53101
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Modification of the Feline-Ality™ Assessment and the Ability to Predict Adopted Cats' Behaviors in Their New Homes. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:71-88. [PMID: 26479138 PMCID: PMC4494340 DOI: 10.3390/ani5010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary While millions of cats enter animal shelters every year, only 11.5% of pet cats are obtained from a shelter in the United States. Previous research has indicated that unrealistic expectations set by adopters can increase the chances of an adopted cat returning to the shelter. The ASPCA®’s Meet Your Match® Feline-ality™ adoption program was designed to provide adopters with accurate information about an adult cat’s future behavior in the home. This research explored the ability of the modified Feline-ality™ assessment when done one day after the cat entered the shelter. Our modified version was predictive of feline behavior post adoption. Abstract It is estimated that 2.5 million cats enter animal shelters in the United States every year and as few as 20% leave the shelter alive. Of those adopted, the greatest risk to post-adoption human animal bond is unrealistic expectations set by the adopter. The ASPCA®’s Meet Your Match® Feline-ality™ adoption program was developed to provide adopters with an accurate assessment of an adult cat’s future behavior in the home. However, the original Feline-ality™ required a three-day hold time to collect cat behaviors on a data card, which was challenging for some shelters. This research involved creating a survey to determine in-home feline behavior post adoption and explored the predictive ability of the in-shelter assessment without the data card. Our results show that the original Feline-ality™ assessment and our modified version were predictive of feline behavior post adoption. Our modified version also decreased hold time for cats to one day. Shelters interested in increasing cat adoptions, decreasing length of stay and improving the adoption experience can now implement the modified version for future feline adoption success.
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53102
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53103
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Space allowance during gestation and early maternal separation: Effects on the fear response and social motivation of lambs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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53104
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Verma AK, Chatli MK, Kumar D, Kumar P, Mehta N. Efficacy of Sweet Potato Powder and Added Water as Fat Replacer on the Quality Attributes of Low-fat Pork Patties. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:252-9. [PMID: 25557822 PMCID: PMC4283171 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of sweet potato powder (SPP) and water as a fat replacer in low-fat pork patties. Low-fat pork patties were developed by replacing the added fat with combinations of SPP and chilled water. Three different levels of SPP/chilled water viz. 0.5/9.5% (T-1), 1.0/9.0% (T-2), and 1.5/8.5% (T-3) were compared with a control containing 10% animal fat. The quality of low-fat pork patties was evaluated for physico-chemical (pH, emulsion stability, cooking yield, aw), proximate, instrumental colour and textural profile, and sensory attributes. The cooking yield and emulsion stability improved (p<0.05) in all treatments over the control and were highest in T-2. Instrumental texture profile attributes and hardness decreased, whereas cohesiveness increased compared with control, irrespective of SPP level. Dimensional parameters (% gain in height and % decrease in diameter) were better maintained during cooking in the low-fat product than control. The sensory quality attributes juiciness, texture and overall acceptability of T-2 and T-3 were (p<0.05) higher than control. Results concluded that low-fat pork patties with acceptable sensory attributes, improved cooking yield and textural attributes can be successfully developed with the incorporation of a combination of 1.0% SPP and 9.0% chilled water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Kumar Chatli
- Corresponding Author: Manish Kumar Chatli. Tel: +91-161-241 4025, Fax: +91-161-2400822, E-mail:
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53105
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Hou Y, Wang X, Lei Z, Ping J, Liu J, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Jia C, Jin M, Li X, Li X, Chen S, Lv Y, Gao Y, Jia W, Su J. Heat-Stress-Induced Metabolic Changes and Altered Male Reproductive Function. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1495-503. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501312t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Hou
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center
for Systems Biomedicine, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhihai Lei
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jihui Ping
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - jiajian Liu
- Center
for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes
Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth, People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhiyu Ma
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cuicui Jia
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengmeng Jin
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shaoqiu Chen
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center
for Systems Biomedicine, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingfang Lv
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center
for Systems Biomedicine, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingdong Gao
- Laboratory
Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Ministry
of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center
for Systems Biomedicine, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center
for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes
Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth, People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Juan Su
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
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53106
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Bennett SL, Weng HY, Walker SL, Placer M, Litster A. Comparison of SAFER behavior assessment results in shelter dogs at intake and after a 3-day acclimation period. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2015; 18:153-68. [PMID: 25603466 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2014.999916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was hypothesized that different results would be obtained by canine behavior assessments performed within 24 hr of shelter intake (Day 0) and after a 3-day acclimation period (Day 3). Safety Assessment for Evaluating Rehoming assessments were performed on 33 dogs at 2 municipal shelters. Agreements between Day 0 and Day 3 varied among subtests, and no consistent temporal patterns were observed. Weighted kappa statistics for each subtest ranged from .28 to .78, and percentage discordance was 0% to 18%. In a 2nd analysis, subtests skipped due to serious aggression were replaced with scores corresponding to serious aggression, and missing values for the Food subtest were replaced with scores for no aggression if the dog did not eat. For subtests skipped due to severe aggression, more than 50% of the dogs had scores indicating low aggression on the other assessment. Eight of 16 dogs who did not eat on Day 0 ate on Day 3; 2 showed aggression. Until the ideal time to test can be identified, it should be based on the individual dog's welfare status, and testing of dogs showing severe stress should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Bennett
- a VCA Behavior Service, VCA Berwyn Animal Hospital , Berwyn , Illinois
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53107
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Evaluating the Age-Dependent Potential for Protein Deposition in Naked Neck Meat Type Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:56-70. [PMID: 26479137 PMCID: PMC4494337 DOI: 10.3390/ani5010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Growth rates of fast-growing chickens are reduced by a higher ambient temperature (AT) because of difficulties in dissipating heat through the feather coverage. Naked neck meat type genotypes could be helpful in increasing the tolerance for high AT. However, basic model parameters of this genotype necessary to further assess amino acid requirements are as yet unavailable. The experiments were conducted to estimate both the daily nitrogen maintenance requirement (NMR) and the potential for daily nitrogen retention NRmaxT). These observed model parameters provide the basic information to characterize the growth potential of the genotype for further application in modeling of individual amino acid requirements of naked neck meat type chicken. Abstract The introduction of the naked neck gene (Na) into modern meat type chicken is known to be helpful in increasing the tolerance for a high ambient temperature (AT) by reducing the feather coverage which allows for a higher level of heat dissipation compared to normally feathered (na/na) birds. In addition, reduced feather coverage could affect requirements for sulfur containing amino acids. As a prerequisite for further modeling of individual amino acid requirements, the daily N maintenance requirement (NMR) and the threshold value of daily N retention (NRmaxT) were determined. This was carried out using graded dietary protein supply and exponential modeling between N intake (NI) and N excretion (NEX) or N deposition (ND), respectively. Studies with homozygous (Na/Na) and heterozygous (Na/na) naked neck meat type chicken utilized 144 birds of average weight (50% of each genotype and sex) within two N balance experiments during both the starter (days 10–20) and the grower period (days 25–35). Birds were randomly allotted to five diets with graded dietary protein supply but constant protein quality. The observed estimates depending on genotype, sex and age varied for NMR and NRmaxT from 224 to 395 and 2881 to 4049 mg N/BWkg0.67/day, respectively.
