1
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Guo S, Miao M, Wu Y, Pan D, Wu Q, Kang Z, Zeng J, Zhong G, Liu C, Wang J. DHODH inhibition represents a therapeutic strategy and improves abiraterone treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:1399-1410. [PMID: 38480915 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis, and there is an urgent need for more effective therapeutic targets to address this challenge. Here, we showed that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), an enzyme crucial in the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, is a promising therapeutic target for CRPC. The transcript levels of DHODH were significantly elevated in prostate tumors and were negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. DHODH inhibition effectively suppressed CRPC progression by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Notably, treatment with DHODH inhibitor BAY2402234 activated androgen biosynthesis signaling in CRPC cells. However, the combination treatment with BAY2402234 and abiraterone decreased intratumoral testosterone levels and induced apoptosis, which inhibited the growth of CWR22Rv1 xenograft tumors and patient-derived xenograft organoids. Taken together, these results establish DHODH as a key player in CRPC and as a potential therapeutic target for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaomiao Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongyue Pan
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfang Kang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Continence and Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwen Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Continence and Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Junjian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Koumpoura CL, Robert A, Athanassopoulos CM, Baltas M. Antimalarial Inhibitors Targeting Epigenetics or Mitochondria in Plasmodium falciparum: Recent Survey upon Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential Drugs against Malaria. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185711. [PMID: 34577183 PMCID: PMC8467436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many efforts, malaria remains among the most problematic infectious diseases worldwide, mainly due to the development of drug resistance by P. falciparum. Over the past decade, new essential pathways have been emerged to fight against malaria. Among them, epigenetic processes and mitochondrial metabolism appear to be important targets. This review will focus on recent evolutions concerning worldwide efforts to conceive, synthesize and evaluate new drug candidates interfering selectively and efficiently with these two targets and pathways. The focus will be on compounds/scaffolds that possess biological/pharmacophoric properties on DNA methyltransferases and HDAC’s for epigenetics, and on cytochrome bc1 and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase for mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Koumpoura
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, F-31077 Toulouse, France; (C.L.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Anne Robert
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, F-31077 Toulouse, France; (C.L.K.); (A.R.)
| | | | - Michel Baltas
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, F-31077 Toulouse, France; (C.L.K.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Kaur H, Sarma P, Bhattacharyya A, Sharma S, Chhimpa N, Prajapat M, Prakash A, Kumar S, Singh A, Singh R, Avti P, Thota P, Medhi B. Efficacy and safety of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors "leflunomide" and "teriflunomide" in Covid-19: A narrative review. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174233. [PMID: 34111397 PMCID: PMC8180448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis of pyrimidone which catalyzes the oxidation of dihydro-orotate to orotate. Orotate is utilized in the biosynthesis of uridine-monophosphate. DHODH inhibitors have shown promise as antiviral agent against Cytomegalovirus, Ebola, Influenza, Epstein Barr and Picornavirus. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 action of DHODH inhibitors are also coming up. In this review, we have reviewed the safety and efficacy of approved DHODH inhibitors (leflunomide and teriflunomide) against COVID-19. In target-centered in silico studies, leflunomide showed favorable binding to active site of MPro and spike: ACE2 interface. In artificial-intelligence/machine-learning based studies, leflunomide was among the top 50 ligands targeting spike: ACE2 interaction. Leflunomide is also found to interact with differentially regulated pathways [identified by KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and reactome pathway analysis of host transcriptome data] in cogena based drug-repurposing studies. Based on GSEA (gene set enrichment analysis), leflunomide was found to target pathways enriched in COVID-19. In vitro, both leflunomide (EC50 41.49 ± 8.8 μmol/L) and teriflunomide (EC50 26 μmol/L) showed SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. In clinical studies, leflunomide showed significant benefit in terms of decreasing the duration of viral shredding, duration of hospital stay and severity of infection. However, no advantage was seen while combining leflunomide and IFN alpha-2a among patients with prolonged post symptomatic viral shredding. Common adverse effects of leflunomide were hyperlipidemia, leucopenia, neutropenia and liver-function alteration. Leflunomide/teriflunomide may serve as an agent of importance to achieve faster virological clearance in COVID-19, however, findings needs to be validated in bigger sized placebo controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pramod Avti
- Department of Biophysics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prasad Thota
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
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4
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Sainas S, Giorgis M, Circosta P, Gaidano V, Bonanni D, Pippione AC, Bagnati R, Passoni A, Qiu Y, Cojocaru CF, Canepa B, Bona A, Rolando B, Mishina M, Ramondetti C, Buccinnà B, Piccinini M, Houshmand M, Cignetti A, Giraudo E, Al-Karadaghi S, Boschi D, Saglio G, Lolli ML. Targeting Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Using Potent Human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors Based on the 2-Hydroxypyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridine Scaffold: SAR of the Biphenyl Moiety. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5404-5428. [PMID: 33844533 PMCID: PMC8279415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The connection with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH), a key enzyme in pyrimidine biosynthesis, has attracted significant interest from pharma as a possible AML therapeutic target. We recently discovered compound 1, a potent hDHODH inhibitor (IC50 = 1.2 nM), able to induce myeloid differentiation in AML cell lines (THP1) in the low nM range (EC50 = 32.8 nM) superior to brequinar's phase I/II clinical trial (EC50 = 265 nM). Herein, we investigate the 1 drug-like properties observing good metabolic stability and no toxic profile when administered at doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg every 3 days for 5 weeks (Balb/c mice). Moreover, in order to identify a backup compound, we investigate the SAR of this class of compounds. Inside the series, 17 is characterized by higher potency in inducing myeloid differentiation (EC50 = 17.3 nM), strong proapoptotic properties (EC50 = 20.2 nM), and low cytotoxicity toward non-AML cells (EC30(Jurkat) > 100 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sainas
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Marta Giorgis
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Paola Circosta
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
- Molecular
Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Valentina Gaidano
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
- Division
of Hematology, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e
Cesare Arrigo, Via Venezia
16, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Davide Bonanni
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Agnese C. Pippione
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Yaqi Qiu
- Laboratory
of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer
Institute, FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Strada Provinciale, 142-KM 3.95, Candiolo, Turin 10060, Italy
- Higher
Education Mega Center, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Carina Florina Cojocaru
- Laboratory
of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer
Institute, FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Strada Provinciale, 142-KM 3.95, Candiolo, Turin 10060, Italy
| | - Barbara Canepa
- Gem
Forlab srl, Via Ribes,
5, Colleretto Giacosa, Turin 10010, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bona
- Gem
Chimica srl, Via Maestri
del Lavoro, 25, Busca, Cuneo 12022, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Mariia Mishina
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Cristina Ramondetti
- Department
of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Michelangelo 27/B, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Barbara Buccinnà
- Department
of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Michelangelo 27/B, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Marco Piccinini
- Department
of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Michelangelo 27/B, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Mohammad Houshmand
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
- Molecular
Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cignetti
- Division
of Hematology and Cell Therapy, AO Ordine
Mauriziano, Largo Filippo Turati, 62, Turin 10128, Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
- Laboratory
of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer
Institute, FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Strada Provinciale, 142-KM 3.95, Candiolo, Turin 10060, Italy
| | - Salam Al-Karadaghi
- Department
of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, Box 124, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
- Division
of Hematology and Cell Therapy, AO Ordine
Mauriziano, Largo Filippo Turati, 62, Turin 10128, Italy
| | - Marco L. Lolli
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy
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5
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Berber B, Doluca O. A comprehensive drug repurposing study for COVID19 treatment: novel putative dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors show association to serotonin-dopamine receptors. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:1023-1037. [PMID: 33406218 PMCID: PMC7929379 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a key enzyme required for de novo pyrimidine synthesis and it is suggested as a target for COVID19 treatment due to high pyrimidine demand by the virus replication in the infected host cells as well as its proven effect of blocking of cytokine release by the immune cells to prevent inflammation leading to acute respiratory distress. There are a number of clinical trials underway for COVID19 treatment using DHODH inhibitors; however, there are only a small number of known DHODH antagonists available for testing. Here, we have applied a methodology to identify DHODH antagonist candidates, and compared them using in silico target prediction tools. A large set of 7900 FDA-approved and clinical stage drugs obtained from DrugBank were docked against 20 different structures DHODH available in PDB. Drugs were eliminated according to their predicted affinities by Autodock Vina. About 28 FDA-approved and 79 clinical trial ongoing drugs remained. The mode of interaction of these molecules was analyzed by repeating docking using Autodock 4 and DS Visualiser. Finally, the target region predictions of 28 FDA-approved drugs were determined through PASS and SwissTargetPrediction tools. Interestingly, the analysis of in silico target predictions revealed that serotonin-dopamine receptor antagonists could also be potential DHODH inhibitors. Our candidates shared a common attribute, a possible interaction with serotonin-dopamine receptors as well as other oxidoreductases, like DHODH. Moreover, the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase-inhibitor acalabrutunib and serotonin-dopamine receptor inhibitor drugs on our list have been found in the literature that have shown to be effective against Sars-CoV-2, while the path of activity is yet to be identified. Identifying an effective drug that can suppress both inflammation and virus proliferation will play a crucial role in the treatment of COVID. Therefore, we suggest experimental investigation of the 28 FDA-approved drugs on DHODH activity and Sars-CoV-2 virus proliferation. Those who are found experimentally effective can play an important role in COVID19 treatment. Moreover, we suggest investigating COVID19 case conditions in patients using schizophrenia and depression drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Berber
- Eskisehir Technical University, Department of Biology
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6
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Luban J, Sattler RA, Mühlberger E, Graci JD, Cao L, Weetall M, Trotta C, Colacino JM, Bavari S, Strambio-De-Castillia C, Suder EL, Wang Y, Soloveva V, Cintron-Lue K, Naryshkin NA, Pykett M, Welch EM, O'Keefe K, Kong R, Goodwin E, Jacobson A, Paessler S, Peltz SW. The DHODH inhibitor PTC299 arrests SARS-CoV-2 replication and suppresses induction of inflammatory cytokines. Virus Res 2021; 292:198246. [PMID: 33249060 PMCID: PMC7690341 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created an urgent need for therapeutics that inhibit the SARS-COV-2 virus and suppress the fulminant inflammation characteristic of advanced illness. Here, we describe the anti-COVID-19 potential of PTC299, an orally bioavailable compound that is a potent inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. In tissue culture, PTC299 manifests robust, dose-dependent, and DHODH-dependent inhibition of SARS-COV-2 replication (EC50 range, 2.0-31.6 nM) with a selectivity index >3,800. PTC299 also blocked replication of other RNA viruses, including Ebola virus. Consistent with known DHODH requirements for immunomodulatory cytokine production, PTC299 inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A (also called IL-17), IL-17 F, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tissue culture models. The combination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, cytokine inhibitory activity, and previously established favorable pharmacokinetic and human safety profiles render PTC299 a promising therapeutic for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachel A Sattler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jason D Graci
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Liangxian Cao
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | | | | | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | - Ellen L Suder
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Yetao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Pykett
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Ellen M Welch
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Kylie O'Keefe
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | - Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA
| | | | - Allan Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Stuart W Peltz
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. South Plainfield, NJ, 07080, USA.
