501
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Ruan Q, Chen YH. Nuclear factor-κB in immunity and inflammation: the Treg and Th17 connection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:207-21. [PMID: 21948370 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) is generally considered to be a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, recent studies indicate that it also plays a critical role in the development of an anti-inflammatory T cell subset called regulatory T (Treg) cells. Two NF-kB proteins, c-Rel and p65, drive the development of Treg cells by promoting the formation of a Foxp3-specific enhanceosome. Consequently, c-Rel-deficient mice have marked reductions in Treg cells, and c-Rel-deficient T cells are compromised in Treg cell differentiation. However, with the exception of Foxp3, most NF-kB target genes in immune cells are pro-inflammatory. These include several Th17-related cytokine genes and the retinoid-related orphan receptor-g (Rorg or Rorc) that specifies Th17 differentiation and lineage-specific function. T cells deficient in c-Rel or p65 are significantly compromised in Th17 differentiation, and c-Rel -deficient mice are defective in Th17 responses. Thus, NF-kB is required for the development of both anti-inflammatory Treg and pro-inflammatory Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ruan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 712 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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502
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Yang XO, Nurieva RI, Chang SH, Ojeda SS, Kang HS, Schluns KS, Gui J, Jetten AM, Dong C. Transcription of Il17 and Il17f is controlled by conserved noncoding sequence 2. Immunity 2012; 36:23-31. [PMID: 22244845 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells specifically transcribe the Il17 and Il17f genes, which are localized in the same chromosome region, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we report a cis element that we previously named conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2) physically interacted with both Il17 and Il17f gene promoters and was sufficient for regulating their selective transcription in Th17 cells. Targeted deletion of CNS2 resulted in impaired retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gammat (RORγt)-driven IL-17 expression in vitro. CNS2-deficient T cells also produced substantially decreased amounts of IL-17F. These cytokine defects were associated with defective chromatin remodeling in the Il17-Il17f gene locus, possibly because of effects on CNS2-mediated recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes p300 and JmjC domain-containing protein 3 (JMJD3). CNS2-deficient animals were also shown to be resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our results thus suggest that CNS2 is sufficient and necessary for Il17 and optimal Il17f gene transcription in Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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503
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Kanno Y, Vahedi G, Hirahara K, Singleton K, O'Shea JJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic control of T helper cell specification: molecular mechanisms underlying commitment and plasticity. Annu Rev Immunol 2012; 30:707-31. [PMID: 22224760 PMCID: PMC3314163 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T helper cell differentiation occurs in the context of the extracellular cytokine milieu evoked by diverse microbes and other pathogenic stimuli along with T cell receptor stimulation. The culmination of these signals results in specification of T helper lineages, which occurs through the combinatorial action of multiple transcription factors that establish distinctive transcriptomes. In this manner, inducible, but constitutively active, master regulators work in conjunction with factors such as the signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STATs) that sense the extracellular environment. The acquisition of a distinctive transcriptome also depends on chromatin modifications that impact key cis elements as well as the changes in global genomic organization. Thus, signal transduction and epigenetics are linked in these processes of differentiation. In this review, recent advances in understanding T helper lineage specification and deciphering the action of transcription factors are summarized with emphasis on comprehensive views of the dynamic T cell epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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504
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Monk JM, Jia Q, Callaway E, Weeks B, Alaniz RC, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Th17 cell accumulation is decreased during chronic experimental colitis by (n-3) PUFA in Fat-1 mice. J Nutr 2012; 142:117-24. [PMID: 22131549 PMCID: PMC3237233 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.147058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During colon inflammation, Th17 cells and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) are thought to play promotive and preventative roles, respectively. Dietary (n-3) PUFA favorably modulate intestinal inflammation in part by downregulating T-cell activation and functionality. We used the Fat-1 mouse, a genetic model that synthesizes long-chain (n-3) PUFA de novo, to test the hypothesis that (n-3) PUFA protect against colonic inflammation by modulating the polarization of Treg and Th17 cells during colitis. Male and female wild-type (WT) and Fat-1 mice were administered dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the drinking water (2.5%) to induce acute (5 d DSS) or chronic (3 cycles DSS) colitis and the percentage of Treg and Th17 cells residing locally [colonic lamina propria (cLP)] and systemically (spleen) was determined by flow cytometry. The percentage of Treg in either tissue site was unaffected by genotype (P > 0.05); however, during chronic colitis, the percentage of Th17 cells residing in both the spleen and cLP was lower in Fat-1 mice compared to WT mice (P < 0.05). Colonic mucosal mRNA expression of critical Th17 cell cytokines and chemokine receptors (IL-17F, IL-21, and CCR6) were lower, whereas expression of the Th17 cell suppressive cytokine, IL-27, was greater in Fat-1 mice compared to WT mice during chronic colitis (P < 0.05). Moreover, colon histological scores were improved in Fat-1 mice (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that (n-3) PUFA can modulate the colonic mucosal microenvironment to suppress Th17 cell accumulation and inflammatory damage following the induction of chronic colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Monk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases,Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition
| | - Qian Jia
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases,Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases,Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition
| | - Brad Weeks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, and
| | - Robert C. Alaniz
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - David N. McMurray
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases,Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition,Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases,Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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505
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Mizoguchi A. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:263-320. [PMID: 22137435 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory condition that is medicated by genetic, immune, and environmental factors. At least 66 different kinds of animal models have been established to study IBD, which are classified primarily into chemically induced, cell-transfer, congenial mutant, and genetically engineered models. These IBD models have provided significant contributions to not only dissect the mechanism but also develop novel therapeutic strategies for IBD. In addition, recent advances on genetically engineered techniques such as cell-specific and inducible knockout as well as knockin mouse systems have brought novel concepts on IBD pathogenesis to the fore. Further, mouse models, which lack some IBD susceptibility genes, have suggested more complicated mechanism of IBD than previously predicted. This chapter summarizes the distinct feature of each murine IBD model and discusses the previous and current lessons from the IBD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Pathology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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506
