:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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467
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Ratner N, Brodeur GM, Dale RC, Schor NF. The "neuro" of neuroblastoma: Neuroblastoma as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:13-23. [PMID: 27043043 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer derived from cells of neural crest origin. The hallmarks of its enigmatic character include its propensity for spontaneous regression under some circumstances and its association with paraneoplastic opsoclonus, myoclonus, and ataxia. The neurodevelopmental underpinnings of its origins may provide important clues for development of novel therapeutic and preventive agents for this frequently fatal malignancy and for the associated paraneoplastic syndromes. Ann Neurol 2016;80:13-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Garrett M Brodeur
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Russell C Dale
- Clinical School, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nina F Schor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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468
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Using Stem Cells to Grow Artificial Tissue for Peripheral Nerve Repair. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7502178. [PMID: 27212954 PMCID: PMC4861803 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7502178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury continues to pose a clinical hurdle despite its frequency and advances in treatment. Unlike the central nervous system, neurons of the peripheral nervous system have a greater ability to regenerate. However, due to a number of confounding factors, this is often both incomplete and inadequate. The lack of supportive Schwann cells or their inability to maintain a regenerative phenotype is a major factor. Advances in nervous system tissue engineering technology have led to efforts to build Schwann cell scaffolds to overcome this and enhance the regenerative capacity of neurons following injury. Stem cells that can differentiate along a neural lineage represent an essential resource and starting material for this process. In this review, we discuss the different stem cell types that are showing promise for nervous system tissue engineering in the context of peripheral nerve injury. We also discuss some of the biological, practical, ethical, and commercial considerations in using these different stem cells for future clinical application.
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469
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Balakrishnan A, Stykel MG, Touahri Y, Stratton JA, Biernaskie J, Schuurmans C. Temporal Analysis of Gene Expression in the Murine Schwann Cell Lineage and the Acutely Injured Postnatal Nerve. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153256. [PMID: 27058953 PMCID: PMC4826002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) arise from neural crest cells (NCCs) that first give rise to SC precursors (SCPs), followed by immature SCs, pro-myelinating SCs, and finally, non-myelinating or myelinating SCs. After nerve injury, mature SCs ‘de-differentiate’, downregulating their myelination program while transiently re-activating early glial lineage genes. To better understand molecular parallels between developing and de-differentiated SCs, we characterized the expression profiles of a panel of 12 transcription factors from the onset of NCC migration through postnatal stages, as well as after acute nerve injury. Using Sox10 as a pan-glial marker in co-expression studies, the earliest transcription factors expressed in E9.0 Sox10+ NCCs were Sox9, Pax3, AP2α and Nfatc4. E10.5 Sox10+ NCCs coalescing in the dorsal root ganglia differed slightly, expressing Sox9, Pax3, AP2α and Etv5. E12.5 SCPs continued to express Sox10, Sox9, AP2α and Pax3, as well as initiating Sox2 and Egr1 expression. E14.5 immature SCs were similar to SCPs, except that they lost Pax3 expression. By E18.5, AP2α, Sox2 and Egr1 expression was turned off in the nerve, while Jun, Oct6 and Yy1 expression was initiated in pro-myelinating Sox9+/Sox10+ SCs. Early postnatal and adult SCs continued to express Sox9, Jun, Oct6 and Yy1 and initiated Nfatc4 and Egr2 expression. Notably, at all stages, expression of each marker was observed only in a subset of Sox10+ SCs, highlighting the heterogeneity of the SC pool. Following acute nerve injury, Egr1, Jun, Oct6, and Sox2 expression was upregulated, Egr2 expression was downregulated, while Sox9, Yy1, and Nfatc4 expression was maintained at similar frequencies. Notably, de-differentiated SCs in the injured nerve did not display a transcription factor profile corresponding to a specific stage in the SC lineage. Taken together, we demonstrate that uninjured and injured SCs are heterogeneous and distinct from one another, and de-differentiation recapitulates transcriptional aspects of several different embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morgan G. Stykel
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yacine Touahri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- * E-mail: (CS); (JB)
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- * E-mail: (CS); (JB)
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470
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Bianco J, De Berdt P, Deumens R, des Rieux A. Taking a bite out of spinal cord injury: do dental stem cells have the teeth for it? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1413-37. [PMID: 26768693 PMCID: PMC11108394 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dental stem cells are an emerging star on a stage that is already quite populated. Recently, there has been a lot of hype concerning these cells in dental therapies, especially in regenerative endodontics. It is fitting that most research is concentrated on dental regeneration, although other uses for these cells need to be explored in more detail. Being a true mesenchymal stem cell, their capacities could also prove beneficial in areas outside their natural environment. One such field is the central nervous system, and in particular, repairing the injured spinal cord. One of the most formidable challenges in regenerative medicine is to restore function to the injured spinal cord, and as yet, a cure for paralysis remains to be discovered. A variety of approaches have already been tested, with graft-based strategies utilising cells harbouring appropriate properties for neural regeneration showing encouraging results. Here we present a review focusing on properties of dental stem cells that endorse their use in regenerative medicine, with particular emphasis on repairing the damaged spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bianco
