451
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452
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Dai L, Qin Z, Defee M, Toole BP, Kirkwood KL, Parsons C. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induces a functional tumor-associated phenotype for oral fibroblasts. Cancer Lett 2011; 318:214-20. [PMID: 22186301 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), the most common HIV/AIDS-associated tumor worldwide. Involvement of the oral cavity portends a poor prognosis for patients with KS, but mechanisms for KSHV regulation of the oral tumor microenvironment are largely unknown. Infiltrating fibroblasts are found with KS lesions, and KSHV establishes latent infection within human primary fibroblasts in vitro, but contributions for KSHV-infected fibroblasts to the KS microenvironment have not been previously characterized. Secretion of pro-migratory factors and intratumoral invasion are characteristics of tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAF) found in the microenvironment of non-viral malignancies. In the present study, we show that latent KSHV infection of primary human fibroblasts isolated from the oral cavity enhances their secretion of KS-promoting cytokines and intrinsic invasiveness through VEGF-dependent mechanisms. Moreover, we find that KSHV induces these effects through Sp1- and Egr2-dependent transcriptional activation of the Extracellular Matrix MetalloPRoteinase INducer (emmprin). These data implicate KSHV activation of emmprin in the induction of a "TAF-like" phenotype for oral fibroblasts in the KS microenvironment and support the potential utility of targeting TAFs and/or emmprin in the treatment of oral KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Department of Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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453
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Sherman MH, Downes M, Evans RM. Nuclear receptors as modulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 5:3-10. [PMID: 22135047 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades of cancer research, the inherent complexity of tumors has become increasingly appreciated. In addition to acquired cell-intrinsic properties, tumor initiation and growth is supported by an abundance of parenchymal, inflammatory, and stromal cell types, which infiltrate and surround the tumor. Accumulating evidence shows that numerous components of this supportive milieu, referred to collectively as the tumor microenvironment, are indeed critical during the process of multistep tumorigenesis. These findings highlight the important interplay between neoplastic cells and tumor-associated cell types, and suggest that therapy should target both neoplastic cells and supportive stromal cells to effectively attenuate tumor growth. The nuclear receptor superfamily encompasses a druggable class of molecules expressed in numerous stromal and parenchymal cell types, whose established physiologic roles suggest their potential as therapeutic and preventive targets in the context of the reactive tumor microenvironment. In this minireview, we discuss recent evidence that tumor-associated inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis can be modulated at the transcriptional level by nuclear receptors and their ligands. As these processes have been widely implicated in cancer initiation, progression, and resistance to current therapy, nuclear receptor ligands targeting the tumor microenvironment may be potent antitumor agents in combination therapies, including for preventing cancer development within high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara H Sherman
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
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454
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Sirica AE. The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9:44-54. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse E Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, VA 23298-0297, USA.
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455
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The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. NATURE REVIEWS. GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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456
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Leibovici J, Itzhaki O, Huszar M, Sinai J. The tumor microenvironment: part 1. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:1367-84. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For years the mutated, highly proliferating neoplastic cells were presented as the only important agent in tumors; however, during the last 3–4 decades it has become clear that the microenvironment of the cancer cells plays a determinative role in the malignant evolution of neoplasia. Cancers are in fact heterogeneous entities containing, in addition to the neoplastic cell component, cells derived of multiple lineages (fibroblasts, endothelial cells lining blood and lymphatic vessels, pericytes, adipocytes and immune system cells belonging to both innate and adaptive responses), as well as the extracellular matrix, with a large variety of soluble molecules of biological importance, constituting a complex organ-like structure. The tumor microenvironment consists in a tissue that may have a predictive significance for tumor behavior and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Monica Huszar
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Judith Sinai
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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457
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Place AE, Jin Huh S, Polyak K. The microenvironment in breast cancer progression: biology and implications for treatment. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:227. [PMID: 22078026 PMCID: PMC3326543 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies derived from the ductal epithelium. The microenvironment of these cancers is now recognized as a critical participant in tumor progression and therapeutic responses. Recent data demonstrate significant gene expression and epigenetic alterations in cells composing the microenvironment during disease progression, which can be explored as biomarkers and targets for therapy. Indeed, gene expression signatures derived from tumor stroma have been linked to clinical outcomes. There is increasing interest in translating our current understanding of the tumor microenvironment to the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Place
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, D740C, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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458
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Leibovici J, Itzhaki O, Huszar M, Sinai J. Targeting the tumor microenvironment by immunotherapy: part 2. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:1385-408. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy was traditionally centered on the neoplastic cells. This included mainly surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, in some cases hormone therapy and to a lesser extent immunotherapy – all traditionally targeted to the highly proliferating mutated tumor cells. In view of our present understanding of the powerfull influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on cancer behavior and response – and lack of response – to treatment, this previously ignored constituent of cancer now has to be considered as an important, even indispensable target for therapy. The TME may be targeted both to its immune and to its nonimmune components. The various immune evasion elements of the TME should be targeted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Monica Huszar
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Judith Sinai
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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459
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Prosser BL, Ward CW, Lederer WJ, Muzykantov VR, Tsourkas A, Chung W, Croft GF, Saphier G, Leibel R, Goland R, Wichterle H, Henderson CE, Eggan K. X-ROS signaling: rapid mechano-chemo transduction in heart. Science 2011. [PMID: 8493574 DOI: 10.1126/science] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report that in heart cells, physiologic stretch rapidly activates reduced-form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a process dependent on microtubules (X-ROS signaling). ROS production occurs in the sarcolemmal and t-tubule membranes where NOX2 is located and sensitizes nearby ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). This triggers a burst of Ca(2+) sparks, the elementary Ca(2+) release events in heart. Although this stretch-dependent "tuning" of RyRs increases Ca(2+) signaling sensitivity in healthy cardiomyocytes, in disease it enables Ca(2+) sparks to trigger arrhythmogenic Ca(2+) waves. In the mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hyperactive X-ROS signaling contributes to cardiomyopathy through aberrant Ca(2+) release from the SR. X-ROS signaling thus provides a mechanistic explanation for the mechanotransduction of Ca(2+) release in the heart and offers fresh therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Prosser