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53108
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Murray DL, Bastille-Rousseau G, Adams JR, Waits LP. The Challenges of Red Wolf Conservation and the Fate of an Endangered Species Recovery Program. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L. Murray
- Department of Biology, Trent University; Peterborough; Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada
| | | | - Jennifer R. Adams
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844 USA
| | - Lisette P. Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844 USA
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53109
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Aldrich GC, Koppel K. Pet Food Palatability Evaluation: A Review of Standard Assay Techniques and Interpretation of Results with a Primary Focus on Limitations. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:43-55. [PMID: 26479136 PMCID: PMC4494336 DOI: 10.3390/ani5010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Palatability of pet foods is typically measured using a single-bowl or a two-bowl test. While these tests give a general understanding of the liking or preference of one food over another, opportunities exist for further method development. Abstract The pet food industry continues to grow steadily as a result of new innovative products. Quality control and product development tests for pet foods are typically conducted through palatability testing with dogs and cats. Palatability is the measure of intake of a food that indicates acceptance or the measure of preference of one food over another. Pet food palatability is most commonly measured using a single-bowl or a two-bowl assay. While these tests answer some questions about the animals’ perception of the food, there are many limitations as well. This review addresses some of these limitations and indicates opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Kadri Koppel
- Sensory Analysis Center, Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, 1310 Research Park Drive, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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53110
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European organic dairy farmers’ preference for animal health management within the farm management system. Animal 2015; 9:1875-83. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173111500141x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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53111
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Gregorini P, Villalba JJ, Provenza FD, Beukes PC, Forbes JM. Modelling preference and diet selection patterns by grazing ruminants: a development in a mechanistic model of a grazing dairy cow, MINDY. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The work presented here represents additions to the mechanistic and dynamic model of a grazing dairy cow (MINDY). The additions include a module representing preference and selection, based on two theories, namely, post-ingestive feedback and discomfort. The model was evaluated by assessing its ability to simulate patterns of preference and selection in response to a variety of feeding management. The improvements detailed here enable a realistic simulation of patterns of food selection by grazing ruminants, based on a range of feeding situations from different studies with cattle and sheep. These simulations indicate that the concepts encoded in MINDY capture several of the underlying biological mechanisms that drive preferences and selective behaviour. Thus, simulations using MINDY allow prediction of daily and diurnal patterns of selection based on preference, derived from some post-ingestive feedbacks and total discomfort. Estimates of herbage intake and parallel measurements of ingestive behaviour, rumen function and metabolism in grazing ruminants pose experimental and technical difficulties, and matching these processes to animal preference and selective behaviour is a greater challenge. As a consequence, advances in knowledge of foraging behaviour and dietary choice are slow and costly. On completion of more thorough testing, MINDY can be used as a tool for exploratory mechanistic research, to design and organise experimental programs to address a range of factors that control intake and its ecology, helping advance knowledge faster and at a low cost.
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53112
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Weiss E, Gramann S, Victor Spain C, Slater M. Goodbye to a Good Friend: An Exploration of the Re-Homing of Cats and Dogs in the U.S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2015.54046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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53113
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A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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53114
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He S, Hou X, Xu X, Wan C, Yin P, Liu X, Chen Y, Shu B, Liu F, Xu J. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals heat stress-induced injury in rat small intestine via activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:826-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We employed comparative proteomics to reveal a heat stress-induced injury mechanism in rat small intestine.
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53115
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Bee G, Chevillon P, Bonneau M. Entire male pig production in Europe. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an15279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Europe the proportion of male pigs that are left ‘entire’ has been high for many years in the British Isles and Iberian Peninsula, and has recently increased in The Netherlands and to a lesser extent in Germany and France. Various European Union partners agreed in 2010 on a road map to abandon piglet castration by 1 January 2018. Despite significant commercial in-confidence research on instrumental methods for detecting boar-tainted carcasses at slaughter plants, nothing is currently being adopted at an industrial scale. A few abattoirs sort out the most heavily tainted carcasses, using human nose methods. However, there are major concerns with their accuracy, which is currently not documented in any publicly available technical report. The importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint is still debated but a recent study (CAMPIG; G Backus, H Snoek, MA Oliver, M Font i Furnols, M Aluwé, F Tuyttens, M Bonneau, P Chevillon, MD Aaslyng, D Moerlein, L Meier-Dinkel, J Trautmann, J-E Haugen, unpubl. data) has established preliminary equations relating consumer dissatisfaction to androstenone and skatole levels. These equations still need further consolidation to integrate the impact of very high and very low androstenone levels on consumer acceptability. Reducing the incidence of boar taint at a production level and at the same time overcoming possible greater aggressive behaviour of entire male pigs are also critical for abandoning castration. Genetic selection is the most efficient way to reduce androstenone, but the selection of boar-taint-free genetic lines without any adverse consequence on the reproductive and growth performance will take time. Skatole levels can be efficiently reduced via feeding specific feedstuffs and good control of the animals’ environment. Provided that the incidence of boar taint can be reduced to an acceptable level and the residual tainted carcasses can be sorted out at a reasonable price by mutually recognised methods, the abandonment of castration will result in high benefits, up to one-billion euros for both the pork industry, via a drastic reduction of production costs, and society at large, through improved animal welfare and reduced impact on the environment.
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53116
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Development of methane emission factors for enteric fermentation in cattle from Benin using IPCC Tier 2 methodology. Animal 2015; 9:526-33. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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53117
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Soulsbury CD, White PCL. Human–wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/wr14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife has existed in urban areas since records began. However, the discipline of urban ecology is relatively new and one that is undergoing rapid growth. All wildlife in urban areas will interact with humans to some degree. With rates of urbanisation increasing globally, there is a pressing need to understand the type and nature of human–wildlife interactions within urban environments, to help manage, mitigate or even promote these interactions. Much research attention has focussed on the core topic of human–wildlife conflict. This inherent bias in the literature is probably driven by the ease with which it can be quantified and assessed. Human–wildlife conflicts in terms of disease transmission, physical attack and property damage are important topics to understand. Equally, the benefits of human–wildlife interactions are becoming increasingly recognised, despite being harder to quantify and generalise. Wildlife may contribute to the provision of ecosystem services in urban areas, and some recent work has shown how interactions with wildlife can provide a range of benefits to health and wellbeing. More research is needed to improve understanding in this area, requiring wildlife biologists to work with other disciplines including economics, public health, sociology, ethics, psychology and planning. There will always be a need to control wildlife populations in certain urban situations to reduce human–wildlife conflict. However, in an increasingly urbanised and resource-constrained world, we need to learn how to manage the risks from wildlife in new ways, and to understand how to maximise the diverse benefits that living with wildlife can bring.