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Monk JM, Kim W, Callaway E, Turk HF, Foreman JE, Peters JM, He W, Weeks B, Alaniz RC, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Immunomodulatory action of dietary fish oil and targeted deletion of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ in inflammation-induced colon carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G153-67. [PMID: 21940900 PMCID: PMC3345959 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00315.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is highly expressed in colonic epithelial cells; however, the role of PPARδ ligands, such as fatty acids, in mucosal inflammation and malignant transformation has not been clarified. Recent evidence suggests that the anti-inflammatory/chemoprotective properties of fish oil (FO)-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be partly mediated by PPARδ. Therefore, we assessed the role of PPARδ in modulating the effects of dietary n-3 PUFAs by targeted deletion of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ (PPARδ(ΔIEpC)). Subsequently, we documented changes in colon tumorigenesis and the inflammatory microenvironment, i.e., local [mesenteric lymph node (MLN)] and systemic (spleen) T cell activation. Animals were fed chemopromotive [corn oil (CO)] or chemoprotective (FO) diets during the induction of chronic inflammation/carcinogenesis. Tumor incidence was similar in control and PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. FO reduced mucosal injury, tumor incidence, colonic STAT3 activation, and inflammatory cytokine gene expression, independent of PPARδ genotype. CD8(+) T cell recruitment into MLNs was suppressed in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. Similarly, FO reduced CD8(+) T cell numbers in the MLN. Dietary FO independently modulated MLN CD4(+) T cell activation status by decreasing CD44 expression. CD11a expression by MLN CD4(+) T cells was downregulated in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. Lastly, splenic CD62L expression was downregulated in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These data demonstrate that expression of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ does not influence azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colon tumor incidence. Moreover, we provide new evidence that dietary n-3 PUFAs attenuate intestinal inflammation in an intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Monk
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Wooki Kim
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Harmony F. Turk
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Jennifer E. Foreman
- 3Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey M. Peters
- 3Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Weimin He
- 4Institute of Biosciences and Technology and
| | - Brad Weeks
- 5Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University,
| | - Robert C. Alaniz
- 6Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas; and
| | - David N. McMurray
- 2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and ,6Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
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507
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Kondo Y, Iizuka M, Wakamatsu E, Yao Z, Tahara M, Tsuboi H, Sugihara M, Hayashi T, Yoh K, Takahashi S, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. Overexpression of T-bet gene regulates murine autoimmune arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:162-72. [DOI: 10.1002/art.33335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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508
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Nakayamada S, Kanno Y, Takahashi H, Jankovic D, Lu KT, Johnson TA, Sun HW, Vahedi G, Hakim O, Handon R, Schwartzberg PL, Hager GL, O'Shea JJ. Early Th1 cell differentiation is marked by a Tfh cell-like transition. Immunity 2011; 35:919-31. [PMID: 22195747 PMCID: PMC3244883 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells comprise an important subset of helper T cells; however, their relationship with other helper lineages is incompletely understood. Herein, we showed interleukin-12 acting via the transcription factor STAT4 induced both Il21 and Bcl6 genes, generating cells with features of both Tfh and Th1 cells. However, STAT4 also induced the transcription factor T-bet. With ChIP-seq, we defined the genome-wide targets of T-bet and found that it repressed Bcl6 and other markers of Tfh cells, thereby attenuating the nascent Tfh cell-like phenotype in the late phase of Th1 cell specification. Tfh-like cells were rapidly generated after Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice, but T-bet constrained Tfh cell expansion and consequent germinal center formation and antibody production. Our data argue that Tfh and Th1 cells share a transitional stage through the signal mediated by STAT4, which promotes both phenotypes. However, T-bet represses Tfh cell functionalities, promoting full Th1 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakayamada
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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509
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Muranski P, Borman ZA, Kerkar SP, Klebanoff CA, Ji Y, Sanchez-Perez L, Sukumar M, Reger RN, Yu Z, Kern SJ, Roychoudhuri R, Ferreyra GA, Shen W, Durum SK, Feigenbaum L, Palmer DC, Antony PA, Chan CC, Laurence A, Danner RL, Gattinoni L, Restifo NP. Th17 cells are long lived and retain a stem cell-like molecular signature. Immunity 2011; 35:972-85. [PMID: 22177921 PMCID: PMC3246082 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells have been described as short lived, but this view is at odds with their capacity to trigger protracted damage to normal and transformed tissues. We report that Th17 cells, despite displaying low expression of CD27 and other phenotypic markers of terminal differentiation, efficiently eradicated tumors and caused autoimmunity, were long lived, and maintained a core molecular signature resembling early memory CD8(+) cells with stem cell-like properties. In addition, we found that Th17 cells had high expression of Tcf7, a direct target of the Wnt and β-catenin signaling axis, and accumulated β-catenin, a feature observed in stem cells. In vivo, Th17 cells gave rise to Th1-like effector cell progeny and also self-renewed and persisted as IL-17A-secreting cells. Multipotency was required for Th17 cell-mediated tumor eradication because effector cells deficient in IFN-γ or IL-17A had impaired activity. Thus, Th17 cells are not always short lived and are a less-differentiated subset capable of superior persistence and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Muranski
- National Cancer Institute, CRC10 Room 3W5816, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zachary A. Borman
- National Cancer Institute, CRC10 Room 3W5816, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sid P. Kerkar
- National Cancer Institute, CRC10 Room 3W5816, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Yun Ji
- National Cancer Institute, CRC10 Room 3W5816, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Robert N. Reger
- National Cancer Institute, CRC10 Room 3W5816, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhiya Yu
- National Cancer Institute, CRC10 Room 3W5816, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Steven J. Kern
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Facility, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Gabriela A. Ferreyra
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Facility, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, NCI, Fredrick, MD
| | - Scott K. Durum
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, NCI, Fredrick, MD
| | - Lionel Feigenbaum
- Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), NCI, Frederick, MD
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- National Cancer Institute, CRC10 Room 3W5816, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paul A. Antony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, and the Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L. Danner
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Facility, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- National Cancer Institute, CRC10 Room 3W5816, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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510
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Hirahara K, Vahedi G, Ghoreschi K, Yang XP, Nakayamada S, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ, Laurence A. Helper T-cell differentiation and plasticity: insights from epigenetics. Immunology 2011; 134:235-45. [PMID: 21977994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells have critical roles in orchestrating immune responses to diverse microbial pathogens. This is accomplished through the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells to specialized subsets in response to microbial pathogens, which evoke a distinct cytokine milieu. Signal transducer and activator of transcription family transcription factors sense these cytokines and they in turn regulate expression of lineage-defining master regulators that programme selective gene expression, resulting in distinctive phenotypes. However, phenotype and restricted gene expression are determined not only by the action of transcription factors; chromatin accessibility is required for these factors to exert their effect. Technical advances have greatly expanded our understanding of transcription factor action and dynamic changes in the epigenome that accompany cellular differentiation. In this review, we will discuss recent progress in the understanding of how cytokines influence gene expression and epigenetic modifications, and the impact of these findings on our views of helper cell lineage commitment and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1930, USA.
