501
|
Gold nanoparticles: emerging paradigm for targeted drug delivery system. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:593-606. [PMID: 23111203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in medicine, known as nanomedicine, has introduced a plethora of nanoparticles of variable chemistry and design considerations for cancer diagnosis and treatment. One of the most important field is the design and development of pharmaceutical drugs, based on targeted drug delivery system (TDDS). Being inspired by physio-chemical properties of nanoparticles, TDDS are designed to safely reach their targets and specifically release their cargo at the site of disease for enhanced therapeutic effects, thereby increasing the drug tissue bioavailability. Nanoparticles have the advantage of targeting cancer by simply being accumulated and entrapped in cancer cells. However, even after rapid growth of nanotechnology in nanomedicine, designing an effective targeted drug delivery system is still a challenging task. In this review, we reveal the recent advances in drug delivery approach with a particular focus on gold nanoparticles. We seek to expound on how these nanomaterials communicate in the complex environment to reach the target site, and how to design the effective TDDS for complex environments and simultaneously monitor the toxicity on the basis of designing such delivery complexes. Hence, this review will shed light on the research, opportunities and challenges for engineering nanomaterials with cancer biology and medicine to develop effective TDDS for treatment of cancer.
Collapse
|
502
|
Molecular fabrications of smart nanobiomaterials and applications in personalized medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1459-76. [PMID: 22921596 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology adequately address many of the current challenges in biomedicine. However, to advance medicine we need personalized treatments which require the combination of nanotechnological progress with genetics, molecular biology, gene sequencing, and computational design. This paper reviews the literature of nanoscale biomaterials described to be totally biocompatible, non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and biodegradable and furthermore, have been used or have the potential to be used in personalized biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and diagnostics. The nanobiomaterial architecture is discussed as basis for fabrication of novel integrated systems involving cells, growth factors, proteins, cytokines, drug molecules, and other biomolecules with the purpose of creating a universal, all purpose nanobiomedical device for personalized therapies. Nanofabrication strategies toward the development of a platform for the implementation of nanotechnology in personalized medicine are also presented. In addition, there is a discussion on the challenges faced for designing versatile, smart nanobiomaterials and the requirements for choosing a material with tailor made specifications to address the needs of a specific patient.
Collapse
|
503
|
Lindqvist A, Rip J, Gaillard PJ, Björkman S, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Enhanced brain delivery of the opioid peptide DAMGO in glutathione pegylated liposomes: a microdialysis study. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:1533-41. [PMID: 22934681 DOI: 10.1021/mp300272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione PEGylated (GSH-PEG) liposomes were evaluated for their ability to enhance and prolong blood-to-brain drug delivery of the opioid peptide DAMGO (H-Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-ol). An intravenous loading dose of DAMGO followed by a 2 h constant rate infusion was administered to rats, and after a washout period of 1 h, GSH-PEG liposomal DAMGO was administered using a similar dosing regimen. DAMGO and GSH-PEG liposomal DAMGO were also administered as a 10 min infusion to compare the disposition of the two formulations. Microdialysis made it possible to determine free DAMGO in brain and plasma, while the GSH-PEG liposomal encapsulated DAMGO was measured with regular plasma sampling. The antinociceptive effect of DAMGO was determined with the tail-flick method. All samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The short infusion of DAMGO resulted in a fast decline of the peptide concentration in plasma with a half-life of 9.2 ± 2.1 min. Encapsulation in GSH-PEG liposomes prolonged the half-life to 6.9 ± 2.3 h. Free DAMGO entered the brain to a limited extent with a steady state ratio between unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial fluid and in blood (Kp,uu) of 0.09 ± 0.04. GSH-PEG liposomes significantly increased the brain exposure of DAMGO to a Kp,uu of 0.21 ± 0.17 (p < 0.05). By monitoring the released, active substance in both blood and brain interstitial fluid over time, we were able to demonstrate that GSH-PEG liposomes offer a promising platform for enhancing and prolonging the delivery of drugs to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lindqvist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
504
|
Nanotechnology for neurodegenerative disorders. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8 Suppl 1:S51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
505
|
Abstract
The brain is one of the most protected organs in the body. There are two key barriers that control the access of endogenous substances and xenobiotics (drugs or toxins) to the CNS. These physiological structures are the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The BBB represents the main determinant of the effective delivery of drugs to the CNS. Good access through the BBB is essential if the target site is located within the CNS or, in contrast, can be a disadvantage if adverse reactions occur at central level. The development of new drugs targeted to the CNS requires a better knowledge of the factors affecting BBB permeation as well as in vitro and in silico predictive tools to optimize screening, and to reduce the attrition rate at later stages of drug development. This review discusses the particular characteristics of the biology and physiology of the BBB with respect to the permeation and distribution of drugs into the brain. The factors affecting rate, extent and distribution into the brain are discussed and a brief description of the in silico, in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods used to measure BBB transport are presented. Finally, the lastest proposals and strategies to enhance transport across the BBB of new CNS drugs are summarized.