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
- Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pauline De Berdt
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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471
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves. J Physiol 2016; 594:3521-31. [PMID: 26864683 PMCID: PMC4929314 DOI: 10.1113/jp270874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury triggers the conversion of myelin and non‐myelin (Remak) Schwann cells to a cell phenotype specialized to promote repair. Distal to damage, these repair Schwann cells provide the necessary signals and spatial cues for the survival of injured neurons, axonal regeneration and target reinnervation. The conversion to repair Schwann cells involves de‐differentiation together with alternative differentiation, or activation, a combination that is typical of cell type conversions often referred to as (direct or lineage) reprogramming. Thus, injury‐induced Schwann cell reprogramming involves down‐regulation of myelin genes combined with activation of a set of repair‐supportive features, including up‐regulation of trophic factors, elevation of cytokines as part of the innate immune response, myelin clearance by activation of myelin autophagy in Schwann cells and macrophage recruitment, and the formation of regeneration tracks, Bungner's bands, for directing axons to their targets. This repair programme is controlled transcriptionally by mechanisms involving the transcription factor c‐Jun, which is rapidly up‐regulated in Schwann cells after injury. In the absence of c‐Jun, damage results in the formation of a dysfunctional repair cell, neuronal death and failure of functional recovery. c‐Jun, although not required for Schwann cell development, is therefore central to the reprogramming of myelin and non‐myelin (Remak) Schwann cells to repair cells after injury. In future, the signalling that specifies this cell requires further analysis so that pharmacological tools that boost and maintain the repair Schwann cell phenotype can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - R Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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472
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Abstract
Glia account for more than half of the cells in the mammalian nervous system, and the past few decades have witnessed a flood of studies that detail novel functions for glia in nervous system development, plasticity and disease. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we review the origins of glia and discuss their diverse roles during development, in the adult nervous system and in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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473
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Meda F, Gauron C, Rampon C, Teillon J, Volovitch M, Vriz S. Nerves Control Redox Levels in Mature Tissues Through Schwann Cells and Hedgehog Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:299-311. [PMID: 26442784 PMCID: PMC4761803 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recent advances in redox biology have emphasized the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the modulation of signaling pathways and revealed that H2O2 plays a role in cellular remodeling in adults. Thus, an understanding of the mechanisms that control H2O2 levels in mature tissue would be of great interest. RESULTS We used a denervation strategy to demonstrate that sensory neurons are responsible for controlling H2O2 levels under normal conditions and after being lesioned. Moreover, we demonstrate that severed nerves respond to appendage amputation via the induction of Hedgehog signaling and that this signaling is responsible for H2O2 production in the wounded epidermis. Finally, we show that H2O2 and nerve growth are regulated via reciprocal action in adults. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION These data support a new paradigm for the regulation of tissue homeostasis: H2O2 attracts nerves and nerves control H2O2 levels in a positive feedback loop. This finding suggests that the peripheral nerve redox environment could be a target for manipulating cell plasticity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Meda
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,2 École Normale Supérieure, Institute of Biology at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS) , CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France
| | - Carole Gauron
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France
| | - Christine Rampon
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France .,4 Biology Department, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jérémie Teillon
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France
| | - Michel Volovitch
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,2 École Normale Supérieure, Institute of Biology at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS) , CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vriz
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France .,4 Biology Department, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France
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474
