501
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Energy and Protein Nutrition Management of Transition Dairy Cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2013; 29:337-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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502
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Kleen JL, Upgang L, Rehage J. Prevalence and consequences of subacute ruminal acidosis in German dairy herds. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:48. [PMID: 23805878 PMCID: PMC3704938 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and the clinical consequences of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows are still poorly understood. In order to evaluate the prevalence of SARA, 26 German dairy farms were included in a field study. In each herd, between 11 and 14 lactating dairy cows were examined for their ruminal pH using rumenocentesis. Milk production data and farm management characteristics were recorded. Each farm was scored for lameness prevalence among lactating animals, and body condition score was recorded three times four to five weeks apart in all animals examined. Farms were grouped on basis of ruminal pH and compared for lameness, body condition, milk production parameters and style of management. Animals were grouped on basis of their measured ruminal pH and compared accordingly for milk production parameters and body condition score. RESULTS Of 315 cows examined, 63 individuals (20%) exhibited a ruminal pH of ≤ 5.5 at time of rumenocentesis. Of 26 farms examined, eleven farms had three or more of their cows experiencing a ruminal pH of ≤ 5.5 and were classified as likely experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis. These farms tended to be bigger than the others and offered less lying space to the lactating cows. There was no clear tendency regarding lameness. Among individual cows, animals with a low ruminal pH of ≤ 5.5 were found to be in significantly poorer body condition than animals with higher pH values (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONS The study shows 11 out of 26 of herds likely experiencing SARA. Bigger herds tend to be at a higher risk for SARA, while individuals with low ruminal pH tend to be lower in body condition. The study points to the importance of management in preventing SARA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Upgang
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover D-30173, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover D-30173, Germany
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503
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Liu JH, Xu TT, Liu YJ, Zhu WY, Mao SY. A high-grain diet causes massive disruption of ruminal epithelial tight junctions in goats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R232-41. [PMID: 23739344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00068.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in rumen epithelial tight junctions (TJs) at the tissue and molecular levels during high-grain (HG) diet feeding are unknown. Here, 10 male goats were randomly assigned to either a hay diet (0% grain; n = 5) or HG diet group (65% grain; n = 5) to characterize the changes in ruminal epithelial structure and TJ protein expression and localization using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. After 7 wk of feeding, ruminal free LPS in HG group increased significantly (P < 0.001) compared with the hay group, and free LPS in the peripheral blood was detectable with concentrations of 0.8 ± 0.20 EU/ml, while not detectable in the control, suggesting a leakage of LPS into the blood in the HG group. Correspondingly, the HG-fed goats showed profound alterations in ruminal epithelial structure and TJ proteins, depicted by marked epithelial cellular damage and intercellular junction erosion, down-regulation of TJ proteins claudin-4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 mRNA and protein expression, as well as redistribution of claudin-1, claudin-4, and occludin. Furthermore, these changes in TJ proteins in the HG group were coupled with the upregulation of mRNA levels for the cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in the ruminal epithelia. These results demonstrated for the first time that the HG diet feeding caused disruption of ruminal epithelial TJs that was associated with a local inflammatory response in the rumen epithelium. These findings may provide new insights into understanding the role of TJ proteins in the ruminal epithelial immune homeostasis of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hua Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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504
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Deckardt K, Khol-Parisini A, Zebeli Q. Peculiarities of enhancing resistant starch in ruminants using chemical methods: opportunities and challenges. Nutrients 2013; 5:1970-88. [PMID: 23736826 PMCID: PMC3725487 DOI: 10.3390/nu5061970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High-producing ruminants are fed high amounts of cereal grains, at the expense of dietary fiber, to meet their high energy demands. Grains consist mainly of starch, which is easily degraded in the rumen by microbial glycosidases, providing energy for rapid growth of rumen microbes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) as the main energy source for the host. Yet, low dietary fiber contents and the rapid accumulation of SCFA lead to rumen disorders in cattle. The chemical processing of grains has become increasingly important to confer their starch resistances against rumen microbial glycosidases, hence generating ruminally resistant starch (RRS). In ruminants, unlike monogastric species, the strategy of enhancing resistant starch is useful, not only in lowering the amount of carbohydrate substrates available for digestion in the upper gut sections, but also in enhancing the net hepatic glucose supply, which can be utilized by the host more efficiently than the hepatic gluconeogenesis of SCFA. The use of chemical methods to enhance the RRS of grains and the feeding of RRS face challenges in the practice; therefore, the present article attempts to summarize the most important achievements in the chemical processing methods used to generate RRS, and review advantages and challenges of feeding RRS to ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Deckardt
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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505
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Whelan S, Mulligan F, Callan J, Flynn B, Pierce K. Effect of forage source and a supplementary methionine hydroxyl analogue on rumen fermentation parameters in lactating dairy cows offered a low crude protein diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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506