Collapse
|
506
|
Development of new peptide vectors for the transport of therapeutic across the blood-brain barrier. Ther Deliv 2012; 1:571-86. [PMID: 22833968 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the special nature of the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries characterized by tight junctions between cells and a high expression of efflux pumps only allowing the brain access to nutrients necessary for cell survival and function. These properties of the BBB result in the incapacity of small and large therapeutic compounds to reach the brain at therapeutic concentrations. Various strategies are now being developed to enhance the amount and concentration of these compounds in the brain parenchyma. The development of new technologies such as peptide vectors has the potential to achieve the delivery of active agents in therapeutic concentrations across the BBB to treat brain diseases such as brain primary and metastatic cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, the design of new active peptides and development of new peptide vectors for drug brain delivery using physiological approaches will be addressed. A new chemical entity incorporating angiopep peptide in a small anticancer agent (paclitaxel) is now in clinical trials. It is the first of such designed agents to be validated for the treatment of human brain cancers and opens the door for such approaches.
Collapse
|
507
|
|
508
|
Drug delivery to the brain via the blood-brain barrier: a review of the literature and some recent patent disclosures. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:311-27. [PMID: 22834002 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of drugs to the brain is challenging, not only for large biopharmaceutical molecules, but also for small organics, which are effluxed from the brain capillary endothelial cells. These cells constitute, in part, the selectively permeable blood-brain barrier. Progress is being made using delivery systems comprising a vector, a linker and cargo, which are purported to enter the brain via receptors on the luminal surface of the brain capillary endothelial cells. Unfortunately, from a delivery perspective, these receptors are not expressed only on brain capillary endothelial cells; so the approaches described in this review are for enhanced delivery to the brain, not for specific brain targeting. The inventions disclosed in patents relate to technologies to screen for new blood-brain barrier receptors and to identify new vectors, or describe systems that deliver cargoes to the brain via any blood-brain barrier receptor, or define specified peptide vectors that target a specific receptor. To date, only one of the technologies has reached early clinical trials and, as always, major challenges remain to be addressed.
Collapse
|
509
|
Polymeric nanocarriers for controlled and enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents to the CNS. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:875-87. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanocarriers are versatile structures that can be engineered to obtain high drug loading, good delivery yields and tunable release kinetics. Moreover, the particle surface can be modified for selective targeting of organs or tissues. In particular, polymeric nanocarriers can be conjugated with functional groups promoting translocation through the blood–brain barrier, thus providing a promising system to deliver therapeutic agents and/or diagnostic probes to the brain. Here we review recent literature on the preparation and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles as potential agents for drug delivery to the CNS, with an emphasis on materials chemistry and functionalization strategies for improved selectivity and delivery. Finally, we underline the immunotoxicological aspects of this class of nanostructured materials in view of potential clinical applications.
Collapse
|
510
|
Allhenn D, Boushehri MAS, Lamprecht A. Drug delivery strategies for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:299-310. [PMID: 22721856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As primary brain tumors, malignant gliomas are known to be one of the most insidious types of brain cancer afflicting the humans. The current standard strategy for the treatment of malignant gliomas includes the surgical resection of the tumor when possible, followed by a combination of radiotherapy and/or a certain chemotherapeutic protocol. However, due to the short mean survival, frequent recurrences, and poor prognosis associated with the tumors, new therapeutic strategies are investigated consecutively. These novel drug delivery approaches can be subdivided as systemic and local drug administration. This review focuses on localized drug delivery strategies for the treatment of malignant gliomas, including the injections, infusions, trans-nasal delivery systems, convection enhanced delivery (CED) systems, and various types of polymeric implants. Furthermore, systemic strategies to increase the drug penetration into the brain, such as temporary disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), chemical modification of the available therapeutic substances, and utilization of endogenous transport systems will be briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Allhenn
- Department of Pharm. Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
511
|
Chen Y, Liu L. Modern methods for delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:640-65. [PMID: 22154620 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated and efficient barrier that provides a sanctuary to the brain. It is designed to regulate brain homeostasis and to permit selective transport of molecules that are essential for brain function. Unfortunately, drug transport to the brain is hampered by this almost impermeable, highly selective and well coordinated barrier. With progress in molecular biology, the BBB is better understood, particularly under different pathological conditions. This review will discuss the barrier issue from a biological and pathological perspective to provide a better insight to the challenges and opportunities associated with the BBB. Modern methods which can take advantage of these opportunities will be reviewed. Applications of nanotechnology in drug transport, receptor-mediated targeting and transport, and finally cell-mediated drug transport will also be covered in the review. The challenge of delivering an effective therapy to the brain is formidable; solutions will likely involve concerted multidisciplinary approaches that take into account BBB biology as well as the unique features associated with the pathological condition to be treated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, CHIRI, WABRI, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
512
|