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7
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Ladds MJGW, Popova G, Pastor-Fernández A, Kannan S, van Leeuwen IMM, Håkansson M, Walse B, Tholander F, Bhatia R, Verma CS, Lane DP, Laín S. Exploitation of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and p53 activation as therapeutic targets: A case study in polypharmacology. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17935-17949. [PMID: 32900849 PMCID: PMC7939445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tenovins are a frequently studied class of compounds capable of inhibiting sirtuin activity, which is thought to result in increased acetylation and protection of the tumor suppressor p53 from degradation. However, as we and other laboratories have shown previously, certain tenovins are also capable of inhibiting autophagic flux, demonstrating the ability of these compounds to engage with more than one target. In this study, we present two additional mechanisms by which tenovins are able to activate p53 and kill tumor cells in culture. These mechanisms are the inhibition of a key enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), and the blockage of uridine transport into cells. These findings hold a 3-fold significance: first, we demonstrate that tenovins, and perhaps other compounds that activate p53, may activate p53 by more than one mechanism; second, that work previously conducted with certain tenovins as SirT1 inhibitors should additionally be viewed through the lens of DHODH inhibition as this is a major contributor to the mechanism of action of the most widely used tenovins; and finally, that small changes in the structure of a small molecule can lead to a dramatic change in the target profile of the molecule even when the phenotypic readout remains static.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J G W Ladds
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gergana Popova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrés Pastor-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Fredrik Tholander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), A*STAR, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David P Lane
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonia Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Sato D, Hartuti ED, Inaoka DK, Sakura T, Amalia E, Nagahama M, Yoshioka Y, Tsuji N, Nozaki T, Kita K, Harada S, Matsubayashi M, Shiba T. Structural and Biochemical Features of Eimeria tenella Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase, a Potential Drug Target. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121468. [PMID: 33297567 PMCID: PMC7762340 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a mitochondrial monotopic membrane protein that plays an essential role in the pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis and electron transport chain pathways. In Eimeria tenella, an intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes the most severe form of chicken coccidiosis, the activity of pyrimidine salvage pathway at the intracellular stage is negligible and it relies on the pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis pathway. Therefore, the enzymes of the de novo pathway are considered potential drug target candidates for the design of compounds with activity against this parasite. Although, DHODHs from E. tenella (EtDHODH), Plasmodium falciparum (PfDHODH), and human (HsDHODH) show distinct sensitivities to classical DHODH inhibitors, in this paper, we identify ferulenol as a potent inhibitor of both EtDHODH and HsDHODH. Additionally, we report the crystal structures of EtDHODH and HsDHODH in the absence and presence of ferulenol. Comparison of these enzymes showed that despite similar overall structures, the EtDHODH has a long insertion in the N-terminal helix region that assumes a disordered configuration. In addition, the crystal structures revealed that the ferulenol binding pocket of EtDHODH is larger than that of HsDHODH. These differences can be explored to accelerate structure-based design of inhibitors specifically targeting EtDHODH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sato
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (D.S.); (M.N.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Endah Dwi Hartuti
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Daniel Ken Inaoka
- Department of Molecular Infection Dynamics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (E.A.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.I.); (T.S.); Tel.: +81-95-819-7230 (D.K.I.); Tel./Fax: +81-75-724-7541 (T.S.)
| | - Takaya Sakura
- Department of Molecular Infection Dynamics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Eri Amalia
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (E.A.); (T.N.)
| | - Madoka Nagahama
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (D.S.); (M.N.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Yukina Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (D.S.); (M.N.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan;
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (E.A.); (T.N.)
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (E.A.); (T.N.)
- Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Harada
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (D.S.); (M.N.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | - Tomoo Shiba
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (D.S.); (M.N.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.I.); (T.S.); Tel.: +81-95-819-7230 (D.K.I.); Tel./Fax: +81-75-724-7541 (T.S.)
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9
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Lafita-Navarro MC, Venkateswaran N, Kilgore JA, Kanji S, Han J, Barnes S, Williams NS, Buszczak M, Burma S, Conacci-Sorrell M. Inhibition of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway limits ribosomal RNA transcription causing nucleolar stress in glioblastoma cells. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009117. [PMID: 33201894 PMCID: PMC7707548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive type of cancer in the brain; its poor prognosis is often marked by reoccurrence due to resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide, which is triggered by an increase in the expression of DNA repair enzymes such as MGMT. The poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options led to studies targeted at understanding specific vulnerabilities of glioblastoma cells. Metabolic adaptations leading to increased synthesis of nucleotides by de novo biosynthesis pathways are emerging as key alterations driving glioblastoma growth. In this study, we show that enzymes necessary for the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines, DHODH and UMPS, are elevated in high grade gliomas and in glioblastoma cell lines. We demonstrate that DHODH’s activity is necessary to maintain ribosomal DNA transcription (rDNA). Pharmacological inhibition of DHODH with the specific inhibitors brequinar or ML390 effectively depleted the pool of pyrimidines in glioblastoma cells grown in vitro and in vivo and impaired rDNA transcription, leading to nucleolar stress. Nucleolar stress was visualized by the aberrant redistribution of the transcription factor UBF and the nucleolar organizer nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), as well as the stabilization of the transcription factor p53. Moreover, DHODH inhibition decreased the proliferation of glioblastoma cells, including temozolomide-resistant cells. Importantly, the addition of exogenous uridine, which reconstitutes the cellular pool of pyrimidine by the salvage pathway, to the culture media recovered the impaired rDNA transcription, nucleolar morphology, p53 levels, and proliferation of glioblastoma cells caused by the DHODH inhibitors. Our in vivo data indicate that while inhibition of DHODH caused a dramatic reduction in pyrimidines in tumor cells, it did not affect the overall pyrimidine levels in normal brain and liver tissues, suggesting that pyrimidine production by the salvage pathway may play an important role in maintaining these nucleotides in normal cells. Our study demonstrates that glioblastoma cells heavily rely on the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway to generate ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and thus, we identified an approach to inhibit ribosome production and consequently the proliferation of glioblastoma cells through the specific inhibition of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. The current standard therapy for glioblastoma, the most malignant brain tumor, was established more than a decade ago and relies on a combination of surgery, radiation, and the DNA methylating agent temozolomide. Here, we report a new approach to target glioblastoma growth through the inhibition of the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines, which preferentially limits ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production. Cancer cells have elevated rates of rRNA synthesis so that they can produce enough ribosomes to meet the demands for protein synthesis that are linked to increase cell growth and division. Therefore, targeting aberrant rRNA production by reducing nucleotide availability could provide an effective strategy to treat glioblastoma and, potentially, other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Lafita-Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Niranjan Venkateswaran
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Kilgore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suman Kanji
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jungsoo Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Spencer Barnes
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noelle S. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Buszczak
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maralice Conacci-Sorrell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kim YJ, Cubitt B, Cai Y, Kuhn JH, Vitt D, Kohlhof H, de la Torre JC. Novel Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors with Potent Interferon-Independent Antiviral Activity against Mammarenaviruses In Vitro. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080821. [PMID: 32751087 PMCID: PMC7472048 DOI: 10.3390/v12080821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammarenaviruses cause chronic infections in rodents, which are their predominant natural hosts. Human infection with some of these viruses causes high-consequence disease, posing significant issues in public health. Currently, no FDA-licensed mammarenavirus vaccines are available, and anti-mammarenavirus drugs are limited to an off-label use of ribavirin, which is only partially efficacious and associated with severe side effects. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors, which block de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, have antiviral activity against viruses from different families, including Arenaviridae, the taxonomic home of mammarenaviruses. Here, we evaluate five novel DHODH inhibitors for their antiviral activity against mammarenaviruses. All tested DHODH inhibitors were potently active against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) (half-maximal effective concentrations [EC50] in the low nanomolar range, selectivity index [SI] > 1000). The tested DHODH inhibitors did not affect virion cell entry or budding, but rather interfered with viral RNA synthesis. This interference resulted in a potent interferon-independent inhibition of mammarenavirus multiplication in vitro, including the highly virulent Lassa and Junín viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (B.C.)
