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Yang S, Dong D, Bao X, Lu R, Cheng P, Zhu S, Yang G. CCL21 and CLDN11 Are Key Driving Factors of Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241238616. [PMID: 38553809 PMCID: PMC10981215 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241238616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of GC metastasis is crucial for improving patient survival outcomes. METHODS RNA sequencing and analysis were performed on tissue samples from primary and lymph node metastatic lesions of gastric cancer. Differential gene analysis and functional pathway analysis were conducted. Immune infiltrating environment and protein expression levels were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Cell experiments were conducted to investigate the role of CCL21 in GC metastasis. RESULTS ACTG2, CNN1, DES, MUC6, and PGC were significantly upregulated in primary tumor cells, while CCL21, MS4A1, CR2, CLDN11, and FDCSP were significantly upregulated in metastatic tumor cells. Functional pathway analysis revealed enrichment in pathways related to immune response. CLDN11 and CCL21 were found to play important roles in promoting gastric cancer metastasis. Cell experiments confirmed the role of CCL21 in promoting GC cell growth and metastasis. CCL21 is highly expressed in GC tissues and binds to CCR7, leading to upregulation of CLDN11. This results in GC-lymph node metastasis and abnormal activation of immune cells (B cells and CD4+ T cells). CONCLUSION Inhibition of CCL21 and CLDN11 proteins may be a promising strategy for treating GC and preventing lymph node metastasis. These findings provide specific molecular markers for early lymph node metastases of GC, which can aid in developing treatment strategies and predicting patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Seventh People’s Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Seventh People’s Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunxia Bao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rongting Lu
- Shanghai Starriver Bilingual School, Shanghai, China
| | - Pufei Cheng
- Dipont-Huayao Collegiate School Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Seventh People’s Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Sah VR, Jespersen H, Karlsson J, Nilsson LM, Bergqvist M, Johansson I, Carneiro A, Helgadottir H, Levin M, Ullenhag G, Ståhlberg A, Olofsson Bagge R, Nilsson JA, Ny L. Chemokine Analysis in Patients with Metastatic Uveal Melanoma Suggests a Role for CCL21 Signaling in Combined Epigenetic Therapy and Checkpoint Immunotherapy. Cancer Res Commun 2023; 3:884-895. [PMID: 37377898 PMCID: PMC10194136 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma have limited therapeutic options and high mortality rate so new treatment options are needed. Patients and Methods We previously reported that patients treated with the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab and the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat in the PEMDAC trial, experienced clinical benefits if their tumor originated from iris or was wildtype for BAP1 tumor suppressor gene. Here we present the 2-year follow-up of the patients in the PEMDAC trial and identify additional factors that correlate with response or survival. Results Durable responses were observed in 4 patients, with additional 8 patients exhibiting a stable disease. The median overall survival was 13.7 months. Grade 3 adverse events were reported in 62% of the patients, but they were all manageable. No fatal toxicity was observed. Activity of thymidine kinase 1 in plasma was higher in patients with stable disease or who progressed on treatment, compared with those with partial response. Chemokines and cytokines were analyzed in plasma. Three chemokines were significantly different when comparing patients with and without response. One of the factors, CCL21, was higher in the plasma of responding patients before treatment initiation but decreased in the same patients upon treatment. In tumors, CCL21 was expressed in areas resembling tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). High plasma levels of CCL21 and presence of TLS-like regions in the tumor correlated with longer survival. Conclusions This study provides insight into durable responses in the PEMDAC trial, and describes dynamic changes of chemokines and cytokines in the blood of these patients. Significance The most significant finding from the 2-year follow-up study of the PEMDAC trial was that high CCL21 levels in blood was associated with response and survival. CCL21 was also expressed in TLS-like regions and presence of these regions was associated with longer survival. These analyses of soluble and tumor markers can inform on predictive biomarkers needing validation and become hypothesis generating for experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu R. Sah
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Jespersen
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joakim Karlsson
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Nilsson
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Iva Johansson
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ana Carneiro
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hildur Helgadottir
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Levin
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gustav Ullenhag
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas A. Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lars Ny
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Marashi H, Beihaghi M, Chaboksavar M, Khaksar S, Tehrani H, Abiri A. In silico analysis and in planta production of recombinant ccl21/IL1β protein and characterization of its in vitro anti-tumor and immunogenic activity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261101. [PMID: 36037155 PMCID: PMC9423642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL21 has an essential role in anti-tumor immune activity. Epitopes of IL1β have adjuvant activity without causing inflammatory responses. CCR7 and its ligands play a vital role in the immune balance; specifically, in transport of T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells to the lymph nodes. This study aimed to produce epitopes of CCL21 and IL1β as a recombinant protein and characterize its in vitro anti-tumor and immunogenic activity. A codon-optimized ccl21/IL1β gene was designed and synthesized from human genes. Stability and binding affinity of CCL21/IL1β protein and CCR7 receptor were examined through in silico analyses. The construct was introduced into N. tabacum to produce this recombinant protein and the structure and function of CCL21/IL1β were examined. Purified protein from transgenic leaves generated a strong signal in SDS PAGE and western blotting assays. FTIR measurement and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrography showed that ccl21/IL-1β was correctly expressed in tobacco plants. Potential activity of purified CCL21/IL1β in stimulating the proliferation and migration of MCF7 cancer cell line was investigated using the wound healing method. The results demonstrated a decrease in survival rate and metastasization of cancer cells in the presence of CCL21/IL1β, and IC50 of CCL21 on MCF7 cells was less than that of non-recombinant protein. Agarose assay on PBMCsCCR7+ showed that CCL21/IL1β has biological activity and there is a distinguishable difference between chemokinetic (CCL21) and chemotactic (FBS) movements. Overall, the results suggest that CCL21/IL1β could be considered an effective adjuvant in future in vivo and clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Marashi
- College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maria Beihaghi
- College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biology, Kavian Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- * E-mail:
| | - Masoud Chaboksavar
- Department of Biology, Kavian Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samad Khaksar
- School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Homan Tehrani
- Department of Paediatric, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ardavan Abiri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Holtkamp SJ, Ince LM, Barnoud C, Schmitt MT, Sinturel F, Pilorz V, Pick R, Jemelin S, Mühlstädt M, Boehncke WH, Weber J, Laubender D, Philippou-Massier J, Chen CS, Holtermann L, Vestweber D, Sperandio M, Schraml BU, Halin C, Dibner C, Oster H, Renkawitz J, Scheiermann C. Circadian clocks guide dendritic cells into skin lymphatics. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1375-1381. [PMID: 34663979 PMCID: PMC8553624 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Migration of leukocytes from the skin to lymph nodes (LNs) via afferent lymphatic vessels (LVs) is pivotal for adaptive immune responses1,2. Circadian rhythms have emerged as important regulators of leukocyte trafficking to LNs via the blood3,4. Here, we demonstrate that dendritic cells (DCs) have a circadian migration pattern into LVs, which peaks during the rest phase in mice. This migration pattern is determined by rhythmic gradients in the expression of the chemokine CCL21 and of adhesion molecules in both mice and humans. Chronopharmacological targeting of the involved factors abrogates circadian migration of DCs. We identify cell-intrinsic circadian oscillations in skin lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and DCs that cogovern these rhythms, as their genetic disruption in either cell type ablates circadian trafficking. These observations indicate that circadian clocks control the infiltration of DCs into skin lymphatics, a process that is essential for many adaptive immune responses and relevant for vaccination and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan J Holtkamp
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Louise M Ince
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Coline Barnoud
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Madeleine T Schmitt
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Laboratory 'Cell Biology of the Immune System', Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Flore Sinturel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Violetta Pilorz
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Pick
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Jemelin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mühlstädt
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Weber
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Julia Philippou-Massier
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chien-Sin Chen
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Leonie Holtermann
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charna Dibner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Renkawitz
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Laboratory 'Cell Biology of the Immune System', Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Scheiermann
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Capitano ML, Jaiswal A, Broxmeyer HE, Pride Y, Glover S, Amlashi FG, Kirby A, Srinivasan G, Williamson EA, Mais D, Hromas R. A humanized monoclonal antibody against the endothelial chemokine CCL21 for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252805. [PMID: 34197491 PMCID: PMC8248966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small proteins that promote leukocyte migration during development, infection, and inflammation. We and others isolated the unique chemokine CCL21, a potent chemo-attractant for naïve T-cells, naïve B-cells, and immature dendritic cells. CCL21 has a 37 amino acid carboxy terminal extension that is distinct from the rest of the chemokine family, which is thought to anchor it to venule endothelium where the amino terminus can interact with its cognate receptor, CCR7. We and others have reported that venule endothelium expressing CCL21 plays a crucial role in attracting naïve immune cells to sites of antigen presentation. In this study we generated a series of monoclonal antibodies to the amino terminus of CCL21 in an attempt to generate an antibody that blocked the interaction of CCL21 with its receptor CCR7. We found one humanized clone that blocked naïve T-cell migration towards CCL21, while memory effector T-cells were less affected. Using this monoclonal antibody, we also demonstrated that CCL21 is expressed in the mucosal venule endothelium of the large majority of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and also in celiac disease. This expression correlated with active IBD in 5 of 6 cases, whereas none of 6 normal bowel biopsies had CCL21 expression. This study raises the possibility that this monoclonal antibody could be used to diagnose initial or recurrent of IBD. Significantly, this antibody could also be used for therapeutic intervention in IBD by selectively interfering with recruitment of naïve immune effector cells to sites of antigen presentation, without harming overall memory immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Chemokine CCL21/genetics
- Chemokine CCL21/immunology
- Chemokine CCL21/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Endothelium/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maegan L Capitano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Aruna Jaiswal
- Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas School Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Yilianys Pride
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MI, United States of America
| | - Sarah Glover
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MI, United States of America
| | - Fatemah G Amlashi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas School Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Austin Kirby
- Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas School Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Gayathri Srinivasan
- Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas School Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Williamson
- Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas School Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mais
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas School Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine and the Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas School Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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Mohammed MM, Shaker O, Ramzy MM, Gaber SS, Kamel HS, Abed El Baky MF. The relation between ACKR4 and CCR7 genes expression and breast cancer metastasis. Life Sci 2021; 279:119691. [PMID: 34102193 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Breast cancer is the most severe malignant tumor in women. Chemokines and their receptors appear to be implicated in tumorigenesis and metastatic pattern. Also the scavenger atypical chemokine receptors are emerging as crucial regulators for the availability of chemokines. Therefore the aim of the present study is to evaluate the expression of CCR7, ACKR4 and their ligand; CCL21 in human breast cancer. MAIN METHODS In this study, RT-PCR was done to detect the expression of CCR7 and ACKR4 in 50 non-metastatic and 30 metastatic breast cancer tissue. Also CCL21 level in the serum of study group was detected by ELISA. The expression of all markers is compared to 80 control healthy individual. KEY FINDINGS Our results revealed the increase in expression of CCR7 and CCL21 level in metastatic group compared to non-metastatic and control groups while ACKR4 expression is significantly increased in breast tissues of non-metastatic patients compared to both control and metastatic groups. Also there was significant positive correlation between CCR7 expression and CCL21 level in cancer patients and significant negative correlation between ACKR4 and both CCR-7 and CCL21 in both non-metastatic and metastatic cancer groups. SIGNIFICANCE Thus, it might be elucidating that ACKR4 and CCR7 could be a novel target for tumor therapy as targeting the chemokine-receptors axis might represent a powerful tool to prevent infiltration and metastasis and consequently improve cancer prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt
| | - Olfat Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Maggie M Ramzy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt.