Tucker IG, Yang L, Mujoo H. Delivery of drugs to the brain via the blood brain barrier using colloidal carriers. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:475-86. [PMID: 22563886 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.658445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Delivering drugs to the brain is challenging given the selective permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB). Targeted colloidal carriers containing drug payloads offer some promise for enhanced and perhaps selective delivery to brain. This review examines the recent literature and identifies issues to be addressed if these systems are to be rationally designed. These include opsonization of nanoparticles and off-target clearance; the cerebral microvasculature, flow of nanoparticles in capillaries and binding to the capillary wall; and transcytosis. Capillary architecture, blood flow and BBB permeability are affected by disease and age and there are species differences. These complexities caution against making extravagant claims for a particular nanosystem but they also highlight the rich opportunities and need for critical research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Tucker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
513
|
Vitaliano GD, Vitaliano F, Rios JD, Renshaw PF, Teicher MH. New clathrin-based nanoplatforms for magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35821. [PMID: 22563470 PMCID: PMC3341379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has high spatial resolution, but low sensitivity for visualization of molecular targets in the central nervous system (CNS). Our goal was to develop a new MRI method with the potential for non-invasive molecular brain imaging. We herein introduce new bio-nanotechnology approaches for designing CNS contrast media based on the ubiquitous clathrin cell protein. Methodology/Principal Findings The first approach utilizes three-legged clathrin triskelia modified to carry 81 gadolinium chelates. The second approach uses clathrin cages self-assembled from triskelia and designed to carry 432 gadolinium chelates. Clathrin triskelia and cages were characterized by size, structure, protein concentration, and chelate and gadolinium contents. Relaxivity was evaluated at 0.47 T. A series of studies were conducted to ascertain whether fluorescent-tagged clathrin nanoplatforms could cross the blood brain barriers (BBB) unaided following intranasal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes of administration. Clathrin nanoparticles can be constituted as triskelia (18.5 nm in size), and as cages assembled from them (55 nm). The mean chelate: clathrin heavy chain molar ratio was 27.04±4.8: 1 for triskelia, and 4.2±1.04: 1 for cages. Triskelia had ionic relaxivity of 16 mM−1s−1, and molecular relaxivity of 1,166 mM−1s−1, while cages had ionic relaxivity of 81 mM−1s−1 and molecular relaxivity of 31,512 mM−1s−1. Thus, cages exhibited 20 times higher ionic relaxivity and 8,000-fold greater molecular relaxivity than gadopentetate dimeglumine. Clathrin nanoplatforms modified with fluorescent tags were able to cross or bypass the BBB without enhancements following intravenous, intraperitoneal and intranasal administration in rats. Conclusions/Significance Use of clathrin triskelia and cages as carriers of CNS contrast media represents a new approach. This new biocompatible protein-based nanotechnology demonstrated suitable physicochemical properties to warrant further in vivo imaging and drug delivery studies. Significantly, both nanotransporters crossed and/or bypassed the BBB without enhancers. Thus, clathrin nanoplatforms could be an appealing alternative to existing CNS bio-nanotechnologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana D Vitaliano
- Laboratory of Developmental Psychopharmacology, Brain Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
514
|
Koklic T, Trancar J. Lysolipid containing liposomes for transendothelial drug delivery. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:179. [PMID: 22490670 PMCID: PMC3403881 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Designing efficient 'vectors', to deliver therapeutics across endothelial barriers, in a controlled manner, remains one of the key goals of drug development. Recently, transcytosis of liposome encapsulated fluorescence marker calcein across a tight cell barrier was studied. The most efficient liposomes were found to be liposomes containing sufficient amount of alkyl phospholipid (APL) perifosine. APLs have similar structure as lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), since APLs were synthesized as metabolically stable analogues of LPC, which increases endothelial permeability directly by inducing endothelial cell contraction, resulting in formation of gaps between endothelial cells. Since one of the unique properties of lysolipid, containing liposomal formulations is dynamic equilibrium of lysolipids, which are distributed among liposomes, micelles, and free form, such liposomes represent a reservoir of free lysolipids. On the other hand lysolipid containing liposomes also represent a reservoir of an encapsulated hydrophilic drug. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that free lysolipids, with highest concentration in vicinity of drug carrying liposomes, compromise endothelial integrity, primarily where concentrations of liposomes is the highest, in a similar manner as LPC, by formation of gaps between endothelial cells. Liposome encapsulated drug, which leaks from liposomes, due to liposome destabilization, caused by lysolipid depletion, can therefore be efficiently transported across the locally compromised endothelial barrier. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS This hypothesis could be verified: by measuring binding of perifosine and other lysolipids to albumin and to lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group; formation of stress fibers and subsequent cell contraction; activation of RhoA, and endothelial barrier dysfunction; by a synthesis of other LPC analogues with high critical micellar concentration and measuring their effect on transendothelial permeability in presence and absence of albumin. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS We propose that lysolipid containing liposomal formulations might be used as nonspecific transendothelial transport vector, since leakage of liposome encapsulated active drug occurs simultaneously with the release of the lysolipids. The concentration of the active drug is therefore expected to be the highest at the site of compromised endothelial barrier. By appropriate choice of the lysolipids an endothelial barrier would stay open only for a short time. Use of such liposomes would potentially maximize the delivery of the drug while limiting the passage of toxic substances and pathogens across the endothelial barrier. Combining lysolipid containing liposomes with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles or a targeting ligand might be required to efficiently localize drug delivery to a disease affected tissue and to avoid endothelial disruption over the entire body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilen Koklic
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics F5, Joef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
515
|
The targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to brain glioma by PEGylated oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with angiopep-2. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3324-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
516
|
Costantino L, Boraschi D. Is there a clinical future for polymeric nanoparticles as brain-targeting drug delivery agents? Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:367-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
517
|
