551
|
Lundberg KS, Shoemaker DD, Adams MW, Short JM, Sorge JA, Mathur EJ. High-fidelity amplification using a thermostable DNA polymerase isolated from Pyrococcus furiosus. Gene X 1991; 108:1-6. [PMID: 1761218 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermostable DNA polymerase which possesses an associated 3'-to-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity has been isolated from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu). To test its fidelity, we have utilized a genetic assay that directly measures DNA polymerase fidelity in vitro during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Our results indicate that PCR performed with the DNA polymerase purified from P. furiosus yields amplification products containing less than 10% of the number of mutations obtained from similar amplifications performed with Taq DNA polymerase. The PCR fidelity assay is based on the amplification and cloning of lacI, lacO and lacZ alpha gene sequences (lacIOZ alpha) using either Pfu or Taq DNA polymerase. Certain mutations within the lacI gene inactivate the Lac repressor protein and permit the expression of beta Gal. When plated on a chromogenic substrate, these LacI- mutants exhibit a blue-plaque phenotype. These studies demonstrate that the error rate per nucleotide induced in the 182 known detectable sites of the lacI gene was 1.6 x 10(-6) for Pfu DNA polymerase, a greater than tenfold improvement over the 2.0 x 10(-5) error rate for Taq DNA polymerase, after approx. 10(5)-fold amplification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Lundberg
- Division of Research and Development, Stratagene, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
552
|
Blake PR, Park JB, Bryant FO, Aono S, Magnuson JK, Eccleston E, Howard JB, Summers MF, Adams MW. Determinants of protein hyperthermostability: purification and amino acid sequence of rubredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus and secondary structure of the zinc adduct by NMR. Biochemistry 1991; 30:10885-95. [PMID: 1932012 DOI: 10.1021/bi00109a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purification, amino acid sequence, and two-dimensional 1H NMR results are reported for the rubredoxin (Rd) from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus, an organism that grows optimally at 100 degrees C. The molecular mass (5397 Da), iron content (1.2 +/- 0.2 g-atom of Fe/mol), UV-vis spectrophotometric properties, and amino acid sequence (60% sequence identity with Clostridium pasteurianum Rd) are found to be typical of this class of redox protein. However, P. furiosus Rd is remarkably thermostable, being unaffected after incubation for 24 h at 95 degrees C. One- and two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the oxidized [Fe(III)Rd] and reduced [Fe(II)Rd] forms of P. furiosus Rd exhibited substantial paramagnetic line broadening, and this precluded detailed 3D structural studies. The apoprotein was not readily amenable to NMR studies due to apparent protein oxidation involving the free cysteine sulfhydryls. However, high-quality NMR spectra were obtained for the Zn-substituted protein, Zn(Rd), enabling detailed NMR signal assignment for all backbone amide and alpha and most side-chain protons. Secondary structural elements were determined from qualitative analysis of 2D Overhauser effect spectra. Residues A1-K6, Y10-E14, and F48-E51 form a three-strand antiparallel beta-sheet, which comprises ca. 30% of the primary sequence. Residues C5-Y10 and C38-A43 form types I and II amide-sulfur tight turns common to iron-sulfur proteins. These structural elements are similar to those observed by X-ray crystallography for native Rd from the mesophile C. pasteurianum. However, the beta-sheet domain in P. furiosus Rd is larger than that in C. pasteurianum Rd and appears to begin at the N-terminal residue. From analysis of the secondary structure, potentially stabilizing electrostatic interactions involving the charged groups of residues Ala(1), Glu(14), and Glu(52) are proposed. These interactions, which are not present in rubredoxins from mesophilic organisms, may prevent the beta-sheet from "unzipping" at elevated temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Blake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County 21228
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
553
|
Park J, Fan C, Hoffman B, Adams M. Potentiometric and electron nuclear double resonance properties of the two spin forms of the [4Fe-4S]+ cluster in the novel ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
554
|
|
555
|
The novel tungsten-iron-sulfur protein of the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, is an aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Evidence for its participation in a unique glycolytic pathway. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
556
|
Connaris H, Cowan D, Ruffett M, Sharp R. Preservation of the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus. Lett Appl Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
557
|
Bonch-Osmolovskaya E, Stetter K. Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer in Cocultures of ThermophilicArchaea. Syst Appl Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
558
|
Purification and properties of a hyperthermoactive ?-amylase from the archaeobacterium Pyrococcus woesei. Arch Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00245352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
559
|
Abstract