| | - Shereen S Gaber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt
| | - Heba S Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt
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7
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Hsieh CC, Hsu SC, Yao M, Huang DM. CD9 Upregulation-Decreased CCL21 Secretion in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces Cancer Cell Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041738. [PMID: 33572290 PMCID: PMC7915477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD9 is widely expressed on various cell types, such as cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and/or cell-released exosomes. It has been reported that exosomal CD9 plays an important role in intercellular communications involved in cancer cell migration and metastasis. However, reports on the effect of the CD9 of MSCs or MSC-derived exosomes on cancer cell migration are still lacking. In this study, using a transwell migration assay, we found that both dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (dex-IO NPs) and ionomycin stimulated exosomal CD9 expression in human MSCs (hMSCs); however, hMSCs could not deliver them to melanoma cells to affect cell migration. Interestingly, a reduced migration of melanoma cell line was observed when the ionomycin-incubated hMSC-conditioned media but not dex-IO NP-labeled hMSC-conditioned media were in the bottom chamber. In addition, we found that dex-IO NPs decreased cellular CD9 expression in hMSCs but ionomycin increased this. Simultaneously, we found that ionomycin suppressed the expression and secretion of the chemokine CCL21 in hMSCs. The silencing of CD9 demonstrated an inhibitory role of cellular CD9 in CCL21 expression in hMSCs, suggesting that ionomycin could upregulate cellular CD9 to decrease CCL21 expression and secretion of hMSCs, which would reduce the migration of B16F10, A549 and U87MG cancer cell lines due to chemoattraction reduction of CCL21. The present study not only highlights the important role of bone marrow-derived hMSCs' CD9-mediated CCL21 regulation in cancer bone metastasis but also suggests a new distinct pharmaceutical strategy for prevention or/and therapy of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chu Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Szu-Chun Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan;
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan;
| | - Dong-Ming Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 38105)
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8
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Wang L, Yang Z, Wu Z, He J, Xu S, Li D, Zou Q, Yuan Y. Increased expression of cystathionine beta-synthase and chemokine ligand 21 is closely associated with poor prognosis in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22255. [PMID: 32957374 PMCID: PMC7505348 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) and Chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) is associated with the tumorigenesis and progression of a variety of tumors, but whether alterations in their expression levels correlates with the carcinogenesis and progression of EHCC is still unknown. This study investigated the clinicopathological significance of CBS and CCL21 expression in EHCC.We investigated the correlations between the expression of CBS and CCL21 and clinicopathological characteristics in EHCC using EnVision immunohistochemistry.The expression of CBS and CCL21 was significantly higher in EHCC tumors than in nontumor tissues (P < .05 and P < .01). EHCC patients with CBS and CCL21 expression combined with lymph node metastasis, tumor cell invasion, and TNM III/IV stage had more severe conditions than those with no lymph node metastasis, distant invasion and TNM I/II stage (P < .01). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the overall survival rates for EHCC patients with negative CBS or CCL21 reaction were significantly higher than those for patients with positive CBS or CCL21 reaction((P < .01). CBS or CCL21 expression was revealed as an independent poor prognostic factor for EHCC patients by Cox multivariate analysis.The present study indicates that CBS and CCL21 expression is closely associated with the pathogenesis of clinical, pathological and biological behaviors and poor prognosis in EHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Department of General Surgery
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Department of General Surgery
| | - Zhengchun Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Department of General Surgery
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Department of General Surgery
| | - Shu Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Department of General Surgery
| | - Daiqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital
| | - Qiong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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9
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Bae H, Lim W, Bazer FW, Whang KY, Song G. Mitigation of ER-stress and inflammation by chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 during early pregnancy. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 94:73-84. [PMID: 30711450 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in pregnancy. Chemokines recruit leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface during early pregnancy. However, the role of the chemokine, C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21), is less known. The aim of this study was to identify the expression of CCL21 and its receptor, CCR7, in the endometrium during estrous cycle and early pregnancy, and to investigate the functional effects of CCL21 on porcine trophectoderm (pTr) and porcine uterine luminal epithelial (pLE) cells. Our results indicated that CCL21 and CCR7 are increased in the glandular (GE) and luminal epithelium (LE) of the endometrium during early pregnancy, compared to estrous pigs. Recombinant CCL21 improved pTr and pLE cell proliferation through activation of the PI3K and MAPK pathways and suppression of tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or LPS-induced inflammation. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into CCL21-mediated signaling mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyocheol Bae
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-2471, Texas, USA
| | - Kwang-Youn Whang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Veerman K, Tardiveau C, Martins F, Coudert J, Girard JP. Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Heterogeneity of High Endothelial Venules and Different Regulation of Genes Controlling Lymphocyte Entry to Lymph Nodes. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3116-3131.e5. [PMID: 30865898 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized blood vessels allowing recirculation of naive lymphocytes through lymphoid organs. Here, using full-length, single-cell RNA sequencing, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), flow cytometry, and immunohistofluorescence, we reveal the heterogeneity of HEVs in adult mouse peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) under conditions of homeostasis, antigenic stimulation, and after inhibition of lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) signaling. We demonstrate that HEV endothelial cells are in an activated state during homeostasis, and we identify the genes characteristic of the differentiated HEV phenotype. We show that LTβR signaling regulates many HEV genes and pathways in resting PLNs and that immune stimulation induces a global and temporary inflammatory phenotype in HEVs without compromising their ability to recruit naive lymphocytes. Most importantly, we uncover differences in the regulation of genes controlling lymphocyte trafficking, Glycam1, Fut7, Gcnt1, Chst4, B3gnt3, and Ccl21a, that have implications for HEV function and regulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle Veerman
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Tardiveau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Martins
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), UMR1048, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France; Plateforme Genome et Transcriptome (GeT), Genopole Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Coudert
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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11
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Chonco L, Fernández G, Kalhapure R, Hernáiz MJ, García-Oliva C, Gonzalez VM, Martín ME, Govender T, Parboosing R. Novel DNA Aptamers Against CCL21 Protein: Characterization and Biomedical Applications for Targeted Drug Delivery to T Cell-Rich Zones. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:242-251. [PMID: 29733244 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) is a cytokine that attracts CCR7-positive cells to the T cell (paracortical) zone of lymph nodes by directional migration of these cells along the CCL21 gradient. In this article, we sought to mimic this chemotactic mechanism, by identifying a novel aptamer that binds CCL21 with high affinity. In vitro selection of DNA aptamers was performed by the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay were used to screen for high-affinity aptamers against human and mouse CCL21 protein, respectively. Three such aptamers were identified. Surface plasmon resonance showed equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) for these three aptamers in the nano to picomolar range. Cytotoxicity assays showed <10% toxicity in HEK293 and HL-60 cells. Last, in vivo biodistribution was successfully performed and CCL21 chemokine-binding aptamers were quantified within the draining lymph nodes and spleen using qPCR. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that one of the aptamers showed significantly higher presence in the paracortex than the control aptamer. The use of anti-CCL21 aptamers to mimic the chemotaxis mechanism thus represents a promising approach to achieve targeted delivery of drugs to the T cell-rich zones of the lymph node. This may be important for the treatment of HIV infection and the eradication of HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Chonco
- 1 Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of KwaZulu-Natal , c/o Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gerónimo Fernández
- 2 Aptus Biotech SL , Madrid, Spain
- 3 Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)-Hospital Ramón y Cajal , Madrid, Spain
| | - Rahul Kalhapure
- 4 Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa
| | - María J Hernáiz
- 5 Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia García-Oliva
- 5 Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor M Gonzalez
- 2 Aptus Biotech SL , Madrid, Spain
- 3 Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)-Hospital Ramón y Cajal , Madrid, Spain
| | - M Elena Martín
- 2 Aptus Biotech SL , Madrid, Spain
- 3 Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)-Hospital Ramón y Cajal , Madrid, Spain
| | - Thirumala Govender
- 4 Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa
| | - Raveen Parboosing
- 1 Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of KwaZulu-Natal , c/o Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
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12
