501
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Shi Y, Su J, Roberts AI, Shou P, Rabson AB, Ren G. How mesenchymal stem cells interact with tissue immune responses. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:136-43. [PMID: 22227317 PMCID: PMC3412175 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also called multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, exist in almost all tissues and are a key cell source for tissue repair and regeneration. Under pathological conditions, such as tissue injury, these cells are mobilized towards the site of damage. Tissue damage is usually accompanied by proinflammatory factors, produced by both innate and adaptive immune responses, to which MSCs are known to respond. Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are bidirectional interactions between MSCs and inflammatory cells, which determine the outcome of MSC-mediated tissue repair processes. Although many details of these interactions remain to be elucidated, we provide here a synthesis of the current status of this newly emerging and rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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502
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Isolation of the multipotent MSC subpopulation from human gingival fibroblasts by culturing on chitosan membranes. Biomaterials 2012; 33:2642-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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503
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Hong HS, Kim YH, Son Y. Perspectives on mesenchymal stem cells: tissue repair, immune modulation, and tumor homing. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:201-11. [PMID: 22370775 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or MSC-like cells have been identified in a variety of different tissues that share molecular expression profiles and biological functions but also retain a unique differentiation preference depending on their tissue origins. MSCs play beneficial roles in the healing of damaged tissue by directly differentiating to many different resident cell types and/or by secreting several trophic factors that aid tissue repair. Aside from MSCs' reparative stem cell function, they drive immune responses toward immunosuppression and anti-inflammation. This novel function of MSCs opens up new avenues for clinical development of MSC immune-therapeutics to treat uncontrollable, life threatening, severe, chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. Unexpectedly high rates of MSCs' tumor homing capacity and their tumor supporting capability have also been noted in tumor-bearing animal models. In this review, we will discuss MSCs' basic cell biology and perspectives on MSCs in terms of tissue repair, immune modulation, and tumor homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
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504
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Wang H, Pang B, Li Y, Zhu D, Pang T, Liu Y. Dexamethasone has variable effects on mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:423-30. [PMID: 22364108 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.652735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Dexamethasone (Dex) is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs. Frequently, Dex has been used to enhance osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). Recently, Dex was applied to promote MSC proliferation, because of the rare frequency of MSC in bone marrow, and could protect the cells from apoptosis. The effects of Dex on MSC cytobiology behavior needs to be investigated. METHODS MSC were obtained from human umbilical cord. The surface phenotype and functional characterization of MSC cultured with different concentrations of Dex were investigated, in comparison with a control group, including MSC proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine expression and immunosuppression. RESULTS Different concentrations of Dex exerted diverse effects on MSC proliferation and apoptosis. Dex was also able to affect the pattern of cytokine expression of MSC. Furthermore, Dex impaired immunosuppression of MSC on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS A low dose of Dex favors MSC expansion in vitro, and protects against apoptosis. It is not suitable for MSC to be pre-treated with Dex when they are to be used to treat immunologic disease. However, when MSC are applied to promote angiogenesis, it is beneficial for them to be pre-treated with 10(-9) mol/L Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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505
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Yao L, Li ZR, Su WR, Li YP, Lin ML, Zhang WX, Liu Y, Wan Q, Liang D. Role of mesenchymal stem cells on cornea wound healing induced by acute alkali burn. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30842. [PMID: 22363499 PMCID: PMC3281878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of subconjunctivally administered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on corneal wound healing in the acute stage of an alkali burn. A corneal alkali burn model was generated by placing a piece of 3-mm diameter filter paper soaked in NaOH on the right eye of 48 Sprague-Dawley female rats. 24 rats were administered a subconjunctival injection of a suspension of 2×10(6) MSCs in 0.1 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on day 0 and day 3 after the corneal alkali burn. The other 24 rats were administered a subconjunctival injection of an equal amount of PBS as a control. Deficiencies of the corneal epithelium and the area of corneal neovascularization (CNV) were evaluated on days 3 and 7 after the corneal alkali burn. Infiltrated CD68(+) cells were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA expression levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). In addition, VEGF protein levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MSCs significantly enhanced the recovery of the corneal epithelium and decreased the CNV area compared with the control group. On day 7, the quantity of infiltrated CD68(+) cells was significantly lower in the MSC group and the mRNA levels of MIP-1α, TNF-α, and VEGF and the protein levels of VEGF were also down-regulated. However, the expression of MCP-1 was not different between the two groups. Our results suggest that subconjunctival injection of MSCs significantly accelerates corneal wound healing, attenuates inflammation and reduces CNV in alkaline-burned corneas; these effects were found to be related to a reduction of infiltrated CD68(+) cells and the down-regulation of MIP-1α, TNF-α and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-ru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-li Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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506
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Candidates cell sources to regenerate alveolar bone from oral tissue. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:857192. [PMID: 22505911 PMCID: PMC3296193 DOI: 10.1155/2012/857192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the cases of dental implant surgery, especially the bone defect extensively, are essential for alveolar ridge augmentation. As known as cell therapy exerts valuable effects on bone regeneration, numerous reports using various cells from body to regenerate bone have been published, including clinical reports. Mesenchymal cells that have osteogenic activity and have potential to be harvested from intra oral site might be a candidate cells to regenerate alveolar bone, even dentists have not been harvested the cells outside of mouth. This paper presents a summary of somatic cells in edentulous tissues which could subserve alveolar bone regeneration. The candidate tissues that might have differentiation potential as mesenchymal cells for bone regeneration are alveolar bone chip, bone marrow from alveolar bone, periosteal tissue, and gingival tissue. Understanding their phenotype consecutively will provide a rational approach for alveolar ridge augmentation.