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology (BioMET), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA
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460
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Qian BJ, Yan F, Li N, Liu QL, Lin YH, Liu CM, Luo YP, Guo F, Li HZ. MTDH/AEG-1-based DNA vaccine suppresses lung metastasis and enhances chemosensitivity to doxorubicin in breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:883-93. [PMID: 21400023 PMCID: PMC11028919 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The gene MTDH/AEG-1 is overexpressed in more than 40% of breast cancer patients, and it is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Previous studies have indicated that MTDH/AEG-1 could promote metastatic lung-seeding and enhance chemoresistance. Therefore, MTDH/AEG-1 could be a candidate target against breast cancer lung metastasis. We demonstrated that MTDH/AEG-1-based DNA vaccine, delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium, could evoke strong CD8(+) cytotoxic-T-cell mediated immune responses against breast cancer. This vaccine showed anti-tumor growth and metastasis efficacy in a prophylactic setting. Importantly, in a therapeutic model, MTDH/AEG-1 vaccine was proved to increase chemosensitivity to doxorubicin and inhibit breast cancer lung metastasis. This vaccine could also prolong the life span of tumor-bearing mice without significant side effects in vivo. These results suggested that this novel DNA vaccine was effective in the inhibition of breast cancer growth and metastasis, and this vaccine in combination with chemotherapies offered new strategies for the clinical therapeutics of breast cancer metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Jiang Qian
- Institute of Ningde Urological Research and Department of Urology, Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Road, Fu’an, Fujian, 355000 China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), No. 225, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), No. 225, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Qiao-Ling Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hui Lin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), No. 225, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Chang-Ming Liu
- Institute of Ningde Urological Research and Department of Urology, Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Road, Fu’an, Fujian, 355000 China
| | - Yun-Ping Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), No. 225, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Center for Nanomedicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Zhang Li
- Institute of Ningde Urological Research and Department of Urology, Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Road, Fu’an, Fujian, 355000 China
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461
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Kim JM, Yu JM, Bae YC, Jung JS. Analysis of Global Gene Expression Profile of Human Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cultured with Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2011.21.5.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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462
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Calvo F, Sahai E. Cell communication networks in cancer invasion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:621-9. [PMID: 21570276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of cancer is a major clinical problem. It is now apparent that invasion is not a simply a cancer cell autonomous process but relies on a complex network of paracrine interactions. Furthermore, this network can change as cancer cells disseminate. Here we summarise the key components of the network and their mechanisms of communication. Finally, we discuss the difficulties and opportunities that this complex network of interactions presents during cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calvo
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
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463
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The role of tumor stroma in cancer progression and prognosis: emphasis on carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:209-17. [PMID: 21107292 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181f8a1bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of both normal epithelial tissues and their malignant counterparts is supported by the host tissue stroma. The tumor stroma mainly consists of the basement membrane, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, immune cells, and vasculature. Although most host cells in the stroma possess certain tumor-suppressing abilities, the stroma will change during malignancy and eventually promote growth, invasion, and metastasis. Stromal changes at the invasion front include the appearance of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs constitute a major portion of the reactive tumor stroma and play a crucial role in tumor progression. The main precursors of CAFs are normal fibroblasts, and the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to CAFs is driven to a great extent by cancer-derived cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β. During recent years, the crosstalk between the cancer cells and the tumor stroma, highly responsible for the progression of tumors and their metastasis, has been increasingly unveiled. A better understanding of the host stroma contribution to cancer progression will increase our knowledge about the growth promoting signaling pathways and hopefully lead to novel therapeutic interventions targeting the tumor stroma. This review reports novel data on the essential crosstalk between cancer cells and cells of the tumor stroma, with an emphasis on the role played by CAFs. Furthermore, it presents recent literature on relevant tumor stroma- and CAF-related research in non-small cell lung cancer.
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464
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Huang CH, Suen CS, Lin CT, Chien CH, Lee HY, Chung KM, Tsai TY, Jiaang WT, Hwang MJ, Chen X. Cleavage-site specificity of prolyl endopeptidase FAP investigated with a full-length protein substrate. J Biochem 2011; 149:685-92. [PMID: 21288888 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a prolyl-cleaving endopeptidase proposed as an anti-cancer drug target. It is necessary to define its cleavage-site specificity to facilitate the identification of its in vivo substrates and to understand its biological functions. We found that the previously identified substrate of FAP, α(2)-anti-plasmin, is not a robust substrate in vitro. Instead, an intracellular protein, SPRY2, is cleavable by FAP and more suitable for investigation of its substrate specificity in the context of the full-length globular protein. FAP prefers uncharged residues, including small or bulky hydrophobic amino acids, but not charged amino acids, especially acidic residue at P1', P3 and P4 sites. Molecular modelling analysis shows that the substrate-binding site of FAP is surrounded by multiple tyrosine residues and some negatively charged residues, which may exert least preference for substrates with acidic residues. This provides an explanation why FAP cannot cleave interleukins, which have a glutamate at either P4 or P2', despite their P3-P2-P1 sites being identical to SPRY2 or α-AP. Our study provided new information on FAP cleavage-site specificity, which differs from the data obtained by profiling with a peptide library or with the denatured protein, gelatin, as the substrate. Furthermore, our study suggests that negatively charged residues should be avoided when designing FAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
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465
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Abstract