Analyses were made of the structures and levels of folates and modified folates present in extremely thermophilic bacteria. These procedures involved the chemical analysis of products resulting from the oxidative cleavage of the 6-substituted, folatelike tetrahydropterins present in the cells. Air-oxidized cell extracts of extreme thermophiles from two members of the archaebacterial order Thermococcales, Thermococcus celer and Pyrococcus furiosus, contained only 7-methylpterin, indicating that these cells contain a modified folate with a methylated pterin. Cell extracts also contained 6-acetyl-7-methyl-7,8-dihydropterin, another product derived from the oxidative cleavage of a dimethylated folate, demonstrating that both the C-7 and C-9 carbons of the pterin were methylated. Extracts, however, contained neither p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamates nor methaniline, the oxidative cleavage products of folates and methanopterin, respectively, indicating that they contain a previously undescribed C1 carrier(s). On the basis of the level of the 7-methylpterin isolated, the levels of modified folate were 2 to 10 times higher than those typically found in mesophilic bacteria and 10 to 100 times less than the level of methanopterin found in the methanogenic bacteria. Oxidized cell extracts of Sulfolobus spp. of the archaebacterial order Sulfolobales contained only pterin, and, like members of the order Thermococcales, they contained neither-p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamates nor methaniline. Oxidized cell extracts of the extreme thermophiles Pyrobaculum sp. strain H10 and Pyrodictium occultum, from the archaebacterial orders Thermoproteales and Pyrodictiales, respectively, and Thermotoga maritima from the eubacterial order Thermotogales, contained pterin and p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamates, indicating that these cells contained unmodified folates. The levels of p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamates in these archaebacterial cell extracts indicate that the folates were present in the cells at levels 4 to 10 times higher than generally found in those mesophilic eubacteria which do not folates in energy metabolism. The levels and chain lengths of the of p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamates present in Thermotoga maritima were typical of those found in mesophilic eubacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H White
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| |
Collapse
|
560
|
Bouthier de la Tour C, Portemer C, Nadal M, Stetter KO, Forterre P, Duguet M. Reverse gyrase, a hallmark of the hyperthermophilic archaebacteria. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:6803-8. [PMID: 2174859 PMCID: PMC210796 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.12.6803-6808.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the presence of a reverse gyrase-like activity in archaebacteria revealed wide distribution of this activity in hyperthermophilic species, including methanogens and sulfur-dependent organisms. In contrast, no reverse gyrase activity was detected in mesophilic and moderately thermophilic organisms, which exhibited only an ATP-independent activity of DNA relaxation. These results suggest that the presence of reverse gyrase in archaebacteria is tightly linked to the high growth temperatures of these organisms. With respect to antigenic properties, the enzyme appeared similar among members of the genus Sulfolobus. In contrast, no close antigenic relatedness was found between the reverse gyrase of members of the order Sulfolobales and that of the other hyperthermophilic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bouthier de la Tour
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie des Acides Nucléiques, URA 554 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
561
|
Koch R, Zablowski P, Spreinat A, Antranikian G. Extremely thermostable amylolytic enzyme from the archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
562
|
Eggen R, Geerling A, Watts J, Vos WM. Characterization of pyrolysin, a hyperthermoactive serine protease from the archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
563
|
Zwickl P, Fabry S, Bogedain C, Haas A, Hensel R. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus woesei: characterization of the enzyme, cloning and sequencing of the gene, and expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:4329-38. [PMID: 2165475 PMCID: PMC213258 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.8.4329-4338.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus woesei (optimal growth temperature, 100 to 103 degrees C) was purified to homogeneity. This enzyme was strictly phosphate dependent, utilized either NAD+ or NADP+, and was insensitive to pentalenolactone like the enzyme from the methanogenic archaebacterium Methanothermus fervidus. The enzyme exhibited a considerable thermostability, with a 44-min half-life at 100 degrees C. The amino acid sequence of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from P. woesei was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the coding gene. Compared with the enzyme homologs from mesophilic archaebacteria (Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium formicicum) and an extremely thermophilic archaebacterium (Methanothermus fervidus), the primary structure of the P. woesei enzyme exhibited a strikingly high proportion of aromatic amino acid residues and a low proportion of sulfur-containing residues. The coding gene of P. woesei was expressed at a high level in Escherichia coli, thus providing an ideal basis for detailed structural and functional studies of that enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Zwickl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
564
|