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507
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The Microenvironmental Effect in the Progression, Metastasis, and Dormancy of Breast Cancer: A Model System within Bone Marrow. Int J Breast Cancer 2012; 2012:721659. [PMID: 22482060 PMCID: PMC3296216 DOI: 10.1155/2012/721659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite diagnostic advances, breast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among women in the United States. The armamentarium of treatment options for metastatic disease is limited and mostly ineffective with regards to eradicating cancer. However, there have been novel findings in the recent literature that substantiate the function of the microenvironment in breast cancer progression and the support of metastasis to tertiary sites such as bone marrow. The uncovered significance of the microenvironment in the pathophysiology of breast cancer metastasis has served to challenge previously widespread theories and introduce new perspectives for the future research to eradicate breast cancer. This paper delineates the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions between breast cancer cells and the microenvironment in progression, metastasis, and dormancy. The information, in addition to other mechanisms described in bone marrow, is discussed in the paper.
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508
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Xiong J, Mrozik K, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Epithelial cell rests of Malassez contain unique stem cell populations capable of undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2012-25. [PMID: 22122577 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) are odontogenic epithelial cells located within the periodontal ligament matrix. While their function is unknown, they may support tissue homeostasis and maintain periodontal ligament space or even contribute to periodontal regeneration. We investigated the notion that ERM contain a subpopulation of stem cells that could undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and differentiate into mesenchymal stem-like cells with multilineage potential. For this purpose, ERM collected from ovine incisors were subjected to different inductive conditions in vitro, previously developed for the characterization of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (BMSC). We found that ex vivo-expanded ERM expressed both epithelial (cytokeratin-8, E-cadherin, and epithelial membrane protein-1) and BMSC markers (CD44, CD29, and heat shock protein-90β). Integrin α6/CD49f could be used for the enrichment of clonogenic cell clusters [colony-forming units-epithelial cells (CFU-Epi)]. Integrin α6/CD49f-positive-selected epithelial cells demonstrated over 50- and 7-fold greater CFU-Epi than integrin α(6)/CD49f-negative cells and unfractionated cells, respectively. Importantly, ERM demonstrated stem cell-like properties in their differentiation capacity to form bone, fat, cartilage, and neural cells in vitro. When transplanted into immunocompromised mice, ERM generated bone, cementum-like and Sharpey's fiber-like structures. Additionally, gene expression studies showed that osteogenic induction of ERM triggered an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, ERM are unusual cells that display the morphological and phenotypic characteristics of ectoderm-derived epithelial cells; however, they also have the capacity to differentiate into a mesenchymal phenotype and thus represent a unique stem cell population within the periodontal ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xiong
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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509
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Akiyama K, Chen C, Gronthos S, Shi S. Lineage differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from dental pulp, apical papilla, and periodontal ligament. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 887:111-121. [PMID: 22566051 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-860-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a variety of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), including dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from apical papilla, periodontal ligament stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells derived from human gingival, were isolated from orofacial and dental tissues. However, it is unknown whether these orofacial stem cells are derived from mesoderm or neural crest cell. In order to encourage orofacial MSC investigation, we provide detailed protocols for assessing lineage -differentiation of orofacial MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Akiyama
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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510
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Hsu SH, Huang GS, Lin SYF, Feng F, Ho TT, Liao YC. Enhanced Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential of Human Gingival Fibroblasts by Spheroid Formation on Chitosan Membranes. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:67-79. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Shiang Huang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Yun Fan Lin
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fuh Feng
- Forward Dental Group, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Tso Ho
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ching Liao
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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511
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Are mesenchymal stem cells major sources of safe signals in immune system? Cell Immunol 2012; 272:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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512
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Catón J, Bostanci N, Remboutsika E, De Bari C, Mitsiadis TA. Future dentistry: cell therapy meets tooth and periodontal repair and regeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1054-65. [PMID: 21199329 PMCID: PMC3822618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based tissue repair of the tooth and – tooth-supporting – periodontal ligament (PDL) is a new attractive approach that complements traditional restorative or surgical techniques for replacement of injured or pathologically damaged tissues. In such therapeutic approaches, stem cells and/or progenitor cells are manipulated in vitro and administered to patients as living and dynamic biological agents. In this review, we discuss the clonogenic potential of human dental and periodontal tissues such as the dental pulp and the PDL and their potential for tooth and periodontal repair and/or regeneration. We propose novel therapeutic approaches using stem cells or progenitor cells, which are targeted to regenerate the lost dental or periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Catón
- Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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513
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Tang R, Ding G. Swine Dental Pulp Stem Cells Inhibit T-Cell Proliferation. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:3955-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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514
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Abstract
Current approaches aiming to cure type 1 diabetes (T1D) have made a negligible number of patients insulin-independent. In this review, we revisit the role of stem cell (SC)-based applications in curing T1D. The optimal therapeutic approach for T1D should ideally preserve the remaining β-cells, restore β-cell function, and protect the replaced insulin-producing cells from autoimmunity. SCs possess immunological and regenerative properties that could be harnessed to improve the treatment of T1D; indeed, SCs may reestablish peripheral tolerance toward β-cells through reshaping of the immune response and inhibition of autoreactive T-cell function. Furthermore, SC-derived insulin-producing cells are capable of engrafting and reversing hyperglycemia in mice. Bone marrow mesenchymal SCs display a hypoimmunogenic phenotype as well as a broad range of immunomodulatory capabilities, they have been shown to cure newly diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, and they are currently undergoing evaluation in two clinical trials. Cord blood SCs have been shown to facilitate the generation of regulatory T cells, thereby reverting hyperglycemia in NOD mice. T1D patients treated with cord blood SCs also did not show any adverse reaction in the absence of major effects on glycometabolic control. Although hematopoietic SCs rarely revert hyperglycemia in NOD mice, they exhibit profound immunomodulatory properties in humans; newly hyperglycemic T1D patients have been successfully reverted to normoglycemia with autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic SC transplantation. Finally, embryonic SCs also offer exciting prospects because they are able to generate glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells. Easy enthusiasm should be mitigated mainly because of the potential oncogenicity of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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515