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Marchesini G, De Nardi R, Gianesella M, Stefani AL, Morgante M, Barberio A, Andrighetto I, Segato S. Effect of induced ruminal acidosis on blood variables in heifers. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:98. [PMID: 23647881 PMCID: PMC3649929 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ruminal acidosis is responsible for the onset of different pathologies in dairy and feedlot cattle, but there are major difficulties in the diagnosis. This study modelled the data obtained from various blood variables to identify those that could indicate the severity of ruminal acidosis. Six heifers were fed three experimental rations throughout three periods. The diets were characterised by different starch levels: high starch (HS), medium starch (MS) and low starch, as the control diet (CT). Ruminal pH values were continuously measured using wireless sensors and compared with pH measurements obtained by rumenocentesis. Blood samples were analysed for complete blood count, biochemical profile, venous blood gas, blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding proteins (LBP). RESULTS The regression coefficient comparing the ruminal pH values, obtained using the two methods, was 0.56 (P = 0.040). Feeding the CT, MS and HS led to differences in the time spent below the 5.8, 5.5 and 5.0 pH thresholds and in several variables, including dry matter intake (7.7 vs. 6.9 vs. 5.1 kg/d; P = 0.002), ruminal nadir pH (5.69 vs. 5.47 vs. 5.44; P = 0.042), mean ruminal pH (6.50 vs. 6.34 vs. 6.31; P = 0.012), haemoglobin level (11.1 vs. 10.9 vs. 11.4 g/dL; P = 0.010), platelet count (506 vs. 481 vs. 601; P = 0.008), HCO3(-) (31.8 vs. 31.3 vs. 30.6 mmol/L; P = 0.071) and LBP (5.9 vs. 9.5 vs. 10.5 μg/mL; P < 0.001). A canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was used to classify the animals into four ruminal pH classes (normal, risk of acidosis, subacute ruminal acidosis and acute ruminal acidosis) using haemoglobin, mean platelet volume, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and reduced haemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS Although additional studies are necessary to confirm the reliability of these discriminant functions, the use of plasma variables in a multifactorial model appeared to be useful for the evaluation of ruminal acidosis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Marchesini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, (PD) 35020, Italy
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507
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Van Dung D, Ba NX, Van NH, Phung LD, Ngoan LD, Cuong VC, Yao W. Practice on improving fattening local cattle production in Vietnam by increasing crude protein level in concentrate and concentrate level. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45:1619-26. [PMID: 23619780 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of crude protein (CP) level in concentrate (experiment 1) and concentrate level (experiment 2) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention, ruminal pH and NH3-N concentration and average daily gain (ADG) of Vietnamese local fattening cattle. Animals (24 cattle, initial live weight (LW) 150.3 ± 11.8 kg in experiment 1 and 145.1 ± 9.8 kg in experiment 2) were allotted based on LW to one of four treatments in a randomised complete block design. In experiment 1, concentrate with four levels of CP (10, 13, 16 and 19 %) was fed at 1.5 % of LW. In experiment 2, concentrate was fed at 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 and 2.2 % of LW. In both experiments, roughage was 5 kg/day native grass and ad libitum rice straw (fresh basis). Results showed that the CP level in concentrate significantly affected dry matter (DM) intake (P < 0.05), N retention, ADG and ruminal NH3-N concentration (P < 0.01), but it had no significant effect on DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (P > 0.05), whereas CP digestibility increased (P < 0.001) along with the CP level. DM intake, N retention and ADG increased (P < 0.001) linearly with concentrate intake. DM and CP digestibility were not significantly affected by concentrate intake (P > 0.05). OM digestibility and NH3-N concentration increased linearly (P < 0.05), whereas NDF digestibility and ruminal pH declined linearly with increased concentrate consumption (P < 0.01). These results indicate that 16 % CP in concentrate and feeding concentrate at the rate of 2.2 % of LW are recommendable for fattening local cattle in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Van Dung
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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508
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Zhang S, Albornoz RI, Aschenbach JR, Barreda DR, Penner G. Short-term feed restriction impairs the absorptive function of the reticulo-rumen and total tract barrier function in beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1685-95. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - R. I. Albornoz
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - J. R. Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. R. Barreda
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - G.B. Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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509
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Retrieving the Bioenergy Potential from Maize Crops Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing. REMOTE SENSING 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/rs5010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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510
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Holt M, Eun JS, Thacker C, Young A, Dai X, Nestor K. Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay on lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 days of lactation. J Dairy Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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511
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Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP. Effects of Heat Stress on Postabsorptive Metabolism and Energetics. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 1:311-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lance H. Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Robert P. Rhoads
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061;
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512
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Repeated acidosis challenges and live yeast supplementation shape rumen microbiota and fermentations and modulate inflammatory status in sheep. Animal 2013; 7:1910-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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513
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Schöpke K, Weidling S, Pijl R, Swalve H. Relationships between bovine hoof disorders, body condition traits, and test-day yields. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:679-89. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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514
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Inchaisri C, Chanpongsang S, Noordhuizen J, Hogeveen H. The association of ruminal pH and some metabolic parameters with conception rate at first artificial insemination in Thai dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:1183-90. [PMID: 23271417 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the association of metabolic parameters and cow associated factors with the conception rate at first insemination (FCR) in Thai dairy cows. The investigation was performed with 529 lactations from 32 smallholder dairy farms. At 3-6 weeks after parturition, blood samples and ruminal fluid were collected. Body condition scores (BCS) of cows were scored 1 week before expected calving date and at blood sampling date. Ruminal pH was measured at 2-4 h after morning feeding in ruminal fluid collected by ruminocentesis. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate and serum urea nitrogen were measured by kinetic enzyme method. Cows with first insemination (AI) between 41 and 114 days postpartum were identified after pregnancy diagnosis for FCR. Breed, parity, interval from calving to first AI, BCS before calving, BCS after calving, loss in BCS after calving, SBHB, SUN, ruminal pH, and postpartum problems were selected as independent variables for a model with FCR as a dependent variable. A multivariable logistic regression model was used with farm as a random effect. Overall FCR was 27.2 %. The FCR depended on interval from calving to first AI, BCS before calving, and ruminal pH. The FCR between 69 and 91 days postpartum was significantly highest (45 %). Before calving, a cow with high BCS (≥ 3.5) had significantly greater FCR than a cow with low BCS (≤ 3.25; P<0.01). An increased ruminal pH raised significantly FCR (OR=2.53; P=0.03).