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511
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Awasthi A, Kuchroo VK. Value added: neural progenitor cells suppress inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunity 2011; 35:156-7. [PMID: 21867924 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) can repair damaged myelin in neurodegenerative diseases. In this issue of Immunity, Cao et al. (2011) report that NPCs also produce the cytokine LIF, which suppresses Th17 cell-driven inflammation and autoimmunity by upregulating the protein Socs3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Awasthi
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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512
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Ruan Q, Kameswaran V, Zhang Y, Zheng S, Sun J, Wang J, DeVirgiliis J, Liou HC, Beg AA, Chen YH. The Th17 immune response is controlled by the Rel-RORγ-RORγ T transcriptional axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2321-33. [PMID: 22006976 PMCID: PMC3201209 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors c-Rel and RelA/p65 bind and activate two Rorg promoters to drive Th17 differentiation. The Th17 cells use the retinoid-related orphan receptor-γ (Rorg or Rorc) to specify their differentiation and lineage-specific function. However, how Rorg is switched on during Th17 differentiation is unknown. We report here that c-Rel and RelA/p65 transcription factors drive Th17 differentiation by binding to and activating two distinct Rorg promoters that control RORγT and RORγ expression, respectively. Similar to RORγT, RORγ is selectively expressed in Th17 cells and is effective in specifying the Th17 phenotype. T cells deficient in c-Rel or RelA are significantly compromised in Th17 differentiation, and c-Rel–deficient mice are defective in Th17 responses. Thus, Th17 immunity is controlled by a Rel–RORγ–RORγT axis, and strategies targeting Rel/NF-κB can be effective for controlling Th17 cell–mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ruan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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513
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Takahashi R, Nishimoto S, Muto G, Sekiya T, Tamiya T, Kimura A, Morita R, Asakawa M, Chinen T, Yoshimura A. SOCS1 is essential for regulatory T cell functions by preventing loss of Foxp3 expression as well as IFN-{gamma} and IL-17A production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2055-67. [PMID: 21893603 PMCID: PMC3182063 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SOCS1 is required to restrict IFN-γ and IL-17 expression and maintain Foxp3 expression in and function of regulatory T cells. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) maintain immune homeostasis by limiting inflammatory responses. SOCS1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 1), a negative regulator of cytokine signaling, is necessary for the suppressor functions of Treg cells in vivo, yet detailed mechanisms remain to be clarified. We found that Socs1−/− Treg cells produced high levels of IFN-γ and rapidly lost Foxp3 when transferred into Rag2−/− mice or cultured in vitro, even though the CNS2 (conserved noncoding DNA sequence 2) in the Foxp3 enhancer region was fully demethylated. Socs1−/− Treg cells showed hyperactivation of STAT1 and STAT3. Because Foxp3 expression was stable and STAT1 activation was at normal levels in Ifnγ−/−Socs1−/− Treg cells, the restriction of IFN-γ–STAT1 signaling by SOCS1 is suggested to be necessary for stable Foxp3 expression. However, Ifnγ−/−Socs1−/− Treg cells had hyperactivated STAT3 and higher IL-17A (IL-17) production compared with Ifnγ−/−Socs1+/+ Treg cells and could not suppress colitis induced by naive T cells in Rag2−/− mice. In vitro experiments suggested that cytokines produced by Socs1−/− Treg cells and Ifnγ−/−Socs1−/− Treg cells modulated antigen-presenting cells for preferential Th1 and Th17 induction, respectively. We propose that SOCS1 plays important roles in Treg cell integrity and function by maintaining Foxp3 expression and by suppressing IFN-γ and IL-17 production driven by STAT1 and STAT3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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514
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Migita K, Miyashita T, Izumi Y, Koga T, Komori A, Maeda Y, Jiuchi Y, Aiba Y, Yamasaki S, Kawakami A, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H. Inhibitory effects of the JAK inhibitor CP690,550 on human CD4(+) T lymphocyte cytokine production. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:51. [PMID: 21884580 PMCID: PMC3179939 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The new JAK3 inhibitor, CP690,550, has shown efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of CP690,550 on cytokine production and cellular signaling in human CD4+ T cells. Results CD4+ T cells produced IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, IL-22 and IFN-γ in following stimulation with a CD3 antibody. At the optimal concentration, CP690,550 almost completely inhibited the production of IL-4, IL-17, IL-22 and IFN-γ from these activated CD4+ T cells, but only had marginal effects on IL-2 production. Moreover CP690,550 inhibited anti-CD3-induced phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5, and STAT6, but not the TCR-associated phosphorylation of ZAP-70. Conclusions Therefore, CP690,550-mediated modification of the JAK/STAT pathway may be a new immunosuppressive strategy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Migita
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Kubara 2-1001-1, Omura 856-8652, Japan.
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515
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Rani A, Afzali B, Kelly A, Tewolde-Berhan L, Hackett M, Kanhere AS, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Bowen H, Jurcevic S, Jenner RG, Cousins DJ, Ragheb JA, Lavender P, John S. IL-2 regulates expression of C-MAF in human CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3721-9. [PMID: 21876034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of IL-2R with humanized anti-CD25 Abs, such as daclizumab, inhibits Th2 responses in human T cells. Recent murine studies have shown that IL-2 also plays a significant role in regulating Th2 cell differentiation by activated STAT5. To explore the role of activated STAT5 in the Th2 differentiation of primary human T cells, we studied the mechanisms underlying IL-2 regulation of C-MAF expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed that IL-2 induced STAT5 binding to specific sites in the C-MAF promoter. These sites corresponded to regions enriched for markers of chromatin architectural features in both resting CD4 and differentiated Th2 cells. Unlike IL-6, IL-2 induced C-MAF expression in CD4 T cells with or without prior TCR stimulation. TCR-induced C-MAF expression was significantly inhibited by treatment with daclizumab or a JAK3 inhibitor, R333. Furthermore, IL-2 and IL-6 synergistically induced C-MAF expression in TCR-activated T cells, suggesting functional cooperation between these cytokines. Finally, both TCR-induced early IL4 mRNA expression and IL-4 cytokine expression in differentiated Th2 cells were significantly inhibited by IL-2R blockade. Thus, our findings demonstrate the importance of IL-2 in Th2 differentiation in human T cells and support the notion that IL-2R-directed therapies may have utility in the treatment of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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516
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Control of T(H)17/T(reg) balance by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Cell 2011; 146:772-84. [PMID: 21871655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1182] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell differentiation into distinct functional effector and inhibitory subsets is regulated, in part, by the cytokine environment present at the time of antigen recognition. Here, we show that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a key metabolic sensor, regulates the balance between regulatory T cell (T(reg)) and T(H)17 differentiation. HIF-1 enhances T(H)17 development through direct transcriptional activation of RORγt and via tertiary complex formation with RORγt and p300 recruitment to the IL-17 promoter, thereby regulating T(H)17 signature genes. Concurrently, HIF-1 attenuates T(reg) development by binding Foxp3 and targeting it for proteasomal degradation. Importantly, this regulation occurs under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Mice with HIF-1α-deficient T cells are resistant to induction of T(H)17-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalitis associated with diminished T(H)17 and increased T(reg) cells. These findings highlight the importance of metabolic cues in T cell fate determination and suggest that metabolic modulation could ameliorate certain T cell-based immune pathologies.
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517
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Application of ChIP-Seq and related techniques to the study of immune function. Immunity 2011; 34:830-42. [PMID: 21703538 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Behaviors observed at the cellular level such as development and acquisition of effector functions by immune cells result from transcriptional changes. The biochemical mediators of transcription are sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs), chromatin modifying enzymes, and chromatin, the complex of DNA and histone proteins. Covalent modification of DNA and histones, also termed epigenetic modification, influences the accessibility of target sequences for transcription factors on chromatin and the expression of linked genes required for immune functions. Genome-wide techniques such as ChIP-Seq have described the entire "cistrome" of transcription factors involved in specific developmental steps of B and T cells and started to define specific immune responses in terms of the binding profiles of critical effectors and epigenetic modification patterns. Current data suggest that both promoters and enhancers are prepared for action at different stages of activation by epigenetic modification through distinct transcription factors in different cells.