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (B.C.)
| | - Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Daniel Vitt
- Immunic Therapeutics, New York City, NY 10036, USA; (D.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Hella Kohlhof
- Immunic Therapeutics, New York City, NY 10036, USA; (D.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Li L, Ng SR, Colón CI, Drapkin BJ, Hsu PP, Li Z, Nabel CS, Lewis CA, Romero R, Mercer KL, Bhutkar A, Phat S, Myers DT, Muzumdar MD, Westcott PMK, Beytagh MC, Farago AF, Vander Heiden MG, Dyson NJ, Jacks T. Identification of DHODH as a therapeutic target in small cell lung cancer. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaaw7852. [PMID: 31694929 PMCID: PMC7401885 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive lung cancer subtype with extremely poor prognosis. No targetable genetic driver events have been identified, and the treatment landscape for this disease has remained nearly unchanged for over 30 years. Here, we have taken a CRISPR-based screening approach to identify genetic vulnerabilities in SCLC that may serve as potential therapeutic targets. We used a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) library targeting ~5000 genes deemed to encode "druggable" proteins to perform loss-of-function genetic screens in a panel of cell lines derived from autochthonous genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of SCLC, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Cross-cancer analyses allowed us to identify SCLC-selective vulnerabilities. In particular, we observed enhanced sensitivity of SCLC cells toward disruption of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key enzyme in this pathway, reduced the viability of SCLC cells in vitro and strongly suppressed SCLC tumor growth in human patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and in an autochthonous mouse model. These results indicate that DHODH inhibition may be an approach to treat SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Li
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sheng Rong Ng
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caterina I Colón
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Peggy P Hsu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Li
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher S Nabel
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rodrigo Romero
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kim L Mercer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Phat
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David T Myers
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mandar Deepak Muzumdar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter M K Westcott
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mary Clare Beytagh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna F Farago
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas J Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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12
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Zeng F, Quan L, Yang G, Qi T, Zhang L, Li S, Li H, Zhu L, Xu X. Structural Optimization and Structure-Activity Relationship of 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152780. [PMID: 31370178 PMCID: PMC6696179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH), one of the attractive targets for the development of immunosuppressive drugs, is also a potential target of anticancer drugs and anti-leukemic drugs. The development of promising hDHODH inhibitors is in high demand. Based on the unique binding mode of our previous reported 4-thiazolidinone derivatives, via molecular docking method, three new series 4-thiazolidinone derivatives were designed and synthesized as hDHODH inhibitors. The preliminary structure–activity relationship was investigated. Compound 9 of biphenyl series and compound 37 of amide series displayed IC50 values of 1.32 μM and 1.45 μM, respectively. This research will provide valuable reference for the research of new structures of hDHODH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxun Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lina Quan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guantian Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Letian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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13
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Chibli LA, Rosa AL, Nonato MC, Da Costa FB. Untargeted LC-MS metabolomic studies of Asteraceae species to discover inhibitors of Leishmania major dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Metabolomics 2019; 15:59. [PMID: 30949823 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interesting data about the family Asteraceae as a new source of Leishmania major dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (LmDHODH) inhibitors are presented. This key macromolecular target for parasites causing neglected diseases catalyzes the fourth reaction of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, which takes part in major cell functions, including DNA and RNA biosynthesis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to (1) determine LmDHODH inhibitor candidates, revealing the type of chemistry underlying such bioactivity, and (2) predict the inhibitory potential of extracts from new untested plant species, classifying them as active or inactive based on their LC-MS based metabolic fingerprints. METHODS Extracts from 150 species were screened for the inhibition of LmDHODH, and untargeted UHPLC-(ESI)-HRMS metabolomic studies were carried out in combination with in silico approaches. RESULTS The IC50 values determined for a subset of 59 species ranged from 148 µg mL-1 to 9.4 mg mL-1. Dereplication of the metabolic fingerprints allowed the identification of 48 metabolites. A reliable OPLS-DA model (R2 > 0.9, Q2 > 0.7, RMSECV < 0.3) indicated the inhibitor candidates; nine of these metabolites were identified using data from isolated chemical standards, one of which-4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid (IC50 73 µM)-was capable of inhibiting LmDHODH. The predictive OPLS model was also effective, with 60% correct predictions for the test set. CONCLUSION Our approach was validated for (1) the discovery of LmDHODH inhibitors or interesting starting points for the optimization of new leishmanicides from Asteraceae species and (2) the prediction of extracts from untested species, classifying them as active or inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Chibli
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Annylory L Rosa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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14
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Tomiyama T, Goto K, Tanaka Y, Maruta T, Ogawa T, Sawa Y, Ito T, Ishikawa T. A major isoform of mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase is dispensable for wax ester production in Euglena gracilis under anaerobic conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210755. [PMID: 30650145 PMCID: PMC6334954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under anaerobic conditions, Euglena gracilis produces a large amount of wax ester through mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis from storage polysaccharides termed paramylon, to generate ATP. Trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductases (TERs) in mitochondria have been considered to play a key role in this process, because the enzymes catalyze the reduction of short chain length CoA-substrates (such as crotonyl-CoA). A TER enzyme (EgTER1) has been previously identified and enzymologically characterized; however, its physiological significance remained to be evaluated by genetic analysis. We herein generated EgTER1-knockdown Euglena cells, in which total crotonyl-CoA reductase activity was decreased to 10% of control value. Notably, the knockdown cells showed a severe bleaching phenotype with deficiencies in chlorophylls and glycolipids, but grew normally under heterotrophic conditions (with glucose supplementation). Moreover, the knockdown cells accumulated much greater quantities of wax ester than control cells before and after transfer to anaerobic conditions, which was accompanied by a large metabolomic change. Furthermore, we failed to find any contribution of other potential TER genes in wax ester production. Our findings propose a novel role of EgTER1 in the greening process and demonstrate that this enzyme is dispensable for wax ester production under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tomiyama
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kyo Goto
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ogawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Takuro Ito
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Tsai MT, Tarng DC. Beyond a Measure of Liver Function-Bilirubin Acts as a Potential Cardiovascular Protector in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010117. [PMID: 30597982 PMCID: PMC6337523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is a well-known neurotoxin in newborn infants; however, current evidence has shown that a higher serum bilirubin concentration in physiological ranges is associated with a lower risk for the development and progression of both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults. The protective mechanisms of bilirubin in CVD, CKD, and associated mortality may be ascribed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Bilirubin further improves insulin sensitivity, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and inhibits platelet activation in at-risk individuals. These effects are expected to maintain normal vascular homeostasis and thus reduce the incidence of CKD and the risks of cardiovascular complications and death. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the biological actions of bilirubin in the pathogenesis of CVD and CKD progression, and further propose that targeting bilirubin metabolism could be a potential approach to ameliorate morbidity and mortality in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsun Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
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16
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Cao L, Weetall M, Trotta C, Cintron K, Ma J, Kim MJ, Furia B, Romfo C, Graci JD, Li W, Du J, Sheedy J, Hedrick J, Risher N, Yeh S, Qi H, Arasu T, Hwang S, Lennox W, Kong R, Petruska J, Moon YC, Babiak J, Davis TW, Jacobson A, Almstead NG, Branstrom A, Colacino JM, Peltz SW. Targeting of Hematologic Malignancies with PTC299, A Novel Potent Inhibitor of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase with Favorable Pharmaceutical Properties. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:3-16. [PMID: 30352802 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PTC299 was identified as an inhibitor of VEGFA mRNA translation in a phenotypic screen and evaluated in the clinic for treatment of solid tumors. To guide precision cancer treatment, we performed extensive biological characterization of the activity of PTC299 and demonstrated that inhibition of VEGF production and cell proliferation by PTC299 is linked to a decrease in uridine nucleotides by targeting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a rate-limiting enzyme for de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. Unlike previously reported DHODH inhibitors that were identified using in vitro enzyme assays, PTC299 is a more potent inhibitor of DHODH in isolated mitochondria suggesting that mitochondrial membrane lipid engagement in the DHODH conformation in situ is required for its optimal activity. PTC299 has broad and potent activity against hematologic cancer cells in preclinical models, reflecting a reduced pyrimidine nucleotide salvage pathway in leukemia cells. Archived serum samples from patients treated with PTC299 demonstrated increased levels of dihydroorotate, the substrate of DHODH, indicating target engagement in patients. PTC299 has advantages over previously reported DHODH inhibitors, including greater potency, good oral bioavailability, and lack of off-target kinase inhibition and myelosuppression, and thus may be useful for the targeted treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxian Cao
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey.