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53118
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Provenza FD, Gregorini P, Carvalho PCF. Synthesis: foraging decisions link plants, herbivores and human beings. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbivores make decisions about where to forage and what combinations and sequences of foods to eat, integrating influences that span generations, with choices manifest daily within a lifetime. These influences begin in utero and early in life; they emerge daily from interactions among internal needs and contexts unique to biophysical and social environments; and they link the cells of plants with the palates of herbivores and humans. This synthesis summarises papers in the special issue of Animal Production Science that explore emerging understanding of these dynamics, and suggests implications for future research that can help people manage livestock for the benefit of landscapes and people by addressing (1) how primary and secondary compounds in plants interact physiologically with cells and organs in animals to influence food selection, (2) temporal and spatial patterns of foraging behaviours that emerge from these interactions in the form of meal dynamics across landscapes, (3) ways humans can manage foraging behaviours and the dynamics of meals for ecological, economic and social benefits, and (4) models of foraging behaviour that integrate the aforementioned influences.
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53119
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Cripps J, Beveridge I, Martin JK, Borland D, Coulson G. Temporal dynamics of helminth infections in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in Victoria. AUST J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/zo15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasite infection is increasingly recognised as a factor shaping the population dynamics, life history and behaviour of hosts. However, before the impacts of parasites on wildlife hosts can be investigated, seasonal patterns in host exposure to parasitic agents must be determined. We examined infection patterns at three sites in Victoria, and combined field experiments and observations to construct a generalised life cycle of the helminth community in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Kangaroo populations in Victoria had very similar helminth communities, with 20–25 species detected at each site. Despite examining relatively few hosts in this study, at least 87% of all gastrointestinal helminths were recovered according to bootstrap estimates. The prepatent period of infection in eastern grey kangaroo nematodes was at least 3 months, and faecal egg output showed a distinct seasonal pattern, with a peak in egg counts from October through to January each year. Data from one site indicated that faecal egg counts were influenced predominantly by the abundance of a single nematode species (Pharyngostrongylus kappa), despite adults accounting for only 7% of the total nematode burden. This highlights the problems associated with using faecal egg counts to estimate nematode burdens in this host. Contamination of pasture plots showed that nematode eggs take ~14 days to larvate once deposited, and that autumn rains likely triggered emergence from faecal pellets. The abundance of infective larvae in the environment therefore appears to be closely tied to environmental conditions, with a peak in infection of hosts in the winter months.
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53120
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Loading and Unloading Finishing Pigs: Effects of Bedding Types, Ramp Angle, and Bedding Moisture. Animals (Basel) 2014; 5:13-26. [PMID: 26479134 PMCID: PMC4494331 DOI: 10.3390/ani5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Current guidelines suggest the use of ramps below 20 degrees to load and unload pigs; however, they do not suggest the use of any specific bedding. Bedding types (nothing, feed, sand, wood shavings, and hay) were tested with finishing pigs (70–120 kg) to determine which was most effective in reducing slips, falls, and vocalizations at three ramp angles, two moisture levels, over two seasons. Slips, falls, and vocalizations were summed to establish a scoring system for the types of beddings. Heart rate and the total time it took to load and unload pigs, increased as the slope increased. Bedding, bedding moisture, season, and ramp slope interacted to impact the total time it took for finishing pigs to load and unload the ramp. Selection of the best bedding depends on ramp slope, season, and wetness of bedding. Abstract The use of non-slip surfaces during loading and unloading of finishing pigs plays an important role in animal welfare and economics of the pork industry. Currently, the guidelines available only suggest the use of ramps with a slope below 20 degrees to load and unload pigs. However, the total time it takes to load and unload animals and slips, falls, and vocalizations are a welfare concern. Three ramp angles (0, 10 or 20 degrees), five bedding materials (nothing, sand, feed, wood shavings or wheat straw hay), two moistures (dry or wet bedding, >50% moisture) over two seasons (>23.9 °C summer, <23.9 °C winter) were assessed for slips/falls/vocalizations (n = 2400 pig observations) and analyzed with a scoring system. The use of bedding during summer or winter played a role in the total time it took to load and unload the ramp (p < 0.05). Bedding, bedding moisture, season, and slope significantly interacted to impact the total time to load and unload finishing pigs (p < 0.05). Heart rate and the total time it took to load and unload the ramp increased as the slope of the ramp increased (p < 0.05). Heart rates were higher during the summer than winter, and summer heart rates increased as the slope increased (p < 0.05). The current study suggests that several factors should be considered in combination to identify the appropriate bedding for the specific occasion.
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53121
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Protopopova A, Mehrkam LR, Boggess MM, Wynne CDL. In-kennel behavior predicts length of stay in shelter dogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114319. [PMID: 25551460 PMCID: PMC4281133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous empirical evaluations of training programs aimed at improving dog adoption rates assume that dogs exhibiting certain behaviors are more adoptable. However, no systematic data are available to indicate that the spontaneous behavior of shelter dogs has an effect on adopter preference. The aim of the present study was to determine whether any behaviors that dogs exhibit spontaneously in the presence of potential adopters were associated with the dogs' length of stay in the shelter. A sample of 289 dogs was videotaped for 1 min daily throughout their stay at a county shelter. To account for differences in adopter behavior, experimenters varied from solitary passive observers to pairs of interactive observers. Dogs behaved more attentively to active observers. To account for adopter preference for morphology, dogs were divided into “morphologically preferred” and “non-preferred” groups. Morphologically preferred dogs were small, long coated, ratters, herders, and lap dogs. No theoretically significant differences in behavior were observed between the two different dog morphologies. When accounting for morphological preference, three behaviors were found to have a significant effect on length of stay in all dogs: leaning or rubbing on the enclosure wall (increased median length of stay by 30 days), facing away from the front of the enclosure (increased by 15 days), and standing (increased by 7 days). When combinations of behaviors were assessed, back and forth motion was found to predict a longer stay (increased by 24 days). No consistent behavioral changes were observed due to time spent at the shelter. These findings will allow shelters to focus behavioral modification efforts only on behaviors likely to influence adopters' choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Protopopova
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Room 114, Psychology Bldg, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lindsay Renee Mehrkam
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Room 114, Psychology Bldg, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, United States of America
| | - May Meredith Boggess
- School of Mathematics and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, United States of America
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Joffe AR, Bara M, Anton N, Nobis N. The ethics of animal research: a survey of pediatric health care workers. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2014; 9:20. [PMID: 25547734 PMCID: PMC4304153 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-014-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric health care workers (HCW) often perform, promote, and advocate use of public funds for animal research (AR). We aim to determine whether HCW consider common arguments (and counterarguments) in support (or not) of AR convincing. DESIGN After development and validation, an e-mail survey was sent to all pediatricians and pediatric intensive care unit nurses and respiratory therapists (RTs) affiliated with a Canadian University. We presented questions about demographics, support for AR, and common arguments (with their counterarguments) to justify the moral permissibility (or not) of AR. Responses are reported using standard tabulations. Responses of pediatricians and nurses/RTs were compared using Chi-square, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS Response rate was 53/115(46%) (pediatricians), and 73/120(61%) (nurses/RTs). Pediatricians and nurses/RTs are supportive of AR. Most considered 'benefits arguments' sufficient to justify AR; however, most acknowledged that counterarguments suggesting alternative research methods may be available, or that it is unclear why the same 'benefits arguments' do not apply to using humans in research, significantly weakened 'benefits arguments'. Almost all were not convinced of the moral permissibility of AR by 'characteristics of non-human-animals arguments', including that non-human-animals may not be sentient, or are simply property. Most were not convinced of the moral permissibility of AR by 'human exceptionalism' arguments, including that humans have more advanced mental abilities, are of a special 'kind', can enter into social contracts, or face a 'lifeboat situation'. Counterarguments explained much of this, including that not all humans have these more advanced abilities [the argument from species overlap], and that the notion of 'kind' is arbitrary [e.g., why are we not of the kind 'sentient animal' or 'subject-of-a-life']. Pediatrician and nurse/RT responses were similar. CONCLUSIONS Most respondents were not convinced of the moral permissibility of AR when given common arguments and counterarguments from the literature. HCW should seriously consider arguments on both sides of the AR debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari R Joffe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada.