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Abstract
The potential impact of stem cell technology on medical and dental practice is vast. Stem cell research will not only provide the foundation for future therapies, but also reveal unique insights into basic disease mechanisms. Therefore, an understanding of stem cell technology will be necessary for clinicians in the future. Herein, we give a basic overview of stem cell biology and therapeutics for the practicing clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leventhal
- Center for Molecular Medicine,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-CRC, Room 5-3132, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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516
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Tseng HJ, Tsou TL, Wang HJ, Hsu SH. Characterization of chitosan-gelatin scaffolds for dermal tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 7:20-31. [PMID: 22034441 DOI: 10.1002/term.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds for dermal tissue engineering were fabricated by freeze-drying a mixture of chitosan and gelatin (CG) solutions. Different crosslinking agents including glutaraldehyde, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodimide hydrochloride (EDC), and genipin were used to crosslink the scaffolds and improve their biostability. The porous structure and mechanical properties were determined for the scaffolds. The proliferation of human fibroblasts in the scaffolds was analyzed. It was found that EDC crosslinked scaffolds had the greatest amount of cells after four days. EDC crosslinked CG scaffolds had tensile modulus in a dry state and compressive modulus in a wet state similar to commercial collagen wound dressing. They also showed appropriate pore size, high water absorption, and good dimensional stability during cell culture. When human fibroblasts were seeded on acellular porcine dermis (APD), acellular human dermis (AHD), and CG scaffolds for 3D cell culture, they were well-distributed in the centre of the CG scaffolds but stayed only on the superficial layer of APD or AHD after seven days. A gelatin-based bioglue was applied to the CG scaffolds where the keratinocytes were seeded to mimic epidermal structure. After 14 days, the bioglue degraded and keratinocytes grew to form monolayers on the scaffolds. This study showed that CG scaffolds crosslinked by EDC and seeded with human fibroblasts could serve as dermal constructs, while the bioglue coating seeded with keratinocytes could serve as an epidermal construct. Such a combination could help regenerate skin with integrated dermal and epidermal layers and a have potential use in tissue-engineered skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Jung Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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517
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Lai W, Deng MM. Potential therapeutic effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2942-2946. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i28.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease with dropsical, hemorrhagic or even necrotic conditions of the pancreas caused by several factors. It has significant morbidity and mortality, but no specific therapy is available so far. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have multiple differentiation potential. They can not only differentiate to form endoderm and ectoblast cells, but also participate in tissue regeneration, repair and anti-inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that BMSCs have potential therapeutical effect in acute pancreatitis. BMSCs can migrate to injury tissue, multiply, be transformed to pancreatic stem cells and then participate in the process of regeneration. They also renovate vascular endothelium to improve blood circulation, adjust and control the cytokines to decrease inflammation, and regulate immunization. Here we review the recent advances in understanding the role of BMSCs in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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518
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Duijvestein M, Wildenberg ME, Welling MM, Hennink S, Molendijk I, van Zuylen VL, Bosse T, Vos ACW, de Jonge-Muller ESM, Roelofs H, van der Weerd L, Verspaget HW, Fibbe WE, te Velde AA, van den Brink GR, Hommes DW. Pretreatment with interferon-γ enhances the therapeutic activity of mesenchymal stromal cells in animal models of colitis. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1549-1558. [PMID: 21898680 DOI: 10.1002/stem.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are currently under investigation for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including Crohn's disease. MSCs are pluripotent cells with immunosuppressive properties. Recent data suggest that resting MSCs do not have significant immunomodulatory activity, but that the immunosuppressive function of MSCs has to be elicited by interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In this article, we assessed the effects of IFN-γ prestimulation of MSCs (IMSCs) on their immunosuppressive properties in vitro and in vivo. To this end, we pretreated MSCs with IFN-γ and assessed their therapeutic effects in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)- and trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice. We found that mice treated with IMSCs (but not MSCs) showed a significantly attenuated development of DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, IMSCs alleviated symptoms of TNBS-induced colitis. IMSC-treated mice displayed an increase in body weight, lower colitis scores, and better survival rates compared with untreated mice. In addition, serum amyloid A protein levels and local proinflammatory cytokine levels in colonic tissues were significantly suppressed after administration of IMSC. We also observed that IMSCs showed greater migration potential than unstimulated MSCs to sites within the inflamed intestine. In conclusion, we show that prestimulation of MSCs with IFN-γ enhances their capacity to inhibit Th1 inflammatory responses, resulting in diminished mucosal damage in experimental colitis. These data demonstrate that IFN-γ activation of MSCs increases their immunosuppresive capacities and importantly, their therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolijn Duijvestein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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519
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Duijvestein M, Molendijk I, Roelofs H, Vos ACW, Verhaar AP, Reinders ME, Fibbe WE, Verspaget HW, van den Brink GR, Wildenberg ME, Hommes DW. Mesenchymal stromal cell function is not affected by drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:1066-73. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.597379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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520
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Jeon MS, Hong SS. [Preclinical experience in stem cell therapy for digestive tract diseases]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2011; 58:133-8. [PMID: 21960100 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2011.58.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are multipotent and self-renewing cells that contain several functions; i) migration and homing potential: stem cells can migrate to injured and inflamed tissues. ii) differentiation potential: stem cells which migrated to injured tissues can be differentiated into multiple cell types for repairing and regenerating the tissues. iii) immunomodulatory properties: stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells can suppress immune system such as inflammation. All those characteristics might be useful for the treatment of the digestive tract diseases which are complex and encompass a broad spectrum of different pathogenesis. Preclinical stem cell therapy showed some promising results, especially in liver failure, pancreatitis, sepsis, and inflammatory bowel disease. If we can understand more about the mechanism of stem cell action, stem cell therapy can become a promising alternative treatment for refractory digestive disease in the near future. In this review, we summarized current preclinical experiences in diseases of the digestive tract using stem cells. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2011;58:133-138).