Vlieghe P, Khrestchatisky M. Medicinal chemistry based approaches and nanotechnology-based systems to improve CNS drug targeting and delivery. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:457-516. [PMID: 22434495 DOI: 10.1002/med.21252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by various barriers, which regulate nervous tissue homeostasis and control the selective and specific uptake, efflux, and metabolism of endogenous and exogenous molecules. Among these barriers is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a physical and physiological barrier that filters very efficiently and selectively the entry of compounds from the blood to the brain and protects nervous tissue from harmful substances and infectious agents present in the bloodstream. The BBB also prevents the entry of potential drugs. As a result, various drug targeting and delivery strategies are currently being developed to enhance the transport of drugs from the blood to the brain. Following a general introduction, we briefly overview in this review article the fundamental physiological properties of the BBB. Then, we describe current strategies to bypass the BBB (i.e., invasive methods, alternative approaches, and temporary opening) and to cross it (i.e., noninvasive approaches). This section is followed by a chapter addressing the chemical and technological solutions developed to cross the BBB. A special emphasis is given to prodrug-targeting approaches and targeted nanotechnology-based systems, two promising strategies for BBB targeting and delivery of drugs to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vlieghe
- VECT-HORUS S.A.S., Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, CS80011, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
518
|
Tosi G, Badiali L, Ruozi B, Vergoni AV, Bondioli L, Ferrari A, Rivasi F, Forni F, Vandelli MA. Can leptin-derived sequence-modified nanoparticles be suitable tools for brain delivery? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:365-82. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In order to increase the knowledge on the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in brain targeting, this article describes the conjugation of the sequence 12–32 (g21) of leptin to poly-lactide-co-glycolide NPs. The capability of these modified NPs to reach the brain was evaluated in rats after intravenous administration. Materials & Methods: The g21 was linked on the surface of NPs labeled with tetramethylrhodamine by means of the Avidin-Biotin technology. The g21-labeled NPs were injected into the tail vein of rats and, after animal sacrifice, the brain localization was evaluated by confocal microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. Studies to evaluate the biodistribution of the g21-modified NPs in comparison to the unmodified NPs were also carried out. Moreover, to confirm the absence of any anorectic effect of g21 linked on the surface of NPs, appropriate studies were used to assess the rats. Results: After intravenous administration, the g21-modified NPs were able to cross the blood–brain barrier and to enter the brain parenchyma. The biodistribution studies of both unmodified and modified NPs pointed out an uptake at liver and spleen level, whereas only the g21-modified NPs showed brain localization. The food-intake experiments pointed out that the intravenous administration of g21 conjugated to the NP surface did not produce any anorectic effect in the rats. Conclusion: g21-modified NPs were able to cross the blood–brain barrier. These new modified NPs could be effectively considered as useful carrier systems for brain drug delivery. Original submitted: 27/11/2010; Revised submitted: 09/03/2011
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tosi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Badiali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Valeria Vergoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Bondioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Department of Diagnostic Services, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Rivasi
- Department of Morphological Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41000 Modena, Italy
| | - Flavio Forni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
519
|
Tian XH, Wei F, Wang TX, Wang P, Lin XN, Wang J, Wang D, Ren L. In vitro and in vivo studies on gelatin-siloxane nanoparticles conjugated with SynB peptide to increase drug delivery to the brain. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1031-41. [PMID: 22403486 PMCID: PMC3292416 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanobiotechnology can provide more efficient tools for diagnosis, targeted and personalized therapy, and increase the chances of brain tumor treatment being successful. Use of nanoparticles is a promising strategy for overcoming the blood-brain barrier and delivering drugs to the brain. Gelatin-siloxane (GS) nanoparticles modified with Tat peptide can enhance plasmid DNA transfection efficiency compared with a commercial reagent. METHODS SynB-PEG-GS nanoparticles are membrane-penetrable, and can cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver a drug to its target site in the brain. The efficiency of delivery was investigated in vivo and in vitro using brain capillary endothelial cells, a cocultured blood-brain barrier model, and a normal mouse model. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that both SynB-PEG-GS and PEG-GS nanoparticles had a spherical shape and an average diameter of 150-200 nm. It was shown by MTT assay that SynB-PEG-GS nanoparticles had good biocompatibility with brain capillary endothelial cells. Cellular uptake by SynB-PEG-GS nanoparticles was higher than that for PEG-GS nanoparticles for all incubation periods. The amount of SynB-PEG-GS nanoparticles crossing the cocultured blood-brain barrier model was significantly higher than that of PEG-GS nanoparticles at all time points measured (P < 0.05). In animal testing, SynB-PEG-GS nanoparticle levels in the brain were significantly higher than those of PEG-GS nanoparticles at all time points measured (P < 0.01). In contrast with localization in the brain, PEG-GS nanoparticle levels were significantly higher than those of SynB-PEG-GS nanoparticles (P < 0.01) in the liver. CONCLUSION This study indicates that SynB-PEG-GS nanoparticles have favorable properties with regard to morphology, size distribution, and toxicity. Moreover, the SynB-PEG-GS nanoparticles exhibited more efficient brain capillary endothelial cell uptake and improved crossing of the blood-brain barrier. Further, biodistribution studies of rhodamine-loaded nanoparticles demonstrated that modification with the SynB peptide could not only improve the ability of PEG-GS nanoparticles to evade capture in the reticuloendothelial system but also enhance their efficiency in crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-hua Tian
- Neurosurgical Department of Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
520
|