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515
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The diversity of the fecal bacterial community and its relationship with the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the feces during subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:237. [PMID: 23217205 PMCID: PMC3582618 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a well-recognized digestive disorder found in particular in well-managed dairy herds. SARA can result in increased flow of fermentable substrates to the hindgut, which can increase the production of volatile fatty acids, alter the structure of the microbial community, and have a negative effect on animal health and productivity. However, little is known about changes in the structure of the microbial community and its relationship with fatty acids during SARA. Four cannulated primiparous (60 to 90 day in milk) Holstein dairy cows were assigned to two diets in a 2 × 2 crossover experimental design. The diets contained (on a dry matter basis): 40% (control diet, COD) and 70% (SARA induction diet, SAID) concentrate feeds. Samples of ruminal fluid and feces were collected on day 12, 15, 17 and 21 of the treatment period, and the pH was measured in the ruminal and fecal samples; the fecal microbiota was determined by pyrosequencing analysis of the V1–V3 region of amplified 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). Results SAID decreased ruminal and fecal pH and increased the propionate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration in feces when compared with the COD. A barcoded DNA pyrosequencing method was used to generate 2116 16S operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A total of 11 phyla were observed, distributed amongst all cattle on both diets; however, only 5 phyla were observed in all animals regardless of dietary treatment, and considerable animal to animal variation was revealed. The average abundance and its range of the 5 phyla were as follows: Firmicutes (63.7%, 29.1–84.1%), Proteobacteria (18.3%, 3.4–46.9%), Actinobacteria (6.8%, 0.4–39.9%), Bacteroidetes (7.6%, 2.2–17.7%) and Tenericutes (1.6%, 0.3–3%). Feeding the SAID resulted in significant shifts in the structure of the fecal microbial community when compared with the traditional COD. Among the 2116 OTUs detected in the present study, 88 OTUs were affected significantly by diet; and the proportion of these OTUs was 20.6% and 17.4% among the total number of sequences, respectively. Among the OTUs affected, the predominant species, including OTU2140 (G: Turicibacter), OTU1695 (G: Stenotrophomonas) and OTU8143 (F: Lachnospiraceae), were increased, while the abundance of OTU1266 (S: Solibacillus silvestris) and OTU2022 (G: Lysinibacillus) was reduced in the SAID group compared with the COD. Further, our results indicated that the fecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were significantly related to presence of some certain species of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the feces. Conclusions This is, to our knowledge, the first study that has used barcoded DNA pyrosequencing to survey the fecal microbiome of dairy cattle during SARA. Our results suggest that particular bacteria and their metabolites in the feces appear to contribute to differences in host health between those given SAID and traditional COD feeding. A better understanding of these microbial populations will allow for improved nutrient management and increased animal growth performance.
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516
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Kebreab E, Moraes L, Strathe A, Fadel J. Technological innovations in animal production related to environmental sustainability. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402012000400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to FAO, meat production will double by 2050 to meet the demand of growing and more affluent population. The soaring demand presents an environmental challenge for intensive animal production. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), particularly methane (CH4) increases as animal numbers increase, however, mitigation strategies such as dietary manipulation (e.g., lipid supplementation), ionophores, defaunation and biotechnologies can be used to reduce emissions per animal. Emissions from manure storage can also be reduced using biological and thermochemical conversion technologies with added benefit of producing bio-energy while treating livestock wastes. At the animal level, reduction of overfeeding protein and balancing the amounts of protein degraded in rumen and those allowed to bypass the rumen will reduce N excretion. Synchronizing energy and protein supply to animals also offers better utilization of nutrients with concomitant decrease in urine N, which contains high levels of urea that can be converted into ammonia when mixed with feces. Phosphorus in manure represents a significant renewable resource and there are several technologies that remove and recover P from manure including chemical precipitation, biological P removal and crystallization. The development of technologies for GHG and nutrient reduction offers the opportunity for environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Moraes
- University of California, United States of America
| | | | - James Fadel
- University of California, United States of America
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517
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Pilachai R, Schonewille J, Thamrongyoswittayakul C, Aiumlamai S, Wachirapakorn C, Everts H, Hendriks W. Starch source in high concentrate rations does not affect rumen pH, histamine and lipopolysaccharide concentrations in dairy cows. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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518
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Gasteiner J, Guggenberger T, Häusler J, Steinwidder A. Continuous and Long-Term Measurement of Reticuloruminal pH in Grazing Dairy Cows by an Indwelling and Wireless Data Transmitting Unit. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:236956. [PMID: 23213627 PMCID: PMC3504470 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the continuous measurement of ruminal pH in grazing dairy cows to monitor the diets effects on ruminal pH value. A novel indwelling pH-measurement and data transmitting system was given to 6 multiparous cows orally. Ruminal pH was measured every 600 sec over a 40 d period. After barn feeding and changeover to pasture, the following 3 treatments (2 cows/treatment) were included in the measurement period: continuous grazing (G), continuous grazing plus 4 kg/d of hay fed twice daily (GH), and continuous grazing plus 4 kg/d of concentrate (GC). Ruminal pH decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 6.58 ± 0.15 to pH 6.19 ± 0.19 during feed changeover to pasture. Mean ruminal pH for G, GH, and GC was 6.36, 6.56, and 6.01. Mean 24-h minimum pH was 5.95, 6.20 and, 5.58. The time pH was below 6.3, 6.0, 5.8, and 5.5, for G it was 583, 91, 26, and 3 min/d, for GH it was 97, 12, 0, and 0 min/d and for GC it was 1126, 621, 347, and 101 min/d, respectively. Results were significantly influenced by the diet. The indwelling pH-measurement and data transmitting system is a very useful and proper tool for long-term measurement of ruminal pH in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gasteiner
- Federal Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Institute of Farm Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Health, A-8952 Irdning, Austria
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519
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Al Ibrahim R, Gath V, Campion D, McCarney C, Duffy P, Mulligan F. The effect of abrupt or gradual introduction to pasture after calving and supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Strain 1026) on ruminal pH and fermentation in early lactation dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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520
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Steele M, AlZahal O, Walpole M, McBride B. Short communication: Grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis is associated with the differential expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in rumen papillae of lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6072-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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521