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Shin Jeon
- Clinical Research Center, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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521
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Patel SA, Rameshwar P. Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematological Malignancies: Prospects for Personalized Medicine and Co-therapy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 9:229-239. [PMID: 21892378 DOI: 10.2174/187569211796957548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation is a form of cell therapy that has been in practice for decades for the treatment of hematological disorders and solid tumors. Immunosuppressive therapy has been a mainstay for treatment, but the severity of the adverse effects has made it an undesirable choice. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which reside in the vascular regions of the bone marrow, have been shown to serve as cellular support for the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. Furthermore, the immune suppressive properties of MSCs have been explored in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Thus, co-therapy with MSCs has been shown to facilitate engraftment of hematopoietic cells by suppressive graft versus host disease (GvHD). Although the mechanism by which MSCs suppress GvHD is unclear, the experimental evidence suggests that this partly occurs by modulation of immune response such as the induction of regulatory T cells. This paper discusses the role of MSCs as co-therapy for the future of stem cell transplantation, with the overarching theme of personalized medicine for cell-based health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam A Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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522
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Zhang Q, Nguyen AL, Shi S, Hill C, Wilder-Smith P, Krasieva TB, Le AD. Three-dimensional spheroid culture of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhances mitigation of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:937-47. [PMID: 21689066 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of regenerative and immunomodulatory functions in cell-based therapies in a variety of human diseases and injuries; however, their therapeutic efficacy and potential side effects remain major obstacles in clinical applications. We report here a 3D spheroid culture approach to optimize stem cell properties and therapeutic effects of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) in mitigation of experimental oral mucositis. Under growth condition of ultra-low attachment, GMSCs spontaneously aggregated into 3D spheroids and exhibited distinct early stem cell phenotype characterized by elevated expression Stro-1 and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR-4) as well as OCT-4 and Nanog, 2 important transcriptional factors relevant to stem cell properties, and decreased expression of MSC-associated markers, including CD29, CD90, and CD105. Functionally, spheroid GMSCs are capable of enhanced multipotency and augmented secretion of several chemokines and cytokines relevant to cell migration, survival, and angiogenesis. More importantly, spheroid GMSCs expressed increased levels of reactive oxygen species, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 and -2α, and manganese superoxide dismutase, which correlated with improved resistance to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Using an in vivo murine model of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, we demonstrated that spheroid-derived GMSCs possessed better therapeutic efficacy than their adherent cells in reversing body weight loss and promoting the regeneration of disrupted epithelial lining of the mucositic tongues. These findings suggest that 3D spheroid culture allows early stemness preservation and potentially precondition GMSCs for enhanced mitigation of oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunzhou Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, The Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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523
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Tsai CL, Wu PC, Fini ME, Shi S. Identification of multipotent stem/progenitor cells in murine sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5481-7. [PMID: 21788434 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The sclera forms the fibrous outer coat of the eyeball and acts as a supportive framework. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the sclera contains mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. METHOD Scleral tissue from C57BL6/J mice was separated from the retina and choroid and subsequently enzyme digested to release single cells. Proliferation capacity, self-renewal capacity, and ability for multipotent differentiation were analyzed by BrdU labeling, flow cytometry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and in vivo transplantation. RESULTS The scleral stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) possessed clonogenic and high doubling capacities. These cells were positive for the mesenchymal markers Sca-1, CD90.2, CD44, CD105, and CD73 and negative for the hematopoietic markers CD45, CD11b, Flk1, CD34, and CD117. In addition to expressing stem cell genes ABCG2, Six2, Notch1, and Pax6, SSPCs were able to differentiate to adipogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic lineages. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the sclera contains multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Further study of SSPCs may help elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanism of scleral diseases such as scleritis and myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tsai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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524
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Patel SA, Dave MA, Murthy RG, Helmy KY, Rameshwar P. Metastatic breast cancer cells in the bone marrow microenvironment: novel insights into oncoprotection. Oncol Rev 2011; 5:93-102. [PMID: 21776337 PMCID: PMC3138628 DOI: 10.1007/s12156-010-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all cancers, malignancies of the breast are the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States after carcinoma of the lung. One of the major factors considered when assessing the prognosis of breast cancer patients is whether the tumor has metastasized to distant organs. Although the exact phenotype of the malignant cells responsible for metastasis and dormancy is still unknown, growing evidence has revealed that they may have stem cell-like properties that may account for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. One process that has been attributed to primary tumor metastasis is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In this review, we specifically discuss breast cancer dissemination to the bone marrow and factors that ultimately serve to shelter and promote tumor growth, including the complex relationship between mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and various aspects of the immune system, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, and the diverse components of the tumor microenvironment. A better understanding of the journey from the primary tumor site to the bone marrow and subsequently the oncoprotective role of MSCs and other factors within that microenvironment can potentially lead to development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam A. Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, MSB, Room E-579, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Meneka A. Dave
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, MSB, Room E-579, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Raghav G. Murthy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, MSB, Room E-579, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Karim Y. Helmy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, MSB, Room E-579, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, MSB, Room E-579, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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525