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518
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Interpreting mixed signals: the cell's cytokine conundrum. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:632-8. [PMID: 21852079 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are essential for the activation, differentiation and control of the immune system. Many cytokines, alone or in combination with other cytokines, have multiple functions and can often act on many different cell types with distinct developmental or functional consequences. Despite the myriad of cytokines and cytokine receptors, there are relatively few signaling molecules that transduce these diverse cytokine signals. In this review, we will discuss the potential mechanisms used by cytokines to mediate distinct cellular outcomes from a small number of signaling molecules. Understanding this paradigm in cytokine signaling can aid in the development of potential therapeutic approaches involving cytokine targeting or use.
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519
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Wan Q, Kozhaya L, ElHed A, Ramesh R, Carlson TJ, Djuretic IM, Sundrud MS, Unutmaz D. Cytokine signals through PI-3 kinase pathway modulate Th17 cytokine production by CCR6+ human memory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1875-87. [PMID: 21825017 PMCID: PMC3171088 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PI-3K–mediated repression of FOXO1 and KLF2 promotes proinflammatory cytokine expression by lineage-committed human CCR6+ Th17/Th22 memory cells. Human memory T cells (TM cells) that produce IL-17 or IL-22 are currently defined as Th17 or Th22 cells, respectively. These T cell lineages are almost exclusively CCR6+ and are important mediators of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling IL-17/IL-22 expression in memory Th17/Th22 subsets. We show that common γ chain (γc)–using cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, potently induce Th17-signature cytokine expression (Il17a, Il17f, Il22, and Il26) in CCR6+, but not CCR6−, TM cells, even in CCR6+ cells lacking IL-17 expression ex vivo. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) or Akt signaling selectively prevents Th17 cytokine induction by γc-cytokines, as does ectopic expression of the transcription factors FOXO1 or KLF2, which are repressed by PI-3K signaling. These results indicate that Th17 cytokines are tuned by PI-3K signaling in CCR6+ TM cells, which may contribute to chronic or autoimmune inflammation. Furthermore, these findings suggest that ex vivo analysis of IL-17 expression may greatly underestimate the frequency and pathogenic potential of the human Th17 compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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520
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Wilson NK, Tijssen MR, Göttgens B. Deciphering transcriptional control mechanisms in hematopoiesis:the impact of high-throughput sequencing technologies. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:961-8. [PMID: 21781948 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the key challenges facing biomedical research is to extract biologically meaningful information from the ever-increasing scale and complexity of datasets generated through high-throughput approaches. Hematopoiesis represents one of the most experimentally tractable mammalian organ systems and, therefore, has historically tended to be at the forefront of applying new technologies within biomedical research. The combination of massive parallel sequencing technologies with chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP-Seq) permits genome-scale characterization of histone modification status and identification of the complete set of binding sites for transcription factors. Because transcription factors have long been recognized as essential regulators of cell fate choice in hematopoiesis, ChIP-Seq technology has rapidly entered the arena of modern experimental hematology. Here we review the biological insights gained from ChIP-Seq studies performed in the hematopoietic system since the earliest studies just 4 years ago. A surprisingly large number of different approaches have already been implemented to extract new biological knowledge from ChIP-Seq datasets. By focusing on successful insights from multiple different approaches, we hope to provide stimulating reading for anyone wanting to utilize ChIP-Seq technology within their particular research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K Wilson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, UK
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521
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Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang XP, Hirahara K, O'Shea JJ. T helper 17 cell heterogeneity and pathogenicity in autoimmune disease. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:395-401. [PMID: 21782512 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T helper (Th)17 cells have been proposed to represent a new CD4(+) T cell lineage that is important for host defense against fungi and extracellular bacteria, and the development of autoimmune diseases. Precisely how these cells arise has been the subject of some debate, with apparent species-specific differences in mice and humans. Here, we describe evolving views of Th17 specification, highlighting the contribution of transforming growth factor-β and the opposing roles of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and STAT5. Increasing evidence points to heterogeneity and inherent phenotypic instability in this subset. Ideally, better understanding of expression and action of key transcription factors and the epigenetic landscape of Th17 can help explain the flexibility and diversity of interleukin-17-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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522
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Oh HM, Yu CR, Golestaneh N, Amadi-Obi A, Lee YS, Eseonu A, Mahdi RM, Egwuagu CE. STAT3 protein promotes T-cell survival and inhibits interleukin-2 production through up-regulation of Class O Forkhead transcription factors. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30888-30897. [PMID: 21730069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the role of STAT3 in regulating differentiation of interleukin-17-producing Th17 cells, but its function in other lymphocyte subsets is not well understood. In this report, we reveal wide-ranging functions of STAT3 in T-cells and provide evidence that STAT3 is convergence point for mechanisms that regulate lymphocyte quiescence and those controlling T-cell activation and survival. We show here that STAT3 inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation by up-regulating the expression of Class-O Forkhead transcription factors, which play essential roles in maintaining T-cells in quiescent state. We further show that STAT3 binds directly to FoxO1 or FoxO3a promoter and that STAT3-deficiency resulted in down-regulation of the expression of FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO-target genes (IκB and p27Kip1). Compared with wild-type T-cells, STAT3-deficient T-cells produced more IL-2, due in part, to marked decrease in IκB-mediated sequestration of NF-κB in the cytoplasm and resultant enhancement of NF-κB activation. However, the high level of IL-2 production by STAT3-deficient T-cells was partially restored to normal levels by overexpressing FoxO1. It is notable that their exaggerated increase in IL-2 production rendered STAT3-deficient lymphocytes more susceptible to activation-induced cell death, suggesting that STAT3 might protect T-cells from apoptosis by limiting their production of IL-2 through up-regulation of FoxO1/FoxO3a expression. Moreover, we found that STAT3 enhanced survival of activated T-cells by up-regulating OX-40 and Bcl-2 while down-regulating FasL and Bad expression, suggesting that similar to role of FoxOs in regulating the lifespan of worms, STAT3 and FoxO pathways converge to regulate lifespan of T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mee Oh
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nady Golestaneh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Ahjoku Amadi-Obi
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yun Sang Lee
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Amarachi Eseonu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Rashid M Mahdi
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Charles E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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523
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IL-6-mediated activation of Stat3α prevents trauma/hemorrhagic shock-induced liver inflammation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21449. [PMID: 21738667 PMCID: PMC3127578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma complicated by hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States for individuals under the age of 44 years. Initial survivors are susceptible to developing multiple organ failure (MOF), which is thought to be caused, at least in part, by excessive or maladaptive activation of inflammatory pathways. We previously demonstrated in rodents that T/HS results in liver injury that can be prevented by IL-6 administration at the start of resuscitation; however, the contribution of the severity of HS to the extent of liver injury, whether or not resuscitation is required, and the mechanism(s) for the IL-6 protective effect have not been reported. In the experiments described here, we demonstrated that the extent of liver inflammation induced by T/HS depends on the duration of hypotension and requires resuscitation. We established that IL-6 administration at the start of resuscitation is capable of completely reversing liver inflammation and is associated with increased Stat3 activation. Global assessment of the livers showed that the main effect of IL-6 was to normalize the T/HS-induced inflammation transcriptome. Pharmacological inhibition of Stat3 activity within the liver blocked the ability of IL-6 to prevent liver inflammation and to normalize the T/HS-induced liver inflammation transcriptome. Genetic deletion of a Stat3β, a naturally occurring, dominant-negative isoform of the Stat3, attenuated T/HS-induced liver inflammation, confirming a role for Stat3, especially Stat3α, in preventing T/HS-mediated liver inflammation. Thus, T/HS-induced liver inflammation depends on the duration of hypotension and requires resuscitation; IL-6 administration at the start of resuscitation reverses T/HS-induced liver inflammation, through activation of Stat3α, which normalized the T/HS-induced liver inflammation transcriptome.
