451
|
Zhang L, Mi J, Yu Y, Yao H, Chen H, Li M, Cao X. IFN-gamma gene therapy by intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation: a novel strategy for reversing hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice. Parasite Immunol 2001; 23:11-7. [PMID: 11136473 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver-targeted gene therapy using hepatocyte as recipient cells has recently been documented to be effective in treatment of numerous hepatic diseases, such as metabolic diseases and liver carcinoma. IFN-gamma elicits antipreliferative and antifibrogenic activity in a variety of mesenchymal cells, including hepatic satellite cells. To investigate the antifibrogenic response of liver gene therapy mediated by intrasplenic transplantation of gene-modified hepatocytes, normal mouse liver cell line BNL CL.2 cells were transfected with murine IFN-gamma gene (BNL.IFN-gamma) in vitro, and transplanted intrasplenically into Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice. The amounts and distribution of IFN-gamma (which inhibits collagen synthesis), TGF-beta (which stimulates collagen synthesis) and extracellular matrix, including type I and III collagen, were detected. In mice infected with S. japonicum and then treated with BNL.IFN-gamma, an increase of IFN-gamma and decrease of TGF-beta1 were detected at 20 weeks postinfection compared to untreated S. japonicum-infected mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that S. japonicum infection induced a marked increase of type I and III collagen synthesis. Whereas, 4 weeks after treatment with BNL.IFN-gamma, net synthesis rates of type I and III collagen were markedly decreased in the liver of infected mice. In addition, a decreased expression of TGF-beta1 and its receptor TGF-betaRII in the liver of BNL.IFN-gamma-treated mice was also observed. Moreover, the decrease in TGF-beta1 and TGF-betaRII protein approximately paralleled the decrease in their mRNA expression, which was detected by RNA dot blotting. The data indicate that intrasplenic transplantation of IFN-gamma gene-modified hepatocyte can be a candidate approach to treat hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
452
|
Izuhara K, Umeshita-Suyama R, Akaiwa M, Shirakawa T, Deichmann KA, Arima K, Hamasaki N, Hopkin JM. Recent Advances in Understanding How Interleukin 13 Signals are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. Inflammation 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9702-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
453
|
Machino T, Hashimoto S, Gon Y, Kujime K, Maruoka S, Horie T. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 induce fibronectin production by human lung fibroblasts. Allergol Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.2001.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
454
|
Friedman SL, Maher JJ, Bissell DM. Mechanisms and therapy of hepatic fibrosis: report of the AASLD Single Topic Basic Research Conference. Hepatology 2000; 32:1403-8. [PMID: 11093750 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.20243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases and Dept of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
455
|
Abstract
Type 2 cytokine responses are typical of immune reactions to parasitic helminth infections, allergies, and asthma, and are characterised by the production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 by subsets of T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. These cytokines form a complex network of molecular and cellular interactions that mediate protective immunity to worm infection, but also induce inappropriate inflammatory responses to allergic challenge. Although considerable attention has been given to the roles played by IL-4 in Th2 responses, the identification of the related cytokine IL-13 has led to a re-evaluation of how these two molecules combine in the generation of Th2 immunity. Recent reports have highlighted that in certain challenges, IL-4 and IL-13 act in combination to ensure the rapid onset of a Th2-like response. However, these studies have also identified specific responses that are attributable to the individual cytokines. For example, IL-13 appears to play a more dominant role than IL-4 in the expulsion of certain gastrointestinal parasites. In contrast, following schistosome infection, IL-13 induces a detrimental hepatic fibrosis, while IL-4 protects against endotoxemia. These results emphasise the complexity of the cytokine network, and highlight the care that needs to be taken when designing therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N McKenzie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, CB2 2QH, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
456
|
Corne J, Chupp G, Lee CG, Homer RJ, Zhu Z, Chen Q, Ma B, Du Y, Roux F, McArdle J, Waxman AB, Elias JA. IL-13 stimulates vascular endothelial cell growth factor and protects against hyperoxic acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:783-91. [PMID: 10995789 PMCID: PMC381393 DOI: 10.1172/jci9674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia is an important cause of acute lung injury. To determine whether IL-13 is protective in hyperoxia, we compared the survival in 100% O(2) of transgenic mice that overexpress IL-13 in the lung and of nontransgenic littermate controls. IL-13 enhanced survival in 100% O(2). One hundred percent of nontransgenic mice died in 4-5 days, whereas 100% of IL-13-overexpressing mice lived for more than 7 days, and many lived 10-14 days. IL-13 also stimulated VEGF accumulation in mice breathing room air, and it interacted with 100% (2) to increase VEGF accumulation further. The 164-amino acid isoform was the major VEGF moiety in bronchoalveolar lavage from transgenic mice in room air, whereas the 120- and 188-amino acid isoforms accumulated in these mice during hyperoxia. In addition, antibody neutralization of VEGF decreased the survival of IL-13-overexpressing mice in 100% (2). These studies demonstrate that IL-13 has protective effects in hyperoxic acute lung injury. They also demonstrate that IL-13, alone and in combination with 100% (2), stimulates pulmonary VEGF accumulation, that this stimulation is isoform-specific, and that the protective effects of IL-13 are mediated, in part, by VEGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Corne
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
457
|