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Rong Y, Chen X, Fan D, Lin X, Zheng X, Zhou C, Hu T, Zou Y. [Influence of CCL21 on the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2017; 20:1300-1305. [PMID: 29178103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of CCL21 on the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS CCL21 over-expressing CRC cell line was constructed by lentivirus infection and CCL21 low-expressing CRC cell line was constructed by lipofection. The effects of CCL21 on the invasion and metastasis of CRC cells and the stem cell-like phenotype were investigated by Transwell migration, invasion assay, wound healing assay and sphere formation assay. RESULTS Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot confirmed that the expression of CCL21 was up-regulated by lentiviral transfection and down-regulated by siRNA liposome transfection. In vitro, Transwell assays showed that the invasion and migration in CCL21 over-expressing CRC cells decreased significantly as compared to those of CCL21 low-expressing cells. In wound healing assay, the CCL21 over-expressing CRC cells showed a significantly lower rate of migration. In addition, the sphere formation rate and density of CCL21 over-expressing CRC cells were lower than those with low-expression of CCL21. CONCLUSION CCL21 can suppress the migration and invasion of CRC cells and weaken their stem cell-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Rong
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Dejun Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xutao Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Tuo Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yifeng Zou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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13
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Machelart A, Khadrawi A, Demars A, Willemart K, De Trez C, Letesson JJ, Muraille E. Chronic Brucella Infection Induces Selective and Persistent Interferon Gamma-Dependent Alterations of Marginal Zone Macrophages in the Spleen. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00115-17. [PMID: 28808159 PMCID: PMC5649024 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00115-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is known as an important filter for blood-borne pathogens that are trapped by specialized macrophages in the marginal zone (MZ): the CD209+ MZ macrophages (MZMs) and the CD169+ marginal metallophilic macrophages (MMMs). Acute systemic infection strongly impacts MZ populations and the location of T and B lymphocytes. This phenomenon has been linked to reduced chemokine secretion by stromal cells. Brucella spp. are the causative agent of brucellosis, a widespread zoonotic disease. Here, we used Brucella melitensis infection as a model to investigate the impact of chronic stealth infection on splenic MZ macrophage populations. During the late phase of Brucella infection, we observed a loss of both MZMs and MMMs, with a durable disappearance of MZMs, leading to a reduction of the ability of the spleen to take up soluble antigens, beads, and unrelated bacteria. This effect appears to be selective as every other lymphoid and myeloid population analyzed increased during infection, which was also observed following Brucella abortus and Brucella suis infection. Comparison of wild-type and deficient mice suggested that MZ macrophage population loss is dependent on interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor but independent of T cells or tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 (TNF-αR1) signaling pathways and is not correlated to an alteration of CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL13 chemokine mRNA expression. Our results suggest that MZ macrophage populations are particularly sensitive to persistent low-level IFN-γ-mediated inflammation and that Brucella infection could reduce the ability of the spleen to perform certain MZM- and MMM-dependent tasks, such as antigen delivery to lymphocytes and control of systemic infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Brucella abortus/drug effects
- Brucella abortus/immunology
- Brucella abortus/pathogenicity
- Brucella melitensis/drug effects
- Brucella melitensis/immunology
- Brucella melitensis/pathogenicity
- Brucella suis/drug effects
- Brucella suis/immunology
- Brucella suis/pathogenicity
- Brucellosis/drug therapy
- Brucellosis/genetics
- Brucellosis/immunology
- Brucellosis/microbiology
- Chemokine CCL19/genetics
- Chemokine CCL19/immunology
- Chemokine CCL21/genetics
- Chemokine CCL21/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL13/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL13/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Rifampin/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/microbiology
- Streptomycin/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Machelart
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Abir Khadrawi
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Aurore Demars
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Kevin Willemart
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Research Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric Muraille
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Tandon M, Perez P, Burbelo PD, Calkins C, Alevizos I. Laser microdissection coupled with RNA-seq reveal cell-type and disease-specific markers in the salivary gland of Sjögren's syndrome patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2017; 35:777-785. [PMID: 28421997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about the molecular details regarding the contribution of different cell types of the salivary gland to the altered gene expression profile seen in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS Using laser microdissection, tissue samples enriched in acini, ducts and inflammatory foci in subjects with and without SS were isolated for RNA-seq analysis. Gene expression profiles were analysed and selected enriched genes were further examined using real time PCR and by immunofluorescence. RESULTS RNA-seq analysis of salivary biopsies from subjects with and without SS revealed marked differences in gene expression occurring in the ductal and infiltrating cells compared to acinar cells. Up-regulated genes in the SS ductal cells included C4A complement and the SLC26A9 ion channel. The inflammatory infiltrate showed the most dramatic differences in gene expression and contained up-regulated genes associated with T-cells, natural killer, dendritic and basophils/mast cells. qPCR with total salivary gland mRNA confirmed the differential mRNA expression of several genes (MMP9, FOL1HB, CCL21, CCR7), thereby validating the approach. Additional immunofluorescence studies demonstrated high expression and co-localisation of CCL21 chemokine and CCR7 chemokine receptor within the SS infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS Major gene expression changes in the salivary gland of SS were detected in the ductal and inflammatory cells and not in the acinar cells. Two chemokines involved in immune cell trafficking to secondary lymphoid tissue, CCR7 and CCL21, showed markedly increased expression and may contribute to the recruitment of diverse immune cells to the salivary glands, causing inflammation and loss of secretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Tandon
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, NIH, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD; Dept.of Microbiology & Immunology, Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences, T.Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paola Perez
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Burbelo
- Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine Calkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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15
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Milićević NM, Nohroudi K, Schmidt F, Schmidt H, Ringer C, Sorensen GL, Milićević Ž, Westermann J. Growth of Murine Splenic Tissue Is Suppressed by Lymphotoxin β-Receptor Signaling (LTβR) Originating from Splenic and Non-Splenic Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166901. [PMID: 27936003 PMCID: PMC5147843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and maintenance of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen essentially depend on lymphotoxin β-receptor (LTβR) signaling. It is unclear, however, by which molecular mechanism their size is limited. Here, we investigate whether the LTβR pathway is also growth suppressing. By using splenic tissue transplantation it is possible to analyze a potential contribution of LTβR signaling inside and outside of the implanted tissue. We show that LTβR signaling within the endogenous spleen and within non-splenic tissues both significantly suppressed the regeneration of implanted splenic tissue. The suppressive activity positively correlated with the total number of LTβR expressing cells in the animal (regenerate weights of 115 ± 8 mg in LTβR deficient recipients and of 12 ± 9 mg in wild-type recipients), affected also developed splenic tissue, and was induced but not executed via LTβR signaling. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry of stromal splenic tissue was applied to screen for potential factors mediating the LTβR dependent suppressive activity. Thus, LTβR dependent growth suppression is involved in regulating the size of secondary lymphoid organs, and might be therapeutically used to eradicate tertiary lymphoid tissues during autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novica M. Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Beograd, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Klaus Nohroudi
- Department I of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friederike Schmidt
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schmidt
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cornelia Ringer
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Živana Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Beograd, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Jürgen Westermann
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Liu M, Wang P, Zhao M, Liu DY. Intestinal Dendritic Cells Are Altered in Number, Maturity and Chemotactic Ability in Fulminant Hepatic Failure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166165. [PMID: 27832135 PMCID: PMC5104363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is defined as rapid acute liver injury, often complicated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). The precise onset of FHF with SBP is still unknown, but it is thought that SBP closely correlates with a weakened intestinal barrier. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in forming the intestinal immune barrier, therefore the number, maturity and chemotactic ability of intestinal DCs were studied in FHF. Mouse intestinal and spleen DCs were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and surface markers of DCs, namely CD11c, CD74, CD83 and CD86, were identified using flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to detect the distribution and expression of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and CC-chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), as well as their ligands-CC-chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) and CC-chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25). Real-time PCR was used to detect CCR7 and CCR9 mRNA, along with their ligands-CCL21 and CCL25 mRNA. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the markers CD74, CD83 and CD86 of CD11c+DCs were lower in the D-galactosamine (D-GalN) group and were significantly decreased in the FHF group, while there were no significant changes in the expression of these markers in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group. Immunohistochemistry results showed that staining for CCR7 and CCR9, as well as their ligands CCL21 and CCL25, was significantly weaker in the D-GalN and FHF groups compared with the normal saline (NS) group or the LPS group; the FHF group even showed completely unstained parts. Protein expression of CCR7 and CCR9, as well as their ligands- CCL21 and CCL25, was also lower in the D-GalN group and decreased even more significantly in the FHF group. At the gene level, CCR7 and CCR9, along with CCL21 and CCL25 mRNA expression, was lower in the D-GalN group and significantly decreased in the FHF group compared to the NS and LPS groups, consisting with the protein expression. Our study indicated that intestinal DCs were decreased in number, maturity and chemotactic ability in FHF and might contribute to a decreased function of the intestinal immune barrier in FHF.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- CD11c Antigen/immunology