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Wang F, Yu M, Yan X, Wen Y, Zeng Q, Yue W, Yang P, Pei X. Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell-mediated therapeutic approach for bone tissue regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:2093-102. [PMID: 21361847 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to now, the gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) as a new postnatal stem cells have been isolated and characterized with multipotential differentiation capabilities in vitro. However, the in vivo efficacy of utilizing the GMSCs in bone regeneration remains obscure. First of all, we identified canonical MSCs in human gingival tissue, which possessed homogenous immunophenotype (CD34(-)CD45(-)CD29(+)CD105(+)CD90(+) STRO-1(+)) and had tri-lineage differentiation potential (osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes). Next, we examined the efficacy of utilizing these stem cells in bone tissue regeneration; the enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled GMSCs seeded on type I collagen gel were implanted into the mandibular defects as well as the critical-sized calvarial defects in Sprague Dawley rats. We first demonstrated that GMSCs could repair the mandibular wounds and calvarial defects at 2 months in rats postsurgical reconstruction. Histomorphological analysis and image of fluorescence microscope certified that new bone in the defect areas was derived from the transplanted GMSCs. Immunohistochemical analysis of green fluorescent protein, human collagen I, and osteopontin further confirmed our conclusion. The above results implied that mesenchymal stem cells derived from gingival tissue could be a novel source for stem cell-based therapy in bone reconstruction in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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526
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Singer NG, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2011; 6:457-78. [PMID: 21073342 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In adults, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are found in vivo at low frequency and are defined by their capacity to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue, depending on the stimuli and culture conditions under which they are expanded. Although MSCs were initially hypothesized to be the panacea for regenerating tissues, MSCs appear to be more important in therapeutics to regulate the immune response invoked in settings such as tissue injury, transplantation, and autoimmunity. MSCs have been used therapeutically in clinical trials and subsequently in practice to treat graft-versus-host disease following bone marrow transplantation. Reports of successful immune modulation suggest efficacy in a wide range of autoimmune conditions, such as demyelinating neurological disease (multiple sclerosis), systemic lupus erythematosus, and Crohn's disease, among others. This review provides background information about hMSCs and also describes their putative mechanisms of action in inflammation. We provide a summary of ongoing clinical trials to allow (a) full comprehension of the range of diseases in which hMSC therapy may be beneficial and (b) identification of gaps in our knowledge about the mechanisms of action of therapeutic MSCs in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora G Singer
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA.
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527
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Bernardo ME, Pagliara D, Locatelli F. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy: a revolution in Regenerative Medicine? Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 47:164-71. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2011.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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528
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Wada N, Bartold PM, Gronthos S. Human Foreskin Fibroblasts Exert Immunomodulatory Properties by a Different Mechanism to Bone Marrow Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:647-59. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Wada
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group, Division of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science/Hanson Institute/CSCR, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Mark Bartold
- School of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group, Division of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science/Hanson Institute/CSCR, Adelaide, Australia
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529
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Deak E, Seifried E, Henschler R. Homing pathways of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their role in clinical applications. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 29:514-29. [PMID: 20839913 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.498931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have come into focus for an increasing number of cellular therapies. Since most clinical protocols use intravenous application of MSCs, it has become important to understand their trafficking in the bloodstream. Moreover, since relatively little is known where the transplanted MSCs might locate, a better understanding of involved homing mechanisms will likely shed light on how MSCs exert their therapeutic effects. This review focuses on the current knowledge of homing pathways of transplanted MSCs. We describe regulatory signalling molecules and receptors involved. An outlook is given on significance of these findings for the future use of MSCs as a cellular therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Deak
- Stem Cell Biology Group, DRK Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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530
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Jung KH, Song SU, Yi T, Jeon MS, Hong SW, Zheng HM, Lee HS, Choi MJ, Lee DH, Hong SS. Human bone marrow-derived clonal mesenchymal stem cells inhibit inflammation and reduce acute pancreatitis in rats. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:998-1008. [PMID: 21130088 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute pancreatitis (AP) has a high mortality rate; repetitive AP induces chronic AP and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunoregulatory effects and reduce inflammation. We developed a protocol to isolate human bone marrow-derived clonal MSCs (hcMSCs) from bone marrow aspirate and investigated the effects of these cells in rat models of mild and severe AP. METHODS Mild AP was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by 3 intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (100 μg/kg), given at 2-hour intervals; severe AP was induced by intraparenchymal injection of 3% sodium taurocholate solution. hcMSCs were labeled with CM-1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchloride and administered to rats through the tail vein. RESULTS hcMSCs underwent self-renewal and had multipotent differentiation capacities and immunoregulatory functions. Greater numbers of infused hcMSCs were detected in pancreas of rats with mild and severe AP than of control rats. Infused hcMSCs reduced acinar-cell degeneration, pancreatic edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration in each model of pancreatitis. The hcMSCs reduced expression of inflammation mediators and cytokines in rats with mild and severe AP. hcMSCs suppressed the mixed lymphocyte reaction and increased expression of Foxp3(+) (a marker of regulatory T cells) in cultured rat lymph node cells. Rats with mild or severe AP that were given infusions of hcMSCs had reduced numbers of CD3(+) T cells and increased expression of Foxp3(+) in pancreas tissues. CONCLUSIONS hcMSCs reduced inflammation and damage to pancreatic tissue in a rat model of AP; they reduced levels of cytokines and induced numbers of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. hcMSCs might be developed as a cell therapy for pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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531
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stem cell therapy for intestinal diseases is an emerging area in clinical gastroenterology. We will review recent literature regarding mesenchymal stem cells, which have been utilized in preclinical models and are now headed for clinical trials in several gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. RECENT FINDINGS Important studies over the last 2 years have made significant inroads into understanding the mechanisms of action of these cell types. The two major competing hypotheses are that mesenchymal stem cells home to areas of injury where they repair based on their stem cell activity or that mesenchymal stem cells act as a source of secreted factors that stimulate repair and inhibit inflammation. SUMMARY Mesenchymal stem cells show promise for therapy in a number of intestinal diseases. Further understanding of their mechanism of action should improve our ability to use them therapeutically.