Tumors are being increasingly perceived as abnormal organs that, in many respects, recapitulate the outgrowth and differentiation patterns of normal tissues. In line with this idea is the observation that only a small fraction of tumor cells is capable of initiating a new tumor. Because of the features that these cells share with somatic stem cells, they have been termed cancer stem cells (CSC). Normal stem cells reside in a "stem cell niche" that maintains them in a stem-like state. Recent data suggest that CSCs also rely on a similar niche, dubbed the "CSC niche," which controls their self-renewal and differentiation. Moreover, CSCs can be generated by the microenvironment through induction of CSC features in more differentiated tumor cells. In addition to a role in CSC maintenance, the microenvironment is hypothesized to be involved in metastasis by induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, leading to dissemination and invasion of tumor cells. The localization of secondary tumors also seems to be orchestrated by the microenvironment, which is suggested to form a premetastatic niche. Thus, the microenvironment seems to be of crucial importance for primary tumor growth as well as metastasis formation. Combined with its role in the protection of CSCs against genotoxic insults, these data strongly put forward the niche as an important target for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Borovski
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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466
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Cesselli D, Beltrami AP, Poz A, Marzinotto S, Comisso E, Bergamin N, Bourkoula E, Pucer A, Puppato E, Toffoletto B, Sorrentino M, Baccarani U, Avellini C, Beltrami CA. Role of tumor associated fibroblasts in human liver regeneration, cirrhosis, and cancer. Int J Hepatol 2011; 2011:120925. [PMID: 22187657 PMCID: PMC3235487 DOI: 10.4061/2011/120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated fibroblasts (TAFs) are considered a microenvironmental element critical for tumor growth and progression. Experimental studies suggest that their origin could be from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow. However, the role played by TAFs in cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma development, and progression is largely unknown, and in vitro human models are missing. This paper for the first time demonstrates that (1) human neoplastic livers possess a population of multipotent adult stem cells (MASCs) with properties of TAFs; (2) a population of MASC-derived TAFs is already present in cirrhotic, not yet neoplastic, livers; (3) MASCs isolated from nonneoplastic and noncirrhotic liver scan acquire a TAF phenotype when grown in a medium conditioned by tumor cell lines, supporting the notion that TAF could originate from resident primitive cells (MASCs), possibly through a paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cesselli
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 3, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Paolo Beltrami
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 3, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandra Poz
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 3, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Marzinotto
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia” of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Comisso
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 3, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Natascha Bergamin
- University of Ferrara and Cardiovascular Research Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Evgenia Bourkoula
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 3, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Anja Pucer
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 3, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Puppato
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia” of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Toffoletto
- University of Ferrara and Cardiovascular Research Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marisa Sorrentino
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia” of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Umberto Baccarani
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia” of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Avellini
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia” of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Beltrami
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 3, 33100 Udine, Italy,Department of Pathology, University Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia” of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy,*Carlo Alberto Beltrami:
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467
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Santoro SP, Maas NL. Vascular homeostasis: insights from a fibrotic mouse. Dis Model Mech 2010; 4:5-6. [PMID: 21183480 PMCID: PMC3014339 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.006726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Santoro
- Gene Therapy and Vaccines Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. (;
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468
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Implication of tumor microenvironment in the resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Curr Opin Oncol 2010; 22:547-51. [PMID: 20842030 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32833fb384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chemotherapy is a cornerstone treatment in patients with early breast cancer. Although some cancer cell-related predictors are emerging, the indications of chemotherapy and the choice of chemotherapy regimen are not individualized enough, emphasizing the need for new predictors. This review will summarize recent advances concerning the implication of tumor microenvironment in the response to chemotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, some data have emerged suggesting that microenvironment could be involved in chemotherapy efficacy. The infiltration of tumor by lymphocytes has been highly correlated with the sensitivity to chemotherapy. These data are consistent with the discovery that anthracyclines could induce immune activation through immunogenic cell death. At the opposite, gene expression analyses have suggested that a stroma signature could predict resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Finally, chemotherapy has been shown to induce a spike of progenitors for endothelial cells, a mechanism that in turns mediates angiogenesis repopulation. SUMMARY Preliminary data from pioneer studies suggest that tumor microenvironment could be involved in chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance. Such knowledge could generate two advances: simple predictors for chemotherapy efficacy based on pathology could be generated and strategies that aim at reversing drug resistance could be developed.
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469
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Wen Y, Wang CT, Ma TT, Li ZY, Zhou LN, Mu B, Leng F, Shi HS, Li YO, Wei YQ. Immunotherapy targeting fibroblast activation protein inhibits tumor growth and increases survival in a murine colon cancer model. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2325-32. [PMID: 20804499 PMCID: PMC11158467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine studies have shown that immunological targeting of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) can elicit protective immunity in the absence of significant pathology. Fibroblast activation protein is a product overexpressed by tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAF) and is the predominant component of the stoma in most types of cancer. Tumor-associated fibroblasts differ from normal adult tissue fibroblasts, and instead resemble transient fetal and wound healing-associated fibroblasts. Tumor-associated fibroblasts are critical regulators of tumorigenesis, but differ from tumor cells by being more genetically stable. Therefore, in comparison to tumor cells, TAF may represent more viable therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapy. To specifically target TAF, we constructed a DNA vaccine directed against FAP. This vaccine significantly suppressed primary tumor and pulmonary metastases primarily through CD8(+) T-cell-mediated killing in tumor-bearing mice. Most importantly, tumor-bearing mice vaccinated against FAP exhibited a 1.5-fold increase in lifespan and no significant pathology. These results suggest that FAP, a product preferentially expressed by TAF, could function as an effective tumor rejection antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and School of Life Science, Sichuan University Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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470