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Transcriptome Analysis of Chemically-Induced Sensory Neuron Ablation in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148726. [PMID: 26863206 PMCID: PMC4749159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral glia are known to have a critical role in the initial response to axon damage and degeneration. However, little is known about the cellular responses of non-myelinating glia to nerve injury. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomes of wild-type and mutant (lacking peripheral glia) zebrafish larvae that were treated with metronidazole. This treatment allowed us to conditionally and selectively ablate cranial sensory neurons whose axons are ensheathed only by non-myelinating glia. While transcripts representing over 27,000 genes were detected by RNAseq, only a small fraction (~1% of genes) were found to be differentially expressed in response to neuronal degeneration in either line at either 2 hrs or 5 hrs of metronidazole treatment. Analysis revealed that most expression changes (332 out of the total of 458 differentially expressed genes) occurred over a continuous period (from 2 to 5 hrs of metronidazole exposure), with a small number of genes showing changes limited to only the 2 hr (55 genes) or 5 hr (71 genes) time points. For genes with continuous alterations in expression, some of the most meaningful sets of enriched categories in the wild-type line were those involving the inflammatory TNF-alpha and IL6 signaling pathways, oxidoreductase activities and response to stress. Intriguingly, these changes were not observed in the mutant line. Indeed, cluster analysis indicated that the effects of metronidazole treatment on gene expression was heavily influenced by the presence or absence of glia, indicating that the peripheral non-myelinating glia play a significant role in the transcriptional response to sensory neuron degeneration. This is the first transcriptome study of metronidazole-induced neuronal death in zebrafish and the response of non-myelinating glia to sensory neuron degeneration. We believe this study provides important insight into the mechanisms by which non-myelinating glia react to neuronal death and degeneration in sensory circuits.
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475
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Birchmeier C, Bennett DLH. Neuregulin/ErbB Signaling in Developmental Myelin Formation and Nerve Repair. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 116:45-64. [PMID: 26970613 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is essential for rapid and accurate conduction of electrical impulses by axons in the central and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Myelin is formed in the early postnatal period, and developmental myelination in the PNS depends on axonal signals provided by Nrg1/ErbB receptors. In addition, Nrg1 is required for effective nerve repair and remyelination in adulthood. We discuss here similarities and differences in Nrg1/ErbB functions in developmental myelination and remyelination after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David L H Bennett
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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476
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R, Arthur-Farraj P. The Role of Cell Plasticity in Tissue Repair: Adaptive Cellular Reprogramming. Dev Cell 2016; 34:613-20. [PMID: 26418293 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that a radical change of cell identity of differentiated cells in vivo, triggered by injury or other adversity, provides an essential route to recovery for many different mammalian tissues. This process, which we term adaptive cellular reprogramming, promotes regeneration in one of two ways: by providing a transient class of repair cells or by directly replacing cells lost during tissue damage. Controlling adaptive changes in cell fate in vivo in order to promote the body's own cell therapy, particularly by pharmacology rather than genetics, is likely to become an increasingly active area of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter Arthur-Farraj
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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477
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Abstract
Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is an emergent transmissible cancer exclusive to Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and threatening the species with extinction in the wild. Research on DFTD began 10 years ago, when nothing was known about the tumor and little about the devils. The depth of knowledge gained since then is impressive, with research having addressed significant aspects of the disease and the devils' responses to it. These include the cause and pathogenesis of DFTD, the immune response of the devils and the immune evasion mechanisms of the tumor, the transmission patterns of DFTD, and the impacts of DFTD on the ecosystem. This review aims to collate this information and put it into the context of conservation strategies designed to mitigate the impacts of DFTD on the devil and the Tasmanian ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Pye
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - G M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A Kreiss
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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478
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Grassi S, Prioni S, Cabitta L, Aureli M, Sonnino S, Prinetti A. The Role of 3-O-Sulfogalactosylceramide, Sulfatide, in the Lateral Organization of Myelin Membrane. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:130-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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479
