451
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Dellaca RL, Andersson Olerud M, Zannin E, Kostic P, Pompilio PP, Hedenstierna G, Pedotti A, Frykholm P. Lung recruitment assessed by total respiratory system input reactance. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:2164-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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452
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Cressoni M, Zanella A, Epp M, Corti I, Patroniti N, Kolobow T, Pesenti A. Decreasing pulmonary ventilation through bicarbonate ultrafiltration: an experimental study. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2612-8. [PMID: 19602976 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a5668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : To demonstrate the technical feasibility of CO2 removal with a commercial hemofilter and a replacement solution containing sodium hydroxide to replace bicarbonate. DESIGN : Prospective animal experiment in sheep. SUBJECTS : Seven mixed-breed female sheep. INTERVENTIONS : Blood ultrafiltrate containing half of the metabolic production of CO2 was removed with a commercial hemofilter and a replacement solution containing sodium hydroxide was given as replacement. Minute ventilation was lowered to less than half of its baseline value. Ultrafiltration was stopped at 18 hrs, and Paco2 was allowed to increase for about 1 hr; at this time, the sheep were electively killed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : Every 6 hrs, blood was sampled from the carotid artery, the pulmonary artery, and from the extracorporeal perfusion circuit (before the hemofilter, immediately after the hemofilter, and after mixing with the replacement solution). To maintain normocapnia, minute ventilation was reduced from 3.8 +/- 0.1 L/min to 1.9 +/- 0.7 L/min; Paco2 remained near constant during the study. The average blood pH, after mixing with the replacement solution, was 7.64 +/- 0.12. One hour after the ultrafiltration had stopped, Paco2 had increased from 36.7 +/- 4.2 torr (4.9 +/- 0.6 kPa) to 59.6 +/- 9 torr (7.9 +/- 1.2 kPa) (p < .01) and blood pH had decreased from 7.317 +/- 0.041 to 7.151 +/- 0.051 (p < .01). CONCLUSION : CO2 removal with bicarbonate ultrafiltration may be an effective treatment for patients with respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cressoni
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (MC, AZ, ME, IC, TK), Section of Pulmonary and Cardiac Assist Devices, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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453
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454
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Comparison of four methods of lung volume recruitment during high frequency oscillatory ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:1990-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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455
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456
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Qualitative und quantitative CT-Analysen beim akuten Lungenversagen. Radiologe 2009; 49:687-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00117-009-1878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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457
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Grasso S, Stripoli T, Sacchi M, Trerotoli P, Staffieri F, Franchini D, De Monte V, Valentini V, Pugliese P, Crovace A, Driessen B, Fiore T. Inhomogeneity of lung parenchyma during the open lung strategy: a computed tomography scan study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:415-23. [PMID: 19542479 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200901-0156oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The open lung strategy aims at reopening (recruitment) of nonaerated lung areas in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, avoiding tidal alveolar hyperinflation in the limited area of normally aerated tissue (baby lung). OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that recruited lung areas do not resume elastic properties of adjacent baby lung. METHODS Twenty-five anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs were studied. Four lung-healthy pigs served as controls and the remaining 21 were divided into three groups (n = 7 each) in which lung injury was produced by surfactant lavage, lipopolysaccharide infusion, or hydrochloride inhalation. Computed tomography scans, respiratory mechanics, and gas exchange parameters were recorded under three conditions: at baseline, during lung recruitment maneuver, and at end-expiration and end-inspiration when ventilating after an open lung protocol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS During recruitment maneuver and open lung protocol, the gas volume entering the insufficiently aerated compartment was 96% (75-117%) and 48% (41-63%) (median [interquartile range]) of the functional residual capacity measured before and at zero end-expiratory pressure, respectively. Nonetheless, the volume of hyperinflated lung increased during both recruitment maneuver (by 1-28% of total lung volume; P < 0.01) and open lung protocol ventilation at end-inspiration (by 1-15% of total lung volume; P < 0.01). Regional elastance of recruited lung tissue was consistently higher than that of the baby lung regardless of the ARDS model (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Alveolar recruitment is not protective against hyperinflation of the baby lung because lung parenchyma is inhomogeneous during ventilation with the open lung strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Grasso
- Università degli Studi di Bari, Dipartimento dell'Emergenza e Trapianti d'Organo (DETO), Sezione di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Bari, Italy.