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532
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Abd El Samad AA. Stem cells. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF HISTOLOGY 2011; 34:1-4. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000394889.62154.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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533
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Shi M, Liu ZW, Wang FS, Peruzzi L, Daprà V, Loiacono E, Vatrano S, Rollino C, Sepe V, Rampino T, Dal Canton A. Immunomodulatory properties and therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2011. [PMID: 21352202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multi-potent progenitor cells that are isolated from the bone marrow and several adult organs and tissues. These cells possess remarkable immunosuppressive properties and can inhibit the proliferation and function of the major immune cell populations, including T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells; modulate the activities of dendritic cells (DCs); and induce regulatory T cells both in vivo and in vitro. These unique properties make MSCs ideal candidates for clinical application as immunosuppressants. The immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is mediated by a non-specific anti-proliferative action of these cells, which is dependent on cell-cell contact or secreted soluble factors such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ), nitric oxide (NO), histocompatibility leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-1β. Considerable progress has been obtained in preclinical studies on MSCs, including those on their ability to activate allogeneic cells. This review examines the current understanding of the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs and its therapeutic implication for immune-mediated diseases and transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shi
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
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534
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Shi M, Liu ZW, Wang FS. Immunomodulatory properties and therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:1-8. [PMID: 21352202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multi-potent progenitor cells that are isolated from the bone marrow and several adult organs and tissues. These cells possess remarkable immunosuppressive properties and can inhibit the proliferation and function of the major immune cell populations, including T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells; modulate the activities of dendritic cells (DCs); and induce regulatory T cells both in vivo and in vitro. These unique properties make MSCs ideal candidates for clinical application as immunosuppressants. The immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is mediated by a non-specific anti-proliferative action of these cells, which is dependent on cell-cell contact or secreted soluble factors such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ), nitric oxide (NO), histocompatibility leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-1β. Considerable progress has been obtained in preclinical studies on MSCs, including those on their ability to activate allogeneic cells. This review examines the current understanding of the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs and its therapeutic implication for immune-mediated diseases and transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shi
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
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535
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Tomic S, Djokic J, Vasilijic S, Vucevic D, Todorovic V, Supic G, Colic M. Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp and dental follicle are susceptible to activation by toll-like receptor agonists. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:695-708. [PMID: 20731536 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently become a potent tool in regenerative medicine. Due to certain shortcomings of obtaining bone marrow MSCs, alternate sources of MSCs have been sought. In this work, we studied MSCs from dental pulp (DP-MSCs) and dental follicle (DF-MSCs), isolated from the same tooth/donor, to define differences in their phenotypic properties, differentiation potential, and immunomodulatory activities. Both cell types showed colony-forming ability and expressed typical MSCs markers, but differed in the levels of their expression. DF-MSCs proliferated faster, contained cells larger in diameter, exhibited a higher potential to form adipocytes and a lower potential to form chondrocytes and osteoblasts, compared with DP-MSCs. In contrast to DF-MSCs, DP-MSCs produced the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and suppressed proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which could be neutralized with anti-TGF-β antibody. The treatment with toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist augmented the suppressive potential of both cell types and potentiated TGF-β and interleukin-6 secretions by these cells. TLR4 agonist augmented the suppressive potential of DF-MSCs and increased TGF-β production, but abrogated the immunosuppressive activity of DP-MSCs by inhibiting TGF-β production and the expression of indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1. Some of these effects correlated with the higher expression of TLR3 and TLR4 by DP-MSCs compared with DF-MSCs. When transplanted in imunocompetent xenogenic host, both cell types induced formation of granulomatous tissue. In conclusion, our results suggest that dental MSCs are functionally different and each of these functions should be further explored in vivo before their specific biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Tomic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
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536
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Zhang QZ, Su WR, Shi SH, Wilder-Smith P, Xiang AP, Wong A, Nguyen AL, Kwon CW, Le AD. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells elicit polarization of m2 macrophages and enhance cutaneous wound healing. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1856-68. [PMID: 20734355 DOI: 10.1002/stem.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has supported the important role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in wound healing, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recently, we have isolated a unique population of MSCs from human gingiva (GMSCs) with similar stem cell-like properties, immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory functions as human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs). We describe here the interplay between GMSCs and macrophages and the potential relevance in skin wound healing. When cocultured with GMSCs, macrophages acquired an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype characterized by an increased expression of mannose receptor (MR; CD206) and secretory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6, a suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and decreased ability to induce Th-17 cell expansion. In vivo, we demonstrated that systemically infused GMSCs could home to the wound site in a tight spatial interaction with host macrophages, promoted them toward M2 polarization, and significantly enhanced wound repair. Mechanistically, GMSC treatment mitigated local inflammation mediated by a suppressed infiltration of inflammatory cells and production of IL-6 and TNF-α, and an increased expression of IL-10. The GMSC-induced suppression of TNF-α secretion by macrophages appears to correlate with impaired activation of NFκB p50. These findings provide first evidence that GMSCs are capable to elicit M2 polarization of macrophages, which might contribute to a marked acceleration of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Zhou Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, The Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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537