- John Dossetor Health Ethics Center, University of Alberta, 5-16 University Terrace, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2T4, Canada.
- 4-546 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Meredith Bara
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Natalie Anton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Nathan Nobis
- Department of Philosophy, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Community Health & Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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53123
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Andrés-Barranco S, Vico J, Grilló M, Mainar-Jaime R. Reduction of subclinical Salmonella
infection in fattening pigs after dietary supplementation with a ß-galactomannan oligosaccharide. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:284-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Andrés-Barranco
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón; Zaragoza Spain
| | - J.P. Vico
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Universidad Católica de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - M.J. Grilló
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra); Pamplona Spain
| | - R.C. Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
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53124
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Stull JW, Stevenson KB. Zoonotic disease risks for immunocompromised and other high-risk clients and staff: promoting safe pet ownership and contact. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 45:377-92, vii. [PMID: 25534535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pets can be a source of disease (zoonoses) for humans. The disease risks associated with pet contact are highest among young children, the elderly, pregnant women, and immunocompromised hosts. These individuals and household members display limited knowledge of pet-associated disease, rarely recall receipt of pet-associated disease information, and report pet ownership practices that are often at odds with established disease prevention recommendations. Veterinary staff are in a key position to promote safe pet ownership and contact practices. Encouraging and safeguarding client disclosure of immunocompromising health conditions and promoting veterinarian-physician communications are critical for effectively providing this service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Stull
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kurt B Stevenson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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53125
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Fooks AR, Johnson N. Jet set pets: examining the zoonosis risk in animal import and travel across the European Union. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2014; 6:17-25. [PMID: 30101093 PMCID: PMC6067792 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s62059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ownership of companion animals or pets is popular throughout the world. Unfortunately, such animals are susceptible to and potential reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Close proximity to and contact with pets can lead to human infections. The distribution of zoonotic diseases associated with companion animals such as dogs and cats is not uniform around the world, and moving animals between regions, countries, and continents carries with it the risk of relocating the pathogens they might harbor. Critical among these zoonotic diseases are rabies, echinococcosis, and leishmania. In addition, the protozoan parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia duodenalis, are also significant agents for human disease of pet origin. Considerable effort is applied to controlling movements of companion animals, particularly dogs, into the European Union. However, free movement of people and their pets within the European Union is a risk factor for the translocation of diseases and their vectors. This review considers the current distribution of some of these diseases, the risks associated with pet travel, and the controls implemented within Europe to prevent the free movement of zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey,
- Department of Clinical Infection, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey,
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53126
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Abstract
Animal welfare is a state within the animal and a scientific perspective provides methodologies for evidence-based assessment of an animal's welfare. A simplistic definition of animal welfare might be how the animal feels now. Affective experiences including emotions, are subjective states so cannot be measured directly in animals, but there are informative indirect physiological and behavioural indices that can be cautiously used to interpret such experiences. This review enunciates several key science-based frameworks for understanding animal welfare. The biological functioning and affective state frameworks were initially seen as competing, but a recent more unified approach is that biological functioning is taken to include affective experiences and affective experiences are recognised as products of biological functioning, and knowledge of the dynamic interactions between the two is considered to be fundamental to managing and improving animal welfare. The value of these two frameworks in understanding the welfare of group-housed sows is reviewed. The majority of studies of the welfare of group-housed sows have employed the biological functioning framework to infer compromised sow welfare, on the basis that suboptimal biological functioning accompanies negative affective states such as sow hunger, pain, fear, helplessness, frustration and anger. Group housing facilitates social living, but group housing of gestating sows raises different welfare considerations to stall housing, such as high levels of aggression, injuries and stress, at least for several days after mixing, as well as subordinate sows being underfed due to competition at feeding. This paper highlights the challenges and potential opportunities for the continued improvement in sow management through well-focused research and multidisciplinary assessment of animal welfare. In future the management of sentient animals will require the promotion of positive affective experiences in animals and this is likely to be a major focus for animal welfare science activity in the early twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Hemsworth
- a Animal Welfare Science Centre , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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53127
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Dignon A. 'I think it will eventually be done away with': Attitudes among healthcare professionals towards the current system of animal experimentation. J Health Psychol 2014; 21:1630-43. [PMID: 25476576 DOI: 10.1177/1359105314559862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a study of attitudes to the current system of animal experimentation (for the production of health interventions) among 52 UK healthcare professionals. These healthcare professionals participated in three separate focus groups (of 18, 17 and 17 participants) and were invited to respond to the question 'what is your opinion about the current system of animal testing?' The study focused specifically on their views of the current system (rather than their views of animal testing in general). The healthcare professionals were critical of the current system, particularly with regard to regulation, secrecy, validity, unnecessary suffering and welfare.