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Jiyuan Ma
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Min Jung Kim
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Bansri Furia
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Charles Romfo
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Jason D Graci
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Wencheng Li
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Joshua Du
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | - Jean Hedrick
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Nicole Risher
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Shirley Yeh
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Hongyan Qi
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Tamil Arasu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | - John Babiak
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | - Allan Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Art Branstrom
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
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17
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Gao JB, Zhang XJ, Zhang RH, Zhu LL, Pu DB, Li XL, Li HL, Xu M, Xiao WL. In Vitro Human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitory, Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities of Alkaloids from the Seeds of Nigella glandulifera. Planta Med 2018; 84:1013-1021. [PMID: 29621808 DOI: 10.1055/a-0598-4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Four new dolabellane-type diterpene alkaloids, glandulamines A - D (1: - 4: ), together with twelve known compounds (5: - 16: ), were isolated from the seeds of Nigella glandulifera using repeated column chromatography and semipreparative HPLC. The structures of 1: - 16: were elucidated based on NMR data analysis, HRMS experiments and other spectroscopic interpretations. The absolute configuration of 5: was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for the first time. Compounds 10: and 12: showed human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 61.1 ± 5.3 and 45.9 ± 3.0 µM, respectively. Molecular docking of the active compound 12: and positive control teriflunomide on the inhibitor-binding site of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase was subsequently performed to visualize the interaction pattern. In addition, compounds 8: and 10: exhibited inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production with inhibition rates of 61 and 41%, respectively, at the concentration of 10 µM. Compounds 9: and 12: showed cytotoxic activities with cell viability varying from 29 ~ 57% at 100 µM against T98G, U87, U251, and GL261 glioma cancer cell lines. These data provide new insights on the pharmacologically active compounds of this plant widely used in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Science and Technology; and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Rui-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Science and Technology; and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Bing Pu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Science and Technology; and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Science and Technology; and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Lie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Science and Technology; and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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18
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Xu L, Li W, Diao Y, Sun H, Li H, Zhu L, Zhou H, Zhao Z. Synthesis, Design, and Structure⁻Activity Relationship of the Pyrimidone Derivatives as Novel Selective Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061254. [PMID: 29794978 PMCID: PMC6099574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) potentially represents a new treatment option for malaria, as P. falciparum relies entirely on a de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway for survival. Herein, we report a series of pyrimidone derivatives as novel inhibitors of PfDHODH. The most potent compound, 26, showed high inhibition activity against PfDHODH (IC50 = 23 nM), with >400-fold species selectivity over human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH). The brand-new inhibitor scaffold targeting PfDHODH reported in this work may lead to the discovery of new antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wenjie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yanyan Diao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Hongxia Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lili Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Hongchang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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19
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Ladds MJGW, van Leeuwen IMM, Drummond CJ, Chu S, Healy AR, Popova G, Pastor Fernández A, Mollick T, Darekar S, Sedimbi SK, Nekulova M, Sachweh MCC, Campbell J, Higgins M, Tuck C, Popa M, Safont MM, Gelebart P, Fandalyuk Z, Thompson AM, Svensson R, Gustavsson AL, Johansson L, Färnegårdh K, Yngve U, Saleh A, Haraldsson M, D'Hollander ACA, Franco M, Zhao Y, Håkansson M, Walse B, Larsson K, Peat EM, Pelechano V, Lunec J, Vojtesek B, Carmena M, Earnshaw WC, McCarthy AR, Westwood NJ, Arsenian-Henriksson M, Lane DP, Bhatia R, McCormack E, Laín S. A DHODH inhibitor increases p53 synthesis and enhances tumor cell killing by p53 degradation blockage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1107. [PMID: 29549331 PMCID: PMC5856786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of non-genotoxic therapies that activate wild-type p53 in tumors is of great interest since the discovery of p53 as a tumor suppressor. Here we report the identification of over 100 small-molecules activating p53 in cells. We elucidate the mechanism of action of a chiral tetrahydroindazole (HZ00), and through target deconvolution, we deduce that its active enantiomer (R)-HZ00, inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). The chiral specificity of HZ05, a more potent analog, is revealed by the crystal structure of the (R)-HZ05/DHODH complex. Twelve other DHODH inhibitor chemotypes are detailed among the p53 activators, which identifies DHODH as a frequent target for structurally diverse compounds. We observe that HZ compounds accumulate cancer cells in S-phase, increase p53 synthesis, and synergize with an inhibitor of p53 degradation to reduce tumor growth in vivo. We, therefore, propose a strategy to promote cancer cell killing by p53 instead of its reversible cell cycle arresting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J G W Ladds
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingeborg M M van Leeuwen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine J Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Su Chu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Avenue South, NP2540, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA
| | - Alan R Healy
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Gergana Popova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrés Pastor Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanzina Mollick
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suhas Darekar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saikiran K Sedimbi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Nekulova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty Kopec 7, 65653, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marijke C C Sachweh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Campbell
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Chloe Tuck
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihaela Popa
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mireia Mayoral Safont
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pascal Gelebart
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zinayida Fandalyuk
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alastair M Thompson
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - Richard Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Gustavsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Johansson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Färnegårdh
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Yngve
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aljona Saleh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Solna, Sweden
| | - Agathe C A D'Hollander
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Marcela Franco
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yan Zhao
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Maria Håkansson
- SARomics Biostructures, Medicon Village, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Walse
- SARomics Biostructures, Medicon Village, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Larsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma M Peat
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Vicent Pelechano
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty Kopec 7, 65653, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mar Carmena
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - William C Earnshaw
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Anna R McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Marie Arsenian-Henriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David P Lane
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Avenue South, NP2540, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, Hematology Section, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sonia Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Kamyingkird K, Cao S, Tuvshintulga B, Salama A, Mousa AA, Efstratiou A, Nishikawa Y, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I, Xuan X. Effects of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors on the growth of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2017; 176:59-65. [PMID: 28286324 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theileria equi and Babesia caballi are the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis (EP), which affects equine production in various parts of the world. However, a safe and effective drug is not currently available for treatment of EP. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is the fourth enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway and has been known as a novel drug target for several apicomplexan protozoan parasites. In this study, we evaluated four DHODH inhibitors; atovaquone (ATV), leflunomide (LFN), brequinar (Breq), and 7-hydroxy-5-[1,2,4] triazolo [1,5,a] pyrimidine (TAZ) on the growth of T. equi and B. caballi in vitro and compared them to diminacene aceturate (Di) as the control drug. The growth of T. equi and B. caballi was significantly hindered by all inhibitors except TAZ. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ATV, LFN, Breq and Di against T. equi was approximately 0.028, 109, 11 and 40 μM, respectively, whereas the IC50 of ATV, LFN, Breq and Di against B. caballi was approximately 0.128, 193, 5.2 and 16.2 μM, respectively. Using bioinformatics and Western blot analysis, we showed that TeDHODH was similar to other Babesia parasite DHODHs, and confirmed that targeting DHODHs could be useful for the development of novel chemotherapeutics for treatment of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akram Salama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelmoniem Mousa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Artemis Efstratiou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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21
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Mohamad Fairus AK, Choudhary B, Hosahalli S, Kavitha N, Shatrah O. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors affect ATP depletion, endogenous ROS and mediate S-phase arrest in breast cancer cells. Biochimie 2017; 135:154-163. [PMID: 28196676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is the key enzyme in de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The de novo pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis is essential in cancer cells proliferation. Leflunomide is an approved DHODH inhibitor that has been widely used for the treatment of arthritis. Similarly, brequinar sodium is another DHODH inhibitor that showed anti-tumour effect in MC38 colon carcinoma cells when used in combination with fluorouracil. Despite the potential role of DHODH inhibitors in cancer therapy, their mechanisms of action remain obscure and await further elucidation. Here, we evaluated the effect of DHODH inhibitors on the production of ATP and ROS in sensitive and non-sensitive breast cancer cells. Subsequently, the effects of DHODH inhibitors on cell cycle as well as on signalling molecules such as p53, p65 and STAT6 were evaluated in sensitive T-47D and non-sensitive MDAMB-436 cells. The correlations between DHODH protein expression, proliferation speed and sensitivity to DHODH inhibitors were also investigated in a panel of cancer cell lines. DHODH inhibitors-sensitive T-47D and MDAMB-231 cells appeared to preserve ROS production closely to endogenous ROS level whereas the opposite was observed in non-sensitive MDAMB-436 and W3.006 cells. In addition, we observed approximately 90% of intracellular ATP depletion in highly sensitive T-47D and MDAMB-231 cells compared to non-sensitive MDAMB-436 cells. There was significant over-expression of p53, p65 and STAT6 signalling molecules in sensitive cells which may be involved in mediating the S-phase arrest in cell cycle progression. The current study suggests that DHODH inhibitors are most effective in cells that express high levels of DHODH enzyme. The inhibition of cell proliferation by these inhibitors appears to be accompanied by ROS production as well as ATP depletion. The increase in expression of signalling molecules observed may be due to pyrimidine depletion which subsequently leads to cell cycle arrest at S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Mohamad Fairus
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies (M) Sdn. Bhd., Level 2, Research Management and Innovation Complex, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - B Choudhary
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies (M) Sdn. Bhd., Level 2, Research Management and Innovation Complex, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - S Hosahalli
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU) #74/2, Jarakabande Kaval, Post Attur via Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560 064 Karnataka, India.
| | - N Kavitha
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40, KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560100 Karnataka, India.
| | - O Shatrah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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22
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Gong YH, Liu L, Qi TT, Li HL, Zhu LL, Zhao ZJ. [Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2017; 52:264-270. [PMID: 29979514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 1-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylthio-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-butan-1-one discovered previously in our lab was selected as a inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ( HsDHODH) for structural optimization. The co-crystal of HsDHODH with the hit was obtained and analyzed for guiding the subsequent structural optimization. As a result, a series of novel triazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as potent HsDHODH inhibitors. Among them, compound (3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-ethylthio-1H- 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-furan-2-yl-methanone displayed high potency in the inhibition of HsDHODH with an IC50 value of 1.50 μmol·L−1. Meanwhile, the structure-activity relationships were analyzed based on the biological data and the co-crystal structure. These results provide a valuable reference for optimization of 1H-1,2,4- triazole derivatives as HsDHODH inhibitors in the future.
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Shen W, Ren X, Zhu J, Xu Y, Lin J, Li Y, Zhao F, Zheng H, Li R, Cui X, Zhang X, Lu X, Zheng Z. Discovery of a new structural class of competitive hDHODH inhibitors with in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:205-212. [PMID: 27597161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) is an inner mitochondrial membrane enzyme that involves in the fourth step of the biosynthesis of pyrimidine base. Inhibitors of hDHODH have been proven efficacy for the treatments of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and cancer. In the present study, ascochlorin (ASC) and its derivatives, natural compounds from fungal metabolites, were discovered as hDHODH inhibitors by high-throughput screening. Enzyme kinetics studies showed that ASC competitively binds to hDHODH at the site of coenzyme Q substrate. In ex vivo study, ASC significantly inhibited the ConA-stimulated T lymphocytes proliferation and interleukin-2, interferon-γ production. Furthermore, ASC showed significant in vivo anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects on the mice ears swelling, allogenic skin grafts and rat collagen-induced arthritis animal disease models. ASC significantly reduced ears edema level of mice, increased the survival time of allogenic skin implanted on the mice and attenuated arthritis severity of rat model. In conclusion, ASC was identified as a new structural class of hDHODH inhibitors with efficient anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive activity, and may be a promising candidate for the development of new therapy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Shen
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao Ren
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Jingtong Zhu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Xu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Lin
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Yeying Li
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Haizhou Zheng
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Ruolan Li
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Xuexia Zhang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Xinhua Lu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China.
| | - Zhihui Zheng
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, No. 388 Heping East Road, Shijiazhuang 050015, Hebei, China.