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524
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Chaudhry A, Samstein RM, Treuting P, Liang Y, Pils MC, Heinrich JM, Jack RS, Wunderlich FT, Brüning JC, Müller W, Rudensky AY. Interleukin-10 signaling in regulatory T cells is required for suppression of Th17 cell-mediated inflammation. Immunity 2011; 34:566-78. [PMID: 21511185 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effector CD4+ T cell subsets, whose differentiation is facilitated by distinct cytokine cues, amplify the corresponding type of inflammatory response. Regulatory T (Treg) cells integrate environmental cues to suppress particular types of inflammation. In this regard, STAT3, a transcription factor essential for T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation, is necessary for Treg cell-mediated control of Th17 cell responses. Here, we showed that anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10), and not proinflammatory IL-6 and IL-23 cytokine signaling, endowed Treg cells with the ability to suppress pathogenic Th17 cell responses. Ablation of the IL-10 receptor in Treg cells resulted in selective dysregulation of Th17 cell responses and colitis similar to that observed in mice harboring STAT3-deficient Treg cells. Thus, Treg cells limit Th17 cell inflammation by serving as principal amplifiers of negative regulatory circuits operating in immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Chaudhry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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525
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Abstract
T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (T(FH)) cells are the specialized providers of B cell help. T(FH) cells depend on expression of the master regulator transcription factor Bcl6. Distinguishing features of T(FH) cells are the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, SAP (SH2D1A), IL-21, and ICOS, among other molecules, and the absence of Blimp-1 (prdm1). T(FH) cells are important for the formation of germinal centers. Once germinal centers are formed, T(FH) cells are needed to maintain them and to regulate germinal center B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells. This review covers T(FH) differentiation, T(FH) functions, and human T(FH) cells, discussing recent progress and areas of uncertainty or disagreement in the literature, and it debates the developmental relationship between T(FH) cells and other CD4 T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, iTreg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California 92037, USA.
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526
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Morrison PJ, Ballantyne SJ, Kullberg MC. Interleukin-23 and T helper 17-type responses in intestinal inflammation: from cytokines to T-cell plasticity. Immunology 2011; 133:397-408. [PMID: 21631495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) plays an essential role in driving intestinal pathology in experimental models of both T-cell-dependent and innate colitis. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) gene that are associated with either susceptibility or resistance to inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Although initially found to support the expansion and maintenance of CD4(+) T helper 17 (Th17) cells, IL-23 is now recognized as having multiple effects on the immune response, including restraining Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell activity and inducing the expression of Th17-type cytokines from non-T-cell sources. Here we focus on Th17 cells and their associated cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. We review studies performed in mouse models of colitis where these effector cytokines have been shown to have either a pathogenic or a tissue-protective function. We also discuss the heterogeneity found within the Th17 population and the phenomenon of plasticity of Th17 cells, in particular the ability of these lymphocytes to extinguish IL-17 expression and turn on interferon-γ production to become Th1-like 'ex-Th17' cells. Interleukin-23 has been identified as a key driver in this process, and this may be an additional mechanism by which IL-23 promotes pathology in the intestinal tract. These 'ex-Th17' cells may contribute to disease pathogenesis through their secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Morrison
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK.
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527
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Genomic views of STAT function in CD4+ T helper cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:239-50. [PMID: 21436836 DOI: 10.1038/nri2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are well known for their essential roles in transmitting cytokine-mediated signals and specifying T helper (T(H)) cell differentiation. Recent technological advances have revealed that STAT proteins have broad and complex roles in gene regulation and epigenetic control, including important roles as functional repressors. However, the challenge of how to link signal transduction, nucleosome biology and gene regulation remains. The relevance of tackling this problem is highlighted by genome-wide association studies that link cytokine signalling and STATs to various autoimmune or immune deficiency disorders. Defining exactly how extrinsic signals control the specification and plasticity of T(H) cells will provide important insights and perhaps therapeutic opportunities in these diseases.
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528
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Cimica V, Chen HC, Iyer JK, Reich NC. Dynamics of the STAT3 transcription factor: nuclear import dependent on Ran and importin-β1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20188. [PMID: 21625522 PMCID: PMC3098288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) induces transcription of genes that control differentiation, inflammation, proliferation, and tumor cell invasion. Cytokines such as interleukin-6 and interferon stimulate the specific tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3, which confers its ability to bind consensus DNA targets. In addition, unphosphorylated STAT3 has been demonstrated to induce specific gene expression. STAT3 must gain entrance to the nucleus to impact transcription, however access to the nucleus is a tightly regulated process. Because nuclear trafficking is critical to the function of STAT3, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which STAT3 is imported to the nucleus. Live cell imaging techniques were used with STAT3 tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) or photoactivatable GFP to follow the cellular dynamics of both unphosphorylated and tyrosine phosphorylated forms. Cytokine activation did not alter the rate of STAT3 nuclear import or nuclear export. In addition, Förster resonance energy transfer experiments revealed homomeric interaction of unphosphorylated STAT3 dependent on its amino terminus, but this dimerization is not necessary for its nuclear import. Previous work demonstrated the adapter importin-α3 binds to STAT3 and is required for nuclear import. To determine whether STAT3 nuclear import is mediated by the importin-α/importin-β1 heterodimer, the effects of siRNA to importin-β1 were evaluated. Results indicate STAT3 nuclear import is dependent on the function of importin-β1. Since the Ran GTPase is necessary to bind importin-β1 in the nucleus for release of importin-α-cargo, the effect of a GTPase deficient mutant of Ran was tested. Expression of the Ran interfering mutant inhibited STAT3 nuclear import. This study defines importin-α/importin-β1/Ran as the molecular mechanism by which STAT3 traffics to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velasco Cimica
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Janaki K. Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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529
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Zhu J, Paul WE. Peripheral CD4+ T-cell differentiation regulated by networks of cytokines and transcription factors. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:247-62. [PMID: 20969597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells, also known as T-helper (Th) cells, play an important role in orchestrating adaptive immune responses to various infectious agents. They are also involved in the induction of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Upon T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cell activation, naive CD4(+) T cells can differentiate into at least four major lineages, Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg cells, that participate in different types of immune responses. Networks of cytokines and transcription factors are critical for determining CD4(+) T-cell fates and effector cytokine production. Here, we review collaboration and cross-regulation between various essential cytokines in the activation/induction of key transcription factors during the process of Th cell differentiation towards these distinct lineages. We also discuss the interactions of key transcription factors at both genetic and protein levels and the function of the resulting network(s) in regulating the expression of effector cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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530
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Balasubramani A, Mukasa R, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. Regulation of the Ifng locus in the context of T-lineage specification and plasticity. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:216-32. [PMID: 20969595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Study of the development of distinct CD4(+) T-cell subsets from naive precursors continues to provide excellent opportunities for dissection of mechanisms that control lineage-specific gene expression or repression. Whereas it had been thought that the induction of transcription networks that control T-lineage commitment were highly stable, reinforced by epigenetic processes that confer heritability of functional phenotypes by the progeny of mature T cells, recent findings support a more dynamic view of T-lineage commitment. Here, we highlight advances in the mapping and functional characterization of cis elements in the Ifng locus that have provided new insights into the control of the chromatin structure and transcriptional activity of this signature T-helper 1 cell gene. We also examine epigenetic features of the Ifng locus that have evolved to enable its reprogramming for expression by other T-cell subsets, particularly T-helper 17 cells, and contrast features of the Ifng locus with those of the Il17a-Il17f locus, which appears less promiscuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Balasubramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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531