Fialho AM, Salunkhe P, Manna S, Mahali S, Chakrabarty AM. Glioblastoma multiforme: novel therapeutic approaches. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:642345. [PMID: 22462021 PMCID: PMC3302066 DOI: 10.5402/2012/642345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current therapy for glioblastoma multiforme involves total surgical resection followed by combination of radiation therapy and temozolomide. Unfortunately, the efficacy for such current therapy is limited, and newer approaches are sorely needed to treat this deadly disease. We have recently described the isolation of bacterial proteins and peptides with anticancer activity. In phase I human clinical trials, one such peptide, p28, derived from a bacterial protein azurin, showed partial and complete regression of tumors in several patients among 15 advanced-stage cancer patients with refractory metastatic tumors where the tumors were no longer responsive to current conventional drugs. An azurin-like protein called Laz derived from Neisseria meningitides demonstrates efficient entry and high cytotoxicity towards glioblastoma cells. Laz differs from azurin in having an additional 39-amino-acid peptide called an H.8 epitope, which allows entry and high cytotoxicity towards glioblastoma cells. Since p28 has been shown to have very little toxicity and high anti-tumor activity in advanced-stage cancer patients, it will be worthwhile to explore the use of H.8-p28, H.8-azurin, and Laz in toxicity studies and glioblastoma therapy in preclinical and human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arsenio M Fialho
- Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia (IBB) and Departamento de Bioengenharia, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
521
|
Re F, Gregori M, Masserini M. Nanotechnology for neurodegenerative disorders. Maturitas 2012; 73:45-51. [PMID: 22261367 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy, cellular uptake and specific transport of drugs and/or imaging agents to target organs, tissues and cells are common issues in the diagnosis and treatment of different disorders. In the case of neurodegenerative diseases, they represent complex problems, since brain targeting remains a still unsolved challenge in pharmacology, due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, a tightly packed layer of endothelial cells that prevents unwanted substances to enter the brain. Engineered nanomaterials, objects with dimensions of 1-100 nm, are providing interesting biomedical tools potentially able to solve these problems, thanks to their physico-chemical features and to the possibility of multi-functionalization, allowing to confer them different features at the same time, including the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art of nanomaterials suitable for therapy and diagnostic imaging of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, as well as for neuroprotection and neuronal tissue regeneration. Finally, their potential neurotoxicity is discussed, and future nanotechnological approaches are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Re
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
522
|
Dakwar GR, Abu Hammad I, Popov M, Linder C, Grinberg S, Heldman E, Stepensky D. Delivery of proteins to the brain by bolaamphiphilic nano-sized vesicles. J Control Release 2012; 160:315-21. [PMID: 22261280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bolaamphiphilic cationic vesicles with acetylcholine (ACh) surface groups were investigated for their ability to deliver a model protein-bovine serum albumin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (BSA-FITC) across biological barriers in vitro and in vivo. BSA-FITC-loaded vesicles were internalized into cells in culture, including brain endothelial b.End3 cells, at 37 °C, but not at 4 °C, indicating an active uptake process. To examine if BSA-FITC-loaded vesicles were stable enough for in vivo delivery, we tested vesicle stability in whole serum. The half-life of cationic BSA-FITC-loaded vesicles with ACh surface groups that are hydrolyzed by choline esterase (ChE) was about 2 h, whereas the half-life of vesicles with similar surface groups, but which are not hydrolyzed by choline esterase (ChE), was over 5 h. Pyridostigmine, a choline esterase inhibitor that does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), increased the stability of the ChE-sensitive vesicles to 6 h but did not affect the stability of vesicles with ACh surface groups that are not hydrolyzed by ChE. Following intravenous administration to pyridostigmine-pretreated mice, BSA-FITC encapsulated in ChE-sensitive vesicles was distributed into various tissues with marked accumulation in the brain, whereas non-encapsulated (free) BSA-FITC was detected only in peripheral tissues, but not in the brain. These results show that cationic bolaamphiphilic vesicles with ACh head groups are capable of delivering proteins across biological barriers, such as the cell membrane and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain ChE activity destabilizes the vesicles and releases the encapsulated protein, enabling its accumulation in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R Dakwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
523
|
Yang CT, Chuang KH. Gd(iii) chelates for MRI contrast agents: from high relaxivity to “smart”, from blood pool to blood–brain barrier permeable. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00279e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
524
|
|
525
|
Kuo YC, Yu HW. Polyethyleneimine/poly-(γ-glutamic acid)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for loading and releasing antiretroviral drug. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
526
|
Li J, Zhou L, Ye D, Huang S, Shao K, Huang R, Han L, Liu Y, Liu S, Ye L, Lou J, Jiang C. Choline-derivate-modified nanoparticles for brain-targeting gene delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4516-4520. [PMID: 21898606 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education and PLA Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
527
|
Pankova Y, Shchegolikhin A, Iordanskii A, Zhulkina A, Ol’khov A, Zaikov G. The Characterization of Novel Biodegradable Blends Based on Polyhydroxybutyrate. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht05.03.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
528
|
Transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier by nanoparticles. J Control Release 2011; 161:264-73. [PMID: 21872624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is well protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which maintains its homeostasis. Due to this barrier many potential drugs for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) cannot reach the brain in sufficient concentrations. One possibility to deliver drugs to the CNS is the employment of polymeric nanoparticles. The ability of these carriers to overcome the BBB and to produce biologic effects on the CNS was shown in a number of studies. Over the past few years, progress in understanding of the mechanism of the nanoparticle uptake into the brain was made. This mechanism appears to be receptor-mediated endocytosis in brain capillary endothelial cells. Modification of the nanoparticle surface with covalently attached targeting ligands or by coating with certain surfactants enabling the adsorption of specific plasma proteins are necessary for this receptor-mediated uptake. The delivery of drugs, which usually are not able to cross the BBB, into the brain was confirmed by the biodistribution studies and pharmacological assays in rodents. Furthermore, the presence of nanoparticles in the brain parenchyma was visualized by electron microscopy. The intravenously administered biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin were successfully used for the treatment of experimental glioblastoma. These data, together with the possibility to employ nanoparticles for delivery of proteins and other macromolecules across the BBB, suggest that this technology holds great promise for non-invasive therapy of the CNS diseases.