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Allen M, Louise Jones J. Jekyll and Hyde: the role of the microenvironment on the progression of cancer. J Pathol 2010; 223:162-76. [PMID: 21125673 DOI: 10.1002/path.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the host microenvironment undergoes extensive change during the evolution and progression of cancer. This involves the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which, through release of growth factors and cytokines, lead to enhanced angiogenesis, increased tumour growth and invasion. It has also been demonstrated that CAFs may modulate the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype, which has therapeutic implications. The altered fibroblast phenotype also contributes to the development of an altered extracellular matrix (ECM), with synthesis of ECM isoforms rarely found in normal tissues, including tenascin-C isoforms and the fibronectin EDA isoform. There is also emerging evidence of how the tensile strength of the tumour-associated ECM may be modified and lead to altered signalling in tumour cells. The hypoxic environment of the tumour stimulates angiogenesis and also impacts on other aspects of cell signalling, including the c-met pathway and lysyl oxidase-mediated signalling, which can directly promote tumour cell invasion. The inflammatory infiltrate associated with many solid tumours also modulates tumour function, having both anti- and pro-tumour effects. All of these components of the microenvironment provide potential targets for therapeutic attack, with a number of molecules already in clinical trials. It is also becoming evident that characterizing the tumour microenvironment can provide important prognostic and predictive information about tumours, independent of the tumour cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Allen
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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471
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Johann PD, Vaegler M, Gieseke F, Mang P, Armeanu-Ebinger S, Kluba T, Handgretinger R, Müller I. Tumour stromal cells derived from paediatric malignancies display MSC-like properties and impair NK cell cytotoxicity. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:501. [PMID: 20858262 PMCID: PMC2949810 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour growth and metastatic infiltration are favoured by several components of the tumour microenvironment. Bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are known to contribute to the tumour stroma. When isolated from healthy bone marrow, MSC exert potent antiproliferative effects on immune effector cells. Due to phenotypic and morphological similarities of MSC and tumour stromal cells (TStrC), we speculated that immunotherapeutic approaches may be hampered if TStrC may still exhibit immunomodulatory properties of MSC. Methods In order to compare immunomodulatory properties of MSC and tumour stromal cells (TStrC), we established and analyzed TStrC cultures from eleven paediatric tumours and MSC preparations from bone marrow aspirates. Immunophenotyping, proliferation assays and NK cell cytotoxicity assays were employed to address the issue. Results While TStrC differed from MSC in terms of plasticity, they shared surface expression of CD105, CD73 and other markers used for MSC characterization. Furthermore, TStrC displayed a strong antiproliferative effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in coculture experiments similar to MSC. NK cell cytotoxicity was significantly impaired after co-culture with TStrC and expression of the activating NK cell receptors NKp44 and NKp46 was reduced. Conclusions Our data show that TStrC and MSC share important phenotypic and functional characteristics. The inhibitory effect of TStrC on PBMC and especially on NK cells may facilitate the immune evasion of paediatric tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal-David Johann
- Department of General Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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472
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Dynamic interplay between the collagen scaffold and tumor evolution. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:697-706. [PMID: 20822891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key regulator of cell and tissue function. Traditionally, the ECM has been thought of primarily as a physical scaffold that binds cells and tissues together. However, the ECM also elicits biochemical and biophysical signaling. Controlled proteolysis and remodeling of the ECM network regulate tissue tension, generate pathways for migration, and release ECM protein fragments to direct normal developmental processes such as branching morphogenesis. Collagens are major components of the ECM of which basement membrane type IV and interstitial matrix type I are the most prevalent. Here we discuss how abnormal expression, proteolysis and structure of these collagens influence cellular functions to elicit multiple effects on tumors, including proliferation, initiation, invasion, metastasis, and therapy response.
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473
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Egeblad M, Nakasone ES, Werb Z. Tumors as organs: complex tissues that interface with the entire organism. Dev Cell 2010; 18:884-901. [PMID: 20627072 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors are not simply clones of cancer cells. Instead, they are abnormal organs composed of multiple cell types and extracellular matrix. Some aspects of tumor development resemble processes seen in developing organs, whereas others are more akin to tissue remodeling. Some microenvironments, particularly those associated with tissue injury, are favorable for progression of mutant cells, whereas others restrict it. Cancer cells can also instruct surrounding tissues to undergo changes that promote malignancy. Understanding the complex ways in which cancer cells interact with their surroundings, both locally in the tumor organ and systemically in the body as a whole, has implications for effective cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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474
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Sounni NE, Dehne K, van Kempen L, Egeblad M, Affara NI, Cuevas I, Wiesen J, Junankar S, Korets L, Lee J, Shen J, Morrison CJ, Overall CM, Krane SM, Werb Z, Boudreau N, Coussens LM. Stromal regulation of vessel stability by MMP14 and TGFbeta. Dis Model Mech 2010; 3:317-32. [PMID: 20223936 PMCID: PMC2860851 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.003863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate regulatory networks within organs maintain tissue homeostasis and facilitate rapid responses to damage. We identified a novel pathway regulating vessel stability in tissues that involves matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta(1)). Whereas plasma proteins rapidly extravasate out of vasculature in wild-type mice following acute damage, short-term treatment of mice in vivo with a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor, neutralizing antibodies to TGFbeta(1), or an activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor significantly enhanced vessel leakage. By contrast, in a mouse model of age-related dermal fibrosis, where MMP14 activity and TGFbeta bioavailability are chronically elevated, or in mice that ectopically express TGFbeta in the epidermis, cutaneous vessels are resistant to acute leakage. Characteristic responses to tissue damage are reinstated if the fibrotic mice are pretreated with metalloproteinase inhibitors or TGFbeta signaling antagonists. Neoplastic tissues, however, are in a constant state of tissue damage and exhibit altered hemodynamics owing to hyperleaky angiogenic vasculature. In two distinct transgenic mouse tumor models, inhibition of ALK5 further enhanced vascular leakage into the interstitium and facilitated increased delivery of high molecular weight compounds into premalignant tissue and tumors. Taken together, these data define a central pathway involving MMP14 and TGFbeta that mediates vessel stability and vascular response to tissue injury. Antagonists of this pathway could be therapeutically exploited to improve the delivery of therapeutics or molecular contrast agents into tissues where chronic damage or neoplastic disease limits their efficient delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leon van Kempen
- Cancer Research Institute
- Present address: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Department of Anatomy
- Present address: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte J. Morrison
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Department of Surgery
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Pathology