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Vyas VK, Qureshi G, Ghate M, Patel H, Dalai S. Identification of novel PfDHODH inhibitors as antimalarial agents via pharmacophore-based virtual screening followed by molecular docking and in vivo antimalarial activity. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2016; 27:427-440. [PMID: 27310104 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2016.1189959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) catalyses the fourth reaction of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in parasites, and represents an important target for the treatment of malaria. In this study, we describe pharmacophore-based virtual screening combined with docking study and biological evaluation as a rational strategy for identification of novel hits as antimalarial agents. Pharmacophore models were established from known PfDHODH inhibitors using the GALAHAD module with IC50 values ranging from 0.033 μM to 142 μM. The best pharmacophore model consisted of three hydrogen bond acceptor, one hydrogen bond donor and one hydrophobic features. The pharmacophore models were validated through receiver operating characteristic and Günere-Henry scoring methods. The best pharmacophore model as a 3D search query was searched against the IBS database. Several compounds with different structures (scaffolds) were retrieved as hit molecules. Among these compounds, those with a QFIT value of more than 81 were docked in the PfDHODH enzyme to further explore the binding modes of these compounds. In silico pharmacokinetic and toxicities were predicted for the best docked molecules. Finally, the identified hits were evaluated in vivo for their antimalarial activity in a parasite inhibition assay. The hits reported here showed good potential to become novel antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Vyas
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India
| | - G Qureshi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India
| | - M Ghate
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India
| | - H Patel
- b Institute of Science, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India
| | - S Dalai
- b Institute of Science, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India
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Hou X, Chen X, Zhang M, Yan A. QSAR study on the antimalarial activity of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) inhibitors. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2016; 27:101-124. [PMID: 26911561 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2015.1134652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the most fatal parasite that causes malaria, is responsible for over one million deaths per year. P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) has been validated as a promising drug development target for antimalarial therapy since it catalyzes the rate-limiting step for DNA and RNA biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of the antimalarial activity of PfDHODH inhibitors by generating four computational models using a multilinear regression (MLR) and a support vector machine (SVM) based on a dataset of 255 PfDHODH inhibitors. All the models display good prediction quality with a leave-one-out q(2) >0.66, a correlation coefficient (r) >0.85 on both training sets and test sets, and a mean square error (MSE) <0.32 on training sets and <0.37 on test sets, respectively. The study indicated that the hydrogen bonding ability, atom polarizabilities and ring complexity are predominant factors for inhibitors' antimalarial activity. The models are capable of predicting inhibitors' antimalarial activity and the molecular descriptors for building the models could be helpful in the development of new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hou
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - X Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - M Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - A Yan
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , P.R. China
- b Stake Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Peking University , Beijing , P.R. China
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Zou L, Porter TD. Rapid suppression of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase activity in keratinocytes by vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:64-71. [PMID: 25500071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) serves as the sterol substrate for both cholesterol and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) synthesis. The pivotal enzyme in these two pathways is 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), which converts 7DHC to cholesterol. Treatment of adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) with 10μM cholecalciferol resulted in a rapid decrease in DHCR7 activity (19% of control activity at 2h). This loss of activity was observed only in HEKa cells, a primary cell line cultured from normal human skin, and not in an immortalized skin cell line (HaCaT cells) nor in two hepatoma cell lines. The decrease in DHCR7 activity was not due to direct inhibition or to dephosphorylation of the enzyme, and enzyme protein levels were not decreased. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 had a lesser effect on DHCR7 activity, while 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 had no effect on DHCR7, indicating that the vitamin D receptor is not involved. Treatment with cholecalciferol did not lead to the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol, and a 50% decrease in lanosterol synthesis in these cells suggests that cholecalciferol down-regulates the entire cholesterolgenic pathway. As vitamin D has been reported to be an inhibitor of hedgehog (Hh) signaling through Smo, we tested the effect of cyclopamine, an established inhibitor of the Hh pathway, on DHCR7 activity. Cyclopamine (10μM) also rapidly decreased DHCR7 activity (50% of control activity at 3h), suggesting that vitamin D3 may modulate DHCR7 activity and cholesterol/vitamin D3 synthesis by inhibiting hedgehog signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States
| | - Todd D Porter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, United States.
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Abstract
Treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging: disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) must both limit unwanted immune responses associated with disease initiation and propagation (as T and B lymphocytes are critical cellular mediators in the pathophysiology of relapsing MS), and also have minimal adverse impact on normal protective immune responses. In this review, we summarize key preclinical and clinical data relating to the proposed mechanism of action of the recently approved DMT teriflunomide in MS. Teriflunomide selectively and reversibly inhibits dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase, a key mitochondrial enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway, leading to a reduction in proliferation of activated T and B lymphocytes without causing cell death. Results from animal experiments modelling the immune activation implicated in MS demonstrate reductions in disease symptoms with teriflunomide treatment, accompanied by reduced central nervous system lymphocyte infiltration, reduced axonal loss, and preserved neurological functioning. In agreement with the results obtained in these model systems, phase 3 clinical trials of teriflunomide in patients with MS have consistently shown that teriflunomide provides a therapeutic benefit, and importantly, does not cause clinical immune suppression. Taken together, these data demonstrate how teriflunomide acts as a selective immune therapy for patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew Pachner
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A10 (previously Domagkstr. 13), 48149 Münster, Germany
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Shih KC, Lee CC, Tsai CN, Lin YS, Tang CY. Development of a human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) pharma-similarity index approach with scaffold-hopping strategy for the design of novel potential inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87960. [PMID: 24504131 PMCID: PMC3913663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) is a class-2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Because it is extensively used by proliferating cells, its inhibition in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, cancers, and multiple sclerosis is of substantial clinical importance. In this study, we had two aims. The first was to develop an hDHODH pharma-similarity index approach (PhSIA) using integrated molecular dynamics calculations, pharmacophore hypothesis, and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) contour information techniques. The approach, for the discovery and design of novel inhibitors, was based on 25 diverse known hDHODH inhibitors. Three statistical methods were used to verify the performance of hDHODH PhSIA. Fischer’s cross-validation test provided a 98% confidence level and the goodness of hit (GH) test score was 0.61. The q2, r2, and predictive r2 values were 0.55, 0.97, and 0.92, respectively, for a partial least squares validation method. In our approach, each diverse inhibitor structure could easily be aligned with contour information, and common substructures were unnecessary. For our second aim, we used the proposed approach to design 13 novel hDHODH inhibitors using a scaffold-hopping strategy. Chemical features of the approach were divided into two groups, and the Vitas-M Laboratory fragment was used to create de novo inhibitors. This approach provides a useful tool for the discovery and design of potential inhibitors of hDHODH, and does not require docking analysis; thus, our method can assist medicinal chemists in their efforts to identify novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chung Shih
- Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (KCS); (CYT)
| | - Chi-Ching Lee
- Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Neu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Chang-Gung Medical Science, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yi Tang
- Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (KCS); (CYT)
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Kim SS, Seong S, Lim SH, Kim SY. Targeting biliverdin reductase overcomes multidrug resistance in leukemia HL60 cells. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:4913-4919. [PMID: 24222129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Altered redox status has been reported to play a significant role in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in leukemia cells. Human biliverdin reductase (hBVR) has been recently identified as a major cytoprotectant; however, its role in MDR has not been yet investigated. In the present study we evaluated the possible role of hBVR in MDR development in the human HL60 leukemia cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relationship between hBVR and MDR was examined using the drug-sensitive HL60 cells and the drug-resistant HL60 subline, HL60/ADR. A possible chemosensitization by siRNA pre-treatment was also investigated. RESULTS We observed that hBVR expression, protein, and enzymatic activity were significantly increased in multidrug-resistant HL60 leukemia cells. We also found that knockdown of hBVR reverses multidrug resistance in resistant leukemic HL60 cells by a ROS-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION hBVR plays a pivotal role in the development of multidrug resistance in human HL60 leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Su Kim
- M.D., School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Herrlinger KR, Diculescu M, Fellermann K, Hartmann H, Howaldt S, Nikolov R, Petrov A, Reindl W, Otte JM, Stoynov S, Strauch U, Sturm A, Voiosu R, Ammendola A, Dietrich B, Hentsch B, Stange EF. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of vidofludimus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the ENTRANCE study. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:636-43. [PMID: 23078909 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vidofludimus (SC12267) is a novel oral immunomodulator inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-17 (IL17A and IL17F) and interferon-gamma. The objective of the study was to explore the efficacy, safety and tolerability of vidofludimus in steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS The open label uncontrolled ENTRANCE study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00820365) has been conducted at 13 study centers in Germany, Bulgaria and Romania. Thirty-four steroid-dependent patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were treated with a once daily 35mg oral dose of vidofludimus over 12weeks. Steroids were tapered during the first 8weeks followed by a steroid-free treatment period of 4weeks. Complete response was defined as steroid-free clinical remission at week 12; partial response was defined as being in remission at steroid dose equal or lower than the individual patient's threshold dose for relapse. RESULTS Of the thirty-four patients enrolled in this trial 26 were evaluable for primary efficacy assessment. After completion of the 12weeks treatment phase 8 out of 14 (57.1%) patients with CD and 6 out of 12 (50.0%) patients with UC were in steroid-free remission (complete responders). Another 4 (28.6%) patients in CD and 5 (41.7%) patients in UC were partial responders. Vidofludimus was well tolerated, no drug-related serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS This trial provides first evidence of clinical efficacy of vidofludimus in IBD. Although the safety and tolerability profile seems favorable, long-term controlled studies are needed to further investigate its potential as novel IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Herrlinger
- Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Gastroenterology & Endocrinology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Nomata J, Kondo T, Itoh S, Fujita Y. Nicotinamide is a specific inhibitor of dark-operative protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, a nitrogenase-like enzyme, from Rhodobacter capsulatus. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3142-7. [PMID: 23954297 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dark-operative protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (DPOR) is a nitrogenase-like enzyme consisting of two components, L-protein as a reductase component and NB-protein as a catalytic component. Elucidation of the crystal structures of NB-protein (Muraki et al., Nature 2010, 465: 110-114) has enabled us to study its reaction mechanism in combination with biochemical analysis. Here we demonstrate that nicotinamide (NA) inhibits DPOR activity by blocking the electron transfer from L-protein to NB-protein. A reaction scheme of DPOR, in which the binding of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to the NB-protein precedes the electron transfer from the L-protein, is proposed based on the NA effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Nomata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Vyas VK, Ghate M. Development of docking-based 3D QSAR models for the design of substituted quinoline derivatives as human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) inhibitors. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2013; 24:625-645. [PMID: 23714018 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.792871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study has investigated docking-based 3D quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for a range of quinoline carboxylic acid derivatives by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). A docking study has shown that most of the compounds formed H-bonds with Arg136 and Gln47, which have already been shown to be essential for the binding of ligands at the active site of the hydroorotate dehydrogenase adenovirus (hDHODH). Bioactive conformations of all the molecules obtained from the docking study were used for the 3D QSAR study. The best CoMFA and CoMSIA models were obtained for the training set and were found to be statistically significant, with cross-validated coefficients (q²) of 0.672 and 0.613, r² cv of 0.635 and 0.598 and coefficients of determination (r²) of 0.963 and 0.896, respectively. Both models were validated by a test set of 15 compounds, giving satisfactory predicted correlation coefficients (r² pred) of 0.824 and 0.793 for the CoMFA and CoMSIA models, respectively. From the docking-based 3D QSAR study we designed 34 novel quinoline-based compounds and performed structure-based virtual screening. Finally, in silico pharmacokinetics and toxicities were predicted for 24 of the best docked molecules. The study provides valuable information for the understanding of interactions between hDHODH and the novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.