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Røjen BA, Larsen M, Kristensen NB. Effect of abomasal infusion of oligofructose on portal-drained visceral ammonia and urea-nitrogen fluxes in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:7248-60. [PMID: 22999277 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of abomasal infusion of oligofructose in lactating dairy cows on the relationship between hindgut fermentation and N metabolism, and its effects on NH(3) absorption and transfer of blood urea-N across the portal-drained viscera versus ruminal epithelia were investigated. Nine lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas and permanent indwelling catheters in major splanchnic blood vessels were used in an unbalanced crossover design with 14-d periods. Treatments were continuous abomasal infusion of water or 1,500 g/d of oligofructose. The same basal diet was fed with both treatments. Eight sample sets of arterial, portal, hepatic, and ruminal vein blood, ruminal fluid, and urine were obtained at 0.5h before the morning feeding and at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 h after feeding. It was hypothesized that an increased supply of fermentable substrate to the hindgut would increase the uptake of urea-N from blood to the hindgut at the expense of urea-N uptake to the forestomach. The study showed that abomasal oligofructose infusion decreased the total amount of urea-N transferred from the blood to the gut, NH(3) absorption, and arterial blood urea-N concentration. Subsequently, hepatic NH(3) uptake and urea-N production also decreased with oligofructose infusion. Additionally, urea-N concentration in milk and urinary N excretion decreased with oligofructose treatment. The oligofructose infusion did not affect ruminal NH(3) concentrations or any other ruminal variables, nor did it affect ruminal venous - arterial concentration differences for urea-N and NH(3). The oligofructose treatment did not affect milk yield, but did decrease apparent digestibility of OM, N, and starch. Nitrogen excreted in the feces was greater with the oligofructose infusion. In conclusion, the present data suggest that increased hindgut fermentation did not upregulate urea-N transfer to the hindgut at the expense of urea-N uptake by the rumen, and the observed reduction in arterial blood urea-N concentration appeared not to be due to increased urea-N transport, but rather could be explained by reduced NH(3) input to hepatic urea-N synthesis caused by increased sequestration of NH(3) in the hindgut and excretion in feces. Increasing the hindgut fermentation in lactating dairy cows by abomasal infusion of 1,500 g/d of oligofructose shifted some N excretion from the urine to feces and possibly reduced manure NH(3) volatilization without impairing rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Røjen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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522
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523
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Li S, Gozho GN, Gakhar N, Khafipour E, Krause DO, Plaizier JC. Evaluation of diagnostic measures for subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Li, S., Gozho, G. N., Gakhar, N., Khafipour, E., Krause, D. O. and Plaizier, J. C. 2012. Evaluation of diagnostic measures for subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Can J. Anim. Sci. 92: 353–364. Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on measurements of feces, urine, milk and blood samples, and of feeding behavior were investigated to determine which of these measurements may aid in the diagnosis of SARA. Eight multiparous lactating dairy cows were used in a crossover design with two 6-wk experimental periods. During weeks 1, 2, and 6, cows received a control diet with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 58:42. During weeks 3 to wk 5, a grain-based SARA challenge (GBSC) or an alfalfa-pellet SARA challenge (APSC) was conducted by replacing 12% of the dry matter of the control ration with pellets containing 50% ground wheat and 50% ground barley, and by replacing 26% of the dry matter of the control ration with pellets of ground alfalfa, respectively. The rumen pH depression did not differ between the challenges. The GBSC increased the concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in feces and of serum amyloid A in blood, but decreased that of milk fat and urea in blood. The APSC increased the urine pH, the net-acid-base excretion, and the red blood cell count and potassium concentration in blood. Both challenges increased the concentrations of LPS and propionate in rumen fluid, protein in milk, glucose, lactate and sodium and the partial pressure of CO2in blood, and tended to decrease the concentration of chloride in blood. The measures that were similarly affected by both challenges may aid in the diagnosis of a rumen pH depression. Differences between the SARA challenges suggest that this disorder is not solely rumen pH dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - G. N. Gozho
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - N. Gakhar
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - E. Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - D. O. Krause
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - J. C. Plaizier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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524
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Plöger S, Stumpff F, Penner GB, Schulzke JD, Gäbel G, Martens H, Shen Z, Günzel D, Aschenbach JR. Microbial butyrate and its role for barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1258:52-9. [PMID: 22731715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate production in the large intestine and ruminant forestomach depends on bacterial butyryl-CoA/acetate-CoA transferase activity and is highest when fermentable fiber and nonstructural carbohydrates are balanced. Gastrointestinal epithelia seem to use butyrate and butyrate-induced endocrine signals to adapt proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation to the growth of the bacterial community. Butyrate has a potential clinical application in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; ulcerative colitis). Via inhibited release of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 13 and inhibition of histone deacetylase, butyrate may contribute to the restoration of the tight junction barrier in IBD by affecting the expression of claudin-2, occludin, cingulin, and zonula occludens poteins (ZO-1, ZO-2). Further evaluation of the molecular events that link butyrate to an improved tight junction structure will allow for the elucidation of the cofactors affecting the reliability of butyrate as a clinical treatment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Plöger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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525
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Golder HM, Celi P, Rabiee AR, Heuer C, Bramley E, Miller DW, King R, Lean IJ. Effects of grain, fructose, and histidine on ruminal pH and fermentation products during an induced subacute acidosis protocol. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1971-82. [PMID: 22459843 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of grain, fructose, and histidine on ruminal pH and fermentation products were studied in dairy cattle during an induced subacute acidosis protocol. Thirty Holstein heifers were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: (1) control (no grain); (2) grain [fed at a crushed triticale dry matter intake (DMI) of 1.2% of body weight (BW)]; (3) grain (0.8% of BW DMI)+fructose (0.4% of BW DMI); (4) grain (1.2% of BW DMI)+histidine (6 g/head); and (5) grain (0.8% of BW DMI)+fructose (0.4% of BW DMI)+histidine (6 g/head) in a partial factorial arrangement. Heifers were fed 1 kg of grain daily with ad libitum access to ryegrass silage and alfalfa hay for 10 d. Feed was withheld for 14 h before challenge day, on which heifers were fed 200 g of alfalfa hay and then the treatment diets immediately thereafter. Rumen samples were collected 5 min after diet ingestion, 60 min later, and at 3 subsequent 50-min intervals. Grain decreased ruminal pH and increased ammonia, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, butyrate, propionate, and valerate concentrations compared with controls. The addition of grain had no effect on ruminal D- and L-lactate concentrations. Fructose markedly decreased ruminal pH and markedly increased D- and L-lactate concentrations. Fructose increased total VFA and butyrate and decreased valerate concentrations. Although histidine did not have a marked effect on ruminal fermentation, increased concentrations of histamine were observed following feeding. This study demonstrates that the substitution of some grain for fructose can lower ruminal pH and increase VFA and lactate concentrations, warranting further investigation into the role of sugars on the risk of acidosis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia 2570.
