551
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552
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van der Pol E, Coumans F, Varga Z, Krumrey M, Nieuwland R. Innovation in detection of microparticles and exosomes. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:36-45. [PMID: 23809109 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-derived or extracellular vesicles, including microparticles and exosomes, are abundantly present in body fluids such as blood. Although such vesicles have gained strong clinical and scientific interest, their detection is difficult because many vesicles are extremely small with a diameter of less than 100 nm, and, moreover, these vesicles have a low refractive index and are heterogeneous in both size and composition. In this review, we focus on the relatively high throughput detection of vesicles in suspension by flow cytometry, resistive pulse sensing, and nanoparticle tracking analysis, and we will discuss their applicability and limitations. Finally, we discuss four methods that are not commercially available: Raman microspectroscopy, micro nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and anomalous SAXS. These methods are currently being explored to study vesicles and are likely to offer novel information for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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553
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Witwer KW, Buzás EI, Bemis LT, Bora A, Lässer C, Lötvall J, Nolte-'t Hoen EN, Piper MG, Sivaraman S, Skog J, Théry C, Wauben MH, Hochberg F. Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:20360. [PMID: 24009894 PMCID: PMC3760646 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1662] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of publications on extracellular RNA (exRNA) and extracellular vesicles (EV) has highlighted the potential of these molecules and vehicles as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets. These findings have created a paradigm shift, most prominently in the field of oncology, prompting expanded interest in the field and dedication of funds for EV research. At the same time, understanding of EV subtypes, biogenesis, cargo and mechanisms of shuttling remains incomplete. The techniques that can be harnessed to address the many gaps in our current knowledge were the subject of a special workshop of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) in New York City in October 2012. As part of the “ISEV Research Seminar: Analysis and Function of RNA in Extracellular Vesicles (evRNA)”, 6 round-table discussions were held to provide an evidence-based framework for isolation and analysis of EV, purification and analysis of associated RNA molecules, and molecular engineering of EV for therapeutic intervention. This article arises from the discussion of EV isolation and analysis at that meeting. The conclusions of the round table are supplemented with a review of published materials and our experience. Controversies and outstanding questions are identified that may inform future research and funding priorities. While we emphasize the need for standardization of specimen handling, appropriate normative controls, and isolation and analysis techniques to facilitate comparison of results, we also recognize that continual development and evaluation of techniques will be necessary as new knowledge is amassed. On many points, consensus has not yet been achieved and must be built through the reporting of well-controlled experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
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554
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Vesicle Trafficking and RNA Transfer Add Complexity and Connectivity to Cell–Cell Communication. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3200-5. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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555
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Hendrix A, De Wever O. Rab27 GTPases distribute extracellular nanomaps for invasive growth and metastasis: implications for prognosis and treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9883-92. [PMID: 23665896 PMCID: PMC3676819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rab27 family of small GTPases regulates exocytosis of distinct vesicle types including multivesicular endosomes, which results in the release of exosomes. Exosomes are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles that enclose soluble factors such as proteins and nucleic acids within a lipid bilayer and can travel toward distant tissues to influence multiple aspects of cell behavior. In our view that tumors are endocrine organs producing exosomes, Rab27 GTPases and their effector proteins are critical determinants for invasive growth and metastasis. Rab27 proteins and their effectors may serve as prognostic biomarkers or as targets for patient-tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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556
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Honegger A, Leitz J, Bulkescher J, Hoppe-Seyler K, Hoppe-Seyler F. Silencing of human papillomavirus (HPV)E6/E7oncogene expression affects both the contents and the amounts of extracellular microvesicles released from HPV-positive cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1631-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Honegger
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Jenny Leitz
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Julia Bulkescher
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Karin Hoppe-Seyler
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Felix Hoppe-Seyler
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg; Germany
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557