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53128
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Arts JWM, Oosterhuis NR, Kramer K, Ohl F. Effects of Transfer from Breeding to Research Facility on the Welfare of Rats. Animals (Basel) 2014; 4:712-28. [PMID: 26479008 PMCID: PMC4494421 DOI: 10.3390/ani4040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study measured effects of transfer on body temperature, stress hormone levels, body weight, behavior and water and food intake in rats. Environmental temperature strongly affected body temperature of rats and needs to be controlled. Male rats need to habituate for at least one week, females for two weeks after transfer. Abstract Transfer from the breeding facility to a research facility is a stressful event for laboratory animals. Heat stress has been reported to constitute one of the major concerns during transport of animals. This study measured ambient and body temperature, corticosterone and glucose levels, body weight, behavior and water and food intake before, during and after transfer in Wistar rats. Decreased body weight, water and food intake were observed on the day of transfer in rats. Environmental temperature strongly affected body temperature of rats and needs to be controlled. Male rats need to habituate for at least one week, females for two weeks after transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna W M Arts
- Department of Animals in Science & Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
- Harlan Laboratories B.V., P.O. Box 553, Venray, 5800 AN, The Netherlands.
| | - Nynke R Oosterhuis
- Department of Animals in Science & Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6700 AH, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Kramer
- Department of Animals in Science & Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
- Department of Occupational Health, Safety and Environment, Free University, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
| | - Frauke Ohl
- Department of Animals in Science & Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
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53129
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53130
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Aalhus JL, López-Campos Ó, Prieto N, Rodas-González A, Dugan MER, Uttaro B, Juárez M. Review: Canadian beef grading – Opportunities to identify carcass and meat quality traits valued by consumers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aalhus, J. L., López-Campos, Ó., Prieto, N., Rodas-González, A., Dugan, M. E. R., Uttaro, B. and Juárez, M. 2014. Review: Canadian beef grading – Opportunities to identify carcass and meat quality traits valued by consumers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 545–556. Beef value is in the eye, mouth or mind of the consumer; however, currently, producers are paid on the basis of carcass grade. In general, affluent consumers are becoming more discerning and are willing to pay for both credence and measureable quality differences. The Canadian grading system for youthful carcasses identifies both lean yield and quality attributes, whereas mature carcasses are broadly categorized. Opportunities exist to improve the prediction of lean meat yield and better identify meat quality characteristics in youthful beef, and to obtain additional value from mature carcasses through muscle profiling. Individual carcass identification along with development of database systems like the Beef InfoXchange System (BIXS) will allow a paradigm shift for the industry as traits of economic value can be easily identified to improve marketing value chains. In the near future, developing technologies (e.g., grade cameras, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and spectroscopic methods such as near infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging) will be successfully implemented on-line to identify a multitude of carcass and quality traits of growing importance to segments of the consuming population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Óscar López-Campos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
- Livestock Gentec, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2C8
| | - Nuria Prieto
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Argenis Rodas-González
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Michael E. R. Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Bethany Uttaro
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Manuel Juárez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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53131
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Adams P, Kaewkungwal J, Limphattharacharoen C, Prakobtham S, Pengsaa K, Khusmith S. Is your ethics committee efficient? Using "IRB Metrics" as a self-assessment tool for continuous improvement at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113356. [PMID: 25406085 PMCID: PMC4236196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tensions between researchers and ethics committees have been reported in several institutions. Some reports suggest researchers lack confidence in the quality of institutional review board (IRB) reviews, and that emphasis on strict procedural compliance and ethical issues raised by the IRB might unintentionally lead to delays in correspondence between researchers and ethics committees, and/or even encourage prevarication/equivocation, if researchers perceive committee concerns and criticisms unjust. This study systematically analyzed the efficiency of different IRB functions, and the relationship between efficiency and perceived quality of the decision-making process. The major purposes of this study were thus (1) to use the IRB Metrics developed by the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand (FTM-EC) to assess the operational efficiency and perceived effectiveness of its ethics committees, and (2) to determine ethical issues that may cause the duration of approval process to be above the target limit of 60 days. Based on a literature review of definitions and methods used and proposed for use, in assessing aspects of IRB quality, an “IRB Metrics” was developed to assess IRB processes using a structure-process-outcome measurement model. To observe trends in the indicators evaluated, data related to all protocols submitted to the two panels of the FTM-EC (clinical and non-clinical), between January 2010–September 2013, were extracted and analyzed. Quantitative information based on IRB Metrics structure-process-outcome illuminates different areas for internal-process improvement. Ethical issues raised with researchers by the IRB, which were associated with the duration of the approval process in protocol review, could be considered root causes of tensions between the parties. The assessment of IRB structure-process-outcome thus provides a valuable opportunity to strengthen relationships and reduce conflicts between IRBs and researchers, with positive outcomes for all parties involved in the conduct of human-subject research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimon Adams
- Office of Research Services, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sukanya Prakobtham
- Office of Research Services, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krisana Pengsaa
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Srisin Khusmith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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53132
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Pickering NK, Chagunda MGG, Banos G, Mrode R, McEwan JC, Wall E. Genetic parameters for predicted methane production and laser methane detector measurements. J Anim Sci 2014; 93:11-20. [PMID: 25403186 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric ruminant methane is the most important greenhouse gas emitted from the pastoral agricultural systems. Genetic improvement of livestock provides a cumulative and permanent impact on performance, and using high-density SNP panels can increase the speed of improvement for most traits. In this study, a data set of 1,726 dairy cows, collected since 1990, was used to calculate a predicted methane emission (PME) trait from feed and energy intake and requirements based on milk yield, live weight, feed intake, and condition score data. Repeated measurements from laser methane detector (LMD) data were also available from 57 cows. The estimated heritabilities for PME, milk yield, DMI, live weight, condition score, and LMD data were 0.13, 0.25, 0.11, 0.92, 0.38, and 0.05, respectively. There was a high genetic correlation between DMI and PME. No SNP reached the Bonferroni significance threshold for the PME traits. One SNP was within the 3 best SNP for PME at wk 10, 20, 30, and 40. Genomic prediction accuracies between dependent variable and molecular breeding value ranged between 0.26 and 0.30. These results are encouraging; however, more work is required before a PME trait can be implemented in a breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Pickering
- Animal Genomics Team, Invermay Agricultural Centre, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - M G G Chagunda
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, Scotland, UK
| | - G Banos
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, Scotland, UK
| | - R Mrode
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, Scotland, UK
| | - J C McEwan
- Animal Genomics Team, Invermay Agricultural Centre, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - E Wall
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, Scotland, UK ClimateXChange, Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation, High School Yards, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, UK