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Asano T, Kobayashi K, Kashihara E, Sudo H, Sasaki R, Iijima Y, Aoki K, Shibata D, Saito K, Yamazaki M. Suppression of camptothecin biosynthetic genes results in metabolic modification of secondary products in hairy roots of Ophiorrhiza pumila. Phytochemistry 2013; 91:128-39. [PMID: 22652243 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that exhibits anti-tumor activity. In Ophiorrhiza pumila, production of camptothecin and its related alkaloids was high in the hairy roots, but not in the cell suspension culture derived from hairy roots. To identify the intermediates in camptothecin biosynthesis, expression of genes encoding tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and secologanin synthase (SLS), the two enzymes catalyzing the early steps in camptothecin biosynthesis, were suppressed in the hairy roots of O. pumila by RNA interference (RNAi), and metabolite changes were investigated. In most TDC- and SLS-suppressed lines, accumulation of camptothecin and related alkaloids, strictosidine, strictosamide, pumiloside, and deoxypumiloside was reduced. The accumulation levels of secologanin exhibited a strong negative correlation with the expression level of TDC, and that of loganin exhibited a negative correlation with the expression level of SLS. Some hairy root-specific chromatographic peaks detected by liquid chromatography Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC-FTICR-MS) exhibited positive or negative correlation with TDC expression, suggesting their possible involvement in camptothecin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Asano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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Keller RK, Mitchell DA, Goulah CC, Fliesler SJ. Hepatic isoprenoid metabolism in a rat model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Lipids 2013; 48:219-29. [PMID: 23361583 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated (4 to 7-fold) levels of urinary dolichol and coenzyme Q and substantially longer chain lengths for urinary dolichols have been reported in Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) patients, compared to normal subjects. We investigated the possibility of similar alterations in hepatic, nonsterol isoprenoids in a well-established rat model of SLOS. In this model, the ratio of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to cholesterol (Chol) in serum approached 15:1; however, total sterol mass in serum decreased by >80 %. Livers from treated rats had 7DHC/Chol ratios of ~32:1, but the steady-state levels of total sterols were >40 % those of livers from age-matched (3-month-old) control animals. No significant differences in the levels of LDL receptor or HMG-CoA reductase were observed. The levels of dolichol and coenzyme Q were elevated only modestly (by 64 and 31 %, respectively; p < 0.05, N = 6) in the livers of the SLOS rat model compared to controls; moreover, the chain lengths of these isoprenoids were not different in the two groups. We conclude that hepatic isoprenoid synthesis is marginally elevated in this animal model of SLOS, but without preferential shunting to the nonsterol branches (dolichol and coenzyme Q) of the pathway and without alteration of normal dolichol chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kennedy Keller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Chakraborty A, Bodipati N, Demonacos MK, Peddinti R, Ghosh K, Roy P. Long term induction by pterostilbene results in autophagy and cellular differentiation in MCF-7 cells via ROS dependent pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:25-40. [PMID: 22273805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study shows the effect of pterostilbene on intracellular neutral lipid accumulation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells leading to growth arrest and autophagy. On exposing the breast cancer cells with 30 μM pterostilbene for 72 h there was almost 2-folds increase in neutral lipids and triglycerides. Also the phytochemical caused a 4-folds increase in the expression of adipogenic differentiation marker c/EBPα. Further, pterostilbene inhibited 3β-hydroxylsterol-Δ(7)-reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the last step conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, and thereby causes the intracellular accumulation of the former sterol. These results were associated with over-expression of oxysterol binding protein homologue and liver X receptor (LXR) by ~7-folds. Pterostilbene also caused a simultaneous increase in the expression autophagic marker proteins Beclin 1 and LC3 II (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) by approximately 6-folds, which leads to an alternative pathway of autophagy. These effects were observed in association with the loss of mitotic and metastatic potential of MCF-7 cells which was abolished in the presence of catalase (ROS scavenger) or 3MA (autophagic inhibitor). Thus the present data shows that the long term exposure to pterostilbene causes growth arrest in MCF-7 cells which may be due to differentiation of the mammary carcinoma cells into normal epithelial cell like morphology and activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajanta Chakraborty
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
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Mirza R, Qiao S, Tateyama K, Miyamoto T, Xiuli L, Seo H. 3β-Hydroxysterol-Delta24 reductase plays an important role in long bone growth by protecting chondrocytes from reactive oxygen species. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:144-53. [PMID: 21845517 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Desmosterolosis is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the 3β-hydroxysterol-Delta24 reductase (DHCR24) gene, with severe developmental anomalies including short limbs. We utilized DHCR24 knockout (KO) mice to study the underlying bone pathology. Because the KO mice died within a few hours after birth, we cultured metatarsal bones from newborn mice. The growth of bones from KO mice was significantly retarded after 1 week of culture. Absence of proliferating chondrocytes in the growth plate and abnormal hypertrophy of prehypertrophic chondrocytes were observed in the bones from KO mice. Hypertrophic differentiation was evidenced by higher expression of Indian hedgehog, alkaline phosphatase, and matrix metalloproteinase 13. Since elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during chondrogenesis are known to inhibit proliferation and to initiate chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate, and since DHCR24 acts as a potent ROS scavenger, we hypothesized that the abnormal chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in KO mice were due to decreased ROS scavenging activity. Treatment with an antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, could correct the abnormalities observed in the bones from KO mice. Treatment of bones from wild-type mice with U18666A, a chemical inhibitor of DHCR24, resulted in short broad bones with a disrupted proliferating zone. Treatment of ATDC cells with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced hypertrophic changes as evidenced by the expression of the marker genes specific for hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation. H(2)O(2)-induced hypertrophic change was prevented by adenoviral delivery of DHCR24. Induction of chondrocyte differentiation in ATDC cells by insulin was associated with increased ROS production that was markedly enhanced by treatment of ATDC5 cells with DHCR24 siRNA. This is the first demonstration that DHCR24 plays an important role in long bone growth by protecting chondrocytes from ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusella Mirza
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
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Mellado M, Contreras RA, González A, Dennett G, Moenne A. Copper-induced synthesis of ascorbate, glutathione and phytochelatins in the marine alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta). Plant Physiol Biochem 2012; 51:102-8. [PMID: 22153245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze the synthesis of antioxidant and heavy metal-chelating compounds in response to copper stress, the marine alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta) was exposed to 10 μM copper for 7 days and treated with inhibitors of ASC synthesis, lycorine, and GSH synthesis, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). The levels of ascorbate, in its reduced (ASC) and oxidized (DHA) forms, glutathione, in its reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms, and phytochelatins (PCs) were determined as well as activities of enzymes involved in ASC synthesis, L-galactose dehydrogenase (GDH) and L-galactono 1,4 lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH), and in GSH synthesis, γ-glutamylcysteine synthase (γ-GCS) and glutathione synthase (GS). The level of ASC rapidly decreased to reach a minimum at day 1 that remained low until day 7, DHA decreased until day 1 but slowly increased up to day 7 and its accumulation was inhibited by lycorine. In addition, GSH level increased to reach a maximal level at day 5 and GSSG increased up to day 7 and their accumulation was inhibited by BSO. Activities of GDH and GLDH increased until day 7 and GLDH was inhibited by lycorine. Moreover, activities of γ-GCS and GS increased until day 7 and γ-GCS was inhibited by BSO. Furthermore, PC2, PC3 and PC4, increased until day 7 and their accumulation was inhibited by BSO. Thus, copper induced the synthesis of ascorbate, glutathione and PCs in U. compressa suggesting that these compounds are involved in copper tolerance. Interestingly, U. compressa is, until now, the only ulvophyte showing ASC, GSH and PCs synthesis in response to copper excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Mellado
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
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O'Connor P, Wolinsky JS, Confavreux C, Comi G, Kappos L, Olsson TP, Benzerdjeb H, Truffinet P, Wang L, Miller A, Freedman MS. Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1293-303. [PMID: 21991951 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1014656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teriflunomide is a new oral disease-modifying therapy for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. METHODS We concluded a randomized trial involving 1088 patients with multiple sclerosis, 18 to 55 years of age, with a score of 0 to 5.5 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale and at least one relapse in the previous year or at least two relapses in the previous 2 years. Patients were randomly assigned (in a 1:1:1 ratio) to placebo, 7 mg of teriflunomide, or 14 mg of teriflunomide once daily for 108 weeks. The primary end point was the annualized relapse rate, and the key secondary end point was confirmed progression of disability for at least 12 weeks. RESULTS Teriflunomide reduced the annualized relapse rate (0.54 for placebo vs. 0.37 for teriflunomide at either 7 or 14 mg), with relative risk reductions of 31.2% and 31.5%, respectively (P<0.001 for both comparisons with placebo). The proportion of patients with confirmed disability progression was 27.3% with placebo, 21.7% with teriflunomide at 7 mg (P=0.08), and 20.2% with teriflunomide at 14 mg (P=0.03). Both teriflunomide doses were superior to placebo on a range of end points measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diarrhea, nausea, and hair thinning were more common with teriflunomide than with placebo. The incidence of elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (≥1 times the upper limit of the normal range) was higher with teriflunomide at 7 mg and 14 mg (54.0% and 57.3%, respectively) than with placebo (35.9%); the incidence of levels that were at least 3 times the upper limit of the normal range was similar in the lower- and higher-dose teriflunomide groups and the placebo group (6.3%, 6.7%, and 6.7%, respectively). Serious infections were reported in 1.6%, 2.5%, and 2.2% of patients in the three groups, respectively. No deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS Teriflunomide significantly reduced relapse rates, disability progression (at the higher dose), and MRI evidence of disease activity, as compared with placebo. (Funded by Sanofi-Aventis; TEMSO ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00134563.).