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Chemokine CCL21/genetics
- Chemokine CCL21/immunology
- Chemokine CCL21/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intestines/immunology
- Liver Failure, Acute/genetics
- Liver Failure, Acute/immunology
- Liver Failure, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, CCR/genetics
- Receptors, CCR/immunology
- Receptors, CCR/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR7/genetics
- Receptors, CCR7/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The second department of urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - DY Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
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17
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Zhao L, Gao J, Li Y, Liu L, Yang Y, Guo B, Zhu B. Disrupted Homeostatic Cytokines Expression in Secondary Lymph Organs during HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:413. [PMID: 27011165 PMCID: PMC4813265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has firmly established that infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to structural disruption in secondary lymph organs (SLOs) and that IL-7 expression by SLOs is downregulated in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques. However, the foregoing has not been demonstrated in HIV-infected patients. As well, SLO-produced chemokines and cytokines, other than IL-7, have not been tested. In this study, SLOs in HIV-infected patients exhibit decreased levels of lymphoid cytokines, such as IL-7 and C–C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21), due to lower expression of lymphotoxin (LT)-β. Previous research has shown that LT-β is produced mainly by CD4+T cells in rhesus macaques, while our study found the same level of LT-β expressed by CD4+T and CD8+T cells in humans. CD8+T cells substitute for depleted CD4+T cells LT-β production. Only the total number of CD3+T cells can account for the majority of LT-β in human SLOs. This study indicates a possible mechanism and a potential target for improvement of SLO function in HIV-infected patients, a novel adjuvant therapy for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Jianbao Gao
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Wang MQ, Chi H, Li MF. A CCL21 chemokine of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) promotes host resistance against bacterial infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 47:461-469. [PMID: 26416599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a large family of chemotactic cytokines. Based on the arrangement of the first two cysteine residues, chemokines are divided into four groups, one of which is the CC chemokine group. In this study, we characterized a CC chemokine, CsCCL21, from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), and analyzed its activity. CsCCL21 contains two conserved N-terminal cysteine residues in a NCCL motif and is phylogenetically related to the CCL19/21/25 subgroup of CC chemokines. CsCCL21 was constitutively expressed in nine tissues and significantly upregulated by bacterial and viral infection. The recombinant CsCCL21 (rCsCCL21) induced migration of peripheral blood leukocytes. When the two conserved cysteine residues in the NCCL motif were mutated, the chemotactic activity of rCsCCL21 was abolished. rCsCCL21 enhanced the resistance of tongue sole against bacterial infection, but the mutant protein with NCCL mutation lacked this antibacterial effect. Taken together, these results suggest that CsCCL21 is a functional CC chemokine with the ability to recruit leukocytes and is involved in antibacterial immunity in a manner that requires the conserved NCCL motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Mo-fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Chen S, Wang Q, Wu CY, Wu QJ, Li Y, Wu ZY, Li P, Sun F, Zheng WJ, Deng CW, Zhang FC, Li YZ. A single-nucleotide polymorphism of CCL21 rs951005 T>C is associated with susceptibility of polymyositis and such patients with interstitial lung disease in a Chinese Han population. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2015; 33:639-646. [PMID: 26320593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to better understand the roles of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CCL21, ERBB3, and TERT genes region in the development of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), we explored the associations between SNPs in the mentioned three genes and IIMs susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. METHODS Chinese polymyositis (PM) patients (n =291), dermatomyositis (DM) patients (n=526) and ethnically-matched healthy controls (n =968) were genotyped for the CCL21 region SNPs (rs951005 and rs2492358), ERBB3 (rs2292239 and rs11171739), and TERT (rs2853676 and rs10069690), by using the Sequenom MassArray system. RESULTS Our study indicated strong allele and genotype associations between rs951005 (OR: 1.65, 95%CI: 1.18-2.30, Pc=0.015; Pc=0.041, respectively) in CCL21 gene and PM patients. Additionally, rs951005 was associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) in PM patients (Pc =0.01), and was associated with PM patients in additive model. However, the Chinese Han PM/DM patients and controls had statistically similar frequencies of alleles, genotypes and different genetic models (additive, dominant, and recessive) of ERBB3 and TERT polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study to demonstrate that the CCL21 gene SNP (rs951005) might confer genetic predisposition to PM patients or such patients with ILD in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chan Yuan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Jun Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Yan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Jie Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chui Wen Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhe Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhu Z, Yin T, Xuan X, Liu P, Li Q, DU Y. [Over-expression of CCL21 up-regulates the antigen presentation-related genes of CK8/18 positive thymic epithelial cells in patients with myasthenia gravis]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015; 31:957-960. [PMID: 26146068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the distribution of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) in the thymus of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and explore the effects of up-regulation of CCL21 on the expressions of antigen presentation-related genes in cytokeratin 8/18 (CK8/18) positive thymic epithelial cells (TECs) after transfected with CCL21 genes. METHODS The expressions and distributions of CK8/18 and CCL21 in the thymus tissue of MG patients were detected by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of CCL21, CCL19 and their receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7) in the thymus tissue of MG patients were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Primary cultured CK8/18⁺ TECs were transfected with pCMV-CCL21, and the relative mRNA expressions of function-associated genes (CD80, ICAM-1, CD86, HLA-DR, HLA-A) in CK8/18⁺ TECs before and after the transfection were investigated by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemical results showed that the number of CK8/18 positive cells in the hyperplastic thymus tissues of MG patients was significantly more than that in the normal controls, and the protein expression of CCL21 was also much higher in the hyperplastic thymus tissues. The qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of CCL21 and CCR7 mRNA increased significantly in hyperplastic thymus tissues of MG patients compared with those in normal controls, while there was no difference in the expression of CCL19. Furthermore, CK8/18 positive cells were found mainly located in cortico-medullary junction and medulla area. The relative mRNA expression levels of HLA-A, HLA-DR, ICAM and CD80 rose significantly in CK8/18⁺ TECs after transfected with pCMV-CCL21. CONCLUSION The over-expression of CCL21 could increased the expressions of antigen presentation-related genes in CK8/18⁺ TECs in MG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Juntao Zhao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou 450016, China
| | - Zhengkun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tingting Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou Municipal Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying DU
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Bielecki B, Jatczak-Pawlik I, Wolinski P, Bednarek A, Glabinski A. Central Nervous System and Peripheral Expression of CCL19, CCL21 and Their Receptor CCR7 in Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:367-76. [PMID: 25957582 PMCID: PMC4572056 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that inflammatory chemokines play a significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recently, the involvement of homeostatic (or lymphoid) chemokines in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has become an object of intensive study. In this work, quantitative analysis of CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 expression in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in inflammatory mononuclear cells isolated from several organs during the first attack, remission and the second attack of chronic-relapsing EAE (ChREAE), was performed. Using real-time PCR, RNAse Protection Assay and immunohistochemistry, the expression of both chemokines, as well as of their common receptor CCR7, was analyzed in the brain, spleen, lymph nodes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Increased expression of CCL19 and CCL21 was observed mostly in mononuclear inflammatory cells isolated from the CNS during active ChREAE. At the same time the expression of CCR7 in blood mononuclear leukocytes was reduced. This observation extends our current knowledge about the possible role of chemokines CCL19, CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 in the pathogenesis of ChREAE and, by extension, MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Bielecki
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, 80 General Leclerc st., 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France.