Hesse M, Cheever AW, Jankovic D, Wynn TA. NOS-2 mediates the protective anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of the Th1-inducing adjuvant, IL-12, in a Th2 model of granulomatous disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:945-55. [PMID: 10980133 PMCID: PMC1885696 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mice sensitized with SCHISTOSOMA: mansoni eggs and IL-12 develop liver granulomas, on subsequent infection, which are smaller and less fibrotic than those in nonsensitized mice. The protective response is accompanied by a shift in the type-2 cytokine profile to one dominated by type-1 cytokines. The deviated response is associated with marked increases in inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) activity. Here, we demonstrate, by using NOS-2-deficient mice, that the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of the type-1 response are completely NOS-2-dependent. Strikingly, despite developing a polarized type-1 cytokine response that was similar in magnitude, the egg/IL-12-sensitized NOS-deficient mice developed granulomas 8 times larger than WT mice did. There was also no decrease in hepatic fibrosis in the sensitized mutant animals. Interferon-gamma-deficient mice failed to exhibit the exacerbated inflammatory response, despite displaying a marked deficiency in nitric oxide production. However, immune deviation was unsuccessful in the latter animals, which suggested that the increase in inflammation in NOS-deficient mice resulted from a polarized but nitric oxide-deficient type-1 response. These results reveal a beneficial role for NOS-2 in the regulation of inflammation and suggest that the ultimate success of Th2-to-Th1 immune deviation strategies will rely on the efficient activation of NOS-2 expression in downstream effector cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hesse
- Schistosomiasis Immunology and Pathology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
458
|
Abstract
Cytokines, also referred to as interleukins, are the major orchestrators of host defence processes, and, as such, are involved in insults, repair and restoration of tissue homeostasis. This review summarises recent findings on and emerging models of the biological roles of the double-edged sword interleukin-13 (IL-13), which have been principally obtained from studies in mice that are deficient for IL-13, or its components. IL-13-mediated functions not only contribute to the susceptible phenotype in Leishmania major infection but also seem to play a protective role in chronic leishmaniasis. Moreover, IL-13 plays a key protective role in the expulsion of helminths from the gut while also actively contributing to the pathology in schistosomiasis. In allergic asthma, IL-13 has also been found to be a key factor. Therapeutic administration of an IL-13 inhibitor in mice successfully prevents both the allergic disease phenotype and schistosoma egg-induced lung pathology. If this scenario holds true in humans, we soon may have an efficient drug for treatment of IL-13-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Brombacher
- University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Medical Faculty Immunology Department, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
459
|
|
460
|
Hoffmann KF, Cheever AW, Wynn TA. IL-10 and the dangers of immune polarization: excessive type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses induce distinct forms of lethal immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:6406-16. [PMID: 10843696 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To dissect the controversial roles of type 1 and type 2 cytokines to the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, we generated IL-10/IL-4- and IL-10/IL-12-deficient mice that develop highly polarized type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses, respectively. Interestingly, the Th1-polarized IL-10/IL-4-deficient mice rapidly lost weight at the onset of egg-laying and displayed 100% mortality by wk 9 postinfection. This acute mortality was linked to overexpression of the proinflammatory mediators IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and inducible NO and the formation of nonfibrotic granulomas. Elevated serum aspartate transaminase levels confirmed that mortality was in part attributable to acute hepatotoxicity. In contrast, the Th2-polarized IL-10/IL-12-deficient mice developed a progressive wasting disease that correlated with increased hepatic fibrosis, formation of large eosinophil-rich granulomas, a 10-fold increase in IL-4 and IL-13, and significant mortality during the chronic stages of infection. Surprisingly, IL-10-deficient mice displayed pathological features that were characteristic of both extremes, while wild-type mice developed relatively successful long term chronic infections. These data demonstrate that IL-10 significantly suppresses type 1 and type 2 cytokine development in IL-4- and IL-12-deficient mice, respectively, thereby impeding the development of severe egg-induced pathology in the single cytokine-deficient animals. Together, these findings reveal the central regulatory role of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis and illustrate that excessive type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses trigger distinct, but equally detrimental, forms of pathology following infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Hoffmann
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
461
|
Fallon PG, Richardson EJ, McKenzie GJ, McKenzie AN. Schistosome infection of transgenic mice defines distinct and contrasting pathogenic roles for IL-4 and IL-13: IL-13 is a profibrotic agent. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2585-91. [PMID: 10679097 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental Schistosoma mansoni infections of mice lead to a dynamic type 2 cytokine-mediated pathological process. We have used IL-4-deficient, IL-13-deficient, and IL-4/13-deficient mice to dissect the role of these cytokines in the development of immune response and pathology following S. mansoni infection. We demonstrate that while both of these cytokines are necessary to develop a robust Th2 cell-driven, eosinophil-rich granuloma response, they also perform disparate functions that identify novel sites for therapeutic intervention. IL-13-deficient mice demonstrated significantly enhanced survival following infection, which correlated with reduced hepatic fibrosis. In contrast, increased mortality was manifest in IL-4-deficient and IL-4/13-deficient mice, and this correlated with hepatocyte damage and intestinal pathology. Therefore, we demonstrate that during a dynamic type 2 cytokine disease process IL-13 is detrimental to survival following infection, whereas IL-4 is beneficial.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Eosinophilic Granuloma/etiology
- Eosinophilic Granuloma/genetics
- Eosinophilic Granuloma/immunology
- Eosinophilic Granuloma/pathology
- Interleukin-13/deficiency
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/physiology
- Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/etiology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/physiopathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/mortality
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/etiology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/mortality
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Fallon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
462
|
T lymphocyte and fibroblast interactions: the case of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis and other examples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00870304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
463
|
Chizzolini C. T lymphocyte and fibroblast interactions: the case of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis and other examples. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1999; 21:431-50. [PMID: 10945035 DOI: 10.1007/s002810000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Chizzolini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|