551
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Tse GH, Johnston CJC, Kluth D, Gray M, Gray D, Hughes J, Marson LP. Intrarenal B Cell Cytokines Promote Transplant Fibrosis and Tubular Atrophy. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:3067-80. [PMID: 26211786 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal transplantation is the optimum treatment for end-stage renal failure. B cells have been identified in chronic allograft damage (CAD) and associated with the development of tertiary lymphoid tissue within the human renal allograft. We performed renal transplantation in mice to model CAD and identified B cells forming tertiary lymphoid tissue with germinal centers. Intra-allograft B220(+) B cells comprised of IgM(high) CD23(-) B cells, IgM(lo) CD23(+) B cells, and IgM(lo) CD23(-) B cells with elevated expression of CD86. Depletion of B cells with anti-CD20 was associated with an improvement in CAD but only when administered after transplantation and not before. Isolated intra-allograft B cells were cultured and shown to synthesize multiple cytokines, the most abundant of these were GRO-α (CXCL1), RANTES (CCL5), IL-6 and MCP-1 (CCL2). Tubular loss was observed with T cell accumulation within the allograft and development of interstitial fibrosis, whilst type III collagen deposition was observed in areas of F4/80(+) macrophages and PDGFR-β(+) and transgelin(+) fibroblasts, all of which were reduced by B cell depletion. We have shown that intra-allograft B cells are key mediators of CAD. B cells possibly contribute to CAD by intra-allograft secretion of cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Tse
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C J C Johnston
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Kluth
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M Gray
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Hughes
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - L P Marson
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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552
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Kreuger J, Phillipson M. Targeting vascular and leukocyte communication in angiogenesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 15:125-42. [PMID: 26612664 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of vascular permeability, recruitment of leukocytes from blood to tissue and angiogenesis are all processes that occur at the level of the microvasculature during both physiological and pathological conditions. The interplay between microvascular cells and leukocytes during inflammation, together with the emerging roles of leukocytes in the modulation of the angiogenic process, make leukocyte-vascular interactions prime targets for therapeutics to potentially treat a wide range of diseases, including pathological and dysfunctional vessel growth, chronic inflammation and fibrosis. In this Review, we discuss how the different cell types that are present in and around microvessels interact, cooperate and instruct each other, and in this context we highlight drug targets as well as emerging druggable processes that can be exploited to restore tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 75123, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 75123, Sweden
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553
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van Putten S, Shafieyan Y, Hinz B. Mechanical control of cardiac myofibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:133-42. [PMID: 26620422 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts produce and turn over collagenous extracellular matrix as part of the normal adaptive response to increased mechanical load in the heart, e.g. during prolonged exercise. However, chronic overload as a consequence of hypertension or myocardial injury trigger a repair program that culminates in the formation of myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are opportunistically activated from various precursor cells that all acquire a phenotype promoting excessive collagen secretion and contraction of the neo-matrix into stiff scar tissue. Stiff fibrotic tissue reduces heart distensibility, impedes pumping and valve function, contributes to diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and affects myocardial electrical transmission, potentially leading to arrhythmia and heart failure. Here, we discuss how mechanical factors, such as matrix stiffness and strain, are feeding back and cooperate with cytokine signals to drive myofibroblast activation. We elaborate on the importance of considering the mechanical boundary conditions in the heart to generate better cell culture models for mechanistic studies of cardiac fibroblast function. Elements of the force transmission and mechanoperception apparatus acting in myofibroblasts are presented as potential therapeutic targets to treat fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Putten
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Yousef Shafieyan
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
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554
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem — or stromal — cells (MSCs) have been administered in hundreds of clinical trials for multiple indications, making them some of the most commonly used selected regenerative cells. Paradoxically, MSCs have also long remained the least characterized stem cells regarding native identity and natural function, being isolated retrospectively in long-term culture. Recent years have seen progress in our understanding of the natural history of these cells, and candidate native MSCs have been identified within fetal and adult organs. Beyond basic knowledge, deciphering the biology of innate MSCs may have important positive consequences for the therapeutic use of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Murray
- BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruno Péault
- BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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555
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Leite SB, Roosens T, El Taghdouini A, Mannaerts I, Smout AJ, Najimi M, Sokal E, Noor F, Chesne C, van Grunsven LA. Novel human hepatic organoid model enables testing of drug-induced liver fibrosis in vitro. Biomaterials 2015; 78:1-10. [PMID: 26618472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current models for in vitro fibrosis consist of simple mono-layer cultures of rodent hepatic stellate cells (HSC), ignoring the role of hepatocyte injury. We aimed to develop a method allowing the detection of hepatocyte-mediated and drug-induced liver fibrosis. We used HepaRG (Hep) and primary human HSCs cultured as 3D spheroids in 96-well plates. These resulting scaffold-free organoids were characterized for CYP induction, albumin secretion, and hepatocyte and HSC-specific gene expression by qPCR. The metabolic competence of the organoid over 21 days allows activation of HSCs in the organoid in a drug- and hepatocyte-dependent manner. After a single dose or repeated exposure for 14 days to the pro-fibrotic compounds Allyl alcohol and Methotrexate, hepatic organoids display fibrotic features such as HSC activation, collagen secretion and deposition. Acetaminophen was identified by these organoids as an inducer of hepatotoxic-mediated HSC activation which was confirmed in vivo in mice. This novel hepatic organoid culture model is the first that can detect hepatocyte-dependent and compound-induced HSC activation, thereby representing an important step forward towards in vitro compound testing for drug-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B Leite
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.