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Myogenic lineage differentiated mesenchymal stem cells enhance recovery from dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in the rat. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:143-52. [PMID: 20848145 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mounting evidence implicates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in intestinal tissue repair, uncertainty remains concerning the distribution, function, and fate of repopulating MSCs in recipient colonic tissues. Therefore, we investigated the role of transplanted MSCs in the repair phase of DSS colitis. METHODS LacZ-labeled rat MSCs were transplanted into rats with colitis induced by 4% DSS on day 2. Regular water replaced the DSS solution on day 6. Therapeutic effect was evaluated on day 9 by clinicopathologic and growth factor/cytokine expression profiles. We analyzed the Notch signaling pathway by Western blotting and characterized immunofluorescence of lacZ-labeled MSCs with confocal laser microscopy. In vivo differentiation of MSC was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Recovery of colitis was modestly but significantly promoted by MSC transplantation due to proceeding cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis in the epithelia. Tgfa mRNA expression increased significantly, while Notch signaling was inhibited in the colonic tissues with MSC transplantation. β-Galactosidase-positive cells, which expressed α-SMA, desmin, and vimentin, were infrequently detected in the lamina propria stroma. DSS exposure in vitro proved to be the most potent inducer for α-SMA in MSCs where TEM demonstrated myogenic lineage differentiation. CONCLUSIONS We found that MSCs transplantation modestly promoted the repair of DSS colitis. The donor-derived MSCs were likely reprogrammed to differentiate to myogenic lineage cells by cues from the micro milieu. Further characterization of these cells is warranted as a basis for applying cell-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.
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538
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Ben-Ami E, Berrih-Aknin S, Miller A. Mesenchymal stem cells as an immunomodulatory therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:410-5. [PMID: 21256250 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic, multipotent progenitor cells which can be isolated from various human adult tissues. In recent years, MSCs have been shown to possess broad immunoregulatory capabilities, modulating both adaptive and innate immunity. This review discusses the documented immunomodulatory capabilities of the MSCs, the possible mechanisms underlying these functions and presents the potential of using this stem cell-based approach as an immunomodulatory tool for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Ben-Ami
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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539
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Tang L, Li N, Xie H, Jin Y. Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human normal and hyperplastic gingiva. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:832-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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540
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Xu X, Geremia N, Bao F, Pniak A, Rossoni M, Brown A. Schwann cell coculture improves the therapeutic effect of bone marrow stromal cells on recovery in spinal cord-injured mice. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:1065-86. [PMID: 21092402 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x544906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) transplanted into the spinal cord-injured rat give mixed results: some groups report improved locomotor recovery while others only demonstrate improved histological appearance of the lesion. These studies show no clear correlation between neurological improvements and MSC survival. We examined whether MSC survival in the injured spinal cord could be enhanced by closely matching donor and recipient mice for genetic background and marker gene expression and whether exposure of MSCs to a neural environment (Schwann cells) prior to transplantation would improve their survival or therapeutic effects. Mice underwent a clip compression spinal cord injury at the fourth thoracic level and cell transplantation 7 days later. Despite genetic matching of donors and recipients, MSC survival in the injured spinal cord was very poor (∼1%). However, we noted improved locomotor recovery accompanied by improved histopathological appearance of the lesion in mice receiving MSC grafts. These mice had more white and gray matter sparing, laminin expression, Schwann cell infiltration, and preservation of neurofilament and 5-HT-positive fibers at and below the lesion. There was also decreased collagen and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan deposition in the scar and macrophage activation in mice that received the MSC grafts. The Schwann cell cocultured MSCs had greater effects than untreated MSCs on all these indices of recovery. Analyses of chemokine and cytokine expression revealed that MSC/Schwann cell cocultures produced far less MCP-1 and IL-6 than MSCs or Schwann cells cultured alone. Thus, transplanted MSCs may improve recovery in spinal cord-injured mice through immunosuppressive effects that can be enhanced by a Schwann cell coculturing step. These results indicate that the temporary presence of MSCs in the injured cord is sufficient to alter the cascade of pathological events that normally occurs after spinal cord injury, generating a microenvironment that favors improved recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xu
- The Spinal Cord Injury Team, BioTherapeutics Research Laboratories and Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Park JY, Jeon SH, Choung PH. Efficacy of periodontal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of advanced periodontitis. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:271-85. [PMID: 20719084 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x519292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the most common cause for tooth loss in adults and advanced types affect 10-15% of adults worldwide. The attempts to save tooth and regenerate the periodontal apparatus including cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone reach to the dental tissue-derived stem cell therapy. Although there have been several periodontitis models suggested, the apical involvement of tooth root is especially challenging to be regenerated and dental stem cell therapy for the state has never been investigated. Three kinds of dental tissue-derived adult stem cells (aDSCs) were obtained from the extracted immature molars of beagle dogs (n = 8), and ex vivo expanded periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), and periapical follicular stem cells (PAFSCs) were transplanted into the apical involvement defect. As for the lack of cementum-specific markers, anti-human cementum protein 1 (rhCEMP1) antibody was fabricated and the aDSCs and the regenerated tissues were immunostained with anti-CEMP1 antibody. Autologous PDLSCs showed the best regenerating capacity of periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum as well as peripheral nerve and blood vessel, which were evaluated by conventional and immune histology, 3D micro-CT, and clinical index. The rhCEMP1 was expressed strongest in PDLSCs and in the regenerated periodontal ligament space. We suggest here the PDLSCs as the most favorable candidate for the clinical application among the three dental stem cells and can be used for treatment of advanced periodontitis where tooth removal was indicated in the clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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542
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Singh UP, Singh NP, Singh B, Mishra MK, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS, Singh SR. Stem cells as potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel disease. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2010; 2:993-1008. [PMID: 20515838 DOI: 10.2741/s115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are rising. According to some estimates >1 million new cases of IBD arise in the United States annually. The conventional therapies available for IBD range from anti-inflammatory drugs to immunosuppressive agents, but these therapies generally fail to achieve satisfactory results due to their side effects. Interest in a new therapeutic option, that is, biological therapy, has gained much momentum recently due to its focus on different stages of the inflammatory process. Stem cell (SC) research has become a new direction for IBD therapy due to our recent understanding of cell populations involved in the pathogenic process. To this end, hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells are receiving more attention from IBD investigators. The intestinal environment, with its crypts and niches, supports incoming embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells and allows them to engraft and differentiate. The above findings suggest that, in the future, SC-based therapy will be a promising alternative to conventional therapy for IBD. In this review, we discuss SCs as potential therapeutic targets for future treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai P Singh
- Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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543
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Intestinal stem cells and their roles during mucosal injury and repair. J Surg Res 2010; 167:1-8. [PMID: 20599211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the host to respond to intestinal injury requires the regeneration of native tissue through a highly orchestrated response from the intestinal stem cells, a population of cells located within the intestinal crypts that have the capability to repopulate the entire villous. The field of intestinal stem cell biology is thus of great interest to surgeons and non-surgeons alike, given its relevance to diseases of intestinal injury and inflammation such as inflammatory bowel disease, trauma, and necrotizing enterocolitis. The field of intestinal stem cell research has been advanced recently by the identification of the putative marker, Lgr5, which has allowed for the isolation and further characterization of the intestinal stem cell. Under the control of the WNT signaling pathway, Lgr5 marks the rapidly dividing cells of the intestinal crypt, and identifies a population of cells that is capable of regenerating the entire villous. We now review the identification of Lgr5 as an intestinal stem cell marker, identify controversies in the intestinal stem cell field, and highlight the response of the intestinal stem cell to injury within the intestinal mucosa that may occur clinically.
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544
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Baban B, Penberthy WT, Mozaffari MS. The potential role of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) as a predictive and therapeutic target for diabetes treatment: a mythical truth. EPMA J 2010. [PMID: 23199040 PMCID: PMC3405305 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which a T-cell-mediated reaction demolishes insulin-producing cells of pancreatic islets. Inadequacy of insulin therapy has motivated research focused on mechanisms by which autoimmune reactions can be suppressed. In recent years, the role of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) in regulation of immune system has been extensively investigated. Initially, IDO was recognized as a host defense mechanism. However, recent studies have suggested an immunomodulatory role for IDO which may contribute to the induction of immune tolerance. In this review, we concentrate on the role of IDO in several pathologic conditions with a focus on T1D to rationalize our hypothesis regarding the potential for inclusion of IDO in certain therapeutic strategies aimed at early detection, treatment or ideally cure of chronic and autoimmune diseases such as T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, Georgia, 30912 USA
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545
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Zhang Q, Shi S, Liu Y, Uyanne J, Shi Y, Shi S, Le AD. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human gingiva are capable of immunomodulatory functions and ameliorate inflammation-related tissue destruction in experimental colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7787-98. [PMID: 19923445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aside from the well-established self-renewal and multipotent differentiation properties, mesenchymal stem cells exhibit both immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory roles in several experimental autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we isolated a new population of stem cells from human gingiva, a tissue source easily accessible from the oral cavity, namely, gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs), which exhibited clonogenicity, self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation capacities. Most importantly, GMSCs were capable of immunomodulatory functions, specifically suppressed peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation, induced expression of a wide panel of immunosuppressive factors including IL-10, IDO, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in response to the inflammatory cytokine, IFN-gamma. Cell-based therapy using systemic infusion of GMSCs in experimental colitis significantly ameliorated both clinical and histopathological severity of the colonic inflammation, restored the injured gastrointestinal mucosal tissues, reversed diarrhea and weight loss, and suppressed the overall disease activity in mice. The therapeutic effect of GMSCs was mediated, in part, by the suppression of inflammatory infiltrates and inflammatory cytokines/mediators and the increased infiltration of regulatory T cells and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 at the colonic sites. Taken together, GMSCs can function as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory component of the immune system in vivo and is a promising cell source for cell-based treatment in experimental inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunzhou Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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