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458
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Muellenbach RM, Kredel M, Zollhoefer B, Bernd Z, Johannes A, Kuestermann J, Schuster F, Schwemmer U, Wurmb T, Wunder C, Roewer N, Brederlau J. Acute respiratory distress induced by repeated saline lavage provides stable experimental conditions for 24 hours in pigs. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:222-33. [PMID: 19337905 DOI: 10.1080/01902140802534975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant depletion is most often used to study acute respiratory failure in animal models. Because model stability is often criticized, the authors tested the following hypotheses: Repeated pulmonary lavage with normal saline provides stable experimental conditions for 24 hours with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 300 mm Hg. Lung injury was induced by bilateral pulmonary lavages in 8 female pigs (51.5 +/- 4.8 kg). The animals were ventilated for 24 hours (PEEP: 5 cm H2O; tidal volume: 6 mL/kg; respiratory rate: 30/min). After 24 hours the animals were euthanized. For histopathology slides from all pulmonary lobes were obtained. Supernatant of the bronchoalveolar fluid collected before induction of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and after 24 hours was analyzed. A total of 19 +/- 6 lavages were needed to induce ARDS. PaO2/FiO2 ratio and pulmonary shunt fraction remained significantly deteriorated compared to baseline values after 24 hours (P < .01). Slight to moderate histopathologic changes were detected. Significant increases of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 were observed after 24 hours (P < .01). The presented surfactant depletion-based lung injury model was associated with increased pulmonary inflammation and fulfilled the criteria of acute ling injury (ALI) for 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf M Muellenbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wuerzburg, Germany. muellenbac
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459
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Zanella A, Patroniti N, Isgrò S, Albertini M, Costanzi M, Pirrone F, Scaravilli V, Vergnano B, Pesenti A. Blood acidification enhances carbon dioxide removal of membrane lung: an experimental study. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:1484-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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460
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Ochagavia A, Blanch L, López-Aguilar J. Utilidad de las maniobras de reclutamiento (contra). Med Intensiva 2009; 33:139-43. [DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5691(09)70947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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461
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462
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Quintel M, Moerer O. Is smaller high enough? Another piece in the puzzle of stress, strain, size, and systems. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:126. [PMID: 19435467 PMCID: PMC2689463 DOI: 10.1186/cc7738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal lung-supporting procedures open the possibility of staying within widely accepted margins of 'protective' mechanical ventilation (tidal volume of less than 6 mL per kg of predicted ideal body weight and plateau pressure of less than 30 cm H2O) in most any case of respiratory failure or even of further reducing ventilator settings while still providing adequate gas exchange. There is evidence that, at least in some patients, a further reduction in tidal volumes might be beneficial. Extracorporeal procedures to support the lungs have undergone tremendous technical developments, thus reducing the procedure-related risks. However, what is true for ventilator settings should also be true for extracorporeal procedures: studies will have to demonstrate a convincing risk-benefit ratio. In addition, a simple reduction of the tidal volume will certainly not be the right answer. If extracorporeal support largely influences gas exchange, the 'optimal' tidal volume/positive end-expiratory pressure ratio keeping stress and strain low and avoiding alveolar derecruitment will still have to be individually defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quintel
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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463
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Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Esteban A. Mechanical ventilation: quo vadis? Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:775-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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464
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Bedside estimation of recruitable alveolar collapse and hyperdistension by electrical impedance tomography. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:1132-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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465
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Extended prone position ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: A pilot feasibility study. J Crit Care 2009; 24:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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466
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Gusmao D, Tanner AC, Teles JM. Esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:831; author reply 832-3. [PMID: 19228629 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc082492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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467
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468
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469
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Pedreira PR, García-Prieto E, Parra D, Astudillo A, Diaz E, Taboada F, Albaiceta GM. Effects of melatonin in an experimental model of ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L820-7. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90211.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a free radical scavenger and a broad-spectrum antioxidant and has well-documented immunomodulatory effects. We studied the effects of this hormone on lung damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in a model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), using 8- to 12-wk-old Swiss mice ( n = 48). Animals were randomized into three experimental groups: control (not ventilated); low-pressure ventilation [peak inspiratory pressure 15 cmH2O, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 2 cmH2O], and high-pressure ventilation (peak inspiratory pressure 25 cmH2O, PEEP 0 cmH2O). Each group was divided into two subgroups: eight animals were treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg ip, 30 min before the onset of ventilation) and the remaining eight with vehicle. After 2 h of ventilation, lung injury was evaluated by gas exchange, wet-to-dry weight ratio, and histological analysis. Levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in lung tissue were measured as indicators of oxidation status, pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, and matrix turnover, respectively. Ventilation with high pressures induced severe lung damage and release of TNF-α, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Treatment with melatonin improved oxygenation and decreased histological lung injury but significantly increased oxidative stress quantified by malondialdehyde levels. There were no differences in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, or matrix metalloproteinases caused by melatonin treatment, but IL-10 levels were significantly higher in treated animals. These results suggest that melatonin decreases VILI by increasing the anti-inflammatory response despite an unexpected increase in oxidative stress.