| | - Tiffany Roosens
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
| | - Adil El Taghdouini
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
| | - Inge Mannaerts
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
| | - Ayla J Smout
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Germany
| | | | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.
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556
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Inflammation as a Keystone of Bone Marrow Stroma Alterations in Primary Myelofibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:415024. [PMID: 26640324 PMCID: PMC4660030 DOI: 10.1155/2015/415024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm where severity as well as treatment complexity is mainly attributed to a long lasting disease and presence of bone marrow stroma alterations as evidenced by myelofibrosis, neoangiogenesis, and osteosclerosis. While recent understanding of mutations role in hematopoietic cells provides an explanation for pathological myeloproliferation, functional involvement of stromal cells in the disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The current dogma is that stromal changes are secondary to the cytokine “storm” produced by the hematopoietic clone cells. However, despite therapies targeting the myeloproliferation-sustaining clones, PMF is still regarded as an incurable disease except for patients, who are successful recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Although the clinical benefits of these inhibitors have been correlated with a marked reduction in serum proinflammatory cytokines produced by the hematopoietic clones, further demonstrating the importance of inflammation in the pathological process, these treatments do not address the role of the altered bone marrow stroma in the pathological process. In this review, we propose hypotheses suggesting that the stroma is inflammatory-imprinted by clonal hematopoietic cells up to a point where it becomes “independent” of hematopoietic cell stimulation, resulting in an inflammatory vicious circle requiring combined stroma targeted therapies.
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557
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Activation of TGF-β1-CD147 positive feedback loop in hepatic stellate cells promotes liver fibrosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16552. [PMID: 26559755 PMCID: PMC4642271 DOI: 10.1038/srep16552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) initiates HBV-associated fibrogenesis. The mechanism of TGF-β1 modulating HSC activation is not fully uncovered. We hypothesized a positive feedback signaling loop of TGF-β1-CD147 promoting liver fibrogenesis by activation of HSCs. Human HSC cell line LX-2 and spontaneous liver fibrosis model derived from HBV transgenic mice were used to evaluate the activation of molecules in the signaling loop. Wound healing and cell contraction assay were performed to detect the CD147-overexpressed HSC migration and contraction. The transcriptional regulation of CD147 by TGF-β1/Smad4 was determined using dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. We found that a positive reciprocal regulation between TGF-β1 and CD147 mediated HSC activation. CD147 over-expression promoted HSC migration and accelerated TGF-β1-induced cell contraction. Phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in cooperation with Smad4 mediated the TGF-β1-regulated CD147 expression. Smad4 activated the transcription by direct interaction with CD147 promoter. Meanwhile, CD147 modulated the activated phenotype of HSCs through the ERK1/2 and Sp1 which up-regulated α-SMA, collagen I, and TGF-β1 synthesis. These findings indicate that TGF-β1-CD147 loop plays a key role in regulating the HSC activation and combination of TGF-β receptor inhibitor and anti-CD147 antibody might be promised to reverse fibrogenesis.