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53133
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Maxwell CL, Krehbiel CR, Wilson BK, Johnson BT, Bernhard BC, O'Neill CF, VanOverbeke DL, Mafi GG, Step DL, Richards CJ. Effects of beef production system on animal performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5727-38. [PMID: 25403195 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate conventional (CONV) and natural (NAT) beef production systems from annual pasture through finishing through grazing. Beef steers (n=180, initial BW=250±19 kg) were assigned randomly to 2 treatments in the pasture phase. Steers were implanted with 40 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA), 8 mg estradiol, and 29 mg tylosin tartrate (CONV), or received no implant (NAT). Steers on the 2 treatments grazed wheat or cereal rye for 109 d. Conventional steers had an 18.5% improvement in ADG (1.22 vs. 1.03 kg/d, P<0.01) and a heavier final BW (385 vs. 366 kg, P<0.01) compared with NAT steers. Following the pasture phase, steers (n=160 steers, 5 steers/pen, 8 pens/treatment) were assigned to a 2×2 factorial in the feedlot phase. Production system (NAT vs. CONV) was maintained from the pasture phase, and the second factor was 7 vs. 12% low-quality roughage (DM basis, LOW vs. HIGH). During finishing, CONV steers were given 120 mg of TBA and 24 mg estradiol at processing, fed monensin and tylosin, and fed zilpaterol hydrochloride for the last 20 d of the experiment. There were no program×roughage level interactions (P>0.07). The CONV steers ate 6.9% more feed (11.8 vs. 11.0 kg/d, P<0.01), gained 28.4% faster (1.90 vs. 1.48 kg/d, P<0.01), and were 24.2% more efficient (0.164 vs. 0.132, P<0.01) compared with NAT steers. The LOW steers had greater G:F (0.153 vs. 0.144, P<0.01) compared with HIGH steers. There was a 28.3% improvement in estimated carcass weight gain (1.36 vs. 1.06 kg/d), 18.6% improvement in carcass efficiency (0.115 vs. 0.097, P<0.01), and 21.6% improvement (1.52 vs. 1.25 Mcal/kg, P<0.01) in calculated dietary NEg for CONV compared with NAT steers. Hot carcass weight was increased by 62 kg (424 vs. 362 kg, P<0.01) and LM area was increased by 16.9 cm2 (100.9 vs. 84.0 cm2, P<0.01), decreasing USDA yield grade (YG, 3.09 vs. 3.54, P<0.01) for CONV steers compared with NAT steers. Natural steers had a greater percentage of carcasses in the upper 2/3 of USDA Choice grade (48.7 vs. 18.7%, P<0.01), a greater percentage of YG 4 and 5 carcasses (25.4 vs. 9.3%, P<0.01), and a greater percentage of abscessed livers (39.6 vs. 10.5%, P<0.01) compared with CONV steers. The results show that CONV production results in more rapid and efficient production that resulted in heavier carcasses with superior YG and desirable quality grades with both roughage levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D L Step
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
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53134
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Proctor HS, Carder G. Nasal temperatures in dairy cows are influenced by positive emotional state. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:340-4. [PMID: 25446197 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how animals express positive emotions is an important area of focus for animal welfare science, yet it is widely neglected. Emotions can be either positive or negative in valence, depending on the rewarding or punishing nature of the stimulus, and they can vary in the degree of arousal or excitement. Previous literature has shown a strong connection between peripheral temperatures and high arousal, negative experiences. Stress, fear and frustration have all been found to cause a drop in peripheral temperature. Little is known however, about whether the experience of positive emotions affects peripheral temperatures. In this study we sought to identify whether the nasal temperature of cows was affected by emotions, and if nasal temperature could be reliably used as a measure of emotional state in cows. We induced a positive, low arousal emotional state by stroking cows in preferred regions, in a similar manner to allogrooming. We performed 350 full focal observations, each comprising three conditions; pre-stroking, stroking, and post-stroking. During each 15minute focal observation we remotely took the focal cow's nasal temperature six times, twice during each condition. We analysed the data using the one-way ANOVA repeated measures test and found a significant difference overall (F (2, 1.935)=9.372, p<0.01). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that the total mean nasal temperature decreased significantly during the stroking condition (25.91°C, SD=1.21), compared with both the pre-stroking (26.27°C, SD=1.01, p<0.01) and post-stroking conditions (26.44°C, SD=1.12, p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the pre-stroking and post-stroking conditions (p=0.14). We suggest that the cows were in a low state of arousal during the entire focal observation, as no other changes to the cows' environment had been made, and the cows were habituated to both the procedure and the researchers. Furthermore, the stroking stimulus is known to induce a state of relaxation and lower the heart rate of cows. This leads us to conclude that the drop in nasal temperature was indicative of the change in valence, rather than a change in arousal. These findings show that positive emotional state may have the same effect on the peripheral temperatures of mammals as a negative state does. This raises questions regarding the triggers for emotional fever, which is often considered to be associated only with negative states and high arousal. Our results indicate that nasal temperature in cows may prove to be a useful measure of a change in emotional state, but further research is required to validate these findings and to explore the effect of arousal on peripheral temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Proctor
- World Animal Protection, 5th Floor, 222 Gray's Inn Rd, London WC1X 8HB, UK.
| | - Gemma Carder
- World Animal Protection, 5th Floor, 222 Gray's Inn Rd, London WC1X 8HB, UK
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53135
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Vegan Killjoys at the Table—Contesting Happiness and Negotiating Relationships with Food Practices. SOCIETIES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/soc4040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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53136
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van Lingen H, Crompton L, Hendriks W, Reynolds C, Dijkstra J. Meta-analysis of relationships between enteric methane yield and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7115-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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53137
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The Feeding Practices and Estimated Workload in a Cohort of New Zealand Competition Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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53138
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Arhant C, Troxler J. Approach behaviour of shelter dogs and its relationships with the attitudes of shelter staff to dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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53139
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The advent of canine performance science: offering a sustainable future for working dogs. Behav Processes 2014; 110:96-104. [PMID: 25444772 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Working and sporting dogs provide an essential contribution to many industries worldwide. The common development, maintenance and disposal of working and sporting dogs can be considered in the same way as other animal production systems. The process of 'production' involves genetic selection, puppy rearing, recruitment and assessment, training, housing and handling, handler education, health and working life end-point management. At present, inefficiencies throughout the production process result in a high failure rate of dogs attaining operational status. This level of wastage would be condemned in other animal production industries for economic reasons and has significant implications for dog welfare, as well as public perceptions of dog-based industries. Standards of acceptable animal use are changing and some historically common uses of animals are no longer publicly acceptable, especially where harm is caused for purposes deemed trivial, or where alternatives exist. Public scrutiny of animal use appears likely to increase and extend to all roles of animals, including working and sporting dogs. Production system processes therefore need to be transparent, traceable and ethically acceptable for animal use to be sustainable into the future. Evidence-based approaches already inform best practice in fields as diverse as agriculture and human athletic performance. This article introduces the nascent discipline of canine performance science, which aims to facilitate optimal product quality and production efficiency, while also assuring evidence-based increments in dog welfare through a process of research and development. Our thesis is that the model of canine performance science offers an objective, transparent and traceable opportunity for industry development in line with community expectations and underpins a sustainable future for working dogs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Canine Behavior.