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Shan C, Wei J, Hou R, Wu B, Yang Z, Wang L, Lei D, Yang X. Schwann cells promote EMT and the Schwann-like differentiation of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells via the BDNF/TrkB axis. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:427-35. [PMID: 26530352 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is a striking biological behavior observed in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). The present study was designed to establish a co-culture model of SACC cells with Schwann cells (SCs), and then study epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Schwann-like differentiation of SACC cells to investigate the likely molecular mechanism of PNI. The co-culture models of SCs with tumor cells (SACC-83, SACC-LM and MEC-1) were established using a Transwell system. An elevated concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was detected by ELISA assay in the co-cultured medium of the SACC-83 group and SACC-LM group rather than the MEC-1 group. The EMT process and Schwann-like differentiation in SACC-83 cells were analyzed by RT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, photography, and migration and perineural invasion assays. The SACC-83 cells under the co-culture condition with SCs changed to a mesenchymal morphology and had higher migration and invasion capabilities compared with the solely cultured SACC-83 cells, accompanied by the downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin. The co-cultured SACC-83 cells also developed Schwann-like differentiation with increased expression of SC markers, S100A4 and GFAP. However, inhibition of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) by K252a markedly blocked these effects. Additionally, the expression and correlation of TrkB, E-cadherin and S100A4 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 187 primary SACC cases. The levels of TrkB and S100A4 expression were both positively associated with PNI in the SACC cases, while E-cadherin expression was negatively associated with PNI. Elevated expression of TrkB was significantly correlated with the downregulated expression of E-cadherin and the upregulated expression of S100A4 in the SACC cases. Our results suggest that SCs play a pivotal role in the PNI process by inducing the EMT process and the Schwann-like differentiation of SACC cells via the BDNF/TrkB axis. Interruption of the interreaction between SACC cells and SCs by targeting the BDNF/TrkB axis may be a potential strategy for anti-PNI therapy in SACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Baolei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Delin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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480
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The scales and tales of myelination: using zebrafish and mouse to study myelinating glia. Brain Res 2015; 1641:79-91. [PMID: 26498880 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Myelin, the lipid-rich sheath that insulates axons to facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials, is an evolutionary innovation of the jawed-vertebrate lineage. Research efforts aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms governing myelination have primarily focused on rodent models; however, with the advent of the zebrafish model system in the late twentieth century, the use of this genetically tractable, yet simpler vertebrate for studying myelination has steadily increased. In this review, we compare myelinating glial cell biology during development and regeneration in zebrafish and mouse and enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of using each model to study myelination. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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481
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Patzig J, Kusch K, Fledrich R, Eichel MA, Lüders KA, Möbius W, Sereda MW, Nave KA, Martini R, Werner HB. Proteolipid protein modulates preservation of peripheral axons and premature death when myelin protein zero is lacking. Glia 2015; 64:155-74. [PMID: 26393339 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein zero (P0) is the major structural component of peripheral myelin. Lack of this adhesion protein from Schwann cells causes a severe dysmyelinating neuropathy with secondary axonal degeneration in humans with the neuropathy Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS) and in the corresponding mouse model (P0(null)-mice). In the mammalian CNS, the tetraspan-membrane protein PLP is the major structural myelin constituent and required for the long-term preservation of myelinated axons, which fails in hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG type-2) and the relevant mouse model (Plp(null)-mice). The Plp-gene is also expressed in Schwann cells but PLP is of very low abundance in normal peripheral myelin; its function has thus remained enigmatic. Here we show that the abundance of PLP but not of other tetraspan myelin proteins is strongly increased in compact peripheral myelin of P0(null)-mice. To determine the functional relevance of PLP expression in the absence of P0, we generated P0(null)*Plp(null)-double-mutant mice. Compared with either single-mutant, P0(null)*Plp(null)-mice display impaired nerve conduction, reduced motor functions, and premature death. At the morphological level, axonal segments were frequently non-myelinated but in a one-to-one relationship with a hypertrophic Schwann cell. Importantly, axonal numbers were reduced in the vital phrenic nerve of P0(null)*Plp(null)-mice. In the absence of P0, thus, PLP also contributes to myelination by Schwann cells and to the preservation of peripheral axons. These data provide a link between the Schwann cell-dependent support of peripheral axons and the oligodendrocyte-dependent support of central axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Fledrich
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria A Eichel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja A Lüders
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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482