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526
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Zebeli Q, Aschenbach JR, Tafaj M, Boguhn J, Ametaj BN, Drochner W. Invited review: Role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1041-56. [PMID: 22365188 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly fermentable diets require the inclusion of adequate amounts of fiber to reduce the risk of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA). To assess the adequacy of dietary fiber in dairy cattle, the concept of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) has received increasing attention because it amalgamates information on both chemical fiber content and particle size (PS) of the feedstuffs. The nutritional effects of dietary PS and peNDF are complex and involve feed intake behavior (absolute intake and sorting behavior), ruminal mat formation, rumination and salivation, and ruminal motility. Other effects include fermentation characteristics, digesta passage, and nutrient intake and absorption. Moreover, peNDF requirements depend on the fermentability of the starch source (i.e., starch type and endosperm structure). To date, the incomplete understanding of these complex interactions has prevented the establishment of peNDF as a routine method to determine dietary fiber adequacy so far. Therefore, this review is intended to analyze the quantitative effects of and interactions among forage PS, peNDF, and diet fermentability with regard to rumen metabolism and prevention of SARA, and aims to give an overview of the latest achievements in the estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. Recently developed models that synthesize the effects of both peNDF and fermentable starch on rumen metabolism appear to provide an appropriate basis for estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cows. Data suggest that a period lasting more than 5 to 6h/d during which ruminal pH is <5.8 should be avoided to minimize health disturbances due to SARA. The knowledge generated from these modeling approaches recommends that average amounts of 31.2% peNDF inclusive particles >1.18mm (i.e., peNDF(>1.18)) or 18.5% peNDF inclusive particles >8mm (i.e., peNDF(>8)) in the diet (DM basis) are required. However, inclusion of a concentration of peNDF(>8) in the diet beyond 14.9% of diet DM may lower DM intake level. As such, more research is warranted to develop efficient feeding strategies that encourage inclusion of energy-dense diets without the need to increase their content in peNDF above the threshold that leads to lower DM intake. The latter would require strategies that modulate the fermentability characteristics of the diet and promote absorption and metabolic capacity of ruminal epithelia of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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527
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Sato S, Ikeda A, Tsuchiya Y, Ikuta K, Murayama I, Kanehira M, Okada K, Mizuguchi H. Diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by continuous reticular pH measurements in cows. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:201-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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528
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Steele MA, Greenwood SL, Croom J, McBride BW. An increase in dietary non-structural carbohydrates alters the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Steele, M. A., Greenwood, S. L., Croom, J. and McBride, B. W. 2012. An increase in dietary non-structural carbohydrates alters the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 123–130. This study investigated the effect of a grain challenge on the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. In a randomized design, lambs (n = 8) received either a control diet [30% dry matter (DM) grain], or a diet of increasing amounts of grain to a maximum inclusion of 79% of DM for 12 d prior to slaughter. Rumen papillae were collected from the ventral sac on day 13 and prepared for histological and gene expression analyses. All lambs fed the high-grain diet were diagnosed with ruminal parakeratosis as the thickness of the corneum was higher (P<0.01) compared with control lambs (51.0±2.3 vs. 17.3±2.5 µm). Plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations increased linearly (P<0.05) with increased grain consumption compared with the control. However, the relative mRNA expression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA-synthase (HMGCS2) in rumen papillae was not different between treatments. The expression of cholesterolgenic enzyme HMGCS1 was down-regulated by 0.70±0.06 (P<0.05) fold in lambs fed the high-grain diet compared with the control. These results suggest that a short-term grain challenge in lambs is associated with altered rumen epithelium metabolism and structural changes indicative of ruminal parakeratosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Steele
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S. L. Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - J. Croom
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - B. W. McBride
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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529
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Zebeli Q, Metzler-Zebeli B, Ametaj B. Meta-analysis reveals threshold level of rapidly fermentable dietary concentrate that triggers systemic inflammation in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2662-72. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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530
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Li S, Khafipour E, Krause DO, Kroeker A, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Gozho GN, Plaizier JC. Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis challenges on fermentation and endotoxins in the rumen and hindgut of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:294-303. [PMID: 22192209 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge (GBSC) and an alfalfa-pellet SARA challenge (APSC) on fermentation and endotoxins in the rumen and in the cecum, as well as on endotoxins in peripheral blood, were determined. Six nonlactating Holstein cows with cannulas in the rumen and cecum were used in the study. A 3×3 Latin square arrangement of treatments with 4-wk experimental periods was adopted. During the first 3 wk of each experimental period, all cows received a diet containing 70% forages [dry matter (DM) basis]. In wk 4 of each period, cows received 1 of the following 3 diets: the 70% forage diet fed during wk 1 to 3 (control), a diet in which 34% of the dietary DM was replaced with grain pellets made of 50% ground wheat and 50% ground barely (GBSC), or a diet in which 37% of dietary DM was replaced with pellets of ground alfalfa (APSC). Rumen pH was monitored continuously using indwelling pH probes, and rumen fluid, blood, cecal digesta, and fecal grab samples were collected immediately before feed delivery at 0900 h and at 6 h after feed delivery on d 3 and 5 of wk 4. The time for which rumen pH was below 5.6 was 56.4, 225.2, and 298.8 min/d for the control, APSC, and GBSC treatments, respectively. Compared with the control, SARA challenges resulted in similar reductions in cecal digesta pH, which were 7.07, 6.86, and 6.79 for the control, APSC, and GBSC treatments, respectively. Compared with the control, only GBSC increased starch content in cecal digesta, which averaged 2.8, 2.6, and 7.4% of DM for the control, APSC, and GBSC, respectively. Free lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) concentration in rumen fluid increased from 10,405 endotoxin units (EU)/mL in the control treatment to 30,715 and 168,391 EU/mL in APSC and GBSC, respectively. Additionally, GBSC increased the LPS concentration from 16,508 to 118,522 EU/g in wet cecal digesta, and from 12,832 to 93,154 EU/g in wet feces. The APSC treatment did not affect LPS concentrations in cecal digesta and feces. All concentrations of LPS in blood plasma were below the detection limit of >0.05 EU/mL of the technique used. Despite the absence of LPS in blood, only GBSC increased the concentration of LPS-binding protein in blood plasma, which averaged, 8.9, 9.5, and 12.1mg/L for the control, APSC, and GBSC treatments, respectively. This suggests that GBSC caused translocation of LPS from the digestive tract but that LPS was detoxified before entering the peripheral blood circulation. The higher LPS concentration in cecal digesta in the GBSC compared with the APSC suggests a higher risk of LPS translocation in the large intestine in GBSC than in APSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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531