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558
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Chen C, Li R, Ross RS, Manso AM. Integrins and integrin-related proteins in cardiac fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:162-74. [PMID: 26562414 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is one of the major components of the healing mechanism following any injury of the heart and as such may contribute to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in a range of pathophysiologic conditions. Canonically, it can occur as part of the remodeling process that occurs following myocardial infarction or that follows as a response to pressure overload. Integrins are cell surface receptors which act in both cellular adhesion and signaling. Most importantly, in the context of the continuously contracting myocardium, they are recognized as mechanotransducers. They have been implicated in the development of fibrosis in several organs, including the heart. This review will focus on the involvement of integrins and integrin-related proteins, in cardiac fibrosis, outlining the roles of these proteins in the fibrotic responses in specific cardiac pathologies, discuss some of the common end effectors (angiotensin II, transforming growth factor beta 1 and mechanical stress) through which integrins function and finally discuss how manipulation of this set of proteins may lead to new treatments which could prove useful to alter the deleterious effects of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Ruixia Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Robert S Ross
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Ana Maria Manso
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA; Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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559
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of unknown origin, is characterized by progressive fibrosis that can affect all organs of the body. To date, there are no effective therapies for the disease. This paucity of treatment options is primarily because of limited understanding of the processes that initiate and promote fibrosis in general and a lack of animal models that specifically emulate the chronic nature of systemic sclerosis. Most models capitulate acute injury-induced fibrosis in specific organs. Yet, regardless of the model a major outstanding question in the field is the cellular origin of fibrosing cells. RECENT FINDINGS A multitude of origins have been proposed in a variety of tissues, including resident tissue stroma, fibrocytes, pericytes, adipocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Developmentally derived fibroblast lineages have recently been elucidated with fibrosing potential in injury models. Increasing data support the pericyte as a fibrosing cell origin in diverse fibrosis models and adipocytes have recently been proposed. Fibrocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells also have been examined, although data do not as strongly support these possible origins. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss recent evidence arguing in favor of and against proposed origins of fibrosing cells in diverse models of fibrosis. We highlight outstanding controversies and propose how future research may elucidate how fibrosing cells arise and what processes can be targeted in order to treat systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ebmeier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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560
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Genetic variants in the ITGB6 gene is associated with the risk of radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer patients treated with thoracic radiation therapy. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3469-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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561
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Suarez-Mier GB, Buckwalter MS. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-Expressing Glia in the Mouse Lung. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/5/1759091415601636. [PMID: 26442852 PMCID: PMC4601129 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415601636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nerves regulate important functions in visceral organs, including the lung. The postganglionic portion of these nerves is ensheathed by glial cells known as non-myelinating Schwann cells. In the brain, glia play important functional roles in neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and maintenance of the blood brain barrier. Similarly, enteric glia are now known to have analogous roles in gastrointestinal neurotransmission, inflammatory response, and barrier formation. In contrast to this, very little is known about the function of glia in other visceral organs. Like the gut, the lung forms a barrier between airborne pathogens and the bloodstream, and autonomic lung innervation is known to affect pulmonary inflammation and lung function. Lung glia are described as non-myelinating Schwann cells but their function is not known, and indeed no transgenic tools have been validated to study them in vivo. The primary goal of this research was, therefore, to investigate the relationship between non-myelinating Schwann cells and pulmonary nerves in the airways and vasculature and to validate existing transgenic mouse tools that would be useful for studying their function. We focused on the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, which is a cognate marker of astrocytes that is expressed by enteric glia and non-myelinating Schwann cells. We describe the morphology of non-myelinating Schwann cells in the lung and verify that they express glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100, a classic glial marker. Furthermore, we characterize the relationship of non-myelinating Schwann cells to pulmonary nerves. Finally, we report tools for studying their function, including a commercially available transgenic mouse line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela B Suarez-Mier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
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562
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Dissecting fibrosis: therapeutic insights from the small-molecule toolbox. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:693-720. [PMID: 26338155 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, which leads to progressive loss of tissue function and eventual organ failure, has been estimated to contribute to ~45% of deaths in the developed world, and so new therapeutics to modulate fibrosis are urgently needed. Major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathological fibrosis are supporting the search for such therapeutics, and the recent approval of two anti-fibrotic drugs for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has demonstrated the tractability of this area for drug discovery. This Review examines the pharmacology and structural information for small molecules being evaluated for lung, liver, kidney and skin fibrosis. In particular, we discuss the insights gained from the use of these pharmacological tools, and how these entities can inform, and probe, emerging insights into disease mechanisms, including the potential for future drug combinations.