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53140
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Egbuniwe IC, Ayo JO, Kawu MU, Mohammed A. Cloacal temperature responses of broiler chickens administered with betaine and ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2014.974931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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53141
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Effects of Transport at Weaning on the Behavior, Physiology and Performance of Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2014; 4:657-69. [PMID: 26479005 PMCID: PMC4494433 DOI: 10.3390/ani4040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pigs are commonly transported to separate production facilities at weaning to reduce disease transfer, enhance productivity and to improve overall operational efficiency. A review of the scientific literature suggests that these animals experience stress due to concurrent weaning and transport; however, gaps in the knowledge include the short and long term health and welfare implications of transporting pigs at weaning. Pig welfare and the efficiency of the swine industry may improve if science-based recommendations were in place. Abstract Transport of pigs to separate production facilities at the time of weaning is a common practice, primarily performed to reduce vertical transfer of disease and enhance production and overall farm efficiency. During transport, pigs are exposed to numerous stressors in conjunction with the stress experienced as a result of weaning. In this review, the behavioral and physiological response of pigs experiencing weaning and transport simultaneously will be described, including the effects of space allowance, season and transport duration. Based on the scientific literature, the gaps in the knowledge regarding potential welfare issues are discussed. Changes in behavior and physiology suggest that weaned pigs may experience stress due to transport. Space allowance, season and duration are aspects of transport that can have a marked impact on these responses. To date, the literature regarding the effects of transport on weaned pigs has primarily focused on the short term stress response and little is known about the effects of concurrent weaning and transport on other aspects of pig welfare including morbidity and mortality rates. Greater understanding of the short and long term consequences of transport on weaned pig welfare particularly in relation to factors such as trip duration, provision of feed and water, and best handling practices would benefit the swine industry. Furthermore, the development of guidelines and recommendations to enhance the short and long term welfare of weaned pigs in relation to transport are needed.
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53142
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Brown WP, Morgan KT. Age, breed designation, coat color, and coat pattern influenced the length of stay of cats at a no-kill shelter. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2014; 18:169-80. [PMID: 25347158 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2014.971156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adoption records from the Tompkins County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, an open-admission, no-kill shelter in New York State, were examined to determine if various physical attributes influenced the length of stay (LOS) of cats and kittens. Similar reports from other no-kill shelters have not been published. LOS averaged 61.2 days for cats and kittens combined and ranged from less than 1 day to 730 days. Based on mixed models that accounted for lack of independence among attributes, younger, lighter-colored cats were generally adopted more quickly than older, more darkly colored cats, but yellow-colored cats had the greatest LOS. Coat color did not influence LOS for kittens. Coat patterning and breed designation influenced LOS in both cats and kittens. Male cats and kittens had a shorter LOS than female cats and kittens, respectively. Studies from traditional shelters also demonstrated the importance of physical characteristics to adopters. Given adopter preferences for companion animals with certain characteristics, methods to reduce the LOS for cats with the longest potential residences at the shelter require continued development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Brown
- a Division of Natural Sciences, Mathematics, and Physical Education , Keuka College
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53143
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Is There a Need for a More Expansive Use of Ethics and Values in Reflecting on the Use of Animals in Scientific Research? Animals (Basel) 2014. [PMCID: PMC4494424 DOI: 10.3390/ani4040643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Debates about animal research are often polarized. On one side, increased knowledge, medical treatments or enhanced animal production are seen to justify harms. On the other, animals have rights constraining their use. Both sides fail to provide adequate support for this contentious use of animals. Reflecting the richness of ethics, it is suggested that empathy and respect for the animal, and greater acknowledgement of the value of experiences and care could also be considered. Along with a more informed understanding of the benefits of research and of the aims of animal rights, a more sophisticated ethic may reflect the common ground between the poles of the debate. Abstract Although reflecting a long tradition of moral reflection that the use of animals is acceptable as long as it is humane, the tension between causing harm to animals in research and the benefits to humans can nevertheless be troubling. Utilitarian arguments that appeal to the value of those practices in sustaining and enhancing human lives, and rights-based arguments which seek to constrain them, can be inadequate. Reflecting a more engaging, inclusive and sophisticated understanding of human activity, justification for animal use could be expanded to reflect the fullness and richness of ethical thinking. This might see more explicit inclusion of perspectives borne of virtues, caring, experiences, and respect for the essence of the animal, and different ways of understanding and knowing animals, values drawn from the middle ground of commonly acceptable human-animal relationships. Such values, already clearly evident in research, could be more widely integrated into arguments justifying animal use. A more expansive approach would not only reflect reality and acknowledge that costs and benefits are shared more widely, but it might result in more equitable, effective and humane science. It might also serve to reduce some of the tension long evident in the relationship between humans and animals.
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53144
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Garstang M, Davis RE, Leggett K, Frauenfeld OW, Greco S, Zipser E, Peterson M. Response of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) to seasonal changes in rainfall. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108736. [PMID: 25299514 PMCID: PMC4191980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors that trigger sudden, seasonal movements of elephants are uncertain. We hypothesized that savannah elephant movements at the end of the dry season may be a response to their detection of distant thunderstorms. Nine elephants carrying Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were tracked over seven years in the extremely dry and rugged region of northwestern Namibia. The transition date from dry to wet season conditions was determined annually from surface- and satellite-derived rainfall. The distance, location, and timing of rain events relative to the elephants were determined using the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite precipitation observations. Behavioral Change Point Analysis (BCPA) was applied to four of these seven years demonstrating a response in movement of these elephants to intra- and inter-seasonal occurrences of rainfall. Statistically significant changes in movement were found prior to or near the time of onset of the wet season and before the occurrence of wet episodes within the dry season, although the characteristics of the movement changes are not consistent between elephants and years. Elephants in overlapping ranges, but following separate tracks, exhibited statistically valid non-random near-simultaneous changes in movements when rainfall was occurring more than 100 km from their location. While the environmental trigger that causes these excursions remains uncertain, rain-system generated infrasound, which can travel such distances and be detected by elephants, is a possible trigger for such changes in movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garstang
- University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert E. Davis
- University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Keith Leggett
- Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oliver W. Frauenfeld
- Texas A&M University, Department of Geography, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven Greco
- Simpson Weather Associates, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Edward Zipser
- University of Utah, Atmospheric Sciences Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael Peterson
- University of Utah, Atmospheric Sciences Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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53145
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Greek R. Letter to the editor. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2014; 35:389-394. [PMID: 25179121 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-014-9305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ray Greek
- Americans for Medical Advancement, 2251 Refugio Rd, Goleta, CA, 93117, USA,
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53146