| | | | - Pawel Wolinski
- Department of Propedeutics of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Cancerogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Glabinski
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Propedeutics of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Liu Q, Chen F, Duan T, Zhu H, Xie X, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Wang D. [CCL21 promotes the metastasis of human pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells via epithelial- mesenchymal transition]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015; 31:6-13. [PMID: 25575049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism underlying that chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) promotes the metastasis ability of human pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells. METHODS Transwell(TM) was used to access the chemotaxis effect of CCL21 on Panc-1 cells. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to detect the expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) mRNA in the upper and lower chambers. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were employed to examine the expressions of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins and CD133 of Panc-1 cells in the lower chamber, which were compared with those of the upper chamber as the control. RESULTS The numbers of the Panc-1 cells induced by 0, 50, 100, 200 ng/mL CCL21 were 13.00 ± 3.00, 78.00 ± 9.00, 161.00 ± 11.00, 281.00 ± 17.00, respectively; with the increase of the concentration of CCL21, there were more cells migrating from the upper to the lower chamber; and the cells in the lower chamber expressed higher level of CCR7 mRNA than the ones staying in the upper chamber. The relative protein expressions of MMP-9, vimentin, E-cadherin and CD133 in the lower chamber were 0.42 ± 0.04, 0.36 ± 0.03, 0.12 ± 0.02, 0.46 ± 0.03, respectively, which were statistically significantly different from those in the upper chamber (0.15 ± 0.02, 0.25 ± 0.02, 0.25 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION CCL21/CCR7 axis maybe play an important role in the metastasis of pancreatic cancer stem cells by EMT and up-regulation of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Tanghai Duan
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
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St John AL, Ang WXG, Huang MN, Kunder CA, Chan EW, Gunn MD, Abraham SN. S1P-Dependent trafficking of intracellular yersinia pestis through lymph nodes establishes Buboes and systemic infection. Immunity 2014; 41:440-450. [PMID: 25238098 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathologically swollen lymph nodes (LNs), or buboes, characterize Yersinia pestis infection, yet how they form and function is unknown. We report that colonization of the draining LN (dLN) occurred due to trafficking of infected dendritic cells and monocytes in temporally distinct waves in response to redundant chemotactic signals, including through CCR7, CCR2, and sphingosine-1-phospate (S1P) receptors. Retention of multiple subsets of phagocytes within peripheral LNs using the S1P receptor agonist FTY720 or S1P1-specific agonist SEW2871 increased survival, reduced colonization of downstream LNs, and limited progression to transmission-associated septicemic or pneumonic disease states. Conditional deletion of S1P1 in mononuclear phagocytes abolished node-to-node trafficking of infected cells. Thus, Y. pestis-orchestrated LN remodeling promoted its dissemination via host cells through the lymphatic system but can be blocked by prevention of leukocyte egress from DLNs. These findings define a novel trafficking route of mononuclear phagocytes and identify S1P as a therapeutic target during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L St John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - W X Gladys Ang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Min-Nung Huang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christian A Kunder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael D Gunn
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Cai W, Tao J, Zhang X, Tian X, Liu T, Feng X, Bai J, Yan C, Han Y. Contribution of homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 to coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1933-41. [PMID: 24990231 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.303081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to identify the role of the homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and their common receptor CCR7 in atherogenesis and to study the relationships between CCL19, CCL21, and CCR7 gene variants and coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population. APPROACH AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of samples with atherosclerosis of various stages showed increased CCL19, CCL21, and CCR7 expression in atherosclerotic coronary plaques compared with nonatherosclerotic controls. Expression levels increased in positive correlation with coronary lesion stage. Cell adhesion assays confirmed that CCL19 promoted monocyte adhesion, which was induced by CCR7, to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, an effect partially antagonized by atorvastatin. After the human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with CCR7-neutralizing antibody, both CCL19- and CCL21-induced monocyte to human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration and CCL19-induced monocyte to human umbilical vein endothelial cell adhesion were abolished. The associations between genetic variants of CCL19, CCL21, CCR7, and coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The following single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with coronary artery disease: CCL19 rs2227302, CCL21 rs2812377, and CCR7 rs588019. Individuals with the CCL19 rs2227302 T allele or CCL21 rs2812377 G allele had higher plasma CCL19 levels than those with C/C genotype and higher CCL21 levels than those with T/T genotype in both case and control subjects. CONCLUSION CCL19/CCL21-CCR7 is a novel homeostatic chemokine system that modulates human monocyte adhesion and migration, promoting atherogenesis. It is associated with coronary artery disease risk in Chinese Han individuals. These data suggest that the CCL19/CCL21-CCR7 axis plays an important role in atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Cai
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Tao
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tian
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueyao Feng
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Bai
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaling Han
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China.
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Borgman KJE, van Zanten TS, Manzo C, Cabezón R, Cambi A, Benítez-Ribas D, Garcia-Parajo MF. Priming by chemokines restricts lateral mobility of the adhesion receptor LFA-1 and restores adhesion to ICAM-1 nano-aggregates on human mature dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99589. [PMID: 24945611 PMCID: PMC4063950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
LFA-1 is a leukocyte specific β2 integrin that plays a major role in regulating adhesion and migration of different immune cells. Recent data suggest that LFA-1 on mature dendritic cells (mDCs) may function as a chemokine-inducible anchor during homing of DCs through the afferent lymphatics into the lymph nodes, by transiently switching its molecular conformational state. However, the role of LFA-1 mobility in this process is not yet known, despite that the importance of lateral organization and dynamics for LFA-1-mediated adhesion regulation is broadly recognized. Using single particle tracking approaches we here show that LFA-1 exhibits higher mobility on resting mDCs compared to monocytes. Lymphoid chemokine CCL21 stimulation of the LFA-1 high affinity state on mDCs, led to a significant reduction of mobility and an increase on the fraction of stationary receptors, consistent with re-activation of the receptor. Addition of soluble monomeric ICAM-1 in the presence of CCL21 did not alter the diffusion profile of LFA-1 while soluble ICAM-1 nano-aggregates in the presence of CCL21 further reduced LFA-1 mobility and readily bound to the receptor. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of LFA-1 lateral mobility across the membrane on the regulation of integrin activation and its function as adhesion receptor. Importantly, our data show that chemokines alone are not sufficient to trigger the high affinity state of the integrin based on the strict definition that affinity refers to the adhesion capacity of a single receptor to its ligand in solution. Instead our data indicate that nanoclustering of the receptor, induced by multi-ligand binding, is required to maintain stable cell adhesion once LFA-1 high affinity state is transiently triggered by inside-out signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlo Manzo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cabezón
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Benítez-Ribas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) and Centre Esther Koplowitz, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria F. Garcia-Parajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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Goode D, Aravantinou M, Jarl S, Truong R, Derby N, Guerra-Perez N, Kenney J, Blanchard J, Gettie A, Robbiani M, Martinelli E. Sex hormones selectively impact the endocervical mucosal microenvironment: implications for HIV transmission. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97767. [PMID: 24830732 PMCID: PMC4022654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that progesterone and estrogens may affect HIV transmission in different, possibly opposing ways. Nonetheless, a direct comparison of their effects on the mucosal immune system has never been done. We hypothesize that sex hormones might impact the availability of cells and immune factors important in early stages of mucosal transmission, and, in doing so influence the risk of HIV acquisition. To test this hypothesis, we employed 15 ovarectomized rhesus macaques: 5 were treated with Depot Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA), 6 with 17-β estradiol (E2) and 4 were left untreated. All animals were euthanized 5 weeks after the initiation of hormone treatment, a time post-DMPA injection associated with high susceptibility to SIV infection. We found that DMPA-treated macaques exhibited higher expression of integrin α4β7 (α4β7) on CD4+ T cells, the gut homing receptor and a marker of cells highly susceptible to HIV, in the endocervix than did the E2-treated animals. In contrast, the frequency of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells in DMPA-treated macaques was higher than in the E2-treated group in vaginal tissue, but lower in endocervix. α4β7 expression on dendritic cells (DCs) was higher in the DMPA-treated group in the endocervical tissue, but lower in vaginal tissue and on blood DCs compared with the E2-treated animals. Soluble MAdCAM-1, the α4β7 ligand, was present in the vaginal fluids of the control and E2-treated groups, but absent in the fluids from DMPA-treated animals. Both hormones modulated the expression and release of inflammatory factors and modified the distribution of sialomucins in the endocervix. In summary, we found that sex hormones profoundly impact mucosal immune factors that are directly implicated in HIV transmission. The effect is particularly significant in the endocervix. This may increase our understanding of the potential hormone-driven modulation of HIV susceptibility and potentially guide contraceptive policies in high-risk settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Goode
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Meropi Aravantinou
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Jarl
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosaline Truong
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nina Derby
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Natalia Guerra-Perez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stahelova A, Petrkova J, Petrek M, Mrazek F. Sequence variation in promoter regions of genes for CC chemokine ligands (CCL)19 and 21 in Czech patients with myocardial infarction. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3163-8. [PMID: 24493450 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of inflammatory cells to the arterial wall is an important pathogenic mechanism of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). Functional variability in the genes encoding for chemokines that promote infiltration of atherosclerotic plaques by macrophages and lymphocytes may therefore contribute to the genetic susceptibility to CAD. We, therefore, investigated the association between myocardial infarction (MI) and polymorphisms in the promoter regions of the chemokine genes CCL19 and CCL21. Based on re-sequencing screening we selected and, using PCR-SSP, determined three polymorphisms of CCL19 gene (GenBank ID rs2233872) and CCL21 gene (GenBank ID rs11574914 and rs11574915) in 211 Czech patients with MI and 150 healthy control subjects. There was no difference in allelic frequencies of the investigated SNPs between patients and controls (p>0.05). However, the proportion of homozygotes for the minor G allele of the CCL21 promoter variant (rs11574915 GG) was lower among the MI patients (1%) in comparison with the control subjects (5%, nominal p=0.03). Though rare in the Czech population, CCL21 (rs11574915) GG genotype may confer protection from myocardial infarction. Our preliminary data have to be independently replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stahelova