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563
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Mannaerts I, Leite SB, Verhulst S, Claerhout S, Eysackers N, Thoen LFR, Hoorens A, Reynaert H, Halder G, van Grunsven LA. The Hippo pathway effector YAP controls mouse hepatic stellate cell activation. J Hepatol 2015; 63:679-88. [PMID: 25908270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic stellate cell activation is a wound-healing response to liver injury. However, continued activation of stellate cells during chronic liver damage causes excessive matrix deposition and the formation of pathological scar tissue leading to fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis. The importance of sustained stellate cell activation for this pathological process is well recognized, and several signalling pathways that can promote stellate cell activation have been identified, such as the TGFβ-, PDGF-, and LPS-dependent pathways. However, the mechanisms that trigger and drive the early steps in activation are not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified the Hippo pathway and its effector YAP as a key pathway that controls stellate cell activation. YAP is a transcriptional co-activator and we found that it drives the earliest changes in gene expression during stellate cell activation. Activation of stellate cells in vivo by CCl4 administration to mice or activation in vitro caused rapid activation of YAP as revealed by its nuclear translocation and by the induction of YAP target genes. YAP was also activated in stellate cells of human fibrotic livers as evidenced by its nuclear localization. Importantly, knockdown of YAP expression or pharmacological inhibition of YAP prevented hepatic stellate cell activation in vitro and pharmacological inhibition of YAP impeded fibrogenesis in mice. CONCLUSIONS YAP activation is a critical driver of hepatic stellate cell activation and inhibition of YAP presents a novel approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Mannaerts
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | | | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sofie Claerhout
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, and KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Eysackers
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lien F R Thoen
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Anne Hoorens
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Reynaert
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Georg Halder
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, and KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium.
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564
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Fierro-Fernández M, Busnadiego Ó, Sandoval P, Espinosa-Díez C, Blanco-Ruiz E, Rodríguez M, Pian H, Ramos R, López-Cabrera M, García-Bermejo ML, Lamas S. miR-9-5p suppresses pro-fibrogenic transformation of fibroblasts and prevents organ fibrosis by targeting NOX4 and TGFBR2. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1358-77. [PMID: 26315535 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled extracellular matrix (ECM) production by fibroblasts in response to injury contributes to fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulates the production of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-dependent ROS, promoting lung fibrosis (LF). Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to contribute to LF. To identify miRNAs involved in redox regulation relevant for IPF, we performed arrays in human lung fibroblasts exposed to ROS. miR-9-5p was selected as the best candidate and we demonstrate its inhibitory effect on TGF-β receptor type II (TGFBR2) and NOX4 expression. Increased expression of miR-9-5p abrogates TGF-β1-dependent myofibroblast phenotypic transformation. In the mouse model of bleomycin-induced LF, miR-9-5p dramatically reduces fibrogenesis and inhibition of miR-9-5p and prevents its anti-fibrotic effect both in vitro and in vivo. In lung specimens from patients with IPF, high levels of miR-9-5p are found. In omentum-derived mesothelial cells (MCs) from patients subjected to peritoneal dialysis (PD), miR-9-5p also inhibits mesothelial to myofibroblast transformation. We propose that TGF-β1 induces miR-9-5p expression as a self-limiting homeostatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fierro-Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Busnadiego
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sandoval
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Espinosa-Díez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Blanco-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Rodríguez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario "Ramón y Cajal", IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Pian
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario "Ramón y Cajal", IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ramos
- Genomic Facility, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Cabrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Lamas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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565
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Torok N, Dranoff JA, Schuppan D, Friedman SL. Strategies and endpoints of antifibrotic drug trials: Summary and recommendations from the AASLD Emerging Trends Conference, Chicago, June 2014. Hepatology 2015; 62:627-34. [PMID: 25626988 PMCID: PMC4515973 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop antifibrotic therapies for chronic liver disease, and clarify which endpoints in antifibrotic trials will be acceptable to regulatory agencies. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases sponsored an endpoints conference to help accelerate the efficient testing of antifibrotic agents and develop recommendations on clinical trial design for liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the salient and novel elements of this conference and provide directions for future clinical trial design. The article follows the structure of the conference and is organized into five areas: (1) antifibrotic trial design; (2) preclinical proof-of-concept studies; (3) pharmacological targets, including rationale and lessons to learn; (4) rational drug design and development; and (5) consensus and recommendations on design of clinical trials in liver fibrosis. Expert overviews and collaborative discussions helped to summarize the key unmet needs and directions for the future, including: (1) greater clarification of at-risk populations and study groups; (2) standardization of all elements of drug discovery and testing; (3) standardization of clinical trial approaches; (4) accelerated development of improved noninvasive markers; and (5) need for exploration of potential off-target toxicities of future antifibrotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Torok
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA and VA Northern California Healthcare System, Mather CA
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock AR
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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566