Le Faou A, Rajagopal BS, Daniels L, Fauque G. Thiosulfate, polythionates and elemental sulfur assimilation and reduction in the bacterial world. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1990; 6:351-81. [PMID: 2123394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among sulfur compounds, thiosulfate and polythionates are present at least transiently in many environments. These compounds have a similar chemical structure and their metabolism appears closely related. They are commonly used as energy sources for photoautotrophic or chemolithotrophic microorganisms, but their assimilation has been seldom studied and their importance in bacterial physiology is not well understood. Almost all bacterial strains are able to cleave these compounds since they possess thiosulfate sulfur transferase, thiosulfate reductase or S-sulfocysteine synthase activities. However, the role of these enzymes in the assimilation of thiosulfate or polythionates has not always been clearly established. Elemental sulfur is, on the contrary, very common in the environment. It is an energy source for sulfur-reducing eubacteria and archaebacteria and many sulfur-oxidizing archaebacteria. A phenomenon still not well understood is the 'excessive assimilatory sulfur metabolism' as observed in methanogens which perform a sulfur reduction which exceeds their anabolic needs without any apparent benefit. In heterotrophs, assimilation of elemental sulfur is seldom described and it is uncertain whether this process actually has a physiological significance. Thus, reduction of thiosulfate and elemental sulfur is a common but incompletely understood feature among bacteria. These activities could give bacteria a selective advantage, but further investigations are needed to clarify this possibility. Presence of thiosulfate, polythionates and sulfur reductase activities does not imply obligatorily that these activities play a role in thiosulfate, polythionates or sulfur assimilation as these compounds could be merely intermediates in bacterial metabolism. The possibility also exists that the assimilation of these sulfur compounds is just a side effect of an enzymatic activity with a completely different function. As long as these questions remain unanswered, our understanding of sulfur and thiosulfate metabolism will remain incomplete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Le Faou
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
565
|
Fiala G, Woese CR, Langworthy TA, Stetter KO. Flexistipes sinusarabici, a novel genus and species of eubacteria occurring in the Atlantis II Deep brines of the Red Sea. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00423320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
566
|
Blumentals II, Robinson AS, Kelly RM. Characterization of sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant proteolytic activity in the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:1992-8. [PMID: 2117873 PMCID: PMC184550 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.7.1992-1998.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell extracts from Pyrococcus furiosus were found to contain five proteases, two of which (S66 and S102) are resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) denaturation. Cell extracts incubated at 98 degrees C in the presence of 1% SDS for 24 h exhibited substantial cellular proteolysis such that only four proteins could be visualized by amido black-Coomassie brilliant blue staining of SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The SDS-treated extract retained 19% of the initial proteolytic activity as represented by two proteases, S66 (66 kilodaltons [kDa]) and S102 (102 kDa). Immunoblot analysis with guinea pig sera containing antibodies against protease S66 indicated that S66 is related neither to S102 nor to the other proteases. The results of this analysis also suggest that S66 might be the hydrolysis product of a 200-kDa precursor which does not have proteolytic activity. The 24-h SDS-treated extract showed unusually thermostable proteolytic activity; the measured half-life at 98 degrees C was found to be 33 h. Proteases S66 and S102 were also resistant to denaturation by 8 M urea, 80 mM dithiothreitol, and 5% beta-mercaptoethanol. Purified protease S66 was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropyl fluorophosphate but not by EDTA, ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, or iodoacetic acid. These results indicate that S66 is a serine protease. Amino acid ester hydrolysis studies showed that protease S66 was hydrolytically active towards N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I I Blumentals
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
567
|
Zillig W, Holz I, Janekovic D, Klenk HP, Imsel E, Trent J, Wunderl S, Forjaz VH, Coutinho R, Ferreira T. Hyperthermus butylicus, a hyperthermophilic sulfur-reducing archaebacterium that ferments peptides. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:3959-65. [PMID: 2113915 PMCID: PMC213380 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.7.3959-3965.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic peptide-fermenting sulfur archaebacterium Hyperthermus butylicus was isolated from the sea floor of a solfataric habitat with temperatures of up to 112 degrees C on the coast of the island of São Miguel, Azores. The organism grows at up to 108 degrees C, grows optimally between 95 and 106 degrees C at 17 g of NaCl per liter and pH 7.0, utilizes peptide mixtures as carbon and energy sources, and forms H2S from elemental sulfur and molecular hydrogen as a growth-stimulating accessory energy source but not by sulfur respiration. The same fermentation products, CO2, 1-butanol, acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, and a trace of hydroxyphenylacetic acid, are formed both with and without of S0 and H2. Its ether lipids, the absence of a mureine sacculus, the nature of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and phylogenetic classification by DNA-rRNA cross-hybridization characterize H. butylicus as part of a novel genus of the major branch of archaebacteria comprising the orders Thermoproteales and Sulfolobales, representing a particularly long lineage bifurcating with the order Sulfolobales above the branching off of the genus Thermoproteus and distinct from the genera Desulfurococcus and Pyrodictium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Zillig
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
568
|
Characterization of a tungsten-iron-sulfur protein exhibiting novel spectroscopic and redox properties from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
569
|