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Garnier D, Jabado N, Rak J. Extracellular vesicles as prospective carriers of oncogenic protein signatures in adult and paediatric brain tumours. Proteomics 2013; 13:1595-607. [PMID: 23505048 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, act as biological effectors and as carriers of oncogenic signatures in human cancer. The molecular composition and accessibility of EVs in biofluids open unprecedented diagnostic opportunities in malignancies where tumour tissue is difficult to sample, especially in primary and metastatic brain tumours. The ongoing genetic discovery of driver mutations defines the ever increasing numbers of distinct molecular subtypes of brain tumours (orphan diseases), a complexity that may soon be translated into alterations in functional proteins and their oncogenic networks. This may likely be extended to real time changes engendered by the disease progression, tumour heterogeneity, inter-individual variations and therapeutic responses. Meeting these challenges through EV analysis is dependent on technological progress in such areas as generation of mutation- and phospho-specific antibodies, antibody array platforms, nanotechnology, microfluidics, NMR spectroscopy, MS and MRM approaches of quantitative proteomics, which should not be underestimated. Still, vesiculation emerges as a unique process that could be harnessed for the benefit of more individualised patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Garnier
- Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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558
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Epidermal growth factor receptor as a therapeutic target in glioblastoma. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:420-34. [PMID: 23575987 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma represents one of the most challenging problems in neurooncology. Among key elements driving its behavior is the transmembrane epidermal growth factor receptor family, with the first member epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) centered in most studies. Engagement of the extracellular domain with a ligand activates the intracellular tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of EGFR, leading to autophosphorylation and signal transduction that controls proliferation, gene transcription, and apoptosis. Oncogenic missense mutations, deletions, and insertions in the EGFR gene are preferentially located in the extracellular domain in glioblastoma and cause constitutive activation of the receptor. The mutant EGFR may also transactivate other cell surface molecules, such as additional members of the EGFR family and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, which ignite signaling cascades that synergize with the EGFR-initiated cascade. Because of the cell surface location and increased expression of the receptor along with its important biological function, EGFR has triggered much effort for designing targeted therapy. These approaches include TK inhibition, monoclonal antibody, vaccine, and RNA-based downregulation of the receptor. Treatment success requires that the drug penetrates the blood-brain barrier and has low systemic toxicity but high selectivity for the tumor. While the blockade of EGFR-dependent processes resulted in experimental and clinical treatment success, cells capable of using alternative signaling ultimately escape this strategy. A combination of interventions targeting tumor-specific cell surface regulators along with convergent downstream signaling pathways will likely enhance efficacy. Studies on EGFR in glioblastoma have revealed much information about the complexity of gliomagenesis and also facilitated the development of strategies for targeting drivers of tumor growth and combination therapies with increasing complexity.
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559
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Gonda DD, Akers JC, Kim R, Kalkanis SN, Hochberg FH, Chen CC, Carter BS. Neuro-oncologic Applications of Exosomes, Microvesicles, and Other Nano-Sized Extracellular Particles. Neurosurgery 2013; 72:501-10. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182846e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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560
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Ilhan-Mutlu A, Wagner L, Preusser M. Circulating biomarkers of CNS tumors: an update. Biomark Med 2013; 7:267-85. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS tumors comprise approximately 120 histological subtypes. Advances of surgical resection, radiation and systemic therapy have increased the survival rates of distinct types of CNS tumor patients. There is growing interest in identification of diagnostic, prognostic or predictive blood biomarkers in CNS tumor patients, and emerging studies indicate that certain brain tumors are indeed associated with distinct profiles of circulating factors such as proteins (e.g., glial fibrillary acidic protein), DNA fragments (e.g., containing mutated IDH) or miRNAs (e.g., miRNA-21). However, blood biomarker research in neurooncology is, for the most part, at an exploratory level, and adequately powered and well-designed studies are needed to translate the available interesting but preliminary findings into actual clinical use. In this review, the current knowledge on circulating biomarkers of CNS tumors is briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Ilhan-Mutlu
- Department of Medicine I/Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, WaehringerGuertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Central Nervous System Tumours Unit, Medical University of Vienna, WaehringerGuertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Central Nervous System Tumours Unit, Medical University of Vienna, WaehringerGuertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Vienna, WaehringerGuertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Central Nervous System Tumours Unit, Medical University of Vienna, WaehringerGuertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I/Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, WaehringerGuertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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561