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Maarouf OH, Aravamudhan A, Rangarajan D, Kusaba T, Zhang V, Welborn J, Gauvin D, Hou X, Kramann R, Humphreys BD. Paracrine Wnt1 Drives Interstitial Fibrosis without Inflammation by Tubulointerstitial Cross-Talk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015. [PMID: 26204899 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AKI with incomplete epithelial repair is a major contributor to CKD characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Injury-induced epithelial secretion of profibrotic factors is hypothesized to underlie this link, but the identity of these factors and whether epithelial injury is required remain undefined. We previously showed that activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in interstitial pericytes cell autonomously drives myofibroblast activation in vivo. Here, we show that inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling also substantially prevented TGFβ-dependent myofibroblast activation in vitro. To investigate whether Wnt ligand derived from proximal tubule is sufficient for renal fibrogenesis, we generated a novel mouse strain with inducible proximal tubule Wnt1 secretion. Adult mice were treated with vehicle or tamoxifen and euthanized at 12 or 24 weeks postinjection. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, kidneys with tamoxifen-induced Wnt1 expression from proximal tubules displayed interstitial myofibroblast activation and proliferation and increased matrix protein production. PDGF receptor β-positive myofibroblasts isolated from these kidneys exhibited increased canonical Wnt target gene expression compared with controls. Notably, fibrotic kidneys had no evidence of inflammatory cytokine expression, leukocyte infiltration, or epithelial injury, despite the close histologic correlation of each with CKD. These results provide the first example of noninflammatory renal fibrosis. The fact that epithelial-derived Wnt ligand is sufficient to drive interstitial fibrosis provides strong support for the maladaptive repair hypothesis in the AKI to CKD transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H Maarouf
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anusha Aravamudhan
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deepika Rangarajan
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremy Welborn
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Gauvin
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiuyun Hou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology and Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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567
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated in response to tissue injury with the primary task to repair lost or damaged extracellular matrix. Enhanced collagen secretion and subsequent contraction - scarring - are part of the normal wound healing response and crucial to restore tissue integrity. Due to myofibroblasts ability to repair but not regenerate, accumulation of scar tissue is always associated with reduced organ performance. This is a fair price to pay by the body for not falling apart. Whereas myofibroblasts typically vanish after successful repair, dysregulation of the normal repair process can lead to persistent myofibroblast activation, for instance by chronic inflammation or mechanical stress in the tissue. Excessive repair leads to the accumulation of stiff collagenous ECM contractures - fibrosis - with dramatic consequences for organ function. The clinical need to terminate detrimental myofibroblast activities has stimulated researchers to answer a number of essential questions: where do myofibroblasts come from, what are the factors leading to their activation, how do we discriminate myofibroblasts from other cells, what is the molecular basis for their contractile activity, and how can we stop or at least control them? This article reviews the current state of the myofibroblast literature by emphasizing their role in ocular repair and fibrosis. It appears that although the eye is quite an extraordinary organ, ocular myofibroblasts behave or misbehave just like their siblings in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.
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568
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Ramming A, Dees C, Distler JHW. From pathogenesis to therapy--Perspective on treatment strategies in fibrotic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:93-100. [PMID: 26188266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although fibrosis is becoming increasingly recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies, there are very few treatment strategies available that specifically target the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Early in disease, inflammation and vascular changes and an increase in reactive oxygen species play pivotal roles. After inflammation has subsided, fibrosis and scarring are predominant in later phases. Fibrosis is driven by a complex, not-yet fully understood interplay between inflammatory cells on one hand and endothelium and fibroblasts on the other hand. The latter are regarded as the key players due to their extensive synthesis of extracellular matrix components which results in skin and organ fibrosis. Various cytokines orchestrate altered functions of the mentioned cell types. There are promising targets with therapeutic potential that have been extensively characterized in recent years connected with the hope to translate these preclinical results into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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569
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Cichon MA, Radisky DC. Extracellular matrix as a contextual determinant of transforming growth factor-β signaling in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and in cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:588-94. [PMID: 25482625 PMCID: PMC4594483 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.972788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides both structural support and contextual information to cells within tissues and organs. The combination of biochemical and biomechanical signals from the ECM modulates responses to extracellular signals toward differentiation, proliferation, or apoptosis; alterations in the ECM are necessary for development and remodeling processes, but aberrations in the composition and organization of ECM are associated with disease pathology and can predispose to development of cancer. The primary cell surface sensors of the ECM are the integrins, which provide the physical connection between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and also convey biochemical information about the composition of the ECM. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an extracellular signaling molecule that is a powerful controller of a variety of cellular functions, and that has been found to induce very different outcomes according to cell type and cellular context. It is becoming clear that ECM-mediated signaling through integrins is reciprocally influenced by TGF-β: integrin expression, activation, and responses are affected by cellular exposure to TGF-β, and TGF-β activation and cellular responses are in turn controlled by signaling from the ECM through integrins. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a physiological process that is activated by TGF-β in normal development and in cancer, is also affected by the composition and structure of the ECM. Here, we will outline how signaling from the ECM controls the contextual response to TGF-β, and how this response is selectively modulated during disease, with an emphasis on recent findings, current challenges, and future opportunities.