Costantino HR, Brown SH, Kelly RM. Purification and characterization of an alpha-glucosidase from a hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, exhibiting a temperature optimum of 105 to 115 degrees C. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:3654-60. [PMID: 2163383 PMCID: PMC213339 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.7.3654-3660.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrococcus furiosus is a strictly anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaebacterium with an optimal growth temperature of about 100 degrees C. When this organism was grown in the presence of certain complex carbohydrates, the production of several amylolytic enzymes was noted. These enzymes included an alpha-glucosidase that was located in the cell cytoplasm. This alpha-glucosidase has been purified 310-fold and corresponded to a protein band of 125 kilodaltons as resolved by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at pH 5.0 to 6.0 and over a temperature range of 105 to 115 degrees C. Kinetic analysis conducted at 108 degrees C revealed hydrolysis of the substrates p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG), methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, maltose, and isomaltose. Trace activity was detected towards p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and no activity could be detected towards starch or sucrose. Inhibition studies conducted at 108 degrees C with PNPG as the substrate and maltose as the inhibitor yielded a Ki for maltose of 14.3 mM. Preincubation for 30 min at 98 degrees C in 100 mM dithiothreitol and 1.0 M urea had little effect on enzyme activity, whereas preincubation in 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 1.0 M guanidine hydrochloride resulted in significant loss of enzyme activity. Purified alpha-glucosidase from P. furiosus exhibited remarkable thermostability; incubation of the enzyme at 98 degrees C resulted in a half life of nearly 48 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Costantino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
570
|
Brown SH, Costantino HR, Kelly RM. Characterization of Amylolytic Enzyme Activities Associated with the Hyperthermophilic Archaebacterium
Pyrococcus furiosus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:1985-91. [PMID: 16348235 PMCID: PMC184549 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.7.1985-1991.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic archaebacterium
Pyrococcus furiosus
produces several amylolytic enzymes in response to the presence of complex carbohydrates in the growth medium. These enzyme activities, α-glucosidase, pullulanase, and α-amylase, were detected in both cell extracts and culture supernatants. All activities were characterized by temperature optima of at least 100°C as well as a high degree of thermostability. The existence of this collection of activities in
P. furiosus
suggests that polysaccharide availability in its growth environment is a significant aspect of the niche from which it was isolated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21202
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
571
|
Adams MW. The metabolism of hydrogen by extremely thermophilic, sulfur-dependent bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
572
|
|
573
|
Hyperthermophilic archaebacteria within the crater and open-sea plume of erupting Macdonald Seamount. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/345179a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
574
|
Blumentals II, Brown SH, Schicho RN, Skaja AK, Costantino HR, Kelly RM. The hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus. Development of culturing protocols, perspectives on scaleup, and potential applications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 589:301-14. [PMID: 2113371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb24254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
From this brief discussion, it is clear that there are many obstacles to overcome before hyperthermophilic archaebacteria will be an important aspect of biotechnology. Nevertheless, the prospects are intriguing. The nature of the environments that harbor these organisms and the consequent requirements for their controlled culture suggest that chemical and biochemical engineers can play an important role in elucidating their scientific and technological aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I I Blumentals
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
575
|
Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov.: A new species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00247822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
576
|
Pledger RJ, Baross JA. Characterization of an Extremely Thermophilic Archaebacterium Isolated from a Black Smoker Polychaete (Paralvinella sp.) at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Syst Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(89)80070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
577
|
Thermococcus stetteri sp. nov., a New Extremely Thermophilic Marine Sulfur-Metabolizing Archaebacterium. Syst Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(89)80071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
578
|
Malik B, Su WW, Wald HL, Blumentals II, Kelly RM. Growth and gas production for hyperthermophilic archaebacterium,Pyrococcus furiosus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 34:1050-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260340805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
579
|
Lanzotti V, Trincone A, Nicolaus B, Zillig W, Rosa MD, Gambacorta A. Complex lipids of Pyrococcus and AN1, thermophilic members of archaebcteria belonging to Thermococcales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
580
|