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Gresset A, Coulpier F, Gerschenfeld G, Jourdon A, Matesic G, Richard L, Vallat JM, Charnay P, Topilko P. Boundary Caps Give Rise to Neurogenic Stem Cells and Terminal Glia in the Skin. Stem Cell Reports 2015. [PMID: 26212662 PMCID: PMC4618659 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While neurogenic stem cells have been identified in rodent and human skin, their manipulation and further characterization are hampered by a lack of specific markers. Here, we perform genetic tracing of the progeny of boundary cap (BC) cells, a neural-crest-derived cell population localized at peripheral nerve entry/exit points. We show that BC derivatives migrate along peripheral nerves to reach the skin, where they give rise to terminal glia associated with dermal nerve endings. Dermal BC derivatives also include cells that self-renew in sphere culture and have broad in vitro differentiation potential. Upon transplantation into adult mouse dorsal root ganglia, skin BC derivatives efficiently differentiate into various types of mature sensory neurons. Together, this work establishes the embryonic origin, pathway of migration, and in vivo neurogenic potential of a major component of skin stem-like cells. It provides genetic tools to study and manipulate this population of high interest for medical applications. Boundary cap cells give rise to all types of sensory neurons in the developing DRG BC derivatives migrate along peripheral nerves to reach the trunk skin BC cell progeny include glia associated with nerve endings Dermal BC-derived stem cells possess powerful in vivo neurogenic potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Gresset
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Gaspard Gerschenfeld
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexandre Jourdon
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Graziella Matesic
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- National Reference Centre "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies" Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- National Reference Centre "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies" Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Patrick Charnay
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
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483
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Gomez-Sanchez JA, Carty L, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Palomo-Irigoyen M, Varela-Rey M, Griffith M, Hantke J, Macias-Camara N, Azkargorta M, Aurrekoetxea I, De Juan VG, Jefferies HBJ, Aspichueta P, Elortza F, Aransay AM, Martínez-Chantar ML, Baas F, Mato JM, Mirsky R, Woodhoo A, Jessen KR. Schwann cell autophagy, myelinophagy, initiates myelin clearance from injured nerves. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:153-68. [PMID: 26150392 PMCID: PMC4494002 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Schwann cell myelin breakdown is the universal outcome of a remarkably wide range of conditions that cause disease or injury to peripheral nerves, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that make Schwann cell-mediated myelin digestion possible have not been established. We report that Schwann cells degrade myelin after injury by a novel form of selective autophagy, myelinophagy. Autophagy was up-regulated by myelinating Schwann cells after nerve injury, myelin debris was present in autophagosomes, and pharmacological and genetic inhibition of autophagy impaired myelin clearance. Myelinophagy was positively regulated by the Schwann cell JNK/c-Jun pathway, a central regulator of the Schwann cell reprogramming induced by nerve injury. We also present evidence that myelinophagy is defective in the injured central nervous system. These results reveal an important role for inductive autophagy during Wallerian degeneration, and point to potential mechanistic targets for accelerating myelin clearance and improving demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Lucy Carty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Marta Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Palomo-Irigoyen
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Megan Griffith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Janina Hantke
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Nuria Macias-Camara
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain ProteoRed-ISCIII
| | - Igor Aurrekoetxea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez De Juan
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Harold B J Jefferies
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Félix Elortza
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain ProteoRed-ISCIII
| | - Ana M Aransay
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María L Martínez-Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Ashwin Woodhoo
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kristján R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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484
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Abstract
Myelinated nerve fibers are essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials by saltatory conduction. They form as the result of reciprocal interactions between axons and Schwann cells. Extrinsic signals from the axon, and the extracellular matrix, drive Schwann cells to adopt a myelinating fate, whereas myelination reorganizes the axon for its role in conduction and is essential for its integrity. Here, we review our current understanding of the development, molecular organization, and function of myelinating Schwann cells. Recent findings into the extrinsic signals that drive Schwann cell myelination, their cognate receptors, and the downstream intracellular signaling pathways they activate will be described. Together, these studies provide important new insights into how these pathways converge to activate the transcriptional cascade of myelination and remodel the actin cytoskeleton that is critical for morphogenesis of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Salzer
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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