Collapse
|
529
|
Li J, Zhang Q, Pang Z, Wang Y, Liu Q, Guo L, Jiang X. Identification of peptide sequences that target to the brain using in vivo phage display. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2373-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
530
|
Strategies for enhancing antibody delivery to the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:191-8. [PMID: 21767610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody conjugates have emerged as important tools for cancer therapy. However, a major therapeutic challenge for the use of antibodies is their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach tumors localized in the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple methods have been developed to enhance antibody delivery to the CNS, including direct injection, mechanical or biochemical disruption of the BBB, conjugation to a 'molecular Trojan horse', cationization, encapsulation in nanoparticles and liposomes, and more recently, stem cell-mediated antibody delivery. In this review, we discuss each of these approaches, highlighting their successes and the obstacles that remain to be overcome.
Collapse
|
531
|
Shchegolikhin AN, Iordanskii AL, Filatova A, Gumargalieva KZ, Fomin SV, Potapov EE. Water transport, FTIR, and morphology characterizations of novel biodegradable blends based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng.2011.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper focuses on the study of novel blends based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polymers with different hydrophilicity [polyethylene (PELD) and polyamide resin (PA548)]. Polymer blends were produced from five ratios of PHB/PELD in an effort to regulate the resistance to hydrolysis or (bio)degradation through the control of water permeability. The relation between the water transport and morphology (TEM data) shows the impact of polymer component ratio on the regulating water flux in hydrophobic matrix. To elucidate the role of hydrophilicity of the second component in the PHB blends, we studied the PHB/PA blends where PA is the polyamide resin composed of statistical copolymer of hexamethyleneadipinate and ε-caprolactam in ratio 1:1. The complex of techniques including DCS and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)-imaging (on the scale of temperature) indicates an interaction between PHB and PA in the temperature ranges of crystallization and melting. The general approach based on Flory-Huggins equation is presented as a way to choose pairs of compatible or partly compatible polymers. Blending PHB with PA could be a simple and effective method to design new matrices for drug delivery, while the same procedure applied to PHB-PELD system with better resistance again, hydrolysis and lower cost than parental PHB could be used as novel bioerodible packaging materials.
Collapse
|
532
|
Enhanced Transport Capabilities via Nanotechnologies: Impacting Bioefficacy, Controlled Release Strategies, and Novel Chaperones. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2011; 2011:902403. [PMID: 21603220 PMCID: PMC3095449 DOI: 10.1155/2011/902403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging nanotechnologies have, and will continue to have, a major impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Their influence on a drug's life cycle, inception to delivery, is
rapidly expanding. As the industry moves more aggressively toward continuous
manufacturing modes, utilizing Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Process
Intensification (PI) concepts, the critical role of transport phenomena becomes elucidated.
The ability to transfer energy, mass, and momentum with directed purposeful outcomes is
a worthwhile endeavor in establishing higher production rates more economically.
Furthermore, the ability to obtain desired drug properties, such as size, habit, and
morphology, through novel manufacturing strategies permits unique formulation control
for optimum delivery methodologies. Bottom-up processing to obtain nano-sized crystals
is an excellent example. Formulation and delivery are intimately coupled in improving
bio-efficacy at reduced loading and/or better controlled release capabilities, minimizing
side affects and providing improved therapeutic interventions. Innovative nanotechnology applications, such as simultaneous targeting, imaging and delivery to tumors, are now possible through use of novel chaperones. Other examples include nanoparticles attachment to T-cells, release from novel hydrogel implants, and functionalized encapsulants. Difficult tasks such as drug delivery to the brain via the blood brain barrier and/or the cerebrospinal fluid are now easier to accomplish.
Collapse
|
533
|
Targeting the brain with PEG-PLGA nanoparticles modified with phage-displayed peptides. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4943-50. [PMID: 21470674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The relative impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) results from tight junctions and efflux transport systems limits drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), and thus severely restricts the therapy of many central nervous system diseases. In order to enhance the brain-specific drug delivery, we employed a 12-mer phage display peptide library to isolate peptides that could target the drug delivery system to the brain. A 12-amino-acid-peptide (denoted as Pep TGN) which was displayed by bacteriophage Clone 12-2 was finally selected by rounds of in vivo screening. Pep TGN was covalently conjugated onto the surface of poly (ethyleneglycol)-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLGA) based nanoparticles (NPs). The cellular uptake of Pep TGN decorated nanoparticles was significantly higher than that of unmodified nanoparticles when incubated with bEnd.3 cells. Enhanced brain accumulation efficiency together with lower accumulation in liver and spleen was observed in the nude mice intravenously injected with Pep TGN conjugated nanoparticles compared with those injected with plain nanoparticles, showing powerful brain selectivity of Pep TGN. Coumarin 6 was used as a fluorescent probe for the evaluation of brain delivery properties. The brain Drug Targeting Index (DTI) of coumarin 6 incorporated in targeted nanoparticles was significantly higher than that of coumarin 6 incorporated in plain nanoparticles. In conclusion, the Pep TGN is a motif never been reported before and Pep TGN modified nanoparticles showed great potential in targeted drug delivery across the blood brain barrier.