Aono S, Bryant FO, Adams MW. A novel and remarkably thermostable ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:3433-9. [PMID: 2542225 PMCID: PMC210068 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.6.3433-3439.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus is a strict anaerobe that grows optimally at 100 degrees C by a fermentative-type metabolism in which H2 and CO2 are the only detectable products. A ferredoxin, which functions as the electron donor to the hydrogenase of this organism was purified under anaerobic reducing conditions. It had a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 and contained 8 iron atoms and 8 cysteine residues/mol but lacked histidine or arginine residues. Reduction and oxidation of the ferredoxin each required 2 electrons/mol, which is consistent with the presence of two [4Fe-4S] clusters. The reduced protein gave rise to a broad rhombic electronic paramagnetic resonance spectrum, with gz = 2.10, gy = 1.86, gx = 1.80, and a midpoint potential of -345 mV (at pH 8). However, this spectrum represented a minor species, since it quantitated to only approximately 0.3 spins/mol. P. furiosus ferredoxin is therefore distinct from other ferredoxins in that the bulk of its iron is not present as iron-sulfur clusters with an S = 1/2 ground state. The apoferredoxin was reconstituted with iron and sulfide to give a protein that was indistinguishable from the native ferredoxin by its iron content and electron paramagnetic resonance properties, which showed that the novel iron-sulfur clusters were not artifacts of purification. The reduced ferredoxin also functioned as an electron donor for H2 evolution catalyzed by the hydrogenase of the mesophilic eubacterium Clostridium pasteurianum. P. furiosus ferredoxin was resistant to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate (20%, wt/vol) and was remarkably thermostable. Its UV-visible absorption spectrum and electron carrier activity to P. furiosus hydrogenase were unaffected by a 12-h incubation of 95 degrees C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Aono
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
581
|
Bryant FO, Adams MW. Characterization of Hydrogenase from the Hyperthermophilic Archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
582
|
Parameswaran AK, Schicho RN, Soisson JP, Kelly RM. Effect of hydrogen and carbon dioxide partial pressures on growth and sulfide production of the extremely thermophilic archaebacteriumPyrodictium brockii. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988; 32:438-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260320405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
583
|
Engineering considerations for growth of bacteria at temperatures around 100°C. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02930817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
584
|
Kelly RM, Deming JW. Extremely Thermophilic Archaebacteria: Biological and Engineering Considerations. Biotechnol Prog 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.5420040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
585
|
Danson MJ. Archaebacteria: the comparative enzymology of their central metabolic pathways. Adv Microb Physiol 1988; 29:165-231. [PMID: 3132816 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Danson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath, England
| |
Collapse
|
586
|
Affiliation(s)
- M De Rosa
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Macromolecole, I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia Dell'Università di Napoli, Italia
| | | |
Collapse
|
587
|
Hensel R, Laumann S, Lang J, Heumann H, Lottspeich F. Characterization of two D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium Thermoproteus tenax. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 170:325-33. [PMID: 3121324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermoproteus tenax possesses two different glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases, one specific for NADP+ and the other for NAD+. NADP(H) inhibits the NAD+-specific enzyme competetively with respect to NAD+ whereas NAD(H) virtually does not interact with the NADP+-specific enzyme. Both enzymes represent homomeric tetramers with subunit molecular masses of 39 kDa (NADP+-specific enzyme) and 49 kDa (NAD+-specific enzyme), respectively. The NADP+-specific enzyme shows significant homology to the known glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from eubacteria and eukaryotes as indicated by partial sequencing. The enzymes are thermostable, the NADP+-specific enzyme with a half-life of 35 min at 100 degrees C, the NAD+-specific enzyme with a half-line of greater than or equal to 20 min at 100 degrees C, depending on the protein concentration. Both enzymes show conformational and functional changes at 60-70 degrees C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hensel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
588
|
Pyrobaculum gen. nov., a new genus of neutrophilic, rod-shaped archaebacteria from continental solfataras growing optimally at 100�C. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
589
|
Fabry S, Hensel R. Purification and characterization of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the thermophilic archaebacterium Methanothermus fervidus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 165:147-55. [PMID: 3569291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium Methanothermus fervidus was purified and crystallized. The enzyme is a homomeric tetramer (molecular mass of subunits 45 kDa). Partial sequence analysis shows homology to the enzymes from eubacteria and from the cytoplasm of eukaryotes. Unlike these enzymes, the D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Methanothermus fervidus reacts with both NAD+ and NADP+ and is not inhibited by pentalenolactone. The enzyme is intrinsically stable up to 75 degrees C. It is stabilized by the coenzyme NADP+ and at high ionic strength up to about 90 degrees C. Breaks in the Arrhenius and Van't Hoff plots indicate conformational changes of the enzyme at around 52 degrees C.
Collapse
|
590
|
Zillig W, Holz I, Klenk HP, Trent J, Wunderl S, Janekovic D, Imsel E, Haas B. Pyrococcus woesei, sp. nov., an ultra-thermophilic marine archaebacterium, representing a novel order, Thermococcales. Syst Appl Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(87)80057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
591
|
|