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Hannah R, Joshi A, Wilson NK, Kinston S, Göttgens B. A compendium of genome-wide hematopoietic transcription factor maps supports the identification of gene regulatory control mechanisms. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:531-41. [PMID: 21338655 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Key regulators of blood stem cell differentiation into the various mature hematopoietic lineages are commonly encoded by transcription factor genes. Elucidation of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms therefore holds great promise in advancing our understanding of both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Recent technological advances have enabled the generation of genome-wide transcription factor binding maps using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq). However, transcription factors operate in a combinatorial fashion suggesting that integrated analysis of genome-wide maps for multiple transcription factors will be essential to fully exploit these new genome-scale data sets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we have generated a compendium that integrates 53 ChIP-Seq studies covering 30 factors across all major hematopoietic lineages with a total of 754,380 binding peaks. We also used transgenic mouse assays to validate a newly predicted transcriptional enhancer. RESULTS Integrated analysis of all 53 ChIP-Seq studies demonstrated that cell-type identity exerts a larger influence on global transcription factor binding patterns than the nature of the individual transcription factors. Furthermore, regions highlighted by multifactor binding within specific gene loci overlap with known regulatory elements and also provide a useful guide for identifying novel elements, as demonstrated by transgenic analysis of a previously unrecognized enhancer in the Maml3 gene locus. CONCLUSIONS The ChIP-Seq compendium described here provides a valuable resource for the wider research community by accelerating the discovery of transcriptional mechanisms operating in the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hannah
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
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532
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STAT3-dependent IL-21 production from T helper cells regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell homeostasis. Blood 2011; 117:6198-201. [PMID: 21505191 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-334367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of specific cell types to the production of cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis is still not well defined. We have previously identified T cell-dependent regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) numbers and cycling. In this report, we demonstrated that HPC activity is decreased in mice with STAT3-deficient T cells, a phenotype that is not because of decreased expression of IL-17 or RORγt. STAT3 expression in T cells was required for IL-21 production by multiple T helper subsets, and neutralization of IL-21 resulted in decreased HPC activity identical to that in mice with STAT3-deficient T cells. Importantly, injection of IL-21 rescued HPC activity in mice with STAT3-deficient T cells. Thus, STAT3-dependent IL-21 production in T cells is required for HPC homeostasis.
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533
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McAleer JP, Kolls JK. Mechanisms controlling Th17 cytokine expression and host defense. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:263-70. [PMID: 21486905 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells contribute to mucosal immunity by stimulating epithelial cells to induce antimicrobial peptides, granulopoiesis, neutrophil recruitment, and tissue repair. Recent studies have identified important roles for commensal microbiota and Ahr ligands in stabilizing Th17 gene expression in vivo, linking environmental cues to CD4 T cell polarization. Epigenetic changes that occur during the transition from naïve to effector Th17 cells increase the accessibility of il17a, il17f, and il22 loci to transcription factors. In addition, Th17 cells maintain the potential for expressing T-bet, Foxp3, or GATA-binding protein-3, explaining their plastic nature under various cytokine microenvironments. Although CD4 T cells are major sources of IL-17 and IL-22, innate cell populations, including γδ T cells, NK cells, and lymphoid tissue-inducer cells, are early sources of these cytokines during IL-23-driven responses. Epithelial cells and fibroblasts are important cellular targets for IL-17 in vivo; however, recent data suggest that macrophages and B cells are also stimulated directly by IL-17. Thus, Th17 cells interact with multiple populations to facilitate protection against intracellular and extracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P McAleer
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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534
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Yang XP, Ghoreschi K, Steward-Tharp SM, Rodriguez-Canales J, Zhu J, Grainger JR, Hirahara K, Sun HW, Wei L, Vahedi G, Kanno Y, O’Shea JJ, Laurence A. Opposing regulation of the locus encoding IL-17 through direct, reciprocal actions of STAT3 and STAT5. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:247-54. [PMID: 21278738 PMCID: PMC3182404 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a cytokine linked to human autoimmune disease, limits IL-17 production. Here we found that deletion of the gene encoding the transcription factor STAT3 in T cells abrogated IL-17 production and attenuated autoimmunity associated with IL-2 deficiency. Whereas STAT3 induced IL-17 and the transcription factor RORγt and inhibited the transcription factor Foxp3, IL-2 inhibited IL-17 independently of Foxp3 and RORγt. STAT3 and STAT5 bound to multiple common sites across the locus encoding IL-17. The induction of STAT5 binding by IL-2 was associated with less binding of STAT3 at these sites and the inhibition of associated active epigenetic marks. 'Titration' of the relative activation of STAT3 and STAT5 modulated the specification of cells to the IL-17-producing helper T cell (T(H)17 cell) subset. Thus, the balance rather than the absolute magnitude of these signals determined the propensity of cells to make a key inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ping Yang
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott M. Steward-Tharp
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Laser Capture Microdissection Core Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R. Grainger
- Mucosal immunology section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lai Wei
- Clinical Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J. O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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535
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Yang J, Yang X, Chu Y, Li M. Identification of Baicalin as an immunoregulatory compound by controlling T(H)17 cell differentiation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17164. [PMID: 21359178 PMCID: PMC3040219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TH17 cells have been implicated in a growing list of inflammatory disorders. Antagonism of TH17 cells can be used for the treatment of inflammatory injury. Currently, very little is known about the natural compound controlling the differentiation of TH17 cells. Here, we showed that Baicalin, a compound isolated from a Chinese herb, inhibited TH17 cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Baicalin might inhibit newly generated TH17 cells via reducing RORγt expression, and together with up-regulating Foxp3 expression to suppress RORγt-mediated IL-17 expression in established TH17 cells. In vivo treatment with Baicalin could inhibit TH17 cell differentiation, restrain TH17 cells infiltration into kidney, and protect MRL/lpr mice against nephritis. Our findings not only demonstrate that Baicalin could control TH17 cell differentiation but also suggest that Baicalin might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of TH17 cells-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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536
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Human endothelial cells generate Th17 and regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2891-6. [PMID: 21282653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011811108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation represents a unique therapeutic option for irreparable organ dysfunction and rejection of transplants results from a breakdown in operational tolerance. Although endothelial cells (ECs) are the first target in graft rejection following kidney transplantation, their capacity to alloactivate and generate particular T lymphocyte subsets that could intervene in this process remains unknown. By using an experimental model of microvascular endothelium, we demonstrate that, under inflammatory conditions, human ECs induced proliferation of memory CD4(+)CD45RA(-) T cells and selectively amplified proinflammatory Th17 and suppressive CD45RA(-)HLA-DR(+)FoxP3(bright) regulatory CD4(+) T lymphocytes (Tregs). Although HLA-DR expression on resting microvascular ECs was sufficient to induce proliferation of memory CD4(+) T cells, Treg amplification was dependent on the interaction with CD54, highly expressed only under inflammatory conditions. Moreover, expansion of Th17 cells was dependent on IL-6 and STAT-3, and inhibition of either specifically impaired Th17, without altering Treg expansion. Collectively these data reveal that the HLA-DR(+) ECs regulate the local inflammatory allogeneic response, promoting either an IL-6/STAT-3-dependent Th17 response or a contact-CD54-dependent regulatory response according to the cytokine environment. Finally, these data open therapeutic perspectives in human organ transplantation based on targeting the IL-6/STAT-3 pathway and/or promoting CD54 dependent Treg proliferation.