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570
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Luzina IG, Todd NW, Sundararajan S, Atamas SP. The cytokines of pulmonary fibrosis: Much learned, much more to learn. Cytokine 2015; 74:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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571
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Jaroszewicz J, Flisiak-Jackiewicz M, Lebensztejn D, Flisiak R. Current drugs in early development for treating hepatitis C virus-related hepatic fibrosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1229-39. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1057568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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572
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Steiner JL, Pruznak AM, Navaratnarajah M, Lang CH. Alcohol Differentially Alters Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Molecule Expression in Skeletal Muscle and Heart. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1330-40. [PMID: 26108259 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of fibrosis in response to chronic alcohol abuse is well recognized in liver but has not been fully characterized in striated muscle and may contribute to functional impairment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use an unbiased discovery-based approach to determine the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the expression profile of genes important for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. METHODS Adult male rats were pair-fed an alcohol-containing liquid diet or control diet for 24 weeks, and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) and heart were collected in the freely fed state. A pathway-focused gene expression polymerase chain reaction array was performed on these tissues to assess mRNA content for 84 ECM proteins, and selected proteins were confirmed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS In gastrocnemius, alcohol feeding up-regulated the expression of 11 genes and down-regulated the expression of 1 gene. Alcohol increased fibrosis as indicated by increased mRNA and/or protein for collagens α1(I), α2(I), α1(III), and α2(IV) as well as hydroxyproline. Alcohol also increased α-smooth muscle actin protein, an index of myofibroblast activation, but no concomitant change in transforming growth factor-β was detected. The mRNA and protein content for other ECM components, such as integrin-α5, L-selectin, PECAM, SPARC, and ADAMTS2, were also increased by alcohol. Only laminin-α3 mRNA was decreased in gastrocnemius from alcohol-fed rats, while 66 ECM- or cell adhesion-related mRNAs were unchanged by alcohol. For heart, expression of 16 genes was up-regulated, expression of 3 genes was down-regulated, and 65 mRNAs were unchanged by alcohol; there were no common alcohol-induced gene expression changes between heart and skeletal muscle. Finally, alcohol increased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-12 mRNA in both skeletal and cardiac muscle, but IL-6 mRNA was increased and IL-10 mRNA decreased only in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a fibrotic response in striated muscle from chronic alcohol-fed rats which is tissue specific in nature, suggesting different regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Steiner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne M Pruznak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Maithili Navaratnarajah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles H Lang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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573
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Wang Z, Jinnin M, Kobayashi Y, Kudo H, Inoue K, Nakayama W, Honda N, Makino K, Kajihara I, Makino T, Fukushima S, Inagaki Y, Ihn H. Mice overexpressing integrin αv in fibroblasts exhibit dermal thinning of the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:268-78. [PMID: 26117269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrins, especially αv integrin (ITGAV), are thought to play central roles in tissue fibrosis and the pathogenesis of scleroderma. So far, skin phenotype of tissue-specific transgenic mice of ITGAV have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of ITGAV in the skin fibrosis, we engineered transgenic mice that overexpress ITGAV in the fibroblasts under the control of the COL1A2 enhancer promoter. METHODS Protein or RNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Dermal thickness and Masson's trichrome staining were decreased in ITGAV transgenic (Tg) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Protein and mRNA levels of COL1A2, COL3A1, CTGF and integrin β3 were down-regulated in the skin of Tg mice. In addition, the cell proliferation of cultured dermal fibroblasts obtained from Tg mice skin was decreased compared to those of WT mice. FAK phosphorylation was reduced in fibroblasts cultured from Tg mice skin in comparison to WT mice fibroblasts. Integrin β3 siRNA inhibited FAK phosphorylation levels, while FAK inhibitor reduced the expression of collagens and CTGF in mice dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS The down-regulation of collagen or CTGF by decreased integrin β3 and FAK phosphorylation may cause the dermal thinning in Tg mice. Lower CTGF may also result in reduced growth of Tg mice fibroblasts. Our hypothesis is that the balance between α and β chain of integrins positively or negatively control collagen expression and dermal thickness. This study gave a new insight in the treatment of tissue fibrosis and scleroderma by balancing integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhi Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Jinnin
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Kudo
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kuniko Inoue
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Wakana Nakayama
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Honda