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Wu WL, Ho LJ, Chen PC, Tsai YT, Hsu ST, Chang DM, Lai JH. Immunosuppressive effects and mechanisms of leflunomide in dengue virus infection of human dendritic cells. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:1065-78. [PMID: 21845515 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a serious public health issue without specific treatment. We examined the potential immunomodulatory effects of leflunomide, a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor commonly prescribed for arthritis, in DENV-stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs). METHODS mo-DCs were prepared from purified monocytes. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of cell surface markers or viral E protein was measured by flow cytometry. The activation of transcription factors and kinases was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, Western blotting, or immunoprecipitation kinase assays. Chemotaxis assays were used to determine cell migration. RESULTS Leflunomide at therapeutic concentrations inhibited cytokine and chemokine production from DENV-infected mo-DCs. Leflunomide suppressed mo-DC maturation by downregulating the expression of both CD80 and CD86. In addition, leflunomide inhibited DENV-induced mo-DC migration and mo-DC response to chemoattractants CCL19 and CCL21. Inhibition of mo-DC migration was likely due to the suppression of CCR7 expression on mo-DCs. These events were associated with the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B and activator protein-1 signaling pathways by leflunomide. CONCLUSIONS Leflunomide preserves immunosuppressive effects, inhibiting activation of DENV-stimulated mo-DCs. Leflunomide may be helpful in the development of therapeutics for DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Battista MC, Guimond MO, Roberge C, Doueik AA, Fazli L, Gleave M, Sabbagh R, Gallo-Payet N. Inhibition of DHCR24/seladin-1 impairs cellular homeostasis in prostate cancer. Prostate 2010; 70:921-33. [PMID: 20166102 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seladin-1 belongs to a subgroup of androgen-dependent genes associated with anti-proliferative, pro-differentiation, and pro-apoptotic functions and plays a protective role against oncogenic stress. The present study aims to investigate the localization and expression of Seladin-1 protein in normal and tumoral human prostatic tissues as well as to explore its role in proliferation and steroid secretion in androgen-dependent (LnCaP) and androgen-independent (DU145) cell lines and in human prostate primary cell culture. METHODS Seladin-1 protein localization and expression were assessed on whole tissue sections by tissue array/immunohistochemistry and following immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Proliferation (Ki67 fluorescence labeling and cell counts) and steroid secretion (ELISA) were assessed in cell lines and primary epithelial cell cultures. RESULTS In human prostatic tissue and cells, Seladin-1 was mostly localized within epithelial and rarely within stromal cells and primarily present in secretory luminal cells of normal and tumoral prostate cells. Its expression was increased in low-risk prostate cancer but reduced in advanced prostate cancers when compared to normal tissues. Seladin-1 was highly expressed in LnCaP, whereas its expression level was lower in DU145 cells. Seladin-1 inhibition by treatment with its specific inhibitor, U18666A (75 nM), increased proliferation in LnCaP and primary cell culture, as well as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in both LnCaP and DU145 cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Seladin-1 involvement in proliferation and secretion suggests that its downregulation may be a major mechanism causing prostate cancer evolution. Seladin-1 may thus potentially decrease cell growth and steroid dependency in low-grade prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Battista
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Service of Endocrinology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Phillips MA, Rathod PK. Plasmodium dihydroorotate dehydrogenase: a promising target for novel anti-malarial chemotherapy. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2010; 10:226-239. [PMID: 20334617 PMCID: PMC2883174 DOI: 10.2174/187152610791163336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a globally prevalent infectious disease that leads to significant morbidity and mortality. While there are a number of drugs approved for its treatment, drug resistance has compromised most of them, making the development of new drugs for the treatment and prevention of malaria essential. The completion of the Plasmodium falciparum genome and a growing understanding of parasite biology are fueling the search for novel drug targets. Despite this, few targets have been chemically validated in vivo. The pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway illustrates one of the best examples of successful identification of anti-malarial drug targets. This review focuses on recent studies to exploit the fourth enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway of P. falciparum, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH), as a new target for drug discovery. Several chemical scaffolds have been identified by high throughput screening as potent inhibitors of PfDHODH and these show strong selectivity for the malarial enzyme over that from the human host. Potent activity against parasites in whole cell models with good correlation between activity on the enzyme and the parasite have also been observed for a number of the identified series. Lead optimization of a triazolopyrimidine-based series has identified an analog with prolonged plasma exposure, that is orally bioavailable, and which shows good efficacy against the in vivo mouse model of the disease. These data provide strong evidence that PfDHODH is a validated target for the identification of new antimalarial chemotherapy. The challenge remains to identify compounds with the necessary combination of potency and metabolic stability to allow identification of a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park Rd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA.