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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475
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Erkan M, Weis N, Pan Z, Schwager C, Samkharadze T, Jiang X, Wirkner U, Giese NA, Ansorge W, Debus J, Huber PE, Friess H, Abdollahi A, Kleeff J. Organ-, inflammation- and cancer specific transcriptional fingerprints of pancreatic and hepatic stellate cells. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:88. [PMID: 20416094 PMCID: PMC2876060 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue fibrosis is an integral component of chronic inflammatory (liver and pancreas) diseases and pancreatic cancer. Activated pancreatic- (PSC) and hepatic- (HSC) stellate cells play a key role in fibrogenesis. To identify organ- and disease-specific stellate cell transcriptional fingerprints, we employed genome-wide transcriptional analysis of primary human PSC and HSC isolated from patients with chronic inflammation or cancer. Methods Stellate cells were isolated from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 5), chronic pancreatitis (n = 6), liver cirrhosis (n = 5) and liver metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 6). Genome-wide transcriptional profiles of stellate cells were generated using our 51K human cDNA microarray platform. The identified organ- and disease specific genes were validated by quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblot, ELISA, immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Results Expression profiling identified 160 organ- and 89 disease- specific stellate cell transcripts. Collagen type 11a1 (COL11A1) was discovered as a novel PSC specific marker with up to 65-fold higher expression levels in PSC compared to HSC (p < 0.0001). Likewise, the expression of the cytokine CCL2 and the cell adhesion molecule VCAM1 were confined to HSC. PBX1 expression levels tend to be increased in inflammatory- vs. tumor- stellate cells. Intriguingly, tyrosine kinase JAK2 and a member of cell contact-mediated communication CELSR3 were found to be selectively up-regulated in tumor stellate cells. Conclusions We identified and validated HSC and PSC specific markers. Moreover, novel target genes of tumor- and inflammation associated stellate cells were discovered. Our data may be instrumental in developing new tailored organ- or disease-specific targeted therapies and stellate cell biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Erkan
- Department of General Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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476
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A digest on the role of the tumor microenvironment in gastrointestinal cancers. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2010; 3:167-76. [PMID: 21209782 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies and analyses of clinical material have convincingly demonstrated that tumor formation and progression occurs through a concerted action of malignant cells and the surrounding microenvironment of the tumor stroma. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of various cell types like fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular cells and bone-marrow-derived cells embedded in the extracellular matrix. This review, focusing on recent findings in the context of gastrointestinal tumors, introduces the different stromal cell types and delineates their contributions to cancer initiation, growth and metastasis. By selected examples we also present how the tumor microenvironment is emerging as a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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477
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Yu DMT, Yao TW, Chowdhury S, Nadvi NA, Osborne B, Church WB, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. The dipeptidyl peptidase IV family in cancer and cell biology. FEBS J 2010; 277:1126-44. [PMID: 20074209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Of the 600+ known proteases identified to date in mammals, a significant percentage is involved or implicated in pathogenic and cancer processes. The dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV) gene family, comprising four enzyme members [DPIV (EC 3.4.14.5), fibroblast activation protein, DP8 and DP9] and two nonenzyme members [DP6 (DPL1) and DP10 (DPL2)], are interesting in this regard because of their multiple diverse functions, varying patterns of distribution/localization and subtle, but significant, differences in structure/substrate recognition. In addition, their engagement in cell biological processes involves both enzymatic and nonenzymatic capabilities. This article examines, in detail, our current understanding of the biological involvement of this unique enzyme family and their overall potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M T Yu
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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478
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Xing F, Saidou J, Watabe K. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor microenvironment. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2010; 15:166-79. [PMID: 20036813 DOI: 10.2741/3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is one of the most crucial components of the tumor microenvironment which promotes the growth and invasion of cancer cells by various mechanisms. CAFs demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity due to their various origins; however, many distinct morphological features and physiological functions of CAFs have been identified. It is becoming clear that the crosstalk between the cancer cells and the CAFs plays a key role in the progression of cancer, and understanding this mutual relationship would eventually enable us to treat cancer patients by targeting CAFs. In this review, we will discuss the latest findings on the role of CAFs in tumorigenesis and metastasis as well as potential therapeutic implication of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, 751 N Rutledge St. PO Box 19626, Springfield, IL 627794-9626, USA
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479
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RBBP9: a tumor-associated serine hydrolase activity required for pancreatic neoplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:2189-94. [PMID: 20080647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911646107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies. To discover functionally relevant modulators of pancreatic neoplasia, we performed activity-based proteomic profiling on primary human ductal adenocarcinomas. Here, we identify retinoblastoma-binding protein 9 (RBBP9) as a tumor-associated serine hydrolase that displays elevated activity in pancreatic carcinomas. Whereas RBBP9 is expressed in normal and malignant tissues at similar levels, its elevated activity in tumor cells promotes anchorage-independent growth in vitro as well as pancreatic carcinogenesis in vivo. At the molecular level, RBBP9 activity overcomes TGF-beta-mediated antiproliferative signaling by reducing Smad2/3 phosphorylation, a previously unknown role for a serine hydrolase in cancer biology. Conversely, loss of endogenous RBBP9 or expression of mutationally inactive RBBP9 leads to elevated Smad2/3 phosphorylation, implicating this serine hydrolase as an essential suppressor of TGF-beta signaling. Finally, RBBP9-mediated suppression of TGF-beta signaling is required for E-cadherin expression as loss of the serine hydrolase activity leads to a reduction in E-cadherin levels and a concomitant decrease in the integrity of tumor cell-cell junctions. These data not only define a previously uncharacterized serine hydrolase activity associated with epithelial neoplasia, but also demonstrate the potential benefit of functional proteomics in the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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480
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Abstract
FDA approval of several inhibitors of the VEGF pathway has enabled significant advances in the therapy of cancer and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. However, similar to other therapies, inherent/acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic drugs may occur in patients, leading to disease progression. So far the lack of predictive biomarkers has precluded identification of patients most likely to respond to such treatments. Recent suggest that both tumor and non-tumor (stromal) cell types are involved in the reduced responsiveness to the treatments. The present review examines the role of tumor- as well as stromal cell-derived pathways involved in tumor growth and in refractoriness to anti-VEGF therapies.