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsunari Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ikko Kajihara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimo-kasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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574
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Tatler AL, Jenkins G. Reducing affinity of αvβ8 interactions with latent TGFβ: dialling down fibrosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:S31. [PMID: 26046078 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Tatler
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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575
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Liepelt A, Tacke F. Healing the scars of life-targeting redox imbalance in fibrotic disorders of the elderly. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:S13. [PMID: 26046058 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Liepelt
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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576
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Greenhalgh SN, Conroy KP, Henderson NC. Cre-ativity in the liver: transgenic approaches to targeting hepatic nonparenchymal cells. Hepatology 2015; 61:2091-9. [PMID: 25412828 PMCID: PMC4657490 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution in transgenic (Tg) mouse technology now permits cell-specific and temporal control of fluorescent cell-labeling and gene inactivation. Here, we discuss the principal strategies that have been utilized to target, label, and manipulate hepatic nonparenchymal cells, with emphasis on the utility of constitutive and inducible Cre-lox systems. We summarize key findings of studies employing Tg technology to target hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and macrophages to illustrate the power of these approaches in identifying cell-specific molecular mechanisms critical to the pathophysiology of liver disease. Increasing adoption of Tg techniques will help to answer fundamental questions regarding the pathogenesis of hepatic diseases and provide the mechanistic rationale to allow identification of novel drug targets, ultimately translating into effective therapies for patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Greenhalgh
- MRC Center for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Kylie P Conroy
- MRC Center for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- MRC Center for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK,
Address reprint requests to: Neil Henderson, B.Sc. (Hons.), M.B.Ch.B., Ph.D., MRC Center for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. E-mail: ; fax: +44(0)131 2429101
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577
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Arndt S, Wacker E, Dorn C, Koch A, Saugspier M, Thasler WE, Hartmann A, Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C. Enhanced expression of BMP6 inhibits hepatic fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 2015; 64:973-81. [PMID: 25011936 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-306968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) has been identified as crucial regulator of iron homeostasis. However, its further role in liver pathology including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its advanced form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of BMP6 in chronic liver disease. DESIGN BMP6 was analysed in hepatic samples from murine models of chronic liver injury and patients with chronic liver diseases. Furthermore, a tissue microarray comprising 110 human liver tissues with different degree of steatosis and inflammation was assessed. BMP6-deficient (BMP6(-/-)) and wild-type mice were compared in two dietary NASH-models, that is, methionine choline-deficient (MCD) and high-fat (HF) diets. RESULTS BMP6 was solely upregulated in NAFLD but not in other murine liver injury models or diseased human livers. In NAFLD, BMP6 expression correlated with hepatic steatosis but not with inflammation or hepatocellular damage. Also, in vitro cellular lipid accumulation in primary human hepatocytes induced increased BMP6 expression. MCD and HF diets caused more hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in BMP6(-/-) compared with wild-type mice. However, only in the MCD and not in the HF diet model BMP6(-/-) mice developed marked hepatic iron overload, suggesting that further mechanisms are responsible for protective BMP6 effect. In vitro analysis revealed that recombinant BMP6 inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and reduced proinflammatory and profibrogenic gene expression in already activated HSCs. CONCLUSIONS Steatosis-induced upregulation of BMP6 in NAFLD is hepatoprotective. Induction of BMP6-signalling may be a promising antifibrogenic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Arndt
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Wacker
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Saugspier
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Thasler
- Grosshadern Tissue Bank and Center for Liver Cell Research, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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578
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The interaction of HCV with its human host is complex and multilayered; stemming in part from the fact that HCV is a RNA virus with no ability to integrate in the host's genome. Direct and indirect mechanisms of HCV-induced HCC include activation of multiple host pathways such as liver fibrogenic pathways, cellular and survival pathways, interaction with the immune and metabolic systems. Host factors also play a major role in HCV-induced HCC as evidenced by genomic studies identifying polymorphisms in immune, metabolic, and growth signaling systems associated with increased risk of HCC. Despite highly effective direct-acting antiviral agents, the morbidity and incidence of liver-related complications of HCV, including HCC, is likely to persist in the near future. Clinical markers to selectively identify HCV subjects at higher risk of developing HCC have been reported however they require further validation, especially in subjects who have experienced sustained virological response. Molecular biomarkers allowing further refinement of HCC risk are starting to be implemented in clinical platforms, allowing objective stratification of risk and leading to individualized therapy and surveillance for HCV individuals. Another role for molecular biomarker-based stratification could be enrichment of HCC chemoprevention clinical trials leading to smaller sample size, shorter trial duration, and reduced costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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579