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics & Immunoproteomics, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova Str. 6, 775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Gong T, Zhou HL, Ba Y. [CCL21-CD40L fusion gene induce augmented antitumor activity in colon cancer]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2013; 42:498-503. [PMID: 24167129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-tumor activity of CCL21-exCD40L eukaryotic expression vector. METHODS CCL21-exCD40L fusion gene were constructed by overlap PCR connecting CCL21 and exCD40L through a flexible linker (Gly3Ser)4, and then was cloned into expression vector pcDNA3.1(+). pcDNA3.1(+)/CCL21 and pcDNA3.1(+)/exCD were constructed as negative control. Wsestern blot was used to identify the fusion protein. CHO cells was transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)/CCL21-exCD, pcDNA3.1(+)/CCL21 and pcDNA3.1(+), respectively. The chemotatic function of the expressed product was detected by Transwell method and its anti-tumor activity was tested with vivo transfection. RESULTS Gene sequencing and restrictive digestion proved the successful construction of pcDNA3.1(+)/CCL21-exCD40L,and its expression was conformed by western blot. The transfectant supernantes of pcDNA3.1(+)/CCL21-exCD40 group had a significant chmotactic function to DCs, of which the cell numbers passing through the film was 14.95 times of blank control every high power microscope visual field. After tumor orthotoic injection of plasmid carrying fusion gene in Balb/c mouse, the tumor mass reduced remarkablely, and all the mouse in fusion gene group survived after 4 weeks. CONCLUSION CCL21-exCD40L fusion protein had a remarkable function to DCs and it can inhibit tumor growth and prolong the mouse survival time, which is more effective than all control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Zotes TM, Spada R, Mulens V, Pérez-Yagüe S, Sorzano CO, Okkenhaug K, Carrera AC, Barber DF. PI3K p110δ is expressed by gp38(-)CD31(+) and gp38(+)CD31(+) spleen stromal cells and regulates their CCL19, CCL21, and LTβR mRNA levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72960. [PMID: 24009720 PMCID: PMC3757018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of p110δ PI3K in lymphoid cells has been studied extensively, showing its importance in immune cell differentiation, activation and development. Altered T cell localization in p110δ-deficient mouse spleen suggested a role for p110δ in non-hematopoietic stromal cells, which maintain hematopoietic cell segregation. We tested this hypothesis using p110δWT/WT mouse bone marrow to reconstitute lethally irradiated p110δWT/WT or p110δD910A/D910A (which express catalytically inactive p110δ) recipients, and studied localization, number and percentage of hematopoietic cell subsets in spleen and lymph nodes, in homeostatic conditions and after antigen stimulation. These analyses showed diffuse T cell areas in p110δD910A/D910A and in reconstituted p110δD910A/D910A mice in homeostatic conditions. In these mice, spleen CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers did not increase in response to antigen, suggesting that a p110δD910A/D910A stroma defect impedes correct T cell response. FACS analysis of spleen stromal cell populations showed a decrease in the percentage of gp38−CD31+ cells in p110δD910A/D910A mice. qRT-PCR studies detected p110δ mRNA expression in p110δWT/WT spleen gp38−CD31+ and gp38+CD31+ subsets, which was reduced in p110δD910A/D910A spleen. Lack of p110δ activity in these cell populations correlated with lower LTβR, CCL19 and CCL21 mRNA levels; these molecules participate in T cell localization to specific spleen areas. Our results could explain the lower T cell numbers and more diffuse T cell areas found in p110δD910A/D910A mouse spleen, as well as the lower T cell expansion after antigen stimulation in p110δD910A/D910A compared with p110δWT/WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M. Zotes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Spada
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vladimir Mulens
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Pérez-Yagüe
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos O. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana C. Carrera
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo F. Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Xue G, Cheng Y, Ran F, Li X, Huang T, Yang Y, Zhang Y. SLC gene-modified dendritic cells mediate T cell-dependent anti-gastric cancer immune responses in vitro. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:595-604. [PMID: 23229068 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with the ability to prime naïve T cells, and play an important role in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. In this study, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus carrying the SLC gene (Ad-SLC), and detected the biological effects of Ad-SLC-modified DCs as an adjuvant for the initiation of gastric cancer immune responses. Human DCs were transfected with Ad-SLC and the recombinant adenovirus carrying the β-galactosidase gene, Ad-LacZ, respectively. Modified DCs were pulsed with the cell lysate antigen of SGC-7901 cells (a type of gastric cancer cell line) and co-cultured with autologous T cells. The T cells were harvested and incubated with SGC-7901 cells and the cytotoxic function of the T cells was detected. Based on the data, the expression of mature DC phenotypes CD83 and CCR7 was upregulated after transfection with Ad-SLC and the chemotaxis function of DCs was augmented after transfection with Ad-SLC. Moreover, the expression of RANTES in DCs was upregulated by Ad-SLC transfection, while expression levels of IL-12p70 and IL-10 were not significantly altered. When co-cultured with autologous T cells, DCs modified with the SLC gene and pulsed with SGC-7901 cell lysates significantly promoted the proliferation of autologous T cells and induced Th1 differentiation, and displayed a strong cytotoxicity to SGC-7901 cells. In conclusion, Ad-SLC promoted DC maturation, enhancing the ability of DCs for T-cell chemotaxis and T-cell stimulation, and induced specific anti-gastric cancer cellular immunity. Recombinant Ad-SLC-modified DCs may be used as an adjuvant to induce an effective anti-gastric cancer immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xue
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chengdu Army General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, PR China
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Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small, secreted proteins that function in leukocyte and tumor cell trafficking and recruiting. CC chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21)/secondary lymphoid chemokine (SLC) belongs to the inflammatory subgroup of chemokines and is expressed by stromal cells in the T-cell-rich zones of peripheral lymph nodes, afferent lymphatic endothelial cells and high endothelial venules. CCR7 (both in human and mouse) and CXCR3 (in mouse) are expressed by the most potent antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells), naïve/central memory, and effector T cells, respectively. Inflammation in the skin can induce expression of CCL21 which is subsequently drained into loco-regional lymph nodes responsible for co-localization of antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes, a prerequisite for induction of adaptive immune responses. Here, skin functions as a remote control for induction of targeted cell migration in vivo. This chapter describes Gene Gun administration of plasmid DNA expressing functionally active CCL21 (as an example of a chemokine) into the skin in mice and subsequent functional evaluation of the transgene expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jalili
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Lu IN, Chiang BL, Lou KL, Huang PT, Yao CCJ, Wang JS, Lin LD, Jeng JH, Chang BE. Cloning, expression and characterization of CCL21 and CCL25 chemokines in zebrafish. Dev Comp Immunol 2012; 38:203-214. [PMID: 22842207 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a large group of proteins implicated in migration, activation, and differentiation of leukocytes. They are well-surveyed in mammals, but less is known in lower vertebrates about their spatiotemporal expressions and functions. From an evolutionary point of view, comparative analyses may provide some fundamental insights into these molecules. In mammals, CCL21 and CCL25 are crucial for thymocyte homing. Herein, we identified and cloned the zebrafish orthologues of CCL21 and CCL25, and analyzed their expression in embryos and adult fish by in situ hybridization. We found that CCL21 was expressed in the craniofacial region, pharynx, and blood vessels in embryos. In adult fish, CCL21 transcripts were located in the kidney, spinal cord, and blood cells. In contrast, expression of CCL25 was only detected in the thymus primordia in embryos. In adult fish, transcripts of CCL25 were maintained in the thymus, and they were also found in the brain and oocytes. Furthermore, we performed an antisense oligonucleotide experiment to evaluate the biological function of CCL25. Results showed that the recruitment of thymocytes was impeded by morpholino-mediated knockdown of CCL25, suggesting that CCL25 is essential for colonization of T-cells in the thymus in early development. Together, our results demonstrate the basic profiles of two CCL chemokines in zebrafish. The tissue-specific expression patterns may pave the way for further genetic dissection in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Na Lu
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Oliveira-Neto HH, de Souza PPC, da Silva MRB, Mendonça EF, Silva TA, Batista AC. The expression of chemokines CCL19, CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its relevance to cervical lymph node metastasis. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:65-70. [PMID: 22976543 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the expression of CCL19, CCL21, and CCR7 in samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their relationship with clinical and microscopic parameters. A comparative analysis was made of the mRNA expression of these chemokines and receptor in OSCC and normal oral mucosa. The immunoexpression of CCR7, CCL19, and CCL21 was also verified in OSCC and lymph nodes. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Similar levels of CCR7, CCL19, and CCL21 mRNA in OSCC and normal oral mucosa were seen. A low expression of CCL19 and CCL21 in the intra- and peritumoral regions was observed. Scarce CCL19(+) and CCL21(+) cells were also noted in metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes. No association was found between the expression of these chemokines and clinical and microscopic parameters. Our findings would suggest that CCL19 and CCL21 may not be associated with cervical lymph node metastasis or other clinical and microscopic factors in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helenisa Helena Oliveira-Neto
- Department of Stomatology (Oral Pathology), Dental School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, CEP 74605-220, Brazil