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481
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Origin and function of tumor stroma fibroblasts. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 21:40-6. [PMID: 19944178 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor development is critically dependent on the formation of a supporting stroma consisting of neovasculature, inflammatory cells and activated fibroblasts. Activated fibroblasts present a heterogeneous cell population not only in regard to the expression of marker molecules but also to their origin and molecular signaling properties. The plasticity of this cell type is pointed out by the multiple transdifferentiation events that lead to the generation of activated fibroblasts which can arise from resting fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells as well as from mesenchymal stem cells. Cellular in vitro and in vivo experiments have changed the perspective of fibroblasts from passive "bystanders" in the tumor microenvironment to that of important drivers of tumor progression. Here, we describe the multiple origins of fibroblast recruitment to the tumor tissue as well as the function of activated fibroblasts during tumor initiation, progression, metastasis and anti-VEGF resistance. The identification of markers present in activated fibroblasts as well as a better understanding how these cells influence other tumor compartments has led to the clinical development of anti-tumor therapies.
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482
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Cancer associated fibroblasts promote tumor growth and metastasis by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7965. [PMID: 19956757 PMCID: PMC2775953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Local inflammation associated with solid tumors commonly results from factors released by tumor cells and the tumor stroma, and promotes tumor progression. Cancer associated fibroblasts comprise a majority of the cells found in tumor stroma and are appealing targets for cancer therapy. Here, our aim was to determine the efficacy of targeting cancer associated fibroblasts for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings We demonstrate that cancer associated fibroblasts are key modulators of immune polarization in the tumor microenvironment of a 4T1 murine model of metastatic breast cancer. Elimination of cancer associated fibroblasts in vivo by a DNA vaccine targeted to fibroblast activation protein results in a shift of the immune microenvironment from a Th2 to Th1 polarization. This shift is characterized by increased protein expression of IL-2 and IL-7, suppressed recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid derived suppressor cells, T regulatory cells, and decreased tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Additionally, the vaccine improved anti-metastatic effects of doxorubicin chemotherapy and enhanced suppression of IL-6 and IL-4 protein expression while increasing recruitment of dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells. Treatment with the combination therapy also reduced tumor-associated Vegf, Pdgfc, and GM-CSF mRNA and protein expression. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate that cancer associated fibroblasts promote tumor growth and metastasis through their role as key modulators of immune polarization in the tumor microenvironment and are valid targets for therapy of metastatic breast cancer.
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483
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Stroma in breast development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 21:11-8. [PMID: 19857593 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly apparent that normal and malignant breast tissues require complex local and systemic stromal interactions for development and progression. During development, mammary cell fate specification and differentiation require highly regulated contextual signals derived from the stroma. Likewise, during breast carcinoma development, the tissue stroma can provide tumor suppressing and tumor-promoting environments that serve to regulate neoplastic growth of the epithelium. This review focuses on the role of the stroma as a mediator of normal mammary development, as well as a critical regulator of malignant conversion and progression in breast cancer. Recognition of the important role of the stroma during the progression of breast cancers leads to the possibility of new targets for treatment of the initial breast cancer lesion as well as prevention of recurrence.
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484
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Eck SM, Blackburn JS, Schmucker AC, Burrage PS, Brinckerhoff CE. Matrix metalloproteinase and G protein coupled receptors: co-conspirators in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and cancer. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:214-21. [PMID: 19800199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Similarities in the pathologies of autoimmune diseases and cancer have been noted for at least 30 years. Inflammatory cytokines and growth factors mediate cell proliferation, and proteinases, especially the collagenase, Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), contribute to disease progression by remodeling the extracellular matrix and modulating the microenvironment. This review focuses on two cancers (melanoma and breast) and on the autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and discusses the activated stromal cells found in these diseases. MMP-1 was originally thought to function only to degrade interstitial collagens, but recent studies have revealed novel roles for MMP-1 involving the G protein-coupled receptors: the chemokine receptor, CXCR-4, and Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1). Cooperativity between MMP-1 and CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling influences the behavior of activated fibroblasts in both RA and cancer. Further, MMP-1 is a vital part of an autocrine/paracrine MMP-1/PAR-1 signal transduction axis, a function that amplifies its potential to remodel the matrix and to modify cell behavior. Finally, new therapeutic agents directed at MMP-1 and G protein-coupled receptors are emerging. Even though these agents are more specific in their targets than past therapies, these targets are often shared between RA and cancer, underscoring fundamental similarities between autoimmune disorders and some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Eck
- Department of Biochemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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485
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Chen H, Yang WW, Wen QT, Xu L, Chen M. TGF-beta induces fibroblast activation protein expression; fibroblast activation protein expression increases the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of HO-8910PM [corrected]. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:189-94. [PMID: 19747910 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several studies recognize cancer-stromal fibroblasts' role in cancer-cell invasion and metastasis. Through paracrine signaling molecules, TGF-beta and IL-1beta, cancer cells activate stromal fibroblasts and induce the expression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP). FAP, in turn, affects the proliferation, invasion and migration of the cancer cells. We report that TGF-beta and IL-1beta are important factors in inducing differentiation of myofibroblasts and expression of functional markers, notably alpha-SMA. We discover that TGF-beta is the dominant factor in promoting FAPalpha protein expression. This study also examines FAP's function in vitro by assaying the proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cell line HO-8910PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Chen
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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486
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Farrow B, Rowley D, Dang T, Berger DH. Characterization of tumor-derived pancreatic stellate cells. J Surg Res 2009; 157:96-102. [PMID: 19726060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are key mediators of the desmoplastic reaction that characterizes pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We sought to isolate and characterize tumor-derived pancreatic stellate (TDPS) cells to further understand how these stromal cells influence pancreatic cancer behavior. METHODS We established a stable line of non-immortalized PSCs from a patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma using a modified prolonged outgrowth method. Cell staining for cytokeratin, vimentin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) was performed. Total RNA was harvested from TDPS and panc-1 cells and gene expression determined by microarray analysis. RESULTS TDPS cells contain lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, and later stain positive for both vimentin and alphaSMA, indicative of activated myofibroblasts. Microarray analysis revealed a distinct gene expression profile compared with pancreatic cancer cells, including expression of proteases that facilitate cancer cell invasion and growth factors known to activate pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, TDPS cells expressed many of the key components of the pancreatic tumor stroma, including collagen, fibronectin, and S100A4, confirming their importance in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Characterization of tumor-derived PSCs will facilitate further studies to determine how the tumor microenvironment promotes the aggressive behavior of pancreatic cancer.