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Nikkhah A. Postmodern management of starchy grains for ruminants: A barley grain perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3103/s106836741201017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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532
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Kimura A, Sato S, Kato T, Ikuta K, Yamagishi N, Okada K, Mizuguchi H, Ito K. Relationship between pH and temperature in the ruminal fluid of cows, based on a radio-transmission pH-measurement system. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1023-8. [PMID: 22516695 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the relationship between pH and temperature in the ruminal bottom fluid, circadian changes were monitored using cows fed a control diet (C diet) or a rumen acidosis-inducing diet (RAI diet) by using a wireless radio-transmission pH- measurement system. These two parameters were measured simultaneously at 10-min intervals on day 14 after commencement of feeding. Compared to the mean ruminal pH for 60 min immediately after the morning feeding (0 hr), significantly lower pH was noted 3-13 hr later (P<0.05) and 4-19 hr later (P<0.01) in cows fed the C and RAI diets, respectively, although the reduction in the latter was much higher than that in the former. In contrast, significantly higher ruminal temperature was found at 8 and 12-14 hr later (P<0.05) and 6, 8, and 10-19 hr later (P<0.01) in cows fed the C and RAI diets, respectively. A significant negative correlation was observed between the lowest ruminal pH and its corresponding ruminal temperature in cows fed the C and RAI diets (r=-0.722 and -0.650, P<0.01, respectively), suggesting active fermentation and volatile fatty acid production in the rumen. However, ruminal pH profiles may not be predictable by measuring only ruminal temperature because decreases in ruminal pH were preceded by increases in ruminal temperature, and circadian changes in pH and temperature were associated with ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimura
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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533
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Zebeli Q, Metzler-Zebeli BU. Interplay between rumen digestive disorders and diet-induced inflammation in dairy cattle. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1099-108. [PMID: 22370295 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, an overview is provided on the current achievements regarding the interplay between rumen digestive disorders and diet-induced inflammation in dairy cattle. It starts with a review of factors favoring the disturbances in the rumen metabolism, which culminate with development of sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA). The latter digestive disorder is often linked to greater metabolic stress of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and lowered fiber digestion, as well as with disruption of the barrier functions of the GI epithelia, which open the route of deleterious molecules to translocate from the GI lumen into the portal system. A model is suggested to illustrate the mechanisms of the involvement of digestive disorders in the disruption of the host's inner homeostasis leading to activation of acute phase response (APR). The latter is part of multifaceted innate immune and metabolic responses of the host. According to this model, endotoxin, its toxicity, and other metabolic compounds of microbial origin are regarded as important immunogenic components of GI tract, which when favored by disruption of host barriers triggers a systemic APR. Although the activation of an APR is viewed as a protective reaction aiming to reestablish the disturbed homeostasis, the presence of inflammatory state over long periods might be associated with negative consequences for the host. The review concludes that prolonged systemic inflammation can: (1) cause significant changes in the energy and lipid metabolism in different body tissues, (2) lead to the development of refractory states associated with immune suppression and increased susceptibility to various diseases, and (3) artificially increase host's requirements in energy and nutrients, lowering the efficiency of energy and feed use by the animal. The paper emphasizes the critical role that formulation of healthy diets plays for curbing down inflammation and enhancing metabolic health of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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534
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535
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Plaizier J, Khafipour E, Li S, Gozho G, Krause D. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), endotoxins and health consequences. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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536
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Variation in rumen fermentation and the rumen wall during the transition period in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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537
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Ruminal acidosis in feedlot cattle: Interplay between feed ingredients, rumen function and feeding behavior (a review). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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538
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539
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Martens H, Rabbani I, Shen Z, Stumpff F, Deiner C. Changes in rumen absorption processes during transition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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540
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Sato S, Kimura A, Anan T, Yamagishi N, Okada K, Mizuguchi H, Ito K. A radio transmission pH measurement system for continuous evaluation of fluid pH in the rumen of cows. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:85-9. [PMID: 22281863 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel wireless radio transmission pH measurement system to continuously monitor ruminal bottom pH in cows, and compared these measurements to pH values determined by a spot-sample method. The wireless system consists of a pH sensor, data measurement receiver, relay unit, and personal computer with special software. The bullet-shaped sensor can be easily administered orally via a catheter into the rumen, without surgery. The glass electrode, using a temperature compensation system, can detect the rumen fluid pH with high accuracy. The ruminal bottom pH in healthy rumen-fistulated cows was measured as 6.52 ± 0.18 by the wireless system and as 6.62 ± 0.20 by the spot-sample method; with a correlation between pH measurements using these different methods (n = 8, 24 samples, r = 0.952, P < 0.01). When measured serially in a cow fed a diet evoking rumen acidosis, the ruminal bottom pH decreased markedly following the morning feeding and then increased gradually by the next morning feeding. This wireless system is a ready-to-use tool for estimating circadian changes in ruminal bottom pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
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541