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Fukushima R, Kaneto M, Kitagawa H. Microarray analysis of Leflunomide-induced limb malformations in CD-1 mice. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 29:42-8. [PMID: 19751817 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immuno-suppressant Leflunomide, a potent inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and tyrosine kinases, is teratogenic in laboratory animals. To better understand its teratogenic mechanism, pregnant mice (CD-1) received a single dose of 70mg/kg Leflunomide, or vehicle control, by gastric intubation on gestation day 10. Gene expression was evaluated in the pooled fore- and hindlimb buds of embryos 4 and 24h post-treatment. The down-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis-related genes was observed but could not be correlated with teratogenicity, since Leflunomide did not alter cholesterol concentration in limb bud. Leflunomide inhibited the mitosis of limb mesenchymal cells, which may be linked to DHODH inhibition as well as a potential effect on tyrosine kinases that mediate cytokine and growth factor signaling and that may be responsible for the Leflunomide's teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Fukushima
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & CO., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
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Battista MC, Roberge C, Martinez A, Gallo-Payet N. 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase/seladin-1: a key protein differentially involved in adrenocorticotropin effects observed in human and rat adrenal cortex. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4180-90. [PMID: 19520779 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DHCR24 (24-dehydrocholesterol reductase), or seladin-1, is one of the most expressed genes in the adrenal gland. Because the rat and human adult adrenal cortex differ in their respective functional properties, the aim of the present study was to verify whether seladin-1 may be differentially involved in basal and ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis and oxidative stress management. Seladin-1 expression was predominantly observed in both human and rat zona fasciculata, with a predominant cytoplasmic localization in human cells and a nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution in rat cells. In human fasciculata cells, localization of the protein was primarily associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Although its expression was increased by ACTH, its intracellular localization was not altered by ACTH treatment (10 nm) or by the seladin-1 inhibitor U18666A (75 nm). Preincubation with U18666A did not modify the ACTH-induced increase in cortisol secretion but abolished the ACTH-induced increase in dehydroepiandrosterone secretion. In rat fasciculata cells, ACTH induced a massive redistribution of seladin-1 from the cytoplasm (cis-Golgi apparatus) to the nucleus, which was inhibited by preincubation with U18666A. Preincubation with U18666A also decreased ACTH-induced seladin-1 and 11beta-hydroxylase protein expression as well as corticosterone production, increased ACTH-induced ROS production but decreased ACTH-induced expression of the detoxifying protein aldo-ketoreductase 1b7. Thus, protection against acutely elevated ACTH-induced oxidative stress in rat fasciculata cells is correlated with nuclear relocalization of seladin-1 and its effects on cellular detoxifying machinery. Altogether, these results indicate that seladin-1 expression and intracellular localization are correlated with both the intensity and nature of ACTH-induced steroidogenesis and resultant oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Battista
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Vantieghem K, Kissmeyer AM, De Haes P, Bouillon R, Segaert S. UVB-induced production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D activity in human keratinocytes pretreated with a sterol delta7-reductase inhibitor. J Cell Biochem 2009; 98:81-92. [PMID: 16365879 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The skin fulfills an important role in the vitamin D photo-endocrine system. Epidermis is not only the site of vitamin D3 photoproduction. In addition, epidermal keratinocytes contain the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and possess 25-hydroxylase and 1alpha-hydroxylase activity indicating that all components of the vitamin D system are present. We investigated whether these components cooperate in inducing vitamin D activity upon treatment with physiological UVB doses. Upon irradiation, 24-hydroxylase mRNA was induced in keratinocytes pretreated with a sterol Delta7-reductase inhibitor (BM15766) whereby the 7-dehydrocholesterol content increased by 300-fold. Transfection experiments with a vitamin D response element containing construct confirmed VDR-dependent gene activation. Furthermore, the UVB-dependent induction of 24-hydroxylase was blocked by the cytochrome-P450 inhibitor ketoconazole. The 24-hydroxylase inducing photoproduct was transferable to unirradiated keratinocytes by medium and cellular homogenates of UVB-irradiated, BM15766-pretreated cells and was identified as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Addition of vitamin D binding protein blunted UVB-induced 24-hydroxylase suggesting the possibility of a paracrine or autocrine role for 1,25(OH)2D3. In conclusion, epidermal keratinocytes can produce vitamin D3, convert it to 1,25(OH)2D3 and respond to it upon UVB irradiation in the absence of exogenous 7-dehydrocholesterol and therefore contain a unique and complete photo-endocrine vitamin D system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Vantieghem
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Qi Q, Lu X, Zheng Z, Li Y, Fan Y, Zhu J, Ren X, Cui X, Shi Y, Li S, Zhang H, Zhao B. [F01WB-1315 A and B, two dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors from microbial metabolites]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2009; 49:485-491. [PMID: 19621636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in pyrimidine biosynthesis, and its inhibitors have been developed as drugs for treatment of immune diseases. We studied new DHODH inhibitors from microbial metabolites. METHODS We established a rapid and effective high throughput screening method for screening DHODH inhibitors from microbial metabolites. The active compounds were isolated from the candidate strain by column chromatography and preparative HPLC. RESULTS We picked out F01WB-1315 strain as candidate from 4560 fungal strains. We isolated two active compounds F01WB-1315A and B, with IC50 of 0.07 microg/mL and 0.51 microg/mL, respectively. F01WB-1315B could completely inhibit the spleen lymphocytes proliferation stimulated by ConA in vitro, but F01WB-1315A only had 31.62% inhibitory activity. F01WB-1315A, B were identified to be Ascofuranone and Ascochlorin by their physicochemical properties, MS, 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR analysis. CONCLUSION F01WB-1315A and B are two strong specific DHODH inhibitors and show moderate inhibitory activity against spleen lymphocytes proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojuan Qi
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China.
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Patel V, Booker M, Kramer M, Ross L, Celatka CA, Kennedy LM, Dvorin JD, Duraisingh MT, Sliz P, Wirth DF, Clardy J. Identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35078-85. [PMID: 18842591 PMCID: PMC2596402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804990200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most deadly form of malaria and accounts for over one million deaths annually. The malaria parasite is unable to salvage pyrimidines and relies on de novo biosynthesis for survival. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHOD), a mitochondrially localized flavoenzyme, catalyzes the rate-limiting step of this pathway and is therefore an attractive antimalarial chemotherapeutic target. Using a target-based high throughput screen, we have identified a series of potent, species-specific inhibitors of P. falciparum DHOD (pfDHOD) that are also efficacious against three cultured strains (3D7, HB3, and Dd2) of P. falciparum. The primary antimalarial mechanism of action of these compounds was confirmed to be inhibition of pfDHOD through a secondary assay with transgenic malaria parasites, and the structural basis for enzyme inhibition was explored through in silico structure-based docking and site-directed mutagenesis. Compound-mediated cytotoxicity was not observed with human dermal fibroblasts or renal epithelial cells. These data validate pfDHOD as an antimalarial drug target and provide chemical scaffolds with which to begin medicinal chemistry efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Patel
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael Booker
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Leila Ross
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Cassandra A. Celatka
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Leah M. Kennedy
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jeffrey D. Dvorin
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Piotr Sliz
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Dyann F. Wirth
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, the Department
of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, Drug and
Biomaterial Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02451, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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47
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Luciani P, Deledda C, Rosati F, Benvenuti S, Cellai I, Dichiara F, Morello M, Vannelli GB, Danza G, Serio M, Peri A. Seladin-1 is a fundamental mediator of the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in human neuroblast long-term cell cultures. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4256-66. [PMID: 18499757 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen exerts neuroprotective effects and reduces beta-amyloid accumulation in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A few years ago, a new neuroprotective gene, i.e. seladin-1 (for selective AD indicator-1), was identified and found to be down-regulated in AD vulnerable brain regions. Seladin-1 inhibits the activation of caspase-3, a key modulator of apoptosis. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the seladin-1 gene encodes 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta24-reductase, which catalyzes the synthesis of cholesterol from desmosterol. We have demonstrated previously that in fetal neuroepithelial cells, 17beta-estradiol (17betaE2), raloxifene, and tamoxifen exert neuroprotective effects and increase the expression of seladin-1. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether seladin-1 is directly involved in estrogen-mediated neuroprotection. Using the small interfering RNA methodology, significantly reduced levels of seladin-1 mRNA and protein were obtained in fetal neuroepithelial cells. Seladin-1 silencing determined the loss of the protective effect of 17betaE2 against beta-amyloid and oxidative stress toxicity and caspase-3 activation. A computer-assisted analysis revealed the presence of half-palindromic estrogen responsive elements upstream from the coding region of the seladin-1 gene. A 1490-bp region was cloned in a luciferase reporter vector, which was transiently cotransfected with the estrogen receptor alpha in Chinese hamster ovarian cells. The exposure to 17betaE2, raloxifene, tamoxifen, and the soy isoflavones genistein and zearalenone increased luciferase activity, thus suggesting a functional role for the half-estrogen responsive elements of the seladin-1 gene. Our data provide for the first time a direct demonstration that seladin-1 may be considered a fundamental mediator of the neuroprotective effects of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Luciani
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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48
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Phillips MA, Gujjar R, Malmquist NA, White J, El Mazouni F, Baldwin J, Rathod PK. Triazolopyrimidine-based dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors with potent and selective activity against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3649-53. [PMID: 18522386 PMCID: PMC2624570 DOI: 10.1021/jm8001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ( PfDHODH) inhibitor that is potent ( KI = 15 nM) and species-selective (>5000-fold over the human enzyme) was identified by high-throughput screening. The substituted triazolopyrimidine and its structural analogues were produced by an inexpensive three-step synthesis, and the series showed good association between PfDHODH inhibition and parasite toxicity. This study has identified the first nanomolar PfDHODH inhibitor with potent antimalarial activity in whole cells (EC50 = 79 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA.
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49
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Giera M, Renard D, Plössl F, Bracher F. Lathosterol side chain amides: a new class of human lathosterol oxidase inhibitors. Steroids 2008; 73:299-308. [PMID: 18164739 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis offers the opportunity for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Numerous enzymes are involved in the post-squalene part of this biosynthesis, and selective inhibitors for almost all of the enzymes involved there have been described in literature. The only exception is the enzyme lathosterol oxidase (EC 1.14.21.6), for which up to now no selective inhibitor has been found. Up to date only triarimol has been reported as a weak inhibitor. In this paper we report on lathosterol side chain amides as a new class of selective lathosterol oxidase inhibitors. To study the influence of different sterol amides on inhibition of this enzyme, numerous compounds were prepared and the sterol patterns resulting from incubation of HL 60 cells with these enzyme inhibitors were monitored in a whole cell screening assay by means of GC/MS analysis. Small alkyl residues at the amide nitrogen (hydrogen and methyl) lead to an inhibition of the enzyme Delta24-reductase, the N-ethyl and N-propyl derivatives show a dual action, inhibiting both Delta24-reductase and lathosterol oxidase. Lathosterol-derived amides with larger substituents (butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl) at the amide nitrogen were found to be selective inhibitors of lathosterol oxidase. The corresponding 3beta-acetoxy derivatives showed comparable activities and can be considered as prodrugs, since they are transformed into the 3beta-hydroxy derivatives under the test conditions, as proven by HPLC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Giera
- Department Pharmazie Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, Germany.
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50
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Shiomi K, Hatano H, Morimoto H, Ui H, Sakamoto K, Kita K, Tomoda H, Lee EW, Heo TR, Kawagishi H, Omura S. Decursin and decursinol angelate selectively inhibit NADH-fumarate reductase of Ascaris suum. Planta Med 2007; 73:1478-1481. [PMID: 17948169 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-990245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
NADH-fumarate reductase (NFRD) is a key enzyme in many anaerobic helminths. Decursin and decursinol angelate have been isolated from the roots of ANGELICA GIGAS Nakai (Apiaceae) as NFRD inhibitors. They inhibited ASCARIS SUUM NFRD with IC (50) values of 1.1 and 2.7 microM, respectively. Their target is the electron transport enzyme complex I. Since the inhibitory activities of decursin against bovine heart complexes are weak, it is a selective inhibitor of the nematode complex I. In contrast, decursinol angelate moderately inhibits bovine heart complexes II and III. Decursinol inhibits A. SUUM NFRD to a similar extent, but its target is complex II. It also inhibits bovine heart complexes II and III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuro Shiomi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
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