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470
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Soni N, Williams P. Positive pressure ventilation: what is the real cost? Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:446-57. [PMID: 18782885 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive pressure ventilation is a radical departure from the physiology of breathing spontaneously. The immediate physiological consequences of positive pressure ventilation such as haemodynamic changes are recognized, studied, and understood. There are other significant physiological interactions which are less obvious, more insidious, and may only produce complications if ventilation is prolonged. The interaction of positive pressure with airway resistance and alveolar compliance affects distribution of gas flow within the lung. The result is a wide range of ventilation efficacy throughout different areas of the lung, but the pressure differentials between alveolus and interstitium also influence capillary perfusion. The hydrostatic forces across the capillaries associated with the effects of raised venous pressures compound these changes resulting in interstitial fluid sequestration. This is increased by impaired lymphatic drainage which is secondary to raised intrathoracic pressure but also influenced by raised central venous pressure. Ventilation and PEEP promulgate further physiological derangement. In theory, avoiding these physiological disturbances in a rested lung may be better for the lung and other organs. An alternative to positive pressure ventilation might be to investigate oxygen supplementation of a physiologically neutral and rested lung. Abandoning heroic ventilation would be a massive departure from current practice but might be a more rationale approach to future practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Soni
- Imperial College Medical School, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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471
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Piacentini E, Wysocki M, Blanch L. A new automated method versus continuous positive airway pressure method for measuring pressure-volume curves in patients with acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med 2008; 35:565-70. [PMID: 18853137 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare pressure-volume (P-V) curves obtained with the Galileo ventilator with those obtained with the CPAP method in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING General critical care center. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS Patients with ALI/ARDS and receiving mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS Pressure-volume curves were obtained in random order with the CPAP technique and with the software PV Tool-2 (Galileo ventilator). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS In ten consecutive patients, airway pressure was measured by a pressure transducer and changes in lung volume were measured by respiratory inductive plethysmography. P-V curves were fitted to a sigmoidal equation with a mean R (2) of 0.994 +/- 0.003. Intraclass correlation coefficients were all >0.75 (P < 0.001 at all pressure levels). Lower (LIP) and upper inflection (UIP), and deflation maximum curvature (PMC) points calculated from the fitted variables showed a good correlation between methods with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.98 (0.92, 0.99), 0.92 (0.69, 0.98), and 0.97 (0.86, 0.98), respectively (P < 0.001 in all cases). Bias and limits of agreement for LIP (0.51 +/- 0.95 cmH(2)O; -1.36 to 2.38 cmH(2)O), UIP (0.53 +/- 1.52 cmH(2)O; -2.44 to 3.50 cmH(2)O), and PMC (-0.62 +/- 0.89 cmH(2)O; -2.35 to 1.12 cmH(2)O) obtained with the two methods in the same patient were clinically acceptable. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION The PV Tool-2 built into the Galileo ventilator is equivalent to the CPAP method for tracing static P-V curves of the respiratory system in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Piacentini
- Doctorando UAB, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
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472
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Meier T, Lange A, Papenberg H, Ziemann M, Fentrop C, Uhlig U, Schmucker P, Uhlig S, Stamme C. Pulmonary Cytokine Responses During Mechanical Ventilation of Noninjured Lungs With and Without End-Expiratory Pressure. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:1265-75. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181806212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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473
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Abstract
Obesity is a major problem from a public health perspective and a difficult practical matter for intensivists. The obesity pandemic has required treating clinicians to develop an appreciation of the substantial pathophysiological effects of obesity on the various organ systems. The important physiological concepts are illustrated by focusing on obstructive sleep apnoea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, abdominal compartment syndrome and ventilatory management of the obese patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malhotra
- Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Divisions, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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474
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MacIntyre NR. Is there a best way to set tidal volume for mechanical ventilatory support? Clin Chest Med 2008; 29:225-31, v. [PMID: 18440432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tidal breaths are an important component of mechanical ventilation. However, an inappropriate tidal volume setting can overstretch and injure the lung. Maximal stretch, tidal stretch, frequency of stretch, and rate of stretch are all implicated in such injury. Clinical trials have shown that limiting maximal and tidal stretch improves outcomes, even if gas exchange is partially compromised. Thus, current strategies should focus on limiting tidal and maximal stretch as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R MacIntyre
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Room 1120, Box 3911, Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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475
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Siau C, Stewart TE. Current role of high frequency oscillatory ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med 2008; 29:265-75, vi. [PMID: 18440436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung protective ventilatory strategies using conventional ventilators have resulted in decreased mortality in adult patients who have acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Conceptually, high frequency oscillatory ventilation and airway pressure release ventilation appear not only able to fulfill the goals of lung protection, but also to offer some additional advantages over conventional ventilation. Although early data for each of these modes in adults have been encouraging, their widespread use--particularly outside of a rescue situation--cannot be recommended without further evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuin Siau
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, 220 Victoria Street, Suite 1807, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2R6
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476
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Owens RL, Stigler WS, Hess DR. Do newer monitors of exhaled gases, mechanics, and esophageal pressure add value? Clin Chest Med 2008; 29:297-312, vi-vii. [PMID: 18440438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of lung mechanics and ventilator-induced lung injury suggests that patients who have acute respiratory distress syndrome should be ventilated in such a way as to minimize alveolar over-distension and repeated alveolar collapse. Clinical trials have used such lung protective strategies and shown a reduction in mortality; however, there is data that these "one-size fits all" strategies do not work equally well in all patients. This article reviews other methods that may prove useful in monitoring for potential lung injury: exhaled breath condensate, pressure-volume curves, and esophageal manometry. The authors explore the concepts, benefits, difficulties, and relevant clinical trials of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Owens
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Cox 2, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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477
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Blanch L, López-Aguilar J, Villagrá A. Bedside evaluation of pressure-volume curves in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 13:332-7. [PMID: 17468567 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e32811e14f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the physiologic and diagnostic utility of static pressure-volume curves of the respiratory system at the bedside in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS The pressure-volume curve of the respiratory system is a useful tool for the measurement of respiratory system mechanics in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. The pressure-volume curve has a sigmoid shape, with lower and upper points on the inspiratory limb and a point of maximum curvature on the expiratory limb. Visual and mathematical pressure-volume curve analysis may be useful for understanding individual lung mechanics and for selecting ventilator settings. Among the different techniques for acquiring pressure-volume curves at the bedside, the constant slow flow method is the simplest to perform, the most clinically reliable and has the fewest limitations. SUMMARY Measurement of pressure-volume curves at the bedside in critically ill patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome should be considered a useful respiratory monitoring tool to assess physiologic lung status and to adjust ventilator settings, when appropriate, to minimize superimposed lung injury associated with mechanical ventilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Blanch
- Critical Care Center, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Fundació Parc Taulí, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.