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Lemaigre FP. Determining the fate of hepatic cells by lineage tracing: facts and pitfalls. Hepatology 2015; 61:2100-3. [PMID: 25503476 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Slow renewal of the epithelial cells by proliferation ensures homeostasis of the liver, but extensive proliferation may occur upon injury. When proliferation is impaired, transdifferentiation of mature cells or differentiation of stem cells allows production of new hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. While lineage tracings using cyclization recombinase (Cre) recombinase-mediated cell labeling represent the gold standard for defining cell fate, there are more variables than was initially realized. This led to controversies about the capacity of liver cells to switch their fate. Here, I review how cells are traced in the liver and highlight the experimental pitfalls that may cause misinterpretations and controversies.
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580
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Thompson AI, Conroy KP, Henderson NC. Hepatic stellate cells: central modulators of hepatic carcinogenesis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:63. [PMID: 26013123 PMCID: PMC4445994 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and is increasing in incidence. Currently, our therapeutic repertoire for the treatment of HCC is severely limited, and therefore effective new therapies are urgently required. Recently, there has been increasing interest focusing on the cellular and molecular interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. HCC represents a unique opportunity to study the relationship between a diseased stroma and promotion of carcinogenesis, as 90 % of HCCs arise in a cirrhotic liver. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the major source of extracellular proteins during fibrogenesis, and may directly, or via secreted products, contribute to tumour initiation and progression. In this review we explore the complex cellular and molecular interplay between HSC biology and hepatocarcinogenesis. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which HSC modulate HCC growth, immune cell evasion and angiogenesis. This is followed by a discussion of recent progress in the field in understanding the mechanistic crosstalk between HSC and HCC, and the pathways that are potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, we summarise the exciting recent developments in strategies to target HSC specifically, and novel techniques to deliver pharmaceutical agents directly to HSC, potentially allowing tailored, cell-specific therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Thompson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Kylie P Conroy
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Neil C Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
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581
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Hinz B. The extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-β1: Tale of a strained relationship. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:54-65. [PMID: 25960420 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological tissue repair aims at restoring the mechano-protective properties of the extracellular matrix. Consequently, redundant regulatory mechanisms are in place ensuring that tissue remodeling terminates once matrix homeostasis is re-established. If these mechanisms fail, stromal cells become continuously activated, accumulate excessive amounts of stiff matrix, and fibrosis develops. In this mini-review, I develop the hypothesis that the mechanical state of the extracellular matrix and the pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 cooperate to regulate the remodeling activities of stromal cells. TGF-β1 is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex and can be activated by cell contractile force that is transmitted by integrins. Matrix straining and stiffening lower the threshold for TGF-β1 activation by increasing the mechanical resistance to cell pulling. Different elements of this mechanism can be pharmacologically targeted to interrupt the mechanical positive feedback loop of fibrosis, including specific integrins and matrix protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada.
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582
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Park SA, Kim MJ, Park SY, Kim JS, Lee SJ, Woo HA, Kim DK, Nam JS, Sheen YY. EW-7197 inhibits hepatic, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis by blocking TGF-β/Smad and ROS signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2023-39. [PMID: 25487606 PMCID: PMC11113926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is an inherent response to chronic damage upon immense apoptosis or necrosis. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) signaling plays a key role in the fibrotic response to chronic liver injury. To develop anti-fibrotic therapeutics, we synthesized a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor kinase (ALK5), EW-7197, and evaluated its therapeutic potential in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mouse, bile duct ligation (BDL) rat, bleomycin (BLM) mouse, and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse models. Western blot, immunofluorescence, siRNA, and ChIP analysis were carried out to characterize EW-7197 as a TGF-β/Smad signaling inhibitor in LX-2, Hepa1c1c7, NRK52E, and MRC5 cells. In vivo anti-fibrotic