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537
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Effector CD4+ T cells, the cytokines they generate, and GVHD: something old and something new. Blood 2011; 117:3268-76. [PMID: 21245483 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-290403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GVHD is a syndrome that results from minor and major histocompatibility complex incompatibilities between the donor and recipient. More than 50 years after its initial description, the pathophysiology of GVHD remains poorly understood. Nonetheless, donor T cells have been shown to be critical to the pathophysiology of acute and chronic GVHD, yet precisely how they function remains unclear. The effector mechanisms by which donor T cells mediate tissue inflammation is even less well understood. Identification of several new lineages of CD4(+) T cells made in the past decade and their roles in the pathophysiology of T cell-mediated diseases has shed new light on these effector mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent descriptions of these T-cell lineages and the current data supporting their role in acute and to a lesser extent chronic GVHD. Investigations into the activity of these new T-cell lineages may provide more rationale approaches to the treatment or prevention of GVHD.
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538
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Stritesky GL, Muthukrishnan R, Sehra S, Goswami R, Pham D, Travers J, Nguyen ET, Levy DE, Kaplan MH. The transcription factor STAT3 is required for T helper 2 cell development. Immunity 2011; 34:39-49. [PMID: 21215659 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family members direct the differentiation of T helper cells, with specific STAT proteins promoting distinct effector subsets. STAT6 is required for the development of T helper 2 (Th2) cells, whereas STAT3 promotes differentiation of Th17 and follicular helper T cell subsets. We demonstrated that STAT3 was also activated during Th2 cell development and was required for the expression of Th2 cell-associated cytokines and transcription factors. STAT3 bound directly to Th2 cell-associated gene loci and was required for the ability of STAT6 to bind target genes. In vivo, STAT3 deficiency in T cells eliminated the allergic inflammation in mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin or transgenic for constitutively active STAT6. Thus, STAT3 cooperates with STAT6 in promoting Th2 cell development. These results demonstrate that differentiating T helper cells integrate multiple STAT protein signals during Th2 cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretta L Stritesky
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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539
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Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (T(H)) cells play a critical role in orchestrating a pleiotropy of immune activities against a large variety of pathogens. It is generally thought that this is achieved through the acquisition of highly specialized functions after activation followed by the differentiation into various functional subsets. The differentiation process of naive precursor T(H) cells into defined effector subsets is controlled by cells of the innate immune system and their complex array of effector molecules such as secreted cytokines and membrane bound costimulatory molecules. These provide a unique quantitative or qualitative signal initiating T(H) development, which is subsequently reinforced via T cell-mediated feedback signals and selective survival and proliferative cues, ultimately resulting in the predominance of a particular T cell subset. In recent years, the number of defined T(H)cell subsets has expanded and the once rigid division of labor among them has been blurred with reports of plasticity among the subsets. In this chapter, we summarize and speculate on the current knowledge of the differentiation requirements of T(H) cell lineages, with particular focus on the T(H)17 subset.
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540
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Abstract
The development of regulatory T (Treg) cells is essential for the maintenance of immune tolerance and homeostasis. Here, we review recent studies that have advanced our understanding of Treg cell differentiation. In the thymus, TCR specificity to self-antigen appears to be a primary determinant for Treg cell lineage commitment, with c-Rel being an important factor that links T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and Foxp3 expression, along with cytokines and costimulatory molecules. It is also clear that postthymic events shape the peripheral Treg cell population. This includes preferential maintenance of Treg cells specific to self-antigens presented in the periphery, as well as the de novo generation of Treg cells from conventional Foxp3(-) T cells. The process of peripheral Treg cell differentiation shares some features with thymic Treg cell development, but there are notable differences. Together, thymic and peripheral Treg cell differentiation appear to generate an "imprint" of both self- and foreign antigens in the peripheral Treg cell population to provide dominant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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541
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Frisullo G, Iorio R, Plantone D, Marti A, Nociti V, Patanella AK, Batocchi AP. CD4+T-bet+, CD4+pSTAT3+ and CD8+T-bet+ T cells accumulate in peripheral blood during NZB treatment. Mult Scler 2010; 17:556-66. [PMID: 21177324 DOI: 10.1177/1352458510392263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating T cells and monocytes expressing T-bet, pSTAT1 and pSTAT3 increase in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) during relapse. Natalizumab (NZB) is an effective drug in RRMS, but exacerbation of the disease after its discontinuation has been described in some patients. The aim of this research was to study the effect of NZB treatment on circulating lymphomonocyte subpopulations expressing T-bet, pSTAT1, pSTAT3 and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the percentages of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD14+ monocytes and B cells expressing T-bet, pSTAT1, and pSTAT3, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells from RRMS patients before and after 6-12 NZB infusions. In NZB-treated RRMS patients, the percentages of CD4+pSTAT1+ and CD8+pSTAT1+ T cells, CD14+pSTAT1+ monocytes, CD4+T-bet+, CD8+T-bet+ and CD4+pSTAT3+ T cells and CD14+pSTAT3+ monocytes increased after 12 drug infusions and were similar to those observed in untreated relapsing RRMS patients. Otherwise in vitro NZB exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from untreated RRMS patients and controls had no effect. It was concluded that NZB treatment determines an accumulation of CD4+pSTAT1+, CD8+pSTAT1+, CD4+T-bet+, CD8+T-bet+ and CD4+STAT3+ T cells in peripheral blood that may account for the exacerbation of the disease observed in some patients after the discontinuation of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Frisullo
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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542
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T-bet represses T(H)17 differentiation by preventing Runx1-mediated activation of the gene encoding RORγt. Nat Immunol 2010; 12:96-104. [PMID: 21151104 PMCID: PMC3077962 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overactive TH17 responses are tightly linked to the development of autoimmunity, yet the factors that negatively regulate differentiation of this lineage remain unknown. Here, we report that T-bet suppresses the development of the TH17 cell lineage by inhibiting the transcription of Rorc. T-bet interacts with the transcription factor Runx1 and this interaction blocks Runx1-mediated transactivation of Rorc. T-bet residue Tyr304 is required for T-bet-Runx1 complex formation, for blocking Runx1 activity and for inhibiting the TH17 differentiation program. These data reinforce the concept of master regulators that shape immune responses by simultaneously activating one genetic program while silencing the activity of competing regulators in a common progenitor cell.