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Basinska K, Marycz K, Śieszek A, Nicpoń J. The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-a in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:113-20. [PMID: 25269712 PMCID: PMC4367141 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A main symptom of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) in ponies is pathological obesity characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat deposits and inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in subcutaneous adipose tissue and the correlation with serum concentrations in peripheral blood of Welsh ponies. Based on clinical examination findings, the animals were divided into two groups: ponies affected with EMS (n = 8) and obese ponies (n = 8). The adipose tissue was examined using immunohistochemical analysis while concentrations IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Additionally, histological characterization of the adipose tissue was performed. The results obtained showed that IL-6 expression in adipose tissue biopsies derived from animals with EMS was enhanced while TNF-α levels of both groups were comparable. Compared to the obese ponies, EMS animals also had significantly elevated levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed macrophage infiltration and fibrosis in adipose tissue preparations from the EMS group. These data suggest that IL-6 may play a key role in the course of EMS in Welsh ponies. Our findings also demonstrated that analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in serum may serve as an additional tool for diagnosing EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Basinska
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 51-631,
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53147
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McGlone J, Johnson A, Sapkota A, Kephart R. Temperature and Relative Humidity Inside Trailers During Finishing Pig Loading and Transport in Cold and Mild Weather. Animals (Basel) 2014; 4:583-98. [PMID: 26479001 PMCID: PMC4494427 DOI: 10.3390/ani4040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The multi-site nature of the modern pork industry makes transport an essential part of swine production. It is well documented that transport induces stress in pigs. Bedding levels can have a significant effect on temperature and relative humidity inside the trailer. This study aims to determine the effects of bedding level on trailer temperature and humidity between average air temperatures of 4 °C and 18 °C. Relative humidity was greatest when higher levels of bedding were used during loading and transport in cold but not mild weather. Abstract The effect of bedding levels and trailer compartment on internal trailer temperature and relative humidity (RH) during loading and transport of finishing pigs was evaluated in cold and mild weather. Three levels of bedding were used in each experiment: 0.6 m3, 1.2 m3, and 2.4 m3. In mild weather, internal temperatures were lower when 1.2 m3 or 2.4 m3 of bedding were used during loading and transport compared to 0.6 m3 (P < 0.05). Internal trailer temperature increased in a quadratic fashion in the top front compartment when 1.2 m3 was used (P < 0.05), and in a linear fashion in the top rear compartment when 2.4 m3 were used in cold weather (P < 0.05). In mild weather, temperature increased linearly in the top front compartment with heavy bedding levels. Relative humidity increased in a linear fashion in the top front compartment with 0.6 m3, bottom front with 1.2 m3, and top front with 1.2 m3 in cold weather (P < 0.05). In general, temperature and RH increased as bedding levels increased in both cold and mild temperatures. Excess bedding can absorb more moisture, resulting in transport loss and decreased animal welfare
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Affiliation(s)
- John McGlone
- Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Anna Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Avi Sapkota
- Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Rebecca Kephart
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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53148
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Sasaki Y, Uemura R, Sekiguchi S, Takahashi T, Fujii Y, Sueyoshi M. An analysis of factors affecting production performance in broiler flocks on Japanese commercial farms. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:737-44. [PMID: 25247279 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.966057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The present study determined descriptive values of the main production measurements of flocks and assessed the relationship between these measurements and related management factors in Japanese commercial broiler farms. 2. The data set included 5060 flock records from 183 farms. The production index was calculated as follows: liveability × average daily gain/feed conversion ratio × 10. Management factors included in the analysis were broiler breeder age, the time interval between successive flocks, the season of placement and stocking density. 3. The mean (±SD) production index was 283.9 ± 28.83. Management factors significantly associated with a decreased production index were low broiler breeder age, flocks placed in summer and high stocking density (P < 0.05). 4. In regard to an interaction for the production index, flocks with high stocking density had a lower production index than those with low stocking density in flocks with a low broiler breeder age (P < 0.05). In summer, flocks with a short time interval between successive flocks had a lower production index than those with an intermediate or long time interval (P < 0.05). 5. The present study identified factors related to flock performance. The knowledge obtained from this analysis will contribute to improve flock performance by optimising management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasaki
- a Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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53149
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Berendsen BJA, Wegh RS, Memelink J, Zuidema T, Stolker LAM. The analysis of animal faeces as a tool to monitor antibiotic usage. Talanta 2014; 132:258-68. [PMID: 25476307 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of antibiotics in animal faeces is important to obtain more insight in the possible formation of bacterial resistance in the animals׳ gut, to learn about the dissemination of antibiotics to the environment, to monitor trends in antibiotic usage and to detect the illegal and off-label use of antibiotics. To facilitate these studies a comprehensive method for the analysis of trace levels of 44 antibiotic compounds including tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides and sulfonamides in animal faeces by liquid chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) detection is reported. The method is fully validated according to European regulation and showed satisfactory quantitative performance according to the stringent criteria adopted, with the exception of some of the macrolide compounds, which can be analysed with somewhat high measurement uncertainty. A large survey was carried out monitoring swine and cattle faeces and the outcomes were striking. In 55% of the swines, originating from 80% of the swine farms and in 75% of the calves, originating from 95% of the cattle farms, antibiotics were detected. Oxytetracycline, doxycycline and sulfadiazine were the most detected antibiotics, followed by tetracycline, flumequine, lincomycin and tylosin. Over 34% of the faeces samples contained two or more different antibiotics with a maximum of eight. Possible explanations for these findings are given and the effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin S Wegh
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Memelink
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Zuidema
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda A M Stolker
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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53150
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Lebel A, Matte JJ, Guay F. Effect of mineral source and mannan oligosaccharide supplements on zinc and copper digestibility in growing pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:370-84. [PMID: 25179553 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.954357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of organic (proteinate) and inorganic (sulphate) copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) supplements, in presence or absence of a mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplement, on mineral solubility and digestibility in pigs. Twenty-eight barrows (25 ± 4 kg) assigned randomly to four treatment groups were fed a corn-wheat-soya bean meal diet with 10 mg/kg of Cu and 100 mg/kg of Zn supplied as organic or inorganic supplement, and supplemented or not with 0.1% MOS. After an adaptation period, total faeces and urine were collected for a period of 6-7 days. Pigs were then euthanatised and digesta from ileum and caecum were collected. Apparent digestibility was calculated in ileum and caecum using titanium dioxide. The organic mineral supplement improved total (faecal) digestibility and retained/ingested ratio of Cu (p < 0.05) while reducing apparent digestibility of Zn in the ileum (p < 0.05) without effect on total digestibility of Zn. Solubilities of Cu and Zn in liquid fraction of ileum and caecum were not affected by mineral sources. Although MOS supplement increased Cu solubility in the ileum (p < 0.05), it had no effect on digestibility of Zn and Cu in ileum, caecum and faeces, retained/ingested ratio of Zn and Cu, or pH and volatile fatty acid concentration in ileal and caecal digesta. In conclusion, organic mineral supplement improved total digestibility and retained/ingested ratio of Cu in pigs but this cannot be attributed to its solubility in ileal and caecal digesta. The MOS supplement did not interfere with digestibility or dietary utilisation of Zn and Cu in pigs fed above the Zn and Cu requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lebel
- a Département des sciences animals , Université Laval Québec , Québec , Canada G1V 0A6
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