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Rak J. Extracellular vesicles - biomarkers and effectors of the cellular interactome in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:21. [PMID: 23508692 PMCID: PMC3589665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms both health and disease are defined by patterns of communication between the constituent cells. In addition to networks of soluble mediators, cells are also programed to exchange complex messages pre-assembled as multimolecular cargo of membraneous structures known extracellular vesicles (EV). Several biogenetic pathways produce EVs with different properties, and known as exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic bodies. In cancer, EVs carry molecular signatures and effectors of the disease, such as mutant oncoproteins, oncogenic transcripts, microRNA, and DNA sequences. Intercellular trafficking of such EVs (oncosomes) may contribute to horizontal cellular transformation, phenotypic reprograming, and functional re-education of recipient cells, both locally and systemically. The EV-mediated, reciprocal molecular exchange also includes tumor suppressors, phosphoproteins, proteases, growth factors, and bioactive lipids, all of which participate in the functional integration of multiple cells and their collective involvement in tumor angiogenesis, inflammation, immunity, coagulopathy, mobilization of bone marrow-derived effectors, metastasis, drug resistance, or cellular stemness. In cases where the EV role is rate limiting their production and uptake may represent and unexplored anticancer therapy target. Moreover, oncosomes circulating in biofluids of cancer patients offer an unprecedented, remote, and non-invasive access to crucial molecular information about cancer cells, including their driver mutations, classifiers, molecular subtypes, therapeutic targets, and biomarkers of drug resistance. New nanotechnologies are being developed to exploit this unique biomarker platform. Indeed, embracing the notion that human cancers are defined not only by processes occurring within cancer cells, but also between them, and amidst the altered tumor and systemic microenvironment may open new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Rak
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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562
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Kucharzewska P, Belting M. Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in the adaptive response of tumour cells to microenvironmental stress. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:20304. [PMID: 24009895 PMCID: PMC3760648 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly subjected to various types of endogenous and exogenous stressful stimuli, which can cause serious and even permanent damage. The ability of a cell to sense and adapt to environmental alterations is thus vital to maintain tissue homeostasis during development and adult life. Here, we review some of the major phenotypic characteristics of the hostile tumour microenvironment and the emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kucharzewska
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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563
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Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. J Neurooncol 2013; 113:1-11. [PMID: 23456661 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest both normal and cancerous cells secrete vesicles into the extracellular space. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain materials that mirror the genetic and proteomic content of the secreting cell. The identification of cancer-specific material in EVs isolated from the biofluids (e.g., serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine) of cancer patients suggests EVs as an attractive platform for biomarker development. It is important to recognize that the EVs derived from clinical samples are likely highly heterogeneous in make-up and arose from diverse sets of biologic processes. This article aims to review the biologic processes that give rise to various types of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus like particles, and apoptotic bodies. Clinical pertinence of these EVs to neuro-oncology will also be discussed.
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564
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Pucci F, Pittet MJ. Molecular pathways: tumor-derived microvesicles and their interactions with immune cells in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2598-604. [PMID: 23426276 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is not merely a cell-intrinsic genetic disease but also the result of complex cell-extrinsic interactions with host components, including immune cells. For example, effector T lymphocytes and natural killer cells are thought to participate in an immunosurveillance process, which eliminates neoplastic cells, whereas regulatory T lymphocytes and some myeloid cells, including macrophages, can create a milieu that prevents antitumor activity, supports tumor growth, and reduces survival of the host. Increasing evidence supports the notion that carcinoma cells communicate with immune cells directly, both within and away from the tumor stroma, and that this process fosters suppression of immunosurveillance and promotes tumor outgrowth. An important mode of communication between carcinoma cells and immune cells may involve tumor-derived microvesicles (tMV), also known as exosomes, ectosomes, or microparticles. These microvesicles carry lipids, proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs and travel short or long distances to deliver undegraded and undiluted material to other cells. Here, we consider the capacity of tMVs to control tumor-associated immune responses and highlight the known and unknown actions of tMVs in vivo. We also discuss why microvesicles may play a role in cancer diagnostics and prognostics and how they could be harnessed for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Pucci