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478
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Xirouchaki N, Kondili E, Vaporidi K, Xirouchakis G, Klimathianaki M, Gavriilidis G, Alexandopoulou E, Plataki M, Alexopoulou C, Georgopoulos D. Proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors in critically ill patients: comparison with pressure support. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:2026-34. [PMID: 18607562 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is not known if proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors (PAV+) may be used as a mode of support in critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of sustained use of PAV+ in critically ill patients and compare it with pressure support ventilation (PS). DESIGN AND SETTING Randomized study in the intensive care unit of a university hospital. METHODS A total of 208 critically ill patients mechanically ventilated on controlled modes for at least 36 h and meeting certain criteria were randomized to receive either PS (n = 100) or PAV+ (n = 108). Specific written algorithms were used to adjust the ventilator settings in each mode. PAV+ or PS was continued for 48 h unless the patients met pre-defined criteria either for switching to controlled modes (failure criteria) or for breathing without ventilator assistance. RESULTS Failure rate was significantly lower in PAV+ than that in PS (11.1 vs. 22.0%, P = 0.040, OR 0.443, 95% CI 0.206-0.952). The proportion of patients exhibiting major patient-ventilator dyssynchronies at least during one occasion and after adjusting the initial ventilator settings, was significantly lower in PAV+ than in PS (5.6 vs. 29.0%, P < 0.001, OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.06-0.4). The proportion of patients meeting criteria for unassisted breathing did not differ between modes. CONCLUSIONS PAV+ may be used as a useful mode of support in critically ill patients. Compared to PS, PAV+ increases the probability of remaining on spontaneous breathing, while it considerably reduces the incidence of patient-ventilator asynchronies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektaria Xirouchaki
- Intensive Care Medicine Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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479
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Shofer S, Badea C, Qi Y, Potts E, Foster WM, Johnson GA. A micro-CT analysis of murine lung recruitment in bleomycin-induced lung injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:669-77. [PMID: 18566189 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00980.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of lung injury on pulmonary recruitment are incompletely understood. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been a valuable tool in assessing changes in recruitment during lung injury. With the development of preclinical CT scanners designed for thoracic imaging in rodents, it is possible to acquire high-resolution images during the evolution of a pulmonary injury in living mice. We quantitatively assessed changes in recruitment caused by intratracheal bleomycin at 1 and 3 wk after administration using micro-CT in 129S6/SvEvTac mice. Twenty female mice were administered 2.5 U of bleomycin or saline and imaged with micro-CT at end inspiration and end expiration. Mice were extubated and allowed to recover from anesthesia and then reevaluated in vivo for quasi-static compliance measurements, followed by harvesting of the lungs for collagen analysis and histology. CT images were converted to histograms and analyzed for mean lung attenuation (MLA). MLA was significantly greater for bleomycin-exposed mice at week 1 for both inspiration (P<0.0047) and exhalation (P<0.0377) but was not significantly different for week 3 bleomycin-exposed mice. However, week 3 bleomycin-exposed mice did display significant increases in MLA shift from expiration to inspiration compared with either group of control mice (P<0.005), suggesting increased lung recruitment at this time point. Week 1 bleomycin-exposed mice displayed normal shifts in MLA with inspiration, suggesting normal lung recruitment despite significant radiographic and histological changes. Lung alveolar recruitment is preserved in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced parenchymal injury despite significant changes in radiographic and physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Shofer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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480
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Muellenbach RM, Wunder C, Brederlau J. High-frequency ventilation is/is not the optimal physiological approach to ventilate ARDS patients. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:1239. [PMID: 18385297 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00153.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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481
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Deja M, Hommel M, Weber-Carstens S, Moss M, von Dossow V, Sander M, Pille C, Spies C. Evidence-based therapy of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: an algorithm-guided approach. J Int Med Res 2008; 36:211-21. [PMID: 18380929 DOI: 10.1177/147323000803600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable research and constantly emerging treatment modalities, the mortality associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has remained virtually unchanged over the last decade. Clinical studies have been unable to show a reduction in mortality for most therapeutic interventions except for low tidal volume ventilation. Failure to prove a mortality benefit might be a result of the varying severity of ARDS in the patients studied. Nevertheless, positive responses to single supportive measures (inhaled nitric oxide, prone positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) have been demonstrated in multiple trials. Criteria for administration, weaning and discontinuation of these supportive interventions have never been described in detail. In this context, implementation of an evidence-based algorithm might facilitate clinical management of severe ARDS. This review summarizes the current evidence base and proposes a new treatment algorithm that aims to prioritize the administration of advanced strategies in a multimodal approach for ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Deja
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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482