Collapse
|
534
|
Paolino D, Cosco D, Molinaro R, Celia C, Fresta M. Supramolecular devices to improve the treatment of brain diseases. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:311-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
535
|
Paris-Robidas S, Emond V, Tremblay C, Soulet D, Calon F. In vivo labeling of brain capillary endothelial cells after intravenous injection of monoclonal antibodies targeting the transferrin receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:32-9. [PMID: 21454448 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vectors for drug delivery to the central nervous system remains a major pharmaceutical challenge. Here, we have characterized the brain distribution of two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR) (clones Ri7 and 8D3) compared with control IgGs after intravenous injection into mice. MAbs were fluorolabeled with either Alexa Fluor (AF) dyes 647 or 750. Intravenous injection of Ri7 or 8D3 MAb coupled with AF750 led to higher fluorescence emission in brain homogenates compared with control IgGs, indicating retention in the brain. Fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed that AF647-Ri7 signal was confined to brain cerebrovasculature, colocalizing with an antibody against collagen IV, a marker of basal lamina. Confocal microscopy analysis confirmed the delivery of injected Ri7 MAb into brain endothelial cells using the pericyte marker anti-α-smooth muscle actin, the endothelial marker CD31, and the collagen IV antibody. No evidence of colocalization was detected with neurons or astrocytes identified using antibodies specific for neuronal nuclei or glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively. Our data show that anti-TfR vectors injected intravenously readily accumulate into brain capillary endothelial cells, thus displaying strong drug-targeting potential.
Collapse
|
536
|
Domingo-Espín J, Unzueta U, Saccardo P, Rodríguez-Carmona E, Corchero JL, Vázquez E, Ferrer-Miralles N. Engineered biological entities for drug delivery and gene therapy protein nanoparticles. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 104:247-98. [PMID: 22093221 PMCID: PMC7173510 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416020-0.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of genetic engineering techniques has speeded up the growth of the biotechnological industry, resulting in a significant increase in the number of recombinant protein products on the market. The deep knowledge of protein function, structure, biological interactions, and the possibility to design new polypeptides with desired biological activities have been the main factors involved in the increase of intensive research and preclinical and clinical approaches. Consequently, new biological entities with added value for innovative medicines such as increased stability, improved targeting, and reduced toxicity, among others have been obtained. Proteins are complex nanoparticles with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers when complex supramolecular interactions occur, as for example, in viral capsids. However, even though protein production is a delicate process that imposes the use of sophisticated analytical methods and negative secondary effects have been detected in some cases as immune and inflammatory reactions, the great potential of biodegradable and tunable protein nanoparticles indicates that protein-based biotechnological products are expected to increase in the years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Domingo-Espín
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Saccardo
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Escarlata Rodríguez-Carmona
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luís Corchero
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
537
|
Sahni JK, Doggui S, Ali J, Baboota S, Dao L, Ramassamy C. Neurotherapeutic applications of nanoparticles in Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2010; 152:208-31. [PMID: 21134407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid increase in incidence of neurodegenerative disorders has been observed with the aging of the population. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly. It is characterized by memory dysfunction, loss of lexical access, spatial and temporal disorientation and impairment of judgement clinically. Unfortunately, clinical development of drugs for the symptomatic and disease-modifying treatment of AD has resulted in both promise and disappointment. Indeed, a large number of drugs with differing targets and mechanisms of action were investigated with only a few of them being clinically available. The targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, is restricted due to the limitations posed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as due to opsonization by plasma proteins in the systemic circulation and peripheral side-effects. Over the last decade, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery represents one promising strategy to successfully increase the CNS penetration of several therapeutic moieties. Different nanocarriers are being investigated to treat and diagnose AD by delivering at a constant rate a host of therapeutics over times extending up to days, weeks or even months. This review provides a concise incursion on the current pharmacotherapies for AD besides reviewing and discussing the literature on the different drug molecules that have been successfully encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs). Some of them have been shown to cross the BBB and have been tested either for diagnosis or treatment of AD. Finally, the route of NPs administration and the future prospects will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasjeet Kaur Sahni
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boul. des Prairies, H7V 1B7 Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
538
|
Bernardi A, Frozza RL, Horn AP, Campos MM, Calixto JB, Salbego C, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Battastini AMO. Protective effects of indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules against oxygen-glucose deprivation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures: Involvement of neuroinflammation. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:629-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
539
|
Abstract
The delivery of drugs to the CNS is hampered by the existence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Nowadays, medicinal chemists follow defined rules for the development of drugs able to cross the BBB. At the same time, the parameters needed in order to gain valuable estimates of brain drug delivery are well defined. Despite the limits in molecular weight that allow drugs to cross the BBB, it was shown that nanotech products, in particular properly functionalized nanoparticles, spherical particles of approximately 200 nm in diameter, are able to cross the BBB after intravenous administration and act as drug carriers for CNS. Moreover, peptides as ligands for receptors present on the brain endothelium, or able to cross the BBB and to act as carriers for CNS drug delivery in the form of conjugates with drugs, have been discovered and started to be studied as targeting moieties for nanoparticulate systems. This article will discuss the results obtained so far in the field of nanoparticle drug carriers for CNS and highlight the parameters needed in order to fully characterize these hitherto largely unknown delivery systems. Even if promising results have been obtained, more studies are needed in order to fully evaluate the clinical potential of this drug-delivery system.