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Wu WL, Ho LJ, Chen PC, Tsai YT, Hsu ST, Chang DM, Lai JH. Immunosuppressive effects and mechanisms of leflunomide in dengue virus infection of human dendritic cells. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:1065-78. [PMID: 21845515 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a serious public health issue without specific treatment. We examined the potential immunomodulatory effects of leflunomide, a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor commonly prescribed for arthritis, in DENV-stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs). METHODS mo-DCs were prepared from purified monocytes. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of cell surface markers or viral E protein was measured by flow cytometry. The activation of transcription factors and kinases was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, Western blotting, or immunoprecipitation kinase assays. Chemotaxis assays were used to determine cell migration. RESULTS Leflunomide at therapeutic concentrations inhibited cytokine and chemokine production from DENV-infected mo-DCs. Leflunomide suppressed mo-DC maturation by downregulating the expression of both CD80 and CD86. In addition, leflunomide inhibited DENV-induced mo-DC migration and mo-DC response to chemoattractants CCL19 and CCL21. Inhibition of mo-DC migration was likely due to the suppression of CCR7 expression on mo-DCs. These events were associated with the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B and activator protein-1 signaling pathways by leflunomide. CONCLUSIONS Leflunomide preserves immunosuppressive effects, inhibiting activation of DENV-stimulated mo-DCs. Leflunomide may be helpful in the development of therapeutics for DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Coustet B, Dieude P, Wipft J, Avouac J, Hachulla E, Diot E, Cracowski JL, Tiev KP, Sibilia J, Mouthon L, Frances C, Amoura Z, Carpentier P, Meyer O, Kahan A, Boileau C, Allanore Y. Association study of 3 rheumatoid arthritis risk loci in systemic sclerosis in European Caucasian population. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011; 29:S6-S9. [PMID: 21586211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidences show that shared autoimmunity is critical for the pathogenesis of many inflammatory rheumatic conditions. Specific phenotype could arise from specific genes, and/or combination of genetic factors and environment. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) belongs to connective tissue disorders and recent data have highlighted strong associations with some autoimmunity genes shared with other autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES To determine whether novel risk loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may confer susceptibility to SSc. Single nucleotide polymorphism from CCL21, CD244 and CDK6 were tested for association. METHODS SNPs harbouring association with RA, CCL21-rs2812378, CDK6-rs42041 and CD244-rs6682654 were genotyped in a cohort of 1031 SSc patients and 1014 controls. All individuals were of European Caucasian origin. RESULTS The three polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control population and allelic frequencies were similar to those expected in European populations. Allelic and genotypic frequencies for these three polymorphisms were found to be similar in SSc patients and controls. Moreover, sub-phenotype analyses in particular for subgroups having diffuse subcutaneous subtype, specific auto-antibodies or fibrosing alveolitis did not detect any difference between SSc patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS These results obtained through a large cohort of European Caucasian SSc patients do not support the implication of CCL21, CD244 and CDK6 genes in the pathogenesis of SSc although these genes were recently identified as RA susceptibility genes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Chemokine CCL21/genetics
- Chemokine CCL21/immunology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/immunology
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Scleroderma, Systemic/etiology
- Scleroderma, Systemic/genetics
- Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- White People
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Coustet
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
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Wang B, Zhu Y, Zhang JJ, Chen Z, Liang WB, Xu ZK. Enhanced induction of anti-tumor CTLs in vitro by a lentivirus-transduced dendritic cell vaccine expressing secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine and mucin 1. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011; 12:2811-2817. [PMID: 22393946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer immunotherapy requires an immunogenic tumor associated antigen (TAA) and an effective strategy for its presentation to lymphocytes. Here, we explored whether transduction of DCs with lentiviruses (LVs) expressing a fusion protein of secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC) and mucin 1 (MUC1) could stimulate antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) to human cancer cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HLA-A2+ peripheral blood monocyte-derived DCs were transduced with recombinant lentiviruses LV at different multiplicities of infection (MOI), and MUC1, SLC or SLC-MUC1 mRNA and protein were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Transduction efficiencies and phenotypes of DCs were evaluated by flow cytometry. Induction of T lymphocyte proliferation by DCs was examined with a Cell Count Kit-8 (CCK-8). CTL activities against tumor cells were analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. RESULTS Stable expression of MUC1, SLC and SLC-MUC1 was obtained in DCs transduced with recombinant LVs, and the transduction efficiencies were dose-dependent. Transduction with LVs did not appreciably change the DC phenotype. CTL induced by LV MUC1 DCs potently and specifically lysed the HLA-A2+, MUC1+colon cancer cell line HCT-116. Moreover, this cytolytic activity against HCT-116 was enhanced with CTL stimulated by LV SLC-MUC1 DCs. CONCLUSIONS DCs transduced with MUC1 could induce effective cytolytic activity against tumor cells in an antigen-specific and HLA-restricted fashion in vitro, and SLC promoted MUC1-specific anti-tumor activity. The transduction of DCs with LV SLC- MUC1 may be a promising strategy in DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Loeffler M, Le’Negrate G, Krajewska M, Reed JC. Salmonella typhimurium engineered to produce CCL21 inhibit tumor growth. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:769-75. [PMID: 18633610 PMCID: PMC11030637 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously-applied bacteria tend to accumulate in tumors and can sporadically lead to tumor regression. Systemic administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium is safe and has shown no significant adverse effects in humans. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that engineering S. typhimurium to express a chemokine, CCL21, would increase anti-tumor activity. We engineered an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium to produce the chemokine CCL21. Attenuated S. typhimurium expressing CCL21 significantly inhibited the growth of primary tumors and pulmonary metastases in preclinical models of multi-drug-resistant murine carcinomas, while control bacteria did not. Histological analysis of tumors showed marked inflammatory cell infiltrates in mice treated with CCL21-expressing but not control bacteria. Levels of cytokines and chemokines known to be induced by CCL21 [e.g., interferon-gamma (INFgamma), CXCL9, and CXCL10] were significantly elevated in tumors of mice treated with CCL21-expressing but not control S. typhimurium. The anti-tumor activity was found to be dependent on CD4- and CD8-expressing cells, based on antibody-mediated in vivo immuno-depletion experiments. Anti-tumor activity was achieved without evidence of toxicity. In summary, chemokine-expressing, attenuated bacteria may provide a novel approach to cancer immunotherapy for effective and well-tolerated in vivo delivery of immunomodulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Loeffler
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Gaelle Le’Negrate
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Maryla Krajewska
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - John C. Reed
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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Gong T, Li HL, Ba Y. [Construction of murine CCL21 eukaryotic expression plasmid and chemotactic function of its products]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2009; 38:125-129. [PMID: 19363818 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct the murine CCL21 eukaryotic expression plasmid, and to investigate the chemotactic function of its products. METHODS Murine CCL21 cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR from murine total RNA, and was inserted into eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1 after confirmation of sequencing. The recombinant CCL21 plasmid was transferred into mouse forestomach carcinoma (MFC) cells and the chemotactic function of expressed products was detected by chemotaxis assay. RESULT Gene sequencing, gel electrophoresis of PCR products and restrictive digestion proved the successful construction of CCL21, and its expression was confirmed by Western Blot. The transfected tumor cells had a significant chemotactic function to DC. CONCLUSION The recombinant murine CCL21 eukaryotic expression plasmid has been successfully constructed, and its expression products in tumor cells have a marked chemotactic function to DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
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Mumtaz M, Wågsäter D, Löfgren S, Hugander A, Zar N, Dimberg J. Decreased expression of the chemokine CCL21 in human colorectal adenocarcinomas. Oncol Rep 2009; 21:153-158. [PMID: 19082456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed participation of chemokines in cancer by regulating leukocyte movement to modify local immunoresponse. The chemokine CCL21 has been identified to play a pivotal role in homing and localization of immune cells to lymphoid tissue and into organ of non-lymphoid origin. In the cancer biology CCL21 seems to have multifaceted roles. CCL21 attracts CCR7 bearing cells especially T and dendritic cells but also various cancer cells. Besides the antitumour role as leukocyte recruiting, CCL21 has been shown to facilitate dendritic cell functions and to exert an angiostatic effect. To gain insight into the possible influence of CCL21 on colorectal cancer (CRC) we determined whether the CCL21 is altered in CRC tissue. Collectively, by using ELISA we noted a significant lower CCL21 level in cancer tissue compared with paired normal tissue. Patients with a tumour localized in the rectum revealed significantly lower level of CCL21 than patients with a tumour localized in the colon both compared with paired normal tissue. We used immunohistochemistry and found heterogeneous immunoreactivity predominantly within areas of stromal cells mainly in macrophages. We also used a TaqMan system to investigate two single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs 11574915 and rs 2812377 with supposed effect on CRC. No significant difference was observed between CRC and control subjects regarding genotype and allelic distributions or associations to clinical characteristics or CCL21 tissue levels. Our study implied that lower level of CCL21 in CRC tissue supports the idea that cancer is related to immunodeficiency probably depending on regulatory factors produced by tumour cells and that the different levels of CCL21 in rectum and colon may reflect divergent mechanisms in colorectal carcinogenesis. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the CCL21 level has an impact on CRC progression and survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melad Mumtaz
- Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Lebre MC, Burwell T, Vieira PL, Lora J, Coyle AJ, Kapsenberg ML, Clausen BE, De Jong EC. Differential expression of inflammatory chemokines by Th1- and Th2-cell promoting dendritic cells: a role for different mature dendritic cell populations in attracting appropriate effector cells to peripheral sites of inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 83:525-35. [PMID: 16174103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity to pathogens depends on efficient immune responses adapted to the type of pathogen and the infected tissue. Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in directing the effector T cell response to either a protective T helper type 1 (Th1) or type 2 (Th2) phenotype. Human monocyte-derived DC can be differentiated into Th1-, Th2- or Th1/Th2-promoting DC in vitro upon activation with microbial compounds or cytokines. Host defence is highly dependent on mobile leucocytes and cell trafficking is largely mediated by the interactions of chemokines with their specific receptors expressed on the surface of leucocytes. The production of chemokines by mature effector DC remains elusive. Here we assess the differential production of both inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines by monocyte-derived mature Th1/Th2-, Th1- or Th2-promoting DC and its regulation in response to CD40 ligation, thereby mimicking local engagement with activated T cells. We show that mature Th1- and Th1/Th2-, but not Th2-promoting DC, selectively express elevated levels of the inflammatory chemokines CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1alpha, CCL4/MIP-1beta and CCL5/RANTES, as well as the homeostatic chemokine CCL19/MIP-3beta. CCL21/6Ckine is preferentially expressed by Th2-promoting DC. Production of the Th1-attracting chemokines, CXCL9/Mig, CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL11/I-TAC, is restricted to Th1-promoting DC. In contrast, expression of Th2-associated chemokines does not strictly correlate with the Th2-promoting DC phenotype, except for CCL22/MDC, which is preferentially expressed by Th2-promoting DC. Because inflammatory chemokines and Th1-associated chemokines are constitutively expressed by mature Th1-promoting DC and CCL22/MDC is constitutively expressed by mature Th2-promoting DC, we propose a novel role for mature DC present in inflamed peripheral tissues in orchestrating the immune response by recruiting appropriate leucocyte populations to the site of pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Lebre
