551
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of worldwide cancer mortality. HCC almost exclusively develops in patients with chronic liver disease, driven by a vicious cycle of liver injury, inflammation and regeneration that typically spans decades. Increasing evidence points towards a key role of the bacterial microbiome in promoting the progression of liver disease and the development of HCC. Here, we will review mechanisms by which the gut microbiota promotes hepatocarcinogenesis, focusing on the leaky gut, bacterial dysbiosis, microbe-associated molecular patterns and bacterial metabolites as key pathways that drive cancer-promoting liver inflammation, fibrosis and genotoxicity. On the basis of accumulating evidence from preclinical studies, we propose the intestinal-microbiota-liver axis as a promising target for the simultaneous prevention of chronic liver disease progression and HCC development in patients with advanced liver disease. We will review in detail therapeutic modalities and discuss clinical settings in which targeting the gut-microbiota-liver axis for the prevention of disease progression and HCC development seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Xing Yu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, Room 926, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, Room 926, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, Room 926, New York, New York 10032, USA
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552
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Lv LX, Fang DQ, Shi D, Chen DY, Yan R, Zhu YX, Chen YF, Shao L, Guo FF, Wu WR, Li A, Shi HY, Jiang XW, Jiang HY, Xiao YH, Zheng SS, Li LJ. Alterations and correlations of the gut microbiome, metabolism and immunity in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Environ Microbiol 2017; 18:2272-86. [PMID: 27243236 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We selected 42 early-stage primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients and 30 healthy controls (HC). Metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the fecal microbiome. UPLC-MS/MS assaying of small molecules was used to characterize the metabolomes of the serum, urine and feces. Liquid chip assaying of serum cytokines was used to characterize the immune profiles. The gut of PBC patients were depleted of some potentially beneficial bacteria, such as Acidobacteria, Lachnobacterium sp., Bacteroides eggerthii and Ruminococcus bromii, but were enriched in some bacterial taxa containing opportunistic pathogens, such as γ-Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseriaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Anaeroglobus geminatus, Enterobacter asburiae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Megasphaera micronuciformis and Paraprevotella clara. Several altered gut bacterial taxa exhibited potential interactions with PBC through their associations with altered metabolism, immunity and liver function indicators, such as those of Klebsiella with IL-2A and Neisseriaceae with urinary indoleacrylate. Many gut bacteria, such as some members of Bacteroides, were altered in their associations with the immunity and metabolism of PBC patients, although their relative abundances were unchanged. Consequently, the gut microbiome is altered and may be critical for the onset or development of PBC by interacting with metabolism and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dai-Qiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - De-Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei-Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia-Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
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553
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Stress and stability: applying the Anna Karenina principle to animal microbiomes. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17121. [DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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554
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Fang D, Shi D, Lv L, Gu S, Wu W, Chen Y, Guo J, Li A, Hu X, Guo F, Ye J, Li Y, Li L. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum LI09 and Bifidobacterium catenulatum LI10 attenuate D-galactosamine-induced liver injury by modifying the gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8770. [PMID: 28821814 PMCID: PMC5562910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is altered in liver diseases, and several probiotics have been shown to reduce the degree of liver damage. We hypothesized that oral administration of specific Bifidobacterium strains isolated from healthy guts could attenuate liver injury. Five strains were tested in this study. Acute liver injury was induced by D-galactosamine after pretreating Sprague-Dawley rats with the Bifidobacterium strains, and liver function, liver and ileum histology, plasma cytokines, bacterial translocation and the gut microbiome were assessed. Two strains, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum LI09 and Bifidobacterium catenulatum LI10, conferred liver protection, as well as alleviated the increase in plasma M-CSF, MIP-1α and MCP-1 and bacterial translocation. They also ameliorated ileal mucosal injury and gut flora dysbiosis, especially the enrichment of the opportunistic pathogen Parasutterella and the depletion of the SCFA-producing bacteria Anaerostipes, Coprococcus and Clostridium XI. Negative correlations were found between MIP-1α / MCP-1 and Odoribacter (LI09 group) and MIP-1α / M-CSF and Flavonifractor (LI10 group). Our results indicate that the liver protection effects might be mediated through gut microbiota modification, which thus affect the host immune profile. The desirable characteristics of these two strains may enable them to serve as potential probiotics for the prevention or adjuvant treatment of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ding Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Silan Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wenrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xinjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yating Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lanjian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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555
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Patel SH, Vaidya YH, Patel RJ, Pandit RJ, Joshi CG, Kunjadiya AP. Culture independent assessment of human milk microbial community in lactational mastitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7804. [PMID: 28798374 PMCID: PMC5552812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding undoubtedly provides important benefits to the mother-infant dyad and should be encouraged. Mastitis, one of the common but major cause of premature weaning among lactating women, is an inflammation of connective tissue within the mammary gland. This study reports the influence of mastitis on human milk microbiota by utilizing 16 S rRNA gene sequencing approach. We sampled and sequenced microbiome from 50 human milk samples, including 16 subacute mastitis (SAM), 16 acute mastitis (AM) and 18 healthy-controls. Compared to controls, SAM and AM microbiota were quite distinct and drastically reduced. Genera including, Aeromonas, Staphylococcus, Ralstonia, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas were significantly enriched in SAM and AM samples, while Acinetobacter, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium and Eubacterium were consistently depleted. Further analysis of our samples revealed positive aerotolerant odds ratio, indicating dramatic depletion of obligate anaerobes and enrichment of aerotolerant bacteria during the course of mastitis. In addition, predicted functional metagenomics identified several gene pathways related to bacterial proliferation and colonization (e.g. two-component system, bacterial secretion system and motility proteins) in SAM and AM samples. In conclusion, our study confirmed previous hypothesis that mastitis women have lower microbial diversity, increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens and depletion of commensal obligate anaerobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriram H Patel
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, ADIT campus, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science and Technology (CISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Yati H Vaidya
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, ADIT campus, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Reena J Patel
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, ADIT campus, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Ramesh J Pandit
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Anju P Kunjadiya
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science and Technology (CISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujarat, India.