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Image reconstruction affects computer tomographic assessment of lung hyperinflation. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:2044-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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483
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Davis JL, Morris A, Kallet RH, Powell K, Chi AS, Bensley M, Luce JM, Huang L. Low tidal volume ventilation is associated with reduced mortality in HIV-infected patients with acute lung injury. Thorax 2008; 63:988-93. [PMID: 18535118 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2008.095786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory failure remains the leading indication for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and a leading cause of death for HIV-infected patients in spite of overall improvements in ICU mortality. It is unclear if these improvements are due to combination anti-retroviral therapy, low tidal volume ventilation for acute lung injury, or both. A study was undertaken to identify therapies and clinical factors associated with mortality in acute lung injury among HIV-infected patients with respiratory failure in the period 1996-2004. A secondary aim was to compare mortality before and after introduction of a low tidal volume ventilation protocol in 2000. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed of 148 consecutive HIV-infected adults admitted to the ICU at San Francisco General Hospital with acute lung injury requiring mechanical ventilation. Demographic and clinical information including data on mechanical ventilation was abstracted from medical records and analysed by multivariate analysis using logistic regression. RESULTS In-hospital mortality was similar before and after introduction of a low tidal volume ventilation protocol, although the study was not powered to exclude a clinically significant difference (risk difference -5.4%, 95% CI -21% to 11%, p = 0.51). Combination antiretroviral therapy was not clearly associated with mortality, except in patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Among all those with acute lung injury, lower tidal volume was associated with decreased mortality (adjusted odds ratio 0.76 per 1 ml/kg decrease, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.99, p = 0.043), after controlling for Pneumocystis pneumonia, serum albumin, illness severity, gas exchange impairment and plateau pressure. CONCLUSIONS Lower tidal volume ventilation is independently associated with reduced mortality in HIV-infected patients with acute lung injury and respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Davis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.
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484
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Scales DC, Adhikari NKJ. Lost in (knowledge) translation: "All breakthrough, no follow through"? Crit Care Med 2008; 36:1654-5. [PMID: 18448924 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181701525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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485
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Peripheral airways are less than 2 mm in diameter and comprise a relatively large cross-sectional area, which allows for slower, laminar airflow. They include both membranous bronchioles and gas exchange ducts, and have been referred to in the past as the 'quiet zone', partly because these structures were felt to contribute little to lung mechanics, and partly because they are difficult to study directly. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies suggest that peripheral airway dysfunction plays a significant role in acute respiratory distress syndrome, which may be exacerbated by injurious mechanical ventilation strategies. The presence of elevated airways resistance, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure or a lower inflection point on a pressure-volume curve of the respiratory system may indicate presence of impaired peripheral airway function. In-vitro animal and human studies have begun to elucidate the signaling mechanisms responsible for stretch and shear mediated cellular injury. SUMMARY Understanding the pathophysiology of peripheral airway dysfunction in acute respiratory distress syndrome and mechanical ventilation continues to evolve. Greater insight into the signaling mechanisms involved in cellular injury and repair will lead to further alterations in mechanical ventilation strategies, and may lead to specific treatment options.
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486
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lung ultrasound at the bedside can provide accurate information on lung status in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Lung ultrasound can replace bedside chest radiography and lung computed tomography for assessment of pleural effusion, pneumothorax, alveolar-interstitial syndrome, lung consolidation, pulmonary abscess and lung recruitment/de-recruitment. It can also accurately determine the type of lung morphology at the bedside (focal or diffuse aeration loss), and therefore it is useful for optimizing positive end-expiratory pressure. The learning curve is brief, so most intensive care physicians will be able to use it after a few weeks of training. SUMMARY Lung ultrasound is noninvasive, easily repeatable and allows assessment of changes in lung aeration induced by the various therapies. It is among the most promising bedside techniques for monitoring patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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487
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Quantification of Lung Volume at Different Tidal Volumes and Positive End-Expiratory Pressures in a Porcine Model by Using Retrospective Respiratory Gated 4D-Computed Tomography. Invest Radiol 2008; 43:461-9. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e318169000e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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488
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Fowler RA, Adhikari NKJ, Scales DC, Lee WL, Rubenfeld GD. Update in critical care 2007. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:808-19. [PMID: 18390962 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200801-137up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fowler
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .
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489
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Constantin JM, Jaber S, Futier E, Cayot-Constantin S, Verny-Pic M, Jung B, Bailly A, Guerin R, Bazin JE. Respiratory effects of different recruitment maneuvers in acute respiratory distress syndrome. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 12:R50. [PMID: 18416847 PMCID: PMC2447604 DOI: 10.1186/cc6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Alveolar derecruitment may occur during low tidal volume ventilation and may be prevented by recruitment maneuvers (RMs). The aim of this study was to compare two RMs in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. Methods Nineteen patients with ARDS and protective ventilation were included in a randomized crossover study. Both RMs were applied in each patient, beginning with either continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with 40 cm H2O for 40 seconds or extended sigh (eSigh) consisting of a positive end-expiratory pressure maintained at 10 cm H2O above the lower inflection point of the pressure-volume curve for 15 minutes. Recruited volume, arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2), and hemodynamic parameters were recorded before (baseline) and 5 and 60 minutes after RM. All patients had a lung computed tomography (CT) scan before study inclusion. Results Before RM, PaO2/FiO2 was 151 ± 61 mm Hg. Both RMs increased oxygenation, but the increase in PaO2/FiO2 was significantly higher with eSigh than CPAP at 5 minutes (73% ± 25% versus 44% ± 28%; P < 0.001) and 60 minutes (68% ± 23% versus 35% ± 22%; P < 0.001). Only eSigh significantly increased recruited volume at 5 and 60 minutes (21% ± 22% and 21% ± 25%; P = 0.0003 and P = 0.001, respectively). The only difference between responders and non-responders was CT lung morphology. Eleven patients were considered as recruiters with eSigh (10 with diffuse loss of aeration) and 6 with CPAP (5 with diffuse loss of aeration). During CPAP, 2 patients needed interruption of RM due to a drop in systolic arterial pressure. Conclusion Both RMs effectively increase oxygenation, but CPAP failed to increase recruited volume. When the lung is recruited with an eSigh adapted for each patient, alveolar recruitment and oxygenation are superior to those observed with CPAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Constantin
- General Intensive Care Unit, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Boulevard L, Malfreyt, 63058 Clermond-Ferrand, France.
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490
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Positive end-expiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome: should the 'open lung strategy' be replaced by a 'protective lung strategy'? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 11:180. [PMID: 18086329 PMCID: PMC2246215 DOI: 10.1186/cc6183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, positive end-expiratory pressure is associated with alveolar recruitment and lung hyperinflation despite the administration of a low tidal volume. The best positive end-expiratory pressure should correspond to the best compromise between recruitment and distension, a condition that coincides with the best respiratory elastance.
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491
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Rebuttal from Drs. Ferguson and Slutsky. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01226.2007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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492
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Albaiceta GM, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Parra D, Astudillo A, García-Prieto E, Taboada F, Fueyo A. Lack of matrix metalloproteinase-9 worsens ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L535-43. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00334.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is released by neutrophils at the sites of acute inflammation. This enzyme modulates matrix turnover and inflammatory response, and its activity has been found to be increased after ventilator-induced lung injury. To clarify the role of MMP-9, mice lacking this enzyme and their wild-type counterparts were ventilated for 2 h with high- or low-peak inspiratory pressures (25 and 15 cmH2O, respectively). Lung injury was evaluated by gas exchange, respiratory mechanics, wet-to-dry weight ratio, and histological analysis. The activity of MMP-9 and levels of IL-1β, IL-4, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-2) were measured in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Cell count and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in BALF. There were no differences between wild-type and Mmp9−/− animals after low-pressure ventilation. After high-pressure ventilation, wild-type mice exhibited an increase in MMP-9 in tissue and BALF. Mice lacking MMP-9 developed more severe lung injury than wild-type mice, in terms of impaired oxygenation and lung mechanics, and higher damage in the histological study. These effects correlated with an increase in both cell count and myeloperoxidase activity in the BALF, suggesting an increased neutrophilic influx in response to ventilation. An increase in IL-1β and IL-4 in the BALF only in knockout mice could be responsible for the differences. There were no differences between genotypes in MMP-2, MMP-8, or tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. These results show that MMP-9 protects against ventilator-induced lung injury by decreasing alveolar neutrophilic infiltration, probably by modulation of the cytokine response in the air spaces.