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Steele M, Dionissopoulos L, AlZahal O, Doelman J, McBride B. Rumen epithelial adaptation to ruminal acidosis in lactating cattle involves the coordinated expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins and a cholesterolgenic enzyme. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:318-27. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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542
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KIMURA A, SATO S, GOTO H, YAMAGISHI N, OKADA K, MIZUGUCHI H, ITO K. Simultaneous Estimation of the pH of Rumen and Reticulum Fluids of Cows Using a Radio-Transmission pH-Measurement System. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:531-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi KIMURA
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shigeru SATO
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroko GOTO
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Norio YAMAGISHI
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Keiji OKADA
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori ITO
- DKK-Toa Yamagata Co., Shinjo, Yamagata 996-0053, Japan
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543
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Behavioural adaptations of sheep to repeated acidosis challenges and effect of yeast supplementation. Animal 2012; 6:2011-22. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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544
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Mainardi SR, Hengst BA, Nebzydoski SJ, Nemec LM, Gressley TF. Effects of abomasal oligofructose on blood and feces of Holstein steers. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2510-7. [PMID: 21764841 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis can result in increased flow of fermentable substrates to the hindgut, which can negatively affect animal health and productivity. However, animal responses to increased hindgut fermentation independent of subacute ruminal acidosis have rarely been evaluated. This study determined the impact of abomasal dosage of a fermentable carbohydrate on animal performance and blood and fecal variables. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers fed a lactating dairy cow ration were used in a crossover design study with 14-d periods. On d 13 of each period, steers were infused abomasally with a pulse dose of 0 (control) or 1 (Oligo) g of oligofructose/kg of BW. Blood samples collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after abomasal oligofructose dose were evaluated for metabolites (blood urea N, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and NEFA) and systemic inflammatory markers (Cu, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin). Fecal samples, rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were taken at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h after abomasal dosage. Fecal samples were assayed for pH, DM percentage, consistency score (1=liquid to 5=coarse), and organic acid concentrations. Data were evaluated using a model including the fixed effects of treatment, time after dosage, and their interaction. Effects of treatment or treatment × time were not significant for DMI, blood variables, rectal temperature, or respiratory rate. Fecal pH was slightly reduced for Oligo compared with control steers (6.76 vs. 7.02; P=0.04). A treatment × time interaction occurred for fecal DM (P < 0.001). Compared with control steers, DM content of feces was reduced in Oligo steers at 6 h (12.6 vs. 15.2%) but increased at 9 h (16.3 vs. 15.0%) and 12 h (16.5 vs. 15.0). Fecal consistency score was reduced by the Oligo treatment at 6 h (1.44 vs. 2.83; P < 0.001) and 9 h (1.83 vs. 2.67; P=0.005). A treatment × time interaction was detected for fecal concentrations of lactate and acetate (P < 0.05) and tended to occur for propionate and butyrate (P < 0.10). The greatest difference for all organic acids occurred at 12 h, when fecal concentrations of lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate were 0.5, 47, 11, and 4.0 mM in control steers and 5.3, 76, 15, and 6.8 mM in Oligo steers, respectively. In summary, abomasal dosage of 1 g of oligofructose/kg of BW increased fecal excretion of microbial fermentation products in steers without causing metabolic acidosis, metabolic disruption, or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Mainardi
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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545
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Aernouts B, Polshin E, Lammertyn J, Saeys W. Visible and near-infrared spectroscopic analysis of raw milk for cow health monitoring: Reflectance or transmittance? J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:5315-29. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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546
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Mid-infrared spectrometry of milk for dairy metabolomics: A comparison of two sampling techniques and effect of homogenization. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 705:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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547
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Sato S, Mizuguchi H, Ito K, Ikuta K, Kimura A, Okada K. Technical note: development and testing of a radio transmission pH measurement system for continuous monitoring of ruminal pH in cows. Prev Vet Med 2011; 103:274-9. [PMID: 21930319 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An indwelling ruminal pH system has been used for the continuous recording of ruminal pH to evaluate subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows. However this system does not allow the field application. The objective of this study was to develop a new radio transmission pH measurement system, and to assess its performance and usefulness in a continuous evaluation of ruminal pH for use on commercial dairy farms. The radio transmission pH measurement system consists of a wireless pH sensor, a data measurement receiver, a relay unit, and a personal computer installed special software. The pH sensor is housed in a bullet shaped bolus, which also encloses a pH amplifier circuit, a central processing unit (CPU) circuit, a radio frequency (RF) circuit, and a battery. The mean variations of the measurements by the glass pH electrode were +0.20 (n=10) after 2 months of continuous recording, compared to the values confirmed by standard pH solutions for pH 4 and pH 7 at the start of the recording. The mean lifetime of the internal battery was 2.5 months (n=10) when measurements were continuously transmitted every 10 min. Ruminal pH recorded by our new system was compared to that of the spot sampling of ruminal fluid. The mean pH for spot sampling was 6.36 ± 0.55 (n=96), and the mean pH of continuous recording was 6.22 ± 0.54 (n=96). There was a good correlation between continuous recording and spot sampling (r=0.986, P<0.01). We also examined whether our new pH system was able to detect experimentally induced ruminal acidosis in cows and to record long-term changes in ruminal pH. In the cows fed acidosis-inducing diets, the ruminal pH dropped markedly during the first 2h following the morning feeding, and decreased moreover following the evening feeding, with many pulse-like pH changes. The pH of the cows showed the lowest values of 5.3-5.2 in the midnight time period and it recovered to the normal value by the next morning feeding. In one healthy periparturient cow, the circadian changes in ruminal pH were observed as a constant pattern in the pre-parturient period, however that pattern became variable in the post-partum period. The frequency of the ruminal pH lower than 5.5 increased markedly 3 and 4 days after parturition. We demonstrated the possible application of a radio transmission pH measurement system for the assessment and monitoring of the ruminal pH of cows. Our new system might contribute to accurate assessment and prevention of SARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