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487
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Farrow B, Berger DH, Rowley D. Tumor-derived pancreatic stellate cells promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion through release of thrombospondin-2. J Surg Res 2009; 156:155-60. [PMID: 19592030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor derived pancreatic stellate cells (TDPS) cells are key cellular components of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. These stellate cells can release growth factors, proteases, and extracellular matrix proteins that may stimulate the spread of pancreatic cancer. We sought to determine whether TDPS cells promote the local invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and mechanisms involved. METHODS TDPS and panc-1 cells were grown in coculture to determine directional migration and panc-1 invasiveness was quantified using Matrigel invasion chambers, comparing TDPS cells to human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). ELISA was used to determine the secretion of growth factors, proteases, and extracellular matrix proteins from TDPS cells and HFFs, and then siRNAs used to knockdown expression of factors. RESULTS In coculture panc-1 cells migrate toward TDPS cells, creating nests of cancer cells within the stromal cells. TDPS cells promote the invasion of panc-1 cells and release thrombospondin 2 (TSP-2), whereas HFFs did not. When TSP-2 expression is reduced in TDPS cells using selective siRNAs, pancreatic cancer cell invasion was inhibited. CONCLUSION Tumor-derived pancreatic stellate cells stimulate pancreatic cancer cell invasion, likely through release of TSP-2. Targeting pro-invasive elements, such as TSP-2, within the tumor microenvironment may inhibit local invasion, thus permitting more patients to undergo curative resection of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buckminster Farrow
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, TX 77030, USA.
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488
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Loeffler M, Le’Negrate G, Krajewska M, Reed JC. Salmonella typhimurium engineered to produce CCL21 inhibit tumor growth. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:769-75. [PMID: 18633610 PMCID: PMC11030637 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously-applied bacteria tend to accumulate in tumors and can sporadically lead to tumor regression. Systemic administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium is safe and has shown no significant adverse effects in humans. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that engineering S. typhimurium to express a chemokine, CCL21, would increase anti-tumor activity. We engineered an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium to produce the chemokine CCL21. Attenuated S. typhimurium expressing CCL21 significantly inhibited the growth of primary tumors and pulmonary metastases in preclinical models of multi-drug-resistant murine carcinomas, while control bacteria did not. Histological analysis of tumors showed marked inflammatory cell infiltrates in mice treated with CCL21-expressing but not control bacteria. Levels of cytokines and chemokines known to be induced by CCL21 [e.g., interferon-gamma (INFgamma), CXCL9, and CXCL10] were significantly elevated in tumors of mice treated with CCL21-expressing but not control S. typhimurium. The anti-tumor activity was found to be dependent on CD4- and CD8-expressing cells, based on antibody-mediated in vivo immuno-depletion experiments. Anti-tumor activity was achieved without evidence of toxicity. In summary, chemokine-expressing, attenuated bacteria may provide a novel approach to cancer immunotherapy for effective and well-tolerated in vivo delivery of immunomodulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Loeffler
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Gaelle Le’Negrate
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Maryla Krajewska
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - John C. Reed
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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489
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Chometon G, Jendrossek V. Targeting the tumour stroma to increase efficacy of chemo- and radiotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 11:75-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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490
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Xiang R, Luo Y, Niethammer AG, Reisfeld RA. Oral DNA vaccines target the tumor vasculature and microenvironment and suppress tumor growth and metastasis. Immunol Rev 2009; 222:117-28. [PMID: 18363997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four novel oral DNA vaccines provide protection against melanoma, colon, breast, and lung carcinoma in mouse models. Vaccines are delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to secondary lymphoid organs and respectively target vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, transcription factor Fos-related antigen-1, anti-apoptosis protein survivin and Legumain, an asparaginyl endopeptidase specifically overexpressed on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These vaccines are all capable of inducing potent cell-mediated protective immunity against self-antigens, resulting in marked suppression of tumor growth and dissemination. Key mechanisms induced by these DNA vaccines include efficient suppression of angiogenesis in the tumor vasculature and marked activation of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and antigen-presenting dendritic cells. The vaccine targeting Legumain establishes the new paradigm whereby a reduction in the density of TAMs in the TME decreases the release of factors potentiating tumor growth and angiogenesis. This, in turn, remodels the TME and decreases its immunosuppressive milieu and thereby potentiates the DNA vaccine's ability to effectively suppress tumor cell proliferation, vascularization, and metastasis. It is anticipated that such research efforts will lead to novel DNA-based vaccines that will be effective for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiang
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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491
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Ostman A, Augsten M. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor growth--bystanders turning into key players. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:67-73. [PMID: 19211240 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel mechanisms, and molecular mediators, of the pro-tumorigenic effects of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been identified. These include CXCL12/SDF-1-mediated recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial precursor cell and pro-metastatic effects of CCL5. Co-culture experiments also suggest that CAFs can influence the drug-sensitivity of cancer cells. Comparisons of CAFs from different tumors have started to identify tumor-type specific differences in CAF gene expression and marker protein profiling indicates the existence of multiple distinct co-existing CAF-subsets. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that CAFs can be derived from bone marrow-derived cells or from epithelial or endothelial cells undergoing mesenchymal transition. The genetic status of CAFs remains controversial following conflicting findings. Meanwhile, analyses of CAFs from human tumors have revealed consistent epigenetic changes. An increasing number of translational studies have emphasized the prognostic significance of different CAF-related tumor characteristics. Clinical studies aiming at CAF-targeting can now be envisioned based on findings from experimental intervention studies with agents targeting, for example FAP or PDGF-, TGF-beta- or hedgehog-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Ostman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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492
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Abstract