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493
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Borges JB. Enlarging and Protecting an Aerated Lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.177.4.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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494
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Ranieri VM, Gattinoni L, Slutsky AS. Enlarging and Protecting an Aerated Lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:463; author reply 463-4. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.177.4.463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Marco Ranieri
- Università di Torino
and
Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista-Molinette
Torino, Italy
| | - Luciano Gattinoni
- Fondazione IRCCS—“Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico,
Mangiagalli, Regina Elena”
and
Università degli Studi di Milano
Milano, Italy
| | - Arthur S. Slutsky
- University of Toronto
and
St. Michael's Hospital
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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495
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Albaiceta GM, Blanch L, Lucangelo U. Static pressure–volume curves of the respiratory system: were they just a passing fad? Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14:80-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e3282f2b8f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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496
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Caironi P, Langer T, Gattinoni L. Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome pathophysiology: what we have learned from computed tomography scanning. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14:64-9. [DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e3282f42d8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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497
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Abstract
In the intensive care setting, monitored data relevant to the output, efficiency, and reserve of the respiratory system alert the clinician to sudden untoward events, aid in diagnosis, help guide management decisions, aid in determining prognosis, and enable the assessment of therapeutic response. This review addresses those aspects of monitoring we find of most value in the care of patients receiving ventilatory support. We concentrate on those modalities and variables that are routinely available or easily calculated from data readily collected at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Bekos
- Department of Intensive Care, Naval Hospital of Athens, 229 Messogion Avenue, 15561 Cholargos, Athens, Greece
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498
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Electrical impedance tomography: a future item on the "Christmas Wish List" of the intensivist? Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:400-1; author reply 583. [PMID: 18214441 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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499
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Gattinoni L, Carlesso E, Caironi P. Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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500
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Vieillard-Baron A, Charron C, Caille V, Belliard G, Page B, Jardin F. Prone positioning unloads the right ventricle in severe ARDS. Chest 2007; 132:1440-6. [PMID: 17925425 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite airway pressure limitation, acute cor pulmonale persists in a minority of ARDS patients. Insufficient airway pressure limitation, hypercapnia, or both may be responsible. Because prone positioning (PP) has been shown to be a safe way to reduce airway pressure and to improve alveolar ventilation, we decided to assess its effect on right ventricular (RV) pressure overload in ARDS patients. METHODS Between January 1998 and December 2006, we studied 42 ARDS patients treated by PP to correct severe oxygenation impairment (Pao2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, <100 mm Hg). RV function was evaluated by bedside transesophageal echocardiography, before and after 18 h of prone-position ventilation. RV enlargement was measured by RV/left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic area ratio in the long axis. Septal dyskinesia was quantified by measuring short-axis systolic eccentricity of the LV. RESULTS Before PP, 21 patients (50%) had acute cor pulmonale, defined by RV enlargement associated with septal dyskinesia (group 1), whereas 21 patients had a normal RV (group 2). PP was accompanied by a significant decrease in airway pressure and Paco2. In group 1, this produced a significant decrease in mean (+/-SD) RV enlargement (from 0.91+/-0.22 to 0.61+/-0.21) after 18 h of PP (p=0.000) and a significant reduction in mean septal dyskinesia (from 1.5+/-0.2 to 1.1+/-0.1) after 18 h of PP (p=0.000). CONCLUSION In the most severe forms of ARDS, PP was an efficient means of controlling RV pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Vieillard-Baron
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92104, Boulogne Cedex, France
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