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543
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Hirahara K, Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang XP, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ. Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation in Th17 cell differentiation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21:425-34. [PMID: 21084214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of helper/effector T cell differentiation has changed dramatically. The discovery of interleukin (IL-)17-producing T cells (Th17) and other subsets has changed our view of T cell-mediated immunity. Characterization of the signaling pathways involved in the Th17 commitment has provided exciting new insights into the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Importantly, the emerging data on conversion among polarized T helper cells have raised the question how we should view such concepts as T cell lineage commitment, terminal differentiation and plasticity. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the signaling pathways, molecular interactions, and transcriptional and epigenetic events that contribute to Th17 differentiation and acquisition of effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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544
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Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang XP, Tato CM, McGeachy MJ, Konkel J, Ramos HL, Wei L, Davidson T, Bouladoux N, Grainger J, Chen Q, Kanno Y, Watford WT, Sun HW, Eberl G, Shevach E, Belkaid Y, Cua DJ, Chen W, O’Shea JJ. Generation of pathogenic T(H)17 cells in the absence of TGF-β signalling. Nature 2010; 467:967-71. [PMID: 20962846 PMCID: PMC3108066 DOI: 10.1038/nature09447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1134] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-helper cells that selectively produce interleukin (IL)-17 (T(H)17), are critical for host defence and autoimmunity. Although crucial for T(H)17 cells in vivo, IL-23 has been thought to be incapable of driving initial differentiation. Rather, IL-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 have been proposed to be the factors responsible for initiating specification. Here we show that T(H)17 differentiation can occur in the absence of TGF-β signalling. Neither IL-6 nor IL-23 alone efficiently generated T(H)17 cells; however, these cytokines in combination with IL-1β effectively induced IL-17 production in naive precursors, independently of TGF-β. Epigenetic modification of the Il17a, Il17f and Rorc promoters proceeded without TGF-β1, allowing the generation of cells that co-expressed RORγt (encoded by Rorc) and T-bet. T-bet(+)RORγt(+) T(H)17 cells are generated in vivo during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and adoptively transferred T(H)17 cells generated with IL-23 without TGF-β1 were pathogenic in this disease model. These data indicate an alternative mode for T(H)17 differentiation. Consistent with genetic data linking IL23R with autoimmunity, our findings re-emphasize the importance of IL-23 and therefore may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cristina M. Tato
- Merck Research Laboratories (Schering-Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mandy J. McGeachy
- Merck Research Laboratories (Schering-Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Joanne Konkel
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haydeé L. Ramos
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lai Wei
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Todd Davidson
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Grainger
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, Paris 75724, France
| | - Ethan Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel J. Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories (Schering-Plough Biopharma), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J. O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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545
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Feng T, Cong Y, Qin H, Benveniste EN, Elson CO. Generation of mucosal dendritic cells from bone marrow reveals a critical role of retinoic acid. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5915-25. [PMID: 20944006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown how dendritic cells (DCs) become specialized as mucosal DCs and maintain intestinal homeostasis. We report that a subset of bone marrow cells freshly isolated from C57BL/6 mice express the retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A2 (ALDH1a2) and are capable of providing RA to DC precursors in the bone marrow microenvironment. RA induced bone marrow-derived DCs to express CCR9 and ALDH1a2 and conferred upon them mucosal DC functions, including induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, IgA-secreting B cells, and gut-homing molecules. This response of DCs to RA was dependent on a narrow time window and stringent dose effect. RA promoted bone marrow-derived DC production of bioactive TGF-β by inhibiting suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and thereby enhancing STAT3 activation. These RA effects were evident in vivo, in that mucosal DCs from vitamin A-deficient mice had reduced mucosal DC function, namely failure to induce Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Furthermore, MyD88 signaling enhanced RA-educated DC ALDH1a2 expression and was required for optimal TGF-β production. These data indicate that RA plays a critical role in the generation of mucosal DCs from bone marrow and in their functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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546
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Ahern PP, Schiering C, Buonocore S, McGeachy MJ, Cua DJ, Maloy KJ, Powrie F. Interleukin-23 drives intestinal inflammation through direct activity on T cells. Immunity 2010; 33:279-88. [PMID: 20732640 PMCID: PMC3078329 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the IL23R gene are linked to inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility. Experimental models have shown that interleukin-23 (IL-23) orchestrates innate and T cell-dependent colitis; however, the cell populations it acts on to induce intestinal immune pathology are unknown. Here, using Il23r(-/-) T cells, we demonstrated that T cell reactivity to IL-23 was critical for development of intestinal pathology, but not for systemic inflammation. Through direct signaling into T cells, IL-23 drove intestinal T cell proliferation, promoted intestinal Th17 cell accumulation, and enhanced the emergence of an IL-17A(+)IFN-gamma(+) population of T cells. Furthermore, IL-23R signaling in intestinal T cells suppressed the differentiation of Foxp3(+) cells and T cell IL-10 production. Although Il23r(-/-) T cells displayed unimpaired Th1 cell differentiation, these cells showed impaired proliferation and failed to accumulate in the intestine. Together, these results highlight the multiple functions of IL-23 signaling in T cells that contribute to its colitogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Ahern
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, UK
| | - Chris Schiering
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX39DU, England, UK
| | - Sofia Buonocore
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, UK
| | | | - Dan J. Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kevin J. Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX39DU, England, UK
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Wei L, Vahedi G, Sun HW, Watford WT, Takatori H, Ramos HL, Takahashi H, Liang J, Gutierrez-Cruz G, Zang C, Peng W, O'Shea JJ, Kanno Y. Discrete roles of STAT4 and STAT6 transcription factors in tuning epigenetic modifications and transcription during T helper cell differentiation. Immunity 2010; 32:840-51. [PMID: 20620946 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) and STAT6 are key factors in the specification of helper T cells; however, their direct roles in driving differentiation are not well understood. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and massive parallel sequencing, we quantitated the full complement of STAT-bound genes, concurrently assessing global STAT-dependent epigenetic modifications and gene transcription by using cells from cognate STAT-deficient mice. STAT4 and STAT6 each bound over 4000 genes with distinct binding motifs. Both played critical roles in maintaining chromatin configuration and transcription of a core subset of genes through the combination of different epigenetic patterns. Globally, STAT4 had a more dominant role in promoting active epigenetic marks, whereas STAT6 had a more prominent role in antagonizing repressive marks. Clusters of genes negatively regulated by STATs were also identified, highlighting previously unappreciated repressive roles of STATs. Therefore, STAT4 and STAT6 play wide regulatory roles in T helper cell specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wei
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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