Solid tumors may modulate their environment and keep stromal cells in an immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting state. Recent findings indicate that targeting not only cancer cells but also nonmalignant stromal cells by T cells is required for the eradication of established tumor. Interestingly, a single adoptive transfer of effector T cells that recognize tumor antigen-loaded stromal cells, but not the cancer cells themselves, causes long-term inhibition of tumor growth associated with T cell-mediated killing of stromal CD11b+/Gr1+ myeloid cells. Therefore, targeting tumor stroma by T cells points to an important alternative approach to the effective control of tumor growth, particularly in the absence of direct targeting of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- The Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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493
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Kennedy A, Dong H, Chen D, Chen WT. Elevation of seprase expression and promotion of an invasive phenotype by collagenous matrices in ovarian tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:27-35. [PMID: 18823010 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells do not constitutively exhibit invasive activity, but rather, can be transiently induced to adhere and form lesions. We report here that the expression of seprase, a dominant EDTA-resistant gelatinase in malignant tumors, is dependent on tumor cell exposure to type I collagen gel (TICg). The induced seprase expression of ovarian tumor cells influences their collagen contraction and invasion capability. Importantly, tumor cells with reduced seprase expression, due to manipulation by RNA interference, showed a reduction of TICg contraction in the gel contractility assay, inhibition of tumor cell invasion through TICg as shown by a transwell migration assay and inhibition of peritoneal membrane tumor lesion in a mouse model. In addition, mAb C27, an antibody against beta1 integrin, which blocks cellular avidity to TICg, can induce seprase RNA expression and promote the invasive phenotype and metastatic potential of ovarian tumor cells. Thus, collagenous matrices in the tumor cell niche induce the expression of seprase and initiate tumor invasion and metastatic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8154, USA
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494
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Inoue M, Matsumoto S, Saito H, Tsujitani S, Ikeguchi M. Intraperitoneal administration of a small interfering RNA targeting nuclear factor-kappa B with paclitaxel successfully prolongs the survival of xenograft model mice with peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2696-701. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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495
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Shojaei F, Ferrara N. Role of the microenvironment in tumor growth and in refractoriness/resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies. Drug Resist Updat 2008; 11:219-30. [PMID: 18948057 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical for growth of many tumor types and the development of anti-angiogenic agents opened a new era in cancer therapy. However, similar to other anti-cancer therapies, inherent/acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic drugs may occur in cancer patients leading to disease recurrence. Recent studies in several experimental models suggest that both tumor and non-tumor (stromal) cell types may be involved in the reduced responsiveness to the treatments. The current review focuses on the role of stromal cells in tumor growth and in refractoriness to anti-VEGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Shojaei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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496
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Farrow B, Albo D, Berger DH. The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in the Progression of Pancreatic Cancer. J Surg Res 2008; 149:319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.12.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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497
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Neller MA, López JA, Schmidt CW. Antigens for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:286-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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498
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Differential impact of TGF-β and EGF on fibroblast differentiation and invasion reciprocally promotes colon cancer cell invasion. Cancer Lett 2008; 266:263-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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499
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Loeffler M, Le'Negrate G, Krajewska M, Reed JC. Inhibition of tumor growth using salmonella expressing Fas ligand. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1113-6. [PMID: 18664657 PMCID: PMC2496919 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous administration of bacteria leads to their accumulation in tumors and to sporadic tumor regression. We therefore explored the hypothesis that Salmonella typhimurium engineered to express the proapoptotic cytokine Fas ligand (FasL) would exhibit enhanced antitumor activity. Immunocompetent mice carrying tumors derived from syngeneic murine D2F2 breast carcinoma or CT-26 colon carcinoma cells were treated intravenously with FasL-expressing S. typhimurium or with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control). Treatment with FasL-expressing S. typhimurium inhibited growth of primary tumors by an average of 59% for D2F2 tumors and 82% for CT-26 tumors (eg, at 25 days after initial treatment, mean volume of PBS-treated CT-26 colon carcinomas = 1385 mm(3) and of S. typhimurium FasL-treated CT-26 tumors = 243 mm(3), difference = 1142 mm(3), 95% confidence interval = 800 mm(3) to 1484 mm(3), P < .001). Pulmonary D2F2 metastases (as measured by lung weight) were reduced by 34% in S. typhimurium FasL-treated mice compared with PBS-treated mice. FasL-expressing S. typhimurium had similar effects on growth of murine B16 melanoma tumors in wild-type mice but not in lpr/lpr mice, which lack Fas, or in mice with disrupted host inflammatory responses. Antitumor activity was achieved without overt toxicity. These preclinical results raise the possibility that using attenuated S. typhimurium to deliver FasL to tumors may be an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic strategy for some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Loeffler
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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500
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Bowerman NA, Schietinger A, Fu YX, Kranz DM, Rowley DA, Schreiber H. Equilibrium between host and cancer caused by effector T cells killing tumor stroma. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1563-71. [PMID: 18316622 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth of solid tumors depends on tumor stroma. A single adoptive transfer of CD8(+) CTLs that recognize tumor antigen-loaded stromal cells, but not the cancer cells because of MHC restriction, caused long-term inhibition of tumor growth. T cells persisted and continuously destroyed CD11b(+) myeloid-derived, F4/80(+) or Gr1(+) stromal cells during homeostasis between host and cancer. Using high-affinity T-cell receptor tetramers, we found that both subpopulations of stromal cells captured tumor antigen from surrounding cancer cells. Epitopes on the captured antigen made these cells targets for antigen-specific T cells. These myeloid stromal cells are immunosuppressive, proangiogenic, and phagocytic. Elimination of these myeloid cells allowed T cells to remain active, prevented neovascularization, and prevented tumor resorption so that tumor size remained stationary. These findings show the effectiveness of adoptive CTL therapy directed against tumor stroma and open a new avenue for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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