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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565
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566
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Bible E. Neuro-oncology: glioblastoma detection and therapy monitoring by microvesicle release. Nat Rev Neurol 2012. [PMID: 23208113 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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567
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568
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D’Asti E, Garnier D, Lee TH, Montermini L, Meehan B, Rak J. Oncogenic extracellular vesicles in brain tumor progression. Front Physiol 2012; 3:294. [PMID: 22934045 PMCID: PMC3429065 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a frequent site of neoplastic growth, including both primary and metastatic tumors. The clinical intractability of many brain tumors and their distinct biology are implicitly linked to the unique microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS) and cellular interactions within. Among the most intriguing forms of cellular interactions is that mediated by membrane-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Their biogenesis (vesiculation) and uptake by recipient cells serves as a unique mechanism of intercellular trafficking of complex biological messages including the exchange of molecules that cannot be released through classical secretory pathways, or that are prone to extracellular degradation. Tumor cells produce EVs containing molecular effectors of several cancer-related processes such as growth, invasion, drug resistance, angiogenesis, and coagulopathy. Notably, tumor-derived EVs (oncosomes) also contain oncogenic proteins, transcripts, DNA, and microRNA (miR). Uptake of this material may change properties of the recipient cells and impact the tumor microenvironment. Examples of transformation-related molecules found in the cargo of tumor-derived EVs include the oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII), tumor suppressors (PTEN), and oncomirs (miR-520g). It is postulated that EVs circulating in blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of brain tumor patients may be used to decipher molecular features (mutations) of the underlying malignancy, reflect responses to therapy, or molecular subtypes of primary brain tumors [e.g., glioma or medulloblastoma (MB)]. It is possible that metastases to the brain may also emit EVs with clinically relevant oncogenic signatures. Thus, EVs emerge as a novel and functionally important vehicle of intercellular communication that can mediate multiple biological effects. In addition, they provide a unique platform to develop molecular biomarkers in brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Janusz Rak
- Pediatrics, Cancer and Angiogenesis Laboratory, RI MUHC, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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569
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Szajnik M, Derbis M, Lach M, Patalas P, Michalak M, Drzewiecka H, Szpurek D, Nowakowski A, Spaczynski M, Baranowski W, Whiteside TL. Exosomes in Plasma of Patients with Ovarian Carcinoma: Potential Biomarkers of Tumor Progression and Response to Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 4:3. [PMID: 24466501 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0932.s4-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with Ovarian Cancer (OvCa) exosomes released by tumor cells are present in the plasma and could be involved in tumor progression. This study examines the association between the exosome presence/protein content in plasma of OvCa patients and disease outcome, response to standard therapy and/or tumorresistance to therapies in patients studied at diagnosis and also serially during and after therapy. DESIGN AND METHODS Exosomes were purified from OvCa patients' plasma (n=22), patients with benign tumors (n=10) or (n=10) healthy controls (NC) using ultracentrifugation. Exosomes were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Their protein content was measured. The presence of MAGE 3/6 and TGF-β1 in exosomes was evaluated in Western blots. RESULTS The OvCa patients' plasma contained higher levels of exosomal proteins (p<0.05) compared to those isolated from plasma of patients with benign tumors or NC. Exosomes isolated from OvCa patients's plasma carried TGF-β1 and MAGE3/6, which distinguished OvCa patients from those with benign tumors and NC. High protein levels of exosomes were seen in newly diagnosed patients; however in advanced stages of OvCa patients the protein content of isolated exosomes was significantly higher than that of early stages. The exosome levels variably changed during/after chemotherapy, and correlations between the changes in exosomal protein levels and clinical data suggested that the protein content of exosomes might be useful in predicting responses to therapy and prognosis in OvCa patients. CONCLUSION Analysis of plasma exosomes levels offers a novel approach to diagnosis and monitoring response to therapies in OvCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szajnik
- Departments of Gynecology Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Derbis
- Department of Clinical Immunology Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Lach
- Department of Clinical Immunology Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Patalas
- Department of Clinical Immunology Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Michalak
- Departments of Gynecology Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Drzewiecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szpurek
- Division of Gynecology Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Nowakowski
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Spaczynski
- Departments of Gynecology Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Baranowski
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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