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hanson NB, Lanning DK. Microbial induction of B and T cell areas in rabbit appendix. Dev Comp Immunol 2008; 32:980-91. [PMID: 18329710 PMCID: PMC2408667 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) development requires interaction with the intestinal microbiota. Because murine secondary lymphoid tissue development is driven by positive feedback interactions between B cells and stromal cells, we used in situ hybridization to determine whether intestinal commensals influence such interactions during rabbit appendix development. The features of positive feedback interactions we examined (CXCL13 mRNA expression, B cell accumulation and FDC differentiation) increased during early follicle development, but stalled in the absence of intestinal commensals. These features were reinitiated by commensals that stimulated follicle development and intrafollicular B cell proliferation. Our results suggest that rabbit appendix follicles develop in two phases: an initial phase of B cell recruitment to nascent follicles, possibly through positive feedback interactions, and a subsequent phase of intrafollicular B cell proliferation stimulated by intestinal commensals. In addition, we found that intestinal commensals stimulate appendix CCL21 mRNA expression and T cell area formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis K. Lanning
- *Corresponding Author: Dr. Dennis K. Lanning, Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Building 105, Room 3845, 2160 South 1st Ave, Maywood, IL USA 60153, Phone: (708) 216-3389; Fax: (708) 216-9574,
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Wu S, Xing W, Peng J, Yuan X, Zhao X, Lei P, Li W, Wang M, Zhu H, Huang B, Huang L, Shen G. Tumor transfected with CCL21 enhanced reactivity and apoptosis resistance of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2007; 213:417-26. [PMID: 18472050 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine CCL21 can effectively attract CCR7(+) dendritic cells (DCs), however its role in this event is poorly understood. In this report, we investigated the effect of exogenous CCL21 expressed in breast cancer MCF-7 on human monocyte-derived DCs. CCL21-transfected MCF-7 stimulation prompted DC functions: migration, antigen-uptake and presentation. The stimulated DCs facilitated Th1 type cytokines production, perforin-forming CD8(+) T cell transformation and final T cell-associated clearance of MCF-7. Moreover, the MCF-7-resourced CCL21 protected DCs from apoptosis significantly, involving up-regulations of Bcl-2 expression and NF-kappaB activity, and reduction of caspase-3. This study provides evidence that tumor-derived CCL21 increases the presentation and apoptosis resistance of DCs, suggesting such a mechanism may be useful for the improvement of tumor cell immunogenicity and anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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43
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Ge BJ, Chen XM, Yang CQ, Wu J. [Abnormal lymphocyte homing and colon lesions in ulcerative colitis: experiment with rats]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87:3133-3137. [PMID: 18269874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between abnormal lymphocyte homing and colon lesions in ulcerative colitis. METHODS 60 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 equal groups: model group [undergoing enema of dinitrochlorobenzene to establish models of ulcerative colitis and then venous injection of normal saline (NS) once a day for 5 days], lymphocyte homing intervention group [undergoing venous injection of secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) antibody, and then venous injection of NS for 5 days], and control group [undergoing venous injection of NS for 5 days]. On the 6th day blood samples were collected from the portal vein to isolated lymphocytes. Distant colon was dissected to undergo pathological examination of submucosal aggregated lymphatic follicles, ulceration, and inflammation, thus observing the lymphocyte homing situation. Specimens of colon mucosa underwent detection cytokine of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of SLC gene and the chemokine receptor CCR7. The proportion of CCR7 positive lymphocytes which drainage from colonic vein were measured by flow cytometry (FC). RESULTS Abnormal lymphocyte homing phenomenon under colonic mucosa was found in the model and intervention groups. The relative grey degree of SLC gene mRNA expression of the model and intervention groups were 0.85 +/- 0.05 and 0.77 +/- 0.14 respectively, both significantly higher than that of the control group (0.31 +/- 0.11, both P < 0.01), however, without significant difference between the 2 former groups. The relative grey degree of CCR7 mRNA expression of the model group was 0.79 +/- 0.11, significantly higher than that of the intervention groups (0.39 +/- 0.12, P = 0.0429), and both were significantly higher than that of the control group (0.11 +/- 0.03, both P < 0.01). FC showed that the proportion of CCR7(+) lymphocytes drainage from colonic vein of the model and the intervention groups were 69% +/- 5% and 77% +/- 10% respectively, both significantly higher than that of the control group (17% +/- 84%, both P < 0.01), however, without significant difference between these 2 former groups (P = 0.0837). CONCLUSION Abnormal lymphocyte homing is associated with inflammation of the colonic mucosa. Blocking of the lymphocyte homing is effective in reducing the inflammation of colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Jun Ge
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
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Krumbholz M, Theil D, Steinmeyer F, Cepok S, Hemmer B, Hofbauer M, Farina C, Derfuss T, Junker A, Arzberger T, Sinicina I, Hartle C, Newcombe J, Hohlfeld R, Meinl E. CCL19 is constitutively expressed in the CNS, up-regulated in neuroinflammation, active and also inactive multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:72-9. [PMID: 17825430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CCL19 and CCL21 bind to CCR7, which is crucial for both inducing an immune response and establishing immunological tolerance. We report that in the normal human brain CCL19, but not CCL21, is transcribed, and detectable as a protein in tissue lysates and in cerebrospinal fluid. In both active and inactive multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions CCL19 transcripts were elevated. In cerebrospinal fluid from MS and OIND patients CCL19 protein was increased. In relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS patients CCL19 correlated with intrathecal IgG production. This study suggests that CCL19 plays a role in both the physiological immunosurveillance of the healthy CNS and the pathological maintenance of immune cells in the CNS of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krumbholz
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, Germany
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Unsoeld H, Mueller K, Schleicher U, Bogdan C, Zwirner J, Voehringer D, Pircher H. Abrogation of CCL21 chemokine function by transgenic over-expression impairs T cell immunity to local infections. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1281-9. [PMID: 17914120 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and its two ligands, CCL21 and CCL19, play an important role in migration of immune cells to lymphoid tissue. To analyze the function of CCR7 in T cell immunity to infectious agents in vivo, transgenic (tg) mice expressing CCL21 in an ubiquitous fashion were generated. These mice contained high amounts of CCL21 in the serum ( approximately 0.3 microg/ml that resulted in CCR7 down-regulation and in a strongly impaired migration of T cells toward CCL21 in vitro. Lymph nodes in CCL21-tg mice were reduced in size but with intact microanatomy and normal distribution of T and B cells. CCL21-tg mice showed a significantly decreased CD8 T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus after footpad infection, whereas the response after systemic infection was not altered. Likewise, the CD4 T cell response to footpad infection with Leishmania major was considerably lowered and CCL21-tg mice failed to clear parasites from infected skin. Taken together, these data demonstrate the importance of CCR7 in mediating T cell immunity to viral and parasitic pathogens after local infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Unsoeld
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Chen P, Yang LL, Hu HZ. [Construction of recombinant adenovirus vector carrying secondary lymphoid organ chemokine]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2007; 38:365-9. [PMID: 17593808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a recombinant adenovirus vector carring the SLC gene for further studies on gene therapy for carcinoma. METHODS The SLC gene was amplified from the pORF5 vector with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The amplified gene was cloned into the pENTR11 vector. With the pENTR11-SLC plasmid and the backbone plasmid pAd/CMV/V5-DEST, the homologous recombination reaction took place in vitro. The reaction mixture was transferred into TOP10 E. coli strains (without F' episome). The recombination adenovirus plasmid was then generated. The recombinant adenoviruses were packaged and amplified in 293A cells. RESULTS The SLC gene was successfully cloned into the pAd/CMV/V5-DEST plasmid and the recombinant adenoviruses carrying SLC gene were detected by PCR, with a viral titer of 2. 6 X 10(8) pfu/mL. CONCLUSION The constructed recombinant adenovirus can introduce SLC gene into tumor tissues, which provides a foundation for the study of antitumor efficacy of SLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Liu MX, Yin CC, Chun L, Huang HL. [Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) gene]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2007; 23:352-7. [PMID: 17460916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) is a type of CC chemokine identified by searching the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) database. The full-length SLC gene was synthesized based on human SLC sequence using SOE-PCR. The sequenced SLC gene was cloned into expression vector pTMF and pALM, which used to transform Escherichia coli. Then the E. coli was cultured and induced according to protocol. The expressed target protein was identified by Western blotting. The target protein was expressed as soluble protein as well as inclusion bodies, the ratio of these two forms target protein varied with the difference conditions of culture and induction. The target protein was purified with the methods of nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) metal-affinity chromatography. The results of electrophoresis of the purified target protein showed that the molecular weight was larger than the predicted molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xue Liu
- Life Science and Engineering College, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China.
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Hou L, Zhao YR, Wang LC, Jiao YL, Zhang J, Ma CY, Cui B. [Construction of co-expression vector pSLC-IRES-IL-2 and its expression in COS-7 cells]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2005; 21:561-4. [PMID: 16143057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To construct an eukaryotic co-expression plasmid pSLC-IRES-IL-2, and to express it in COS-7 cells. METHODS Human IL-2 and SLC genes were cloned by RT-PCR and PCR, respectively, and then the eukaryotic expression plasmid pSLC-IRES-IL-2 was constructed.The constructed plasmid was transfected into COS-7 cells by electroporation method. The expression of SLC and IL-2 was detected by Western blot. RESULTS SLC and IL-2 in the culture supernatant and lysate of transfected COS-7 cells were detected by Western blot. The relative molecular masses of the expressed products were consistent with the theoretical values. CONCLUSION The SLC and IL-2 co-expression plasmid is successfully constructed and expressed in COS-7 cells, which offers a pathway for research on gene therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hou
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China.
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