Collapse
|
540
|
Craparo EF, Bondì ML, Pitarresi G, Cavallaro G. Nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery and targeting to the central nervous system. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 17:670-7. [PMID: 20950327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain delivery is one of the major challenges for the neuropharmaceutical industry since an alarming increase in brain disease incidence is going on. Despite major advances in neuroscience, many potential therapeutic agents are denied access to the central nervous system (CNS) because of the existence of a physiological low permeable barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To obtain an improvement of drug CNS performance, sophisticated approaches such as nanoparticulate systems are rapidly developing. Many recent data demonstrate that drugs could be transported successfully into the brain using colloidal systems after i.v. injection by several mechanisms such as endocytosis or P-glycoprotein inhibition. This review summarizes the main brain targeted nanoparticulate carriers such as liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and micelles with great potential in drug delivery into the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Fabiola Craparo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
541
|
Peptide-based vectors for blood–brain barrier targeting and delivery of drugs to the central nervous system. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:489-94. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
542
|
Shi J, Votruba AR, Farokhzad OC, Langer R. Nanotechnology in drug delivery and tissue engineering: from discovery to applications. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:3223-30. [PMID: 20726522 PMCID: PMC2935937 DOI: 10.1021/nl102184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in medicine, referred to as nanomedicine, is offering numerous exciting possibilities in healthcare. Herein, we discuss two important aspects of nanomedicine, drug delivery and tissue engineering, highlighting the advances we have recently experienced, the challenges we are currently facing, and what we are likely to witness in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shi
- MIT-Harvard Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Alexander R. Votruba
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- MIT-Harvard Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Robert Langer
- MIT-Harvard Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| |
Collapse
|
543
|
Pankova Y, Shchegolikhin A, Iordanskii A, Zhulkina A, Ol'khov A, Zaikov G. The characterization of novel biodegradable blends based on polyhydroxybutyrate: The role of water transport. J Mol Liq 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
544
|
Lin LN, Liu Q, Song L, Liu FF, Sha JX. Recent advances in nanotechnology based drug delivery to the brain. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:377-80. [PMID: 20700653 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery into the brain was difficult due to the existence of blood brain barrier, which only permits some molecules to pass through freely. In past decades, nanotechnology has enabled many technical advances including drug delivery into the brain with high efficiency and accuracy. In the present paper, we summarize recent important advances in employing nanotechnology for drug delivery to the brain as well as controlled drug release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Lin
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Ji Lin University, 17 Xin Min Street, 130021, Changchun, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
545
|
Annabi B, Doumit J, Plouffe K, Laflamme C, Lord-Dufour S, Béliveau R. Members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins provide a differential molecular signature between parental and CD133+ DAOY medulloblastoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:710-7. [PMID: 20564348 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) family are involved in metabolic stress and resistance phenotypes of cancer cells. New breakthroughs in brain cancer therapy have exploited that molecular signature and proved that efficient delivery of therapeutic agents involve LRP-mediated mechanisms. We performed gene expression profiling of CD133, a cell surface cancer stem cell marker, and of LRP in response to in vitro nutrient deprivation. We found that CD133 was selectively induced in serum-starved DAOY medulloblastoma cells but not in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Such CD133 induction was correlated to increases in LRP-1 and LRP-1b gene and protein expression. When a specific CD133(+) DAOY cell population was sorted from parental DAOY, we found increases in LRP-5 and LRP-8. Uptake of alpha(2)-macroglobulin, a specific LRP-1/1b ligand, was increased in serum-starved parental DAOY cells but not in CD133(+) DAOY cells, and receptor-associated protein (RAP), which binds to all cell surface LRPs, was able to compete for that uptake. Conversely, RAP binding was increased in serum-starved parental DAOY but alpha(2)-macroglobulin was unable to compete for such uptake. Strategies aiming at targeting cancer stem cell metabolic adaptative responses, such as that through LRP differential expression within the brain tissue microenvironmental niche, can now be envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
546
|
Zinc at clinically-relevant concentrations potentiates the cytotoxicity of polysorbate 80, a non-ionic surfactant. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:737-44. [PMID: 20079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate 80, a non-ionic surfactant, is used in the formula of water-insoluble anticancer agents for intravenous application. In our recent studies, this surfactant decreased cellular thiol content and the chemicals decreasing cellular thiol content increased intracellular Zn(2+) concentration. In this study using rat thymocytes, the effect of polysorbate 80 on FluoZin-3 fluorescence, an indicator for intracellular Zn(2+), and the influence of ZnCl(2) on cytotoxicity of polysorbate 80 were examined in order to test the possibility that Zn(2+) is involved in cytotoxic action of polysorbate 80. The surfactant at concentrations of 10 microg/ml or more significantly augmented FluoZin-3 fluorescent in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating an increase in intracellular Zn(2+) concentration. The increase by polysorbate 80 was also observed after removing extracellular Zn(2+), suggesting an intracellular Zn(2+) release. The simultaneous application of polysorbate 80 (30 microg/ml) and ZnCl(2) (10-30 microM) significantly increased cell lethality. The simultaneous application of ZnCl(2) accelerated the process of cell death induced by polysorbate 80 and the combination increased oxidative stress. Results may indicate that the cytotoxicity of polysorbate 80 at clinical concentrations is modified by micromolar zinc. Although there is no clinical report that polysorbate 80 and zinc salt are simultaneously applied to human as far as our knowledge, it may be speculated that zinc induces some diverse actions in cancer treatment with water-insoluble anticancer agent including nanoparticle drug of which the solvent is polysorbate 80.
Collapse
|