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548
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Stumpff F, Georgi MI, Mundhenk L, Rabbani I, Fromm M, Martens H, Günzel D. Sheep rumen and omasum primary cultures and source epithelia: barrier function aligns with expression of tight junction proteins. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:2871-82. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.055582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The forestomachs of cows and sheep have historically served as important models for the study of epithelial transport. Thus, the ruminal epithelium was among the first tissues in which absorption of chloride against an electrochemical gradient was observed, requiring a tight paracellular barrier to prevent back-leakage. However, little is known about ruminal barrier function, despite the considerable implications for ruminant health. The tight junction proteins of the omasum have never been investigated, and no cell culture model exists. We present a new method for the isolation of cells from forestomach epithelia. Protein expression of cells and source tissues of sheep were studied using western blot, PCR and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cultured cells were characterized by transepithelial resistance (TER) measurements and patch clamping. Cells developed TER values of 729±134 Ω cm2 (rumen) and 1522±126 Ω cm2 (omasum). Both primary cells and source epithelia of rumen and omasum expressed cytokeratin, occludin and claudins 1, 4 and 7 (but not claudins 2, 3, 5, 8 and 10), consistent with the observed paracellular sealing properties. Staining for claudin-1 reached the stratum basale. The full mRNA coding sequence of claudins 1, 4 and 7 (sheep) was obtained. Patch-clamp analyses of isolated cells proved expression of an anion conductance with a permeability sequence of gluconate<acetate<chloride. This is in accordance with a model that ruminal and omasal transport of anions such as chloride and acetate has to occur via a transcellular route and involves channel-mediated basolateral efflux, driven by Na+/K+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Stumpff
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria-Ifigenia Georgi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Imtiaz Rabbani
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Martens
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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549
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Dong G, Liu S, Wu Y, Lei C, Zhou J, Zhang S. Diet-induced bacterial immunogens in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows: impacts on immunity and metabolism. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:48. [PMID: 21824438 PMCID: PMC3161887 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows are often fed high grain diets to meet the energy demand for high milk production or simply due to a lack of forages at times. As a result, ruminal acidosis, especially subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), occurs frequently in practical dairy production. When SARA occurs, bacterial endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is released in the rumen and the large intestine in a large amount. Many other bacterial immunogens may also be released in the digestive tract following feeding dairy cows diets containing high proportions of grain. LPS can be translocated into the bloodstream across the epithelium of the digestive tract, especially the lower tract, due to possible alterations of permeability and injuries of the epithelial tissue. As a result, the concentration of blood LPS increases. Immune responses are subsequently caused by circulating LPS, and the systemic effects include increases in concentrations of neutrophils and the acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid-A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), LPS binding protein (LBP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood. Entry of LPS into blood can also result in metabolic alterations. Blood glucose and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations are enhanced accompanying an increase of blood LPS after increasing the amount of grain in the diet, which adversely affects feed intake of dairy cows. As the proportions of grain in the diet increase, patterns of plasma β-hydoxybutyric acid, cholesterol, and minerals (Ca, Fe, and Zn) are also perturbed. The bacterial immunogens can also lead to reduced supply of nutrients for synthesis of milk components and depressed functions of the epithelial cells in the mammary gland. The immune responses and metabolic alterations caused by circulating bacterial immunogens will exert an effect on milk production. It has been demonstrated that increases in concentrations of ruminal LPS and plasma acute phase proteins (CRP, SAA, and LBP) are associated with declines in milk fat content, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, as well as milk energy efficiency.
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550
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Gressley TF, Hall MB, Armentano LE. Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Productivity, digestion, and health responses to hindgut acidosis in ruminants. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1120-30. [PMID: 21415422 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the hindgut of dairy cattle is responsible for 5 to 10% of total-tract carbohydrate digestion. When dietary, animal, or environmental factors contribute to abnormal, excessive flow of fermentable carbohydrates from the small intestine, hindgut acidosis can occur. Hindgut acidosis is characterized by increased rates of production of short-chain fatty acids including lactic acid, decreased digesta pH, and damage to gut epithelium as evidenced by the appearance of mucin casts in feces. Hindgut acidosis is more likely to occur in high-producing animals fed diets with relatively greater proportions of grains and lesser proportions of forage. In these animals, ruminal acidosis and poor selective retention of fermentable carbohydrates by the rumen will increase carbohydrate flow to the hindgut. In more severe situations, hindgut acidosis is characterized by an inflammatory response; the resulting breach of the barrier between animal and digesta may contribute to laminitis and other disorders. In a research setting, effects of increased hindgut fermentation have been evaluated using pulse-dose or continuous abomasal infusions of varying amounts of fermentable carbohydrates. Continuous small-dose abomasal infusions of 1 kg/d of pectin or fructans into lactating cows resulted in decreased diet digestibility and decreased milk fat percentage without affecting fecal pH or VFA concentrations. The decreased diet digestibility likely resulted from increased bulk in the digestive tract or from increased digesta passage rate, reducing exposure of the digesta to intestinal enzymes and epithelial absorptive surfaces. The same mechanism is proposed to explain the decreased milk fat percentage because only milk concentrations of long-chain fatty acids were decreased. Pulse-dose abomasal fructan infusions (1 g/kg of BW) into steers resulted in watery feces, decreased fecal pH, and increased fecal VFA concentrations, without causing an inflammatory response. Daily 12-h abomasal infusions of a large dose of starch (~4 kg/d) have also induced hindgut acidosis as indicated by decreased fecal pH and watery feces. On the farm, watery or foamy feces or presence of mucin casts in feces may indicate hindgut acidosis. In summary, hindgut acidosis occurs because of relatively high rates of large intestinal fermentation, likely due to digestive dysfunction in other parts of the gut. A better understanding of the relationship of this disorder to other animal health disorders is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Gressley
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA.
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