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556
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Wang F, Huang ZA, Chen X, Zhu Z, Wen Z, Zhao J, Yan GY. LRLSHMDA: Laplacian Regularized Least Squares for Human Microbe-Disease Association prediction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7601. [PMID: 28790448 PMCID: PMC5548838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of evidences indicate microbes are implicated in human physiological mechanisms, including complicated disease pathology. Some microbes have been demonstrated to be associated with diverse important human diseases or disorders. Through investigating these disease-related microbes, we can obtain a better understanding of human disease mechanisms for advancing medical scientific progress in terms of disease diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis and drug discovery. Based on the known microbe-disease association network, we developed a semi-supervised computational model of Laplacian Regularized Least Squares for Human Microbe-Disease Association (LRLSHMDA) by introducing Gaussian interaction profile kernel similarity calculation and Laplacian regularized least squares classifier. LRLSHMDA reached the reliable AUCs of 0.8909 and 0.7657 based on the global and local leave-one-out cross validations, respectively. In the framework of 5-fold cross validation, average AUC value of 0.8794 +/-0.0029 further demonstrated its promising prediction ability. In case studies, 9, 9 and 8 of top-10 predicted microbes have been manually certified to be associated with asthma, colorectal carcinoma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by published literature evidence. Our proposed model achieves better prediction performance relative to the previous model. We expect that LRLSHMDA could offer insights into identifying more promising human microbe-disease associations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mine Mechanical and Electrical Equipment, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Zhi-An Huang
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Zexuan Zhu
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Zhenkun Wen
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiyun Zhao
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Gui-Ying Yan
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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557
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Xingqun C, Xin X, Xuedong Z. [Relationship between oral and gut microbes]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:322-327. [PMID: 28675020 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral cavity and gut are important parts of the human digestive tract. The structure and pathogenesis of oral and gut microbial communities have been extensively investigated. The interaction and pathogenic effects of oral and gut microbiota have also been widely explored. This review aimed to integrate data from literature and discuss the structures and functions of microbial communities in the oral cavity and gut. The mutual colonization and pathogenesis of oral and gut microbes and the relationship between these phenomena and involved systemic diseases are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xingqun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhou Xuedong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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558
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Shi D, Lv L, Fang D, Wu W, Hu C, Xu L, Chen Y, Guo J, Hu X, Li A, Guo F, Ye J, Li Y, Andayani D, Li L. Administration of Lactobacillus salivarius LI01 or Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 prevents CCl 4-induced liver cirrhosis by protecting the intestinal barrier in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6927. [PMID: 28761060 PMCID: PMC5537250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the gut microbiome have been reported in liver cirrhosis, and probiotic interventions are considered a potential treatment strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of Lactobacillus salivarius LI01, Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI and Bacillus licheniformis Zhengchangsheng on CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats. Only administration of LI01 or LI05 prevented liver fibrosis and down-regulated the hepatic expression of profibrogenic genes. Serum endotoxins, bacterial translocations (BTs), and destruction of intestinal mucosal ultrastructure were reduced in rats treated with LI01 or LI05, indicating maintenance of the gut barrier as a mechanism; this was further confirmed by the reduction of not only hepatic inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A, but also hepatic TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9. Metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA gene showed an increase in potential beneficial bacteria, such as Elusimicrobium and Prevotella, and a decrease in pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia. These alterations in gut microbiome were correlated with profibrogenic genes, gut barrier markers and inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, L. salivarius LI01 and P. pentosaceus LI05 attenuated liver fibrosis by protecting the intestinal barrier and promoting microbiome health. These results suggest novel strategies for the prevention of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daiqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dewi Andayani
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
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559
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Park AM, Omura S, Fujita M, Sato F, Tsunoda I. Helicobacter pylori and gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis versus Alzheimer's disease: 10 pitfalls of microbiome studies. CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL NEUROIMMUNOLOGY 2017; 8:215-232. [PMID: 29158778 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of microbiota has been associated with intestinal, inflammatory, and neurological diseases. Abundance of "good bacteria" such as Bifidobacterium, or their products have been generally believed to be beneficial for any diseases, while "bad bacteria" such as pathogenic Helicobacter pylori are assumed to be always detrimental for hosts. However, this is not the case when we compare and contrast the association of the gut microbiota with two neurological diseases, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Following H. pylori infection, pro-inflammatory T helper (Th)1 and Th17 immune response are initially induced to eradicate bacteria. However, H. pylori evades the host immune response by inducing Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) that produce anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10. Suppression of anti-bacterial Th1/Th17 cells by Tregs may enhance gastric H. pylori propagation, followed by a cascade reaction involving vitamin B12 and folic acid malabsorption, plasma homocysteine elevation, and reactive oxygen species induction. This can damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to accumulation of amyloid-β in the brain, a hallmark of AD. On the other hand, this suppression of pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses to H. pylori has protective effects on the hosts, since it prevents uncontrolled gastritis as well as suppresses the induction of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells, which can mediate neuroinflammation in MS. The above scenario may explain why chronic H. pylori infection is positively associated with AD, while it is negatively associated with MS. Lastly, we list "10 pitfalls of microbiota studies", which will be useful for evaluating and designing clinical and experimental microbiota studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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560
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Kang SH, Kim MY, Baik SK. Novelties in the pathophysiology and management of portal hypertension: new treatments on the horizon. Hepatol Int 2017; 12:112-121. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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561
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Bajaj JS, Fagan A, Sikaroodi M, White MB, Sterling RK, Gilles H, Heuman D, Stravitz RT, Matherly SC, Siddiqui MS, Puri P, Sanyal AJ, Luketic V, John B, Fuchs M, Ahluwalia V, Gillevet PM. Liver transplant modulates gut microbial dysbiosis and cognitive function in cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:907-914. [PMID: 28240840 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) improves daily function and cognition in patients with cirrhosis, but a subset of patients can remain impaired. Unfavorable microbiota or dysbiosis is observed in patients with cirrhosis, but the effect of LT on microbial composition, especially with poor post-LT cognition, is unclear. The aims were to determine the effect of LT on gut microbiota and to determine whether gut microbiota are associated with cognitive dysfunction after LT. We enrolled outpatient patients with cirrhosis on the LT list and followed them until 6 months after LT. Cognition (Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy score [PHES]), health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and stool microbiota (multitagged sequencing for diversity and taxa) tests were performed at both visits. Persistent cognitive impairment was defined as a stable/worsening PHES. Both pre-/post-LT data were compared with age-matched healthy controls. We enrolled 45 patients (56 ± 7 years, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score 26 ± 8). They received LT 6 ± 3 months after enrollment and were re-evaluated 7 ± 2 months after LT with a stable course. A significantly improved HRQOL, PHES, with increase in microbial diversity, increase in autochthonous, and decrease in potentially pathogenic taxa were seen after LT compared with baseline. However, there was continued dysbiosis and HRQOL/cognitive impairment after LT compared with controls in 29% who did not improve PHES after LT. In these, Proteobacteria relative abundance was significantly higher and Firmicutes were lower after LT, whereas the reverse occurred in the group that improved. Delta PHES was negatively correlated with delta Proteobacteria and positively with delta Firmicutes. In conclusion, LT improves gut microbiota diversity and dysbiosis compared with pre-LT baseline but residual dysbiosis remains compared with controls. There is cognitive and HRQOL enhancement in general after LT, but a higher Proteobacteria relative abundance change is associated with posttransplant cognitive impairment. Liver Transplantation 23 907-914 2017 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Melanie B White
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Richard K Sterling
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - HoChong Gilles
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Douglas Heuman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Richard T Stravitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Scott C Matherly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mohammed S Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Puneet Puri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Velimir Luketic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Binu John
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Vishwadeep Ahluwalia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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562
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Sun LY, Yang YS, Qu W, Zhu ZJ, Wei L, Ye ZS, Zhang JR, Sun XY, Zeng ZG. Gut microbiota of liver transplantation recipients. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630433 PMCID: PMC5476624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of intestinal microbial communities may be affected by changes in the pathophysiology of patients with end-stage liver disease. Here, we focused on the characteristics of intestinal fecal microbial communities in post-liver transplantation (LT) patients in comparison with those in the same individuals pre-LT and in healthy individuals. The fecal microbial communities were analyzed via MiSeq-PE250 sequencing of the V4 region of 16S ribosomal RNA and were then compared between groups. We found that the gut microbiota of patients with severe liver disease who were awaiting LT was significantly different from that of healthy controls, as represented by the first principal component (p = 0.0066). Additionally, the second principal component represented a significant difference in the gut microbiota of patients between pre-LT and post-LT surgery (p = 0.03125). After LT, there was a significant decrease in the abundance of certain microbial species, such as Actinobacillus, Escherichia, and Shigella, and a significant increase in the abundance of other microbial species, such as Micromonosporaceae, Desulfobacterales, the Sarcina genus of Eubacteriaceae, and Akkermansia. Based on KEGG profiles, 15 functional modules were enriched and 21 functional modules were less represented in the post-LT samples compared with the pre-LT samples. Our study demonstrates that fecal microbial communities were significantly altered by LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Qu
- Liver Transplantation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhu
- Liver Transplantation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Liver Transplantation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Ye
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Rui Zhang
- Liver Transplantation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Sun
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Gui Zeng
- Liver Transplantation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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563
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Abstract
Background This study investigated the protective effect of aplysin on the liver and its influence on inflammation and the gut microbiota in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to an alcohol-containing liquid diet, control liquid diet or treatment with aplysin for 8 weeks. Hepatic and intestinal histopathological analysis was performed, and cytokine levels and the intestinal mucosal barrier were assessed. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing were performed to provide an overview of the gut microbiota composition. Results Chronic alcohol exposure caused liver damage in rats. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and triglyceride (TG) activities in liver tissue were higher than in the control group. Alcohol administration elevated the levels of serum transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and reduced interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels compared with those of control rats. In addition, the levels of plasma endotoxin, diamine oxidase (DAO), and fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) in the alcohol group were higher than in the control group. The results of ERIC-PCR indicated that aplysin treatment shifted the overall structure of the ethanol-disrupted gut microbiota toward that of the control group. One hundred twenty to 190 genera of bacteria were detected by high throughput sequencing. Alcohol-induced changes in the gut microbial composition were detected at the genus level. These alcohol-induced effects could be reversed with aplysin treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that aplysin exerts a protective effect on ethanol-induced hepatic injury in rats by normalizing fecal microbiota composition and repairing intestinal barrier function.
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564
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Arab JP, Martin-Mateos RM, Shah VH. Gut-liver axis, cirrhosis and portal hypertension: the chicken and the egg. Hepatol Int 2017; 12:24-33. [PMID: 28550391 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term gut-liver axis is used to highlight the close anatomical and functional relationship between the intestine and the liver. The intestine has a highly specialized epithelial membrane which regulates transport across the mucosa. Due to dysbiosis, impairment of the intestinal barrier and altered immunity status, bacterial products can reach the liver through the portal vein, where they are recognized by specific receptors, activate the immune system and lead to a proinflammatory response. Gut microbiota and bacterial translocation play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and its complications, such as portal hypertension, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopaty. The gut microbiota also plays a critical role as a modulator of bile acid metabolism which can also influence intestinal permeability and portal hypertension through the farnesoid-X receptor. On the other hand, cirrhosis and portal hypertension affect the microbiota and increase translocation, leading to a "chicken and egg" situation, where translocation increases portal pressure, and vice versa. A myriad of therapies targeting gut microbiota have been evaluated specifically in patients with chronic liver disease. Further studies targeting intestinal microbiota and its possible hemodynamic and metabolic effects are needed. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases and portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA.,Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa M Martin-Mateos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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565
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Li W, Wu X, Hu X, Wang T, Liang S, Duan Y, Jin F, Qin B. Structural changes of gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease and its correlation with clinical features. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1223-1233. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-9001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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566
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Mima K, Nakagawa S, Sawayama H, Ishimoto T, Imai K, Iwatsuki M, Hashimoto D, Baba Y, Yamashita YI, Yoshida N, Chikamoto A, Baba H. The microbiome and hepatobiliary-pancreatic cancers. Cancer Lett 2017; 402:9-15. [PMID: 28527946 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiome encompasses at least 100 trillion microorganisms that can influence host immunity and disease conditions, including cancer. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers have been associated with poor prognosis owing to their high level of tumor invasiveness, distant metastasis, and resistance to conventional treatment options, such as chemotherapy. Accumulating evidence from animal models suggests that specific microbes and microbial dysbiosis can potentiate hepatobiliary-pancreatic tumor development by damaging DNA, activating oncogenic signaling pathways, and producing tumor-promoting metabolites. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may influence not only the efficacy of cancer chemotherapies and novel targeted immunotherapies such as anti-CTLA4 and anti-CD274 therapies but also the occurrence of postoperative complications after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, which have been associated with tumor recurrence and worse patient survival in hepatobiliary-pancreatic cancers. Hence, a better understanding of roles of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of hepatobiliary-pancreatic tumors may open opportunities to develop new prevention and treatment strategies for patients with hepatobiliary-pancreatic cancer through manipulating the gut microbiota by diet, lifestyle, antibiotics, and pro- and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sawayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Imai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Chikamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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567
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Batacan R, Fenning A, Dalbo V, Scanlan A, Duncan M, Moore R, Stanley D. A gut reaction: the combined influence of exercise and diet on gastrointestinal microbiota in rats. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1627-1638. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.B. Batacan
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Rockhampton Queensland Australia
| | - A.S. Fenning
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Rockhampton Queensland Australia
| | - V.J. Dalbo
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Rockhampton Queensland Australia
| | - A.T. Scanlan
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Rockhampton Queensland Australia
| | - M.J. Duncan
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Rockhampton Queensland Australia
- School of Medicine & Public Health; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition; Faculty of Health and Medicine; The University of Newcastle; University Drive; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - R.J. Moore
- School of Science; RMIT University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - D. Stanley
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Rockhampton Queensland Australia
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568
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Sanduzzi Zamparelli M, Rocco A, Compare D, Nardone G. The gut microbiota: A new potential driving force in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5:944-953. [PMID: 29163959 DOI: 10.1177/2050640617705576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has recently been recognized as a major environmental factor in the pathophysiology of many human diseases. The anatomical and function connection existing between gut and liver provides the theoretical basis to assume the liver is a major target for gut microbes. In the last decades, numerous studies reported an altered composition of gut microbiota in patients with liver cirrhosis and a progressively marked dysbiosis with worsening of the liver disease. The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma, the deadliest complication of liver cirrhosis, is widely variable among cirrhotic patients, thus suggesting a complexity of genetic and environmental factors implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. Gut microbiota is now emerging as a plausible candidate to explain this variability. In this manuscript we review the human and the experimental evidence supporting the potential implication of gut microbiota in the promotion, progression and complication of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sanduzzi Zamparelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Rocco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Compare
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Nardone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
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569
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Ren YD, Ye ZS, Yang LZ, Jin LX, Wei WJ, Deng YY, Chen XX, Xiao CX, Yu XF, Xu HZ, Xu LZ, Tang YN, Zhou F, Wang XL, Chen MY, Chen LG, Hong MZ, Ren JL, Pan JS. Fecal microbiota transplantation induces hepatitis B virus e-antigen (HBeAg) clearance in patients with positive HBeAg after long-term antiviral therapy. Hepatology 2017; 65:1765-1768. [PMID: 28027582 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dan Ren
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhen-Shi Ye
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Yang
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Xin Jin
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wei
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong-Yue Deng
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chuan-Xing Xiao
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Xu
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Zhu Xu
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Na Tang
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xue-Lian Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mei-Ya Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Gang Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mei-Zhu Hong
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Lin Ren
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jin-Shui Pan
- Zhongshan Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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570
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Zhao J, Nian L, Kwok LY, Sun T, Zhao J. Reduction in fecal microbiota diversity and short-chain fatty acid producers in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infected individuals as revealed by PacBio single molecule, real-time sequencing technology. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1463-1472. [PMID: 28455781 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may cause potentially lethal infections. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is associated with human health. Yet, whether patients with MRSA infections carry specific signatures in their fecal microbiota composition has not been determined. Thus, this study aimed to compare the fecal microbiota profile of MRSA-positive patients (n=15) with individuals without MRSA infection (n=15) by using the PacBio single molecule, real-time (SMRT) DNA sequencing system and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Mann-Whitney tests and unweighted UniFrac principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the profile of fecal microbiota was apparently different between the two populations. Both the community richness and diversity were reduced in the MRSA-positive group (p<0.050). The genera Acinetobacter and Enterococcus were highly enriched in the MRSA-positive group, whereas less short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, including Butyricimonas, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Megamonas and Phascolarctobacterium, were detected in the MRSA-positive group. At species level, the species Acinetobacter baumannii and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were prevalent in the MRSA-positive group, whereas opposite trends were observed in 17 other species, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Lactobacillus rogosae, Megamonas rupellensis and Phascolarctobacterium faecium. Positive correlations were observed between Acinetobacter baumannii and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (R=0.554, p=0.001), as well as hypersensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) (R=0.406, p=0.026). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was negatively associated with ESR (R=-0.545, p=0.002), hsCRP (R=-0.401, p=0.028) and total bile acids (TBA) (R=-0.364, p=0.048). In conclusion, the fecal microbiota structure was different between MRSA-positive and -negative patients. The increase in potential pathogens with the reduction of beneficial populations, such as SCFA-producing bacteria, in MRSA-positive patients may affect prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongoli, 010018, China
| | - L Nian
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - L Y Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongoli, 010018, China
| | - T Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongoli, 010018, China
| | - J Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
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571
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Ferrere G, Wrzosek L, Cailleux F, Turpin W, Puchois V, Spatz M, Ciocan D, Rainteau D, Humbert L, Hugot C, Gaudin F, Noordine ML, Robert V, Berrebi D, Thomas M, Naveau S, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Fecal microbiota manipulation prevents dysbiosis and alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. J Hepatol 2017; 66:806-815. [PMID: 27890791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of liver failure and mortality. In humans, severe alcoholic hepatitis is associated with key changes to intestinal microbiota (IM), which influences individual sensitivity to develop advanced ALD. We used the different susceptibility to ALD observed in two distinct animal facilities to test the efficiency of two complementary strategies (fecal microbiota transplantation and prebiotic treatment) to reverse dysbiosis and prevent ALD. METHODS Mice were fed alcohol in two distinct animal facilities with a Lieber DeCarli diet. Fecal microbiota transplantation was performed with fresh feces from alcohol-resistant donor mice to alcohol-sensitive receiver mice three times a week. Another group of mice received pectin during the entire alcohol consumption period. RESULTS Ethanol induced steatosis and liver inflammation, which were associated with disruption of gut homeostasis, in alcohol-sensitive, but not alcohol resistant mice. IM analysis showed that the proportion of Bacteroides was specifically lower in alcohol-sensitive mice (p<0.05). Principal coordinate analysis showed that the IM of sensitive and resistant mice clustered differently. We targeted IM using two different strategies to prevent alcohol-induced liver lesions: (1) pectin treatment which induced major modifications of the IM, (2) fecal microbiota transplantation which resulted in an IM very close to that of resistant donor mice in the sensitive recipient mice. Both methods prevented steatosis, liver inflammation, and restored gut homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Manipulation of IM can prevent alcohol-induced liver injury. The IM should be considered as a new therapeutic target in ALD. LAY SUMMARY Sensitivity to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is driven by intestinal microbiota in alcohol fed mice. Treatment of mice with alcohol-induced liver lesions by fecal transplant from alcohol fed mice resistant to ALD or with prebiotic (pectin) prevents ALD. These findings open new possibilities for treatment of human ALD through intestinal microbiota manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Ferrere
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Laura Wrzosek
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Frédéric Cailleux
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Williams Turpin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Virginie Puchois
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Madeleine Spatz
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris, France; Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), INSERM-ERL 1157, Paris, France; UMR 7203 Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France; Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris, France; Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), INSERM-ERL 1157, Paris, France; UMR 7203 Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Hugot
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Françoise Gaudin
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Berrebi
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; AP-HP, Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Naveau
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France; AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France; AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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572
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Crisol-Martínez E, Stanley D, Geier MS, Hughes RJ, Moore RJ. Sorghum and wheat differentially affect caecal microbiota and associated performance characteristics of meat chickens. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3071. [PMID: 28286717 PMCID: PMC5344015 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of wheat- and sorghum-based diets on broiler chickens. The growth performance and caecal microbial community of chickens were measured and correlations between productivity and specific gut microbes were observed. Cobb broilers 15 days of age were individually caged and two dietary treatments were used, one with a wheat-based diet (n = 48) and another one with a sorghum-based diet (n = 48). Growth performance measurements were taken over a 10 day period and samples for microbiota analysis were taken at the end of that period. Caecal microbiota was characterised by sequencing of 16S bacterial rRNA gene amplicons. Overall, the results indicated that a sorghum-based diet produced higher apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and body-weight gain (BWG) values in chickens, compared to a wheat-based diet. Nevertheless, sorghum-fed birds had higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) values than wheat-fed birds, possibly because of some anti-nutritional factors in sorghum. Further analyses showed that caecal microbial community was significantly associated with AME values, but microbiota composition differed between dietary treatments. A number of bacteria were individually correlated with growth performance measurements. Numerous OTUs assigned to strains of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lachnospiraceae, which were prevalent in sorghum-fed chickens, were correlated with high AME and BWG values, respectively. Additionally, a number of OTUs assigned to Clostridiales that were prevalent in wheat-fed chickens were correlated with low FCR values. Overall, these results suggest that between-diet variations in growth performance were partly associated with changes in the caecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Crisol-Martínez
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dragana Stanley
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark S Geier
- Research and Innovation Services, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert J Hughes
- Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.,Pig and Poultry Production Institute, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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573
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Remote Sensing between Liver and Intestine: Importance of Microbial Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:101-113. [PMID: 28983453 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advancements including metagenomics sequencing and metabolomics have allowed the discovery of critical functions of gut microbiota in obesity, malnutrition, neurological disorders, asthma, and xenobiotic metabolism. Classification of the human gut microbiome into distinct "enterotypes" has been proposed to serve as a new paradigm for understanding the interplay between microbial variation and human disease phenotypes, as many organs are affected by gut microbiota modifications during the pathogenesis of diseases. Gut microbiota remotely interacts with liver and other metabolic organs of the host through various microbial metabolites that are absorbed into the systemic circulation. PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes recent literature regarding the importance of gut microbiota in modulating the physiological and pathological responses of various host organs, and describes the functions of the known microbial metabolites that are involved in this remote sensing process, with a primary focus on the gut microbiota-liver axis. RECENT FINDINGS Under physiological conditions, gut microbiota modulates the hepatic transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, most notably down-regulating cytochrome P450 3a mediated xenobiotic metabolism. Gut microbiome also modulates the rhythmicity in liver gene expression, likely through microbial metabolites, such as butyrate and propionate that serve as epigenetic modifiers. Additionally, the production of host hormones such as primary bile acids and glucagon like peptide 1 is altered by gut microbiota to modify intermediary metabolism of the host. SUMMARY Dysregulation of gut microbiota is implicated in various liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cholangitis, and liver cancer. Gut microbiota modifiers such as probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly recognized as novel therapeutic modalities for liver and other types of human diseases.
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574
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Abstract
Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and its complications are epidemic worldwide. Most complications are mediated through a dysfunctional gut-liver axis. New techniques have made culture-independent analysis of the gut microbiome widespread. With insight into an unfavorable microbiome (dysbiosis) and how it affects liver disease, investigators have discovered new targets to potentially improve outcomes. Dysbiosis is associated with endotoxemia and propagates liver injury due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcohol. The composition and functionality of the microbiome changes with the development of cirrhosis, decompensation, and with treatments for these conditions. Gut microbiota can be used to predict clinically relevant outcomes in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathur Acharya
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jasmohan Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology McGuire VA Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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575
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Huang ZA, Chen X, Zhu Z, Liu H, Yan GY, You ZH, Wen Z. PBHMDA: Path-Based Human Microbe-Disease Association Prediction. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:233. [PMID: 28275370 PMCID: PMC5319991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advance of sequencing technology and microbiology, the microorganisms have been found to be closely related to various important human diseases. The increasing identification of human microbe-disease associations offers important insights into the underlying disease mechanism understanding from the perspective of human microbes, which are greatly helpful for investigating pathogenesis, promoting early diagnosis and improving precision medicine. However, the current knowledge in this domain is still limited and far from complete. Here, we present the computational model of Path-Based Human Microbe-Disease Association prediction (PBHMDA) based on the integration of known microbe-disease associations and the Gaussian interaction profile kernel similarity for microbes and diseases. A special depth-first search algorithm was implemented to traverse all possible paths between microbes and diseases for inferring the most possible disease-related microbes. As a result, PBHMDA obtained a reliable prediction performance with AUCs (The area under ROC curve) of 0.9169 and 0.8767 in the frameworks of both global and local leave-one-out cross validations, respectively. Based on 5-fold cross validation, average AUCs of 0.9082 ± 0.0061 further demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed model. For the case studies of liver cirrhosis, type 1 diabetes, and asthma, 9, 7, and 9 out of predicted microbes in the top 10 have been confirmed by previously published experimental literatures, respectively. We have publicly released the prioritized microbe-disease associations, which may help to select the most potential pairs for further guiding the experimental confirmation. In conclusion, PBHMDA may have potential to boost the discovery of novel microbe-disease associations and aid future research efforts toward microbe involvement in human disease mechanism. The code and data of PBHMDA is freely available at http://www.escience.cn/system/file?fileId=85214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-An Huang
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou, China
| | - Zexuan Zhu
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning UniversityShenyang, China; Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Liaoning ProvinceShenyang, China
| | - Gui-Ying Yan
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Hong You
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science ürümqi, China
| | - Zhenkun Wen
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
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576
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Ishioka M, Miura K, Minami S, Shimura Y, Ohnishi H. Altered Gut Microbiota Composition and Immune Response in Experimental Steatohepatitis Mouse Models. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:396-406. [PMID: 27913996 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several types of diet have been used in experimental steatohepatitis models, comparison of gut microbiota and immunological alterations in the gut among diets has not yet been performed. AIM We attempted to clarify the difference in the gut environment between mice administrated several experimental diets. METHODS Male wild-type mice were fed a high-fat (HF) diet, a choline-deficient amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet, and a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks. We compared the severity of steatohepatitis, the composition of gut microbiota, and the intestinal expression of interleukin (IL)-17, an immune modulator. RESULTS Steatohepatitis was most severe in the mice fed the CDAA diet, followed by the MCD diet, and the HF diet. Analysis of gut microbiota showed that the composition of the Firmicutes phylum differed markedly at order level between the mice fed the CDAA and HF diet. The CDAA diet increased the abundance of Clostridiales, while the HF diet increased that of lactate-producing bacteria. In addition, the CDAA diet decreased the abundance of lactate-producing bacteria and antiinflammatory bacterium Parabacteroides goldsteinii in the phylum Bacteroidetes. In CDAA-fed mice, IL-17 levels were increased in ileum as well as portal vein. In addition, the CDAA diet also elevated hepatic expression of chemokines, downstream targets of IL-17. CONCLUSIONS The composition of gut microbiota and IL-17 expression varied considerably between mice administrated different experimental diets to induce steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Ishioka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kouichi Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Minami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Shimura
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hirohide Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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577
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Wang B, Yao M, Lv L, Ling Z, Li L. The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease. ENGINEERING 2017; 3:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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578
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Moratalla A, Ampuero J, Bellot P, Gallego-Durán R, Zapater P, Roger M, Figueruela B, Martínez-Moreno B, González-Navajas JM, Such J, Romero-Gómez M, Francés R. Lactulose reduces bacterial DNA translocation, which worsens neurocognitive shape in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int 2017; 37:212-223. [PMID: 27388776 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with poor prognosis and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. We aimed at investigating whether bacterial-DNA translocation affects hyperammonaemia and neurocognitive scores in patients with mHE according to the use of lactulose. METHODS Observational study including 72 mHE cirrhotic patients, as defined by a psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES)<-4 and/or a critical flicker frequency (CFF)<39 Hz. Bacterial-DNA, serum ammonia, pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide levels were evaluated. A second cohort of 40 lactulose-untreated patients were evaluated before and 6-month after lactulose administration (30-60 mL/d). RESULTS In the first cohort, bacterial-DNA rate was significantly higher in patients without lactulose (39% vs 23%, P=.03). Serum ammonia and inflammatory markers were significantly increased in patients with bacterial-DNA, regardless the use of lactulose, and correlated with the amount of amplified bacterial-DNA. Neurocognitive scores were significantly worse in bacterial-DNA positive vs negative patients (PHES -7.6±1.1 vs -5.5±1.0; CFF 32.5±2.6 vs 36.2±2.8, P=.01). Lactulose was associated with improved neurocognitive scores in patients without bacterial-DNA. Serum ammonia levels inversely correlated with neurocognitive scores in patients with bacterial-DNA (PHES r=-.84; CFF r=-.72, P=.001). In the second cohort, lactulose reduced bacterial-DNA translocation (36%-16%, P=.02). Neurocognitive scores were significantly improved in bacterial-DNA positive patients who cleared bacterial-DNA during the period on lactulose. Serum ammonia levels correlated with both neurocognitive scores in patients with bacterial-DNA, either before or after lactulose. CONCLUSION Bacterial-DNA translocation worsens neurocognitive scores in mHE patients and it is reduced by lactulose, enhancing the relevance of controlling bacterial antigen translocation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Moratalla
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL-Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo Bellot
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL-Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Rocío Gallego-Durán
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Zapater
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Farmacología Clinica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuela Roger
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL-Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Blanca Figueruela
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Belén Martínez-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL-Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - José M González-Navajas
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL-Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - José Such
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Valme de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rubén Francés
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL-Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain.,Departamento Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan, Spain
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579
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Pijls KE, Jonkers DMAE, Elizalde M, Drittij-Reijnders MJ, Haenen GR, Bast A, Masclee AAM, Koek GH. Is intestinal oxidative stress involved in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis? Ann Hepatol 2017; 15:402-9. [PMID: 27049494 DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1198816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is associated with intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, which may be affected by oxidative stress. Studies in cirrhotic rats provided evidence for intestinal oxidative stress, but studies in cirrhotic patients are scarce. We have shown intestinal barrier dysfunction in patients with compensated cirrhosis. AIM The present study aimed to investigate whether oxidative stress occurs in the intestinal mucosa of compensated cirrhotic patients and may contribute to barrier dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Oxidative stress was studied in duodenal and sigmoid biopsies from 15 cirrhotic patients and 22 controls by analyzing transcription of genes involved in glutathione and uric acid metabolism using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels of glutathione and glutathione disulphide were measured and the glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio was calculated as marker of oxidative stress. In addition, intestinal myeloperoxidase and fecal calprotectin were determined. RESULTS Gene transcription of glutathione synthetase and glutathione reductase were significantly different in duodenal and sigmoid biopsies of cirrhotic patients vs. controls, but no alterations were found for other genes nor for glutathione, glutathione disulphide, glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio and intestinal myeloperoxidase and fecal calprotectin concentrations. CONCLUSION This study did not find indications for oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in the small and large intestine of stable compensated cirrhotic patients. Although these preliminary findings need further validation, we found intestinal oxidative stress not to be a major mechanism contributing to epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with compensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Pijls
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Elizalde
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Drittij-Reijnders
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Guido R Haenen
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Ger H Koek
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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580
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Sugimoto K, Takei Y. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:70-79. [PMID: 27138729 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has become one of the most critical health problems in many countries, including Japan. Liver injury in ALD ranges from steatosis and steatohepatitis to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Many factors are thought to contribute to the development and progression of ALD, particularly insulin resistance, generation of reactive oxygen species during alcohol metabolism, adipokines from visceral adipose tissue, and endotoxin derived from the gut. Although the pathogenesis of ALD has been widely investigated, the precise mechanisms are yet to be elucidated and many questions remain. This article reviews the possible mechanisms for the development of ALD identified to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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581
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Lin P, Ding B, Feng C, Yin S, Zhang T, Qi X, Lv H, Guo X, Dong K, Zhu Y, Li Q. Prevotella and Klebsiella proportions in fecal microbial communities are potential characteristic parameters for patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:300-304. [PMID: 27741466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of major depression disorder (MDD) and other mental disorders were depended on some subjective survey scales. There are confirmed relationship between the gut flora and the mental states of MDD patients. METHODS The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was extracted from the fecal microbial communities in MDD patients, PCR amplified and sequenced on the Illumina Miseq platform. RESULTS More phylum Firmicutes, less Bacteroidetes, and more genus Prevotella, Klebsiella, Streptococcus and Clostridium XI were found in MDD patients. The changes of the proportion of Prevotella and Klebsiella were consistent with Hamilton depression rating scale. LIMITATIONS The conclusion was limited by small sample sizes and potential uncontrollable influence factors on fecal microbiota. DISCUSSION Prevotella and Klebsiella proportion in fecal microbial communities should be concerned in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of MDD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Bingyu Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chunyan Feng
- Department of internal medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuwei Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huiying Lv
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongzhang Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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582
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Patel VC, White H, Støy S, Bajaj JS, Shawcross DL. Clinical science workshop: targeting the gut-liver-brain axis. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1327-1337. [PMID: 26446022 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A clinical science workshop was held at the ISHEN meeting in London on Friday 11th September 2014 with the aim of thrashing out how we might translate what we know about the central role of the gut-liver-brain axis into targets which we can use in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This review summarises the integral role that inter-organ ammonia metabolism plays in the pathogenesis of HE with specific discussion of the roles that the small and large intestine, liver, brain, kidney and muscle assume in ammonia and glutamine metabolism. Most recently, the salivary and gut microbiome have been shown to underpin the pathophysiological changes which culminate in HE and patients with advanced cirrhosis present with enteric dysbiosis with small bowel bacterial overgrowth and translocation of bacteria and their products across a leaky gut epithelial barrier. Resident macrophages within the liver are able to sense bacterial degradation products initiating a pro-inflammatory response within the hepatic parenchyma and release of cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 into the systemic circulation. The endotoxemia and systemic inflammatory response that are generated predispose both to the development of infection as well as the manifestation of covert and overt HE. Co-morbidities such as diabetes and insulin resistance, which commonly accompany cirrhosis, may promote slow gut transit, promote bacterial overgrowth and increase glutaminase activity and may need to be acknowledged in HE risk stratification assessments and therapeutic regimens. Therapies are discussed which target ammonia production, utilisation or excretion at an individual organ level, or which reduce systemic inflammation and endotoxemia which are known to exacerbate the cerebral effects of ammonia in HE. The ideal therapeutic strategy would be to use an agent that can reduce hyperammonemia and reduce systemic inflammation or perhaps to adopt a combination of therapies that can address both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal C Patel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Helen White
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Sidsel Støy
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Debbie L Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
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583
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Bluemel S, Williams B, Knight R, Schnabl B. Precision medicine in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G1018-G1036. [PMID: 27686615 PMCID: PMC5206291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00245.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represent a major health burden in industrialized countries. Although alcohol abuse and nutrition play a central role in disease pathogenesis, preclinical models support a contribution of the gut microbiota to ALD and NAFLD. This review describes changes in the intestinal microbiota compositions related to ALD and NAFLD. Findings from in vitro, animal, and human studies are used to explain how intestinal pathology contributes to disease progression. This review summarizes the effects of untargeted microbiome modifications using antibiotics and probiotics on liver disease in animals and humans. While both affect humoral inflammation, regression of advanced liver disease or mortality has not been demonstrated. This review further describes products secreted by Lactobacillus- and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as fatty acids and antioxidants, that could be used for precision medicine in the treatment of liver disease. A better understanding of host-microbial interactions is allowing discovery of novel therapeutic targets in the gut microbiota, enabling new treatment options that restore the intestinal ecosystem precisely and influence liver disease. The modulation options of the gut microbiota and precision medicine employing the gut microbiota presented in this review have excellent prospects to improve treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California;
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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584
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Tilg H, Cani PD, Mayer EA. Gut microbiome and liver diseases. Gut 2016; 65:2035-2044. [PMID: 27802157 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has recently evolved as a new important player in the pathophysiology of many intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. The liver is the organ which is in closest contact with the intestinal tract, and is exposed to a substantial amount of bacterial components and metabolites. Various liver disorders such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis have been associated with an altered microbiome. This dysbiosis may influence the degree of hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis through multiple interactions with the host's immune system and other cell types. Whereas few results from clinical metagenomic studies in liver disease are available, evidence is accumulating that in liver cirrhosis an oral microbiome is overrepresented in the lower intestinal tract, potentially contributing to disease process and severity. A major role for the gut microbiota in liver disorders is also supported by the accumulating evidence that several complications of severe liver disease such as hepatic encephalopathy are efficiently treated by various prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics. A better understanding of the gut microbiota and its components in liver diseases might provide a more complete picture of these complex disorders and also form the basis for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrice D Cani
- WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- Division of Digestive Diseases, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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585
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Sharma BC, Singh J. Probiotics in management of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1295-1301. [PMID: 27121846 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microflora leads to production of ammonia and endotoxins which play important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). There is relationship between HE and absorption of nitrogenous substances from the intestines. Probiotics play a role in treatment of HE by causing alterations in gut flora by decreasing the counts of pathogen bacteria, intestinal mucosal acidification, decrease in production and absorption of ammonia, alterations in permeability of gut, decreased endotoxin levels and changes in production of short chain fatty acids. Role of gut microbiota using prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics have been evaluated in the management of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), overt HE and prevention of HE. Many studies have shown efficacy of probiotics in reduction of blood ammonia levels, treatment of MHE and prevention of HE. However these trials have problems like inclusion of small number of patients, short treatment durations, variability in HE/MHE related outcomes utilized and high bias risk, errors of systematic and random types. Systematic reviews also have shown different results with one systematic review showing clinical benefits whereas another concluded that probiotics do not have any role in treatment of MHE or HE. Also practical questions on optimal dose, ideal combination of organisms, and duration of treatment and persistence of benefits on long term follow-up are still to be clarified. At present, there are no recommendations for use of probiotics in patients with HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barjesh Chander Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Room No. 203, Academic Block, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - Jatinderpal Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Room No. 203, Academic Block, New Delhi, 110002, India
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586
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Tilg H, Grander C, Moschen AR. How does the microbiome affect liver disease? Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2016; 8:123-126. [PMID: 31041079 PMCID: PMC6490212 DOI: 10.1002/cld.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Alexander R. Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & MetabolismMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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587
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Watt KD. The evolving role of the microbiome in liver failure and liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2016; 22:58-61. [PMID: 27588961 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly D Watt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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588
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Ianiro G, Tilg H, Gasbarrini A. Antibiotics as deep modulators of gut microbiota: between good and evil. Gut 2016; 65:1906-1915. [PMID: 27531828 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent increase in our knowledge of human gut microbiota has changed our view on antibiotics. Antibiotics are, indeed, no longer considered only beneficial, but also potentially harmful drugs, as their abuse appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of several disorders associated with microbiota impairment (eg, Clostridium difficile infection or metabolic disorders). Both drug-related factors (such as antibiotic class, timing of exposure or route of administration) and host-related factors appear to influence the alterations of human gut microbiota produced by antibiotics. Nevertheless, antibiotics are nowadays considered a reliable therapy for some non-communicable disorders, including IBS or hepatic encephalopathy. Moreover, some antibiotics can also act positively on gut microbiota, providing a so-called 'eubiotic' effect, by increasing abundance of beneficial bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics appear to change, for better or worse, the nature of several disorders, including IBS, IBD, metabolic disorders or liver disease. This reviews aims to address the potential of antibiotics in the development of major non-communicable disorders associated with the alteration of gut microbiota and on newly discovered therapeutic avenues of antibiotics beyond the cure of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ianiro
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, "Agostino Gemelli" University Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, "Agostino Gemelli" University Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
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589
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Tu Q, Li J, Shi Z, Chen Y, Lin L, Li J, Wang H, Yan J, Zhou Q, Li X, Li L, Zhou J, He Z. HuMiChip2 for strain level identification and functional profiling of human microbiomes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:423-435. [PMID: 27734124 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
With the massive data generated by the Human Microbiome Project, how to transform such data into useful information and knowledge remains challenging. Here, with currently available sequencing information (reference genomes and metagenomes), we have developed a comprehensive microarray, HuMiChip2, for strain-level identification and functional characterization of human microbiomes. HuMiChip2 was composed of 29,467 strain-specific probes targeting 2063 microbial strains/species and 133,924 sequence- and group-specific probes targeting 157 key functional gene families involved in various metabolic pathways and host-microbiome interaction processes. Computational evaluation of strain-specific probes suggested that they were not only specific to mock communities of sequenced microorganisms and metagenomes from different human body sites but also to non-sequenced microbial strains. Experimental evaluation of strain-specific probes using single strains/species and mock communities suggested a high specificity of these probes with their corresponding targets. Application of HuMiChip2 to human gut microbiome samples showed the patient microbiomes of alcoholic liver cirrhosis significantly (p < 0.05) shifted their functional structure from the healthy individuals, and the relative abundance of 21 gene families significantly (p < 0.1) differed between the liver cirrhosis patients and healthy individuals. At the strain level, five Bacteroides strains were significantly (p < 0.1) and more frequently detected in liver cirrhosis patients. These results suggest that the developed HuMiChip2 is a useful microbial ecological microarray for both strain-level identification and functional profiling of human microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Tu
- Department of Marine Sciences, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China.,Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jiabao Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhou Shi
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Yanfei Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongling Wang
- Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianbo Yan
- Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingming Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangzhen Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
| | - Zhili He
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
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590
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Wei X, Jiang S, Chen Y, Zhao X, Li H, Lin W, Li B, Wang X, Yuan J, Sun Y. Cirrhosis related functionality characteristic of the fecal microbiota as revealed by a metaproteomic approach. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:121. [PMID: 27716148 PMCID: PMC5051048 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal microbiota operated as a whole and was closely related with human health. Previous studies had suggested close relationship between liver cirrhosis (LC) and gut microbiota. METHODS To determine the functional characteristic of the intestinal microbiota specific for liver cirrhosis, the fecal metaproteome of three LC patients with Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score of A, B, and C, and their spouse were first compared using high-throughput approach based on denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in our study. RESULTS A total of 5,020 proteins (88 % from bacteria, 12 % form human) were identified and annotated based on the GO and KEGG classification. Our results indicated that the LC patients possessed a core metaproteome including 119 proteins, among which 14 proteins were enhanced expressed and 7 proteins were unique for LC patients compared with the normal, which were dominant at the function of carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, LC patients have unique biosynthesis of branched chain amino acid (BCAA), pantothenate, and CoA, enhanced as CTP scores increased. Those three substances were all important in a wide array of key and essential biological roles of life. CONCLUSIONS We observed a highly comparable cirrhosis-specific metaproteome clustering of fecal microbiota and provided the first supportive evidence for the presence of a LC-related substantial functional core mainly involved in carbohydrate, BCAA, pantothenate, and CoA metabolism, suggesting the compensation of intestinal microbiota for the fragile and innutritious body of cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yuye Chen
- Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liquan, 713200, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangna Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Weishi Lin
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Boxing Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China.
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China.
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591
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Sabino J, Vieira-Silva S, Machiels K, Joossens M, Falony G, Ballet V, Ferrante M, Van Assche G, Van der Merwe S, Vermeire S, Raes J. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterised by intestinal dysbiosis independent from IBD. Gut 2016; 65:1681-9. [PMID: 27207975 PMCID: PMC5036217 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease often leading to end-stage liver disease. Its pathogenesis remains largely unknown, although frequent concomitant IBD hints towards common factors underlying gut and bile duct inflammation. Considering the mounting evidence on the involvement of the intestinal microbiota in initiating and determining IBD phenotype, we investigated intestinal microbiota composition in patients with PSC. DESIGN Stool samples were collected from 147 individuals (52 patients with PSC, 52 age, gender and body mass index-matched healthy volunteers, 13 UC and 30 patients with Crohn's disease). An independent validation cohort of 14 PSC and 14 matched controls was recruited. 16S rDNA sequencing of faecal DNA was performed (Illumina MiSeq). RESULTS The microbiota of patients with PSC was characterised by decreased microbiota diversity, and a significant overrepresentation of Enterococcus (p=3.76e-05), Fusobacterium (p=3.76e-05) and Lactobacillus (p=0.0002) genera. This dysbiosis was present in patients with PSC with and without concomitant IBD and was distinct from IBD, and independent of treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. A decision tree based on abundances of these three genera allowed reliable classification in the validation cohort. In particular, one operational taxonomic unit belonging to the Enterococcus genus was associated with increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (p=0.048), a marker of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS We here present the first report of PSC-associated faecal dysbiosis, independent from IBD signatures, suggesting the intestinal microbiota could be a contributing factor in PSC pathogenesis. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and assess causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sabino
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Machiels
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Joossens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Microbiology, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwen Falony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vera Ballet
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Schalk Van der Merwe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for the Biology of Disease, REGA institute, KU Leuven—VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Severine Vermeire
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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592
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Bhat M, Arendt BM, Bhat V, Renner EL, Humar A, Allard JP. Implication of the intestinal microbiome in complications of cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1128-1136. [PMID: 27721918 PMCID: PMC5037326 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i27.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome (IM) is altered in patients with cirrhosis, and emerging literature suggests that this impacts on the development of complications. The PubMed database was searched from January 2000 to May 2015 for studies and review articles on the composition, pathophysiologic effects and therapeutic modulation of the IM in cirrhosis. The following combination of relevant text words and MeSH terms were used, namely intestinal microbiome, microbiota, or dysbiosis, and cirrhosis, encephalopathy, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, variceal bleeding, hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. The search results were evaluated for pertinence to the subject of IM and cirrhosis, as well as for quality of study design. The IM in cirrhosis is characterized by a decreased proportion of Bacteroides and Lactobacilli, and an increased proportion of Enterobacteriaceae compared to healthy controls. Except for alcoholic cirrhosis, the composition of the IM in cirrhosis is not affected by the etiology of the liver disease. The percentage of Enterobacteriaceae increases with worsening liver disease severity and decompensation and is associated with bacteremia, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose, rifaximin and Lactobacillus-containing probiotics have been shown to partially reverse the cirrhosis associated enteric dysbiosis, in conjunction with improvement in encephalopathy. The IM is altered in cirrhosis, and this may contribute to the development of complications associated with end-stage liver disease. Therapies such as lactulose, rifaximin and probiotics may, at least partially, reverse the cirrhosis-associated changes in the IM. This, in turn, may prevent or alleviate the severity of complications.
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593
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Lu H, Ren Z, Li A, Zhang H, Jiang J, Xu S, Luo Q, Zhou K, Sun X, Zheng S, Li L. Deep sequencing reveals microbiota dysbiosis of tongue coat in patients with liver carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33142. [PMID: 27605161 PMCID: PMC5015078 DOI: 10.1038/srep33142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver carcinoma (LC) is a common malignancy worldwide, associated with high morbidity and mortality. Characterizing microbiome profiles of tongue coat may provide useful insights and potential diagnostic marker for LC patients. Herein, we are the first time to investigate tongue coat microbiome of LC patients with cirrhosis based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. After strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 35 early LC patients with cirrhosis and 25 matched healthy subjects were enrolled. Microbiome diversity of tongue coat in LC patients was significantly increased shown by Shannon, Simpson and Chao 1 indexes. Microbiome on tongue coat was significantly distinguished LC patients from healthy subjects by principal component analysis. Tongue coat microbial profiles represented 38 operational taxonomic units assigned to 23 different genera, distinguishing LC patients. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) reveals significant microbial dysbiosis of tongue coats in LC patients. Strikingly, Oribacterium and Fusobacterium could distinguish LC patients from healthy subjects. LEfSe outputs show microbial gene functions related to categories of nickel/iron_transport, amino_acid_transport, energy produced system and metabolism between LC patients and healthy subjects. These findings firstly identify microbiota dysbiosis of tongue coat in LC patients, may providing novel and non-invasive potential diagnostic biomarker of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Qixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
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594
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Saturated and Unsaturated Dietary Fats Differentially Modulate Ethanol-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in a Mouse Model of Alcoholic Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:765-76. [PMID: 27012191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) ranks among major causes of morbidity and mortality. Diet and crosstalk between the gut and liver are important determinants of ALD. We evaluated the effects of different types of dietary fat and ethanol on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity and the effect of these changes on liver injury in ALD. Compared with ethanol and a saturated fat diet (medium chain triglycerides enriched), an unsaturated fat diet (corn oil enriched) exacerbated ethanol-induced endotoxemia, liver steatosis, and injury. Major alterations in gut microbiota, including a reduction in Bacteroidetes and an increase in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, were seen in animals fed an unsaturated fat diet and ethanol but not a saturated fat diet and ethanol. Compared with a saturated fat diet and ethanol, an unsaturated fat diet and ethanol caused major fecal metabolomic changes. Moreover, a decrease in certain fecal amino acids was noted in both alcohol-fed groups. These data support an important role of dietary lipids in ALD pathogenesis and provide insight into mechanisms of ALD development. A diet enriched in unsaturated fats enhanced alcohol-induced liver injury and caused major fecal metagenomic and metabolomic changes that may play an etiologic role in observed liver injury. Dietary lipids can potentially serve as inexpensive interventions for the prevention and treatment of ALD.
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595
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Wang B, Jiang X, Cao M, Ge J, Bao Q, Tang L, Chen Y, Li L. Altered Fecal Microbiota Correlates with Liver Biochemistry in Nonobese Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32002. [PMID: 27550547 PMCID: PMC4994089 DOI: 10.1038/srep32002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a role of intestinal dysbiosis in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). But it remains unknown in nonobese NAFLD. This prospective, cross-sectional study sought to characterize differences in fecal microbiota between nonobese adult individuals with and without NAFLD and their potential association with metabolic markers of disease progression. A total of 126 nonobese subjects were enrolled: 43 NAFLD and 83 healthy controls (HC). The microbial community was profiled by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and examined by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA V3 region. Lower diversity and a phylum-level change in the fecal microbiome were found in NAFLD. Compared with HC, patients had 20% more phylum Bacteroidetes (p = 0.005) and 24% less Firmicutes (p = 0.002). Within Firmicutes, four families and their 8 genera, which were short-chain fatty acids-producing and 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria, were significantly decreased. Moreover, Gram-negative (G-) bacteria were prevalent in NAFLD (p = 0.008). Furthermore, a significant correlation with metabolic markers was revealed for disturbed microbiota in NAFLD. This novel study indicated that intestinal dysbiosis was associated with nonobese NAFLD and might increase the risk of NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Wang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiangyang Jiang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Min Cao
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qiongling Bao
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lingling Tang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yu Chen
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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596
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Zhang ZL, Duan ZJ. Gut-liver axis: An important target for prevention and treatment of liver diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3454-3460. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i23.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestine harbors a complex and diverse community of microbes that promote metabolism and digestion in their symbiotic relationship with the host. Liver diseases have long been associated with qualitative (dysbiotic) and quantitative (overgrowth) changes in the intestinal microbiota. Extrinsic factors, such as diet and alcohol, contribute to intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Dysbiosis results in intestinal inflammation, intestinal barrier breakdown, and translocation of microbial products in animal models, further aggravating hepatic injury and inflammation. Microbial metabolites produced in a dysbiotic intestinal environment and host factors are equally important in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. In the current review, we discuss the progress in understanding the role of gut-liver axis dysfunction in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis, and the potential application value of the restoration of intestinal homeostasis in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.
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597
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Sung H, Kim SW, Hong M, Suk KT. Microbiota-based treatments in alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6673-6682. [PMID: 27547010 PMCID: PMC4970471 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i29.6673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Consumption of alcohol leads to increased gut permeability, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and enteric dysbiosis. These factors contribute to the increased translocation of microbial products to the liver via the portal tract. Subsequently, bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide, in association with the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway, induce a gamut of damaging immune responses in the hepatic milieu. Because of the close association between deleterious inflammation and ALD-induced microbiota imbalance, therapeutic approaches that seek to reestablish gut homeostasis should be considered in the treatment of alcoholic patients. To this end, a number of preliminary studies on probiotics have confirmed their effectiveness in suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and improving liver function in the context of ALD. In addition, there have been few studies linking the administration of prebiotics and antibiotics with reduction of alcohol-induced liver damage. Because these preliminary results are promising, large-scale randomized studies are warranted to elucidate the impact of these microbiota-based treatments on the gut flora and associated immune responses, in addition to exploring questions about optimal delivery. Finally, fecal microbiota transplant has been shown to be an effective method of modulating gut microbiota and deserve further investigation as a potential therapeutic option for ALD.
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598
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Ling Z, Jin C, Xie T, Cheng Y, Li L, Wu N. Alterations in the Fecal Microbiota of Patients with HIV-1 Infection: An Observational Study in A Chinese Population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30673. [PMID: 27477587 PMCID: PMC4967929 DOI: 10.1038/srep30673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The available evidence suggests that alterations in gut microbiota may be tightly linked to the increase in microbial translocation and systemic inflammation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. We profiled the fecal microbiota as a proxy of gut microbiota by parallel barcoded 454-pyrosequencing in 67 HIV-1-infected patients (32 receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART] and 35 HAART naïve) and 16 healthy controls from a Chinese population. We showed that α-diversity indices did not differ significantly between the healthy control and HIV-1-infected patients. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes increased significantly in HIV-1-infected patients. Several key bacterial phylotypes, including Prevotella, were prevalent in HIV-1-infected patients; whereas Phascolarctobacterium, Clostridium XIVb, Dialister and Megamonas were significantly correlated with systemic inflammatory cytokines. After short-term, effective HAART, the viral loads of HIV-1 were reduced; however, the diversity and composition of the fecal microbiota were not completely restored. and the dysbiosis remained among HIV-1-infected subjects undergoing HAART. Our detailed analysis demonstrated that dysbiosis of fecal microbiota might play an active role in HIV-1 infection. Thus, new insights may be provided into therapeutics that target the microbiota to attenuate the progression of HIV disease and to reduce the risk of gut-linked disease in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Tiansheng Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
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599
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Xiao C, Ran S, Huang Z, Liang J. Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure of Supragingival Plaques in Adults with Dental Health or Caries Revealed by 16S Pyrosequencing. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1145. [PMID: 27499752 PMCID: PMC4956651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries has a polymicrobial etiology within the complex oral microbial ecosystem. However, the overall diversity and structure of supragingival plaque microbiota in adult dental health and caries are not well understood. Here, 160 supragingival plaque samples from patients with dental health and different severities of dental caries were collected for bacterial genomic DNA extraction, pyrosequencing by amplification of the 16S rDNA V1–V3 hypervariable regions, and bioinformatic analysis. High-quality sequences (2,261,700) clustered into 10,365 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 97% identity), representing 453 independent species belonging to 122 genera, 66 families, 34 orders, 21 classes, and 12 phyla. All groups shared 7522 OTUs, indicating the presence of a core plaque microbiome. α diversity analysis showed that the microbial diversity in healthy plaques exceeded that of dental caries, with the diversity decreasing gradually with the severity of caries. The dominant phyla of plaque microbiota included Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and TM7. The dominant genera included Capnocytophaga, Prevotella, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Rothia, and Leptotrichia. β diversity analysis showed that the plaque microbial community structure was similar in all groups. Using LEfSe analysis, 25 differentially abundant taxa were identified as potential biomarkers. Key genera (27) that potentially contributed to the differential distributions of plaque microbiota between groups were identified by PLS-DA analysis. Finally, co-occurrence network analysis and function predictions were performed. Treatment strategies directed toward modulating microbial interactions and their functional output should be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Ran
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
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600
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Impact of De Novo and Preexisting Inflammatory Bowel Disease on the Outcome of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:1670-8. [PMID: 27306073 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is a common problem in the setting of solid-organ transplantation, especially orthotopic liver transplant (OLT). De novo or preexisting inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the differential diagnoses. The aims of our study were to evaluate the frequency of de novo IBD in patients with OLT and to assess the impact of de novo IBD and preexisting IBD on the outcome of OLT. METHODS This case-control study included all eligible patients who had OLT from January 2001 to December 2009. The study group included all patients who had a biopsy-proven diagnosis of IBD after their OLT (the de novo IBD group). The control groups included patients with existing IBD before OLT and those without IBD before and after OLT. The groups were matched based on their underlying diagnoses of end-stage liver disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 66 subjects were included in the study. The mean age was 45.4 ± 13.4 years, with 44 (66.7%) being male. Fifteen patients (23%) had de novo IBD, 21 (32%) had existing IBD before OLT, and 30 (45%) had no underlying IBD before or after OLT. There were no significant differences between the 2 IBD groups in any of the IBD characteristics, including IBD medications. Subjects without IBD were more likely to receive mycophenolate mofetil within 1 week of OLT than those in the de novo or preexisting IBD (70% versus 23% P = 0.018). Episodes of graft rejection were more commonly observed in subjects with preexisting IBD (52%) than de novo IBD (27%) or no IBD (20%) (P = 0.045). The rate of retransplantation was highest in the de novo IBD group followed by the preexisting IBD group and non-IBD group (20% versus 14% versus 0%; P = 0.029). Combined together, patients with IBD in the setting of OLT were more likely to be retransplanted than those without IBD (16.7% versus 0%, P = 0.045). In multivariate analysis, we found that patients with IBD were 6.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.9-23.9) times more likely to have an adverse outcome after liver transplant (P = 0.004), after adjusting for primary sclerosing cholangitis. CONCLUSIONS De novo IBD can occur in patients after OLT. De novo IBD and preexisting IBD were found to be associated with a higher risk for graft failure, suggesting that early diagnosis and closer monitoring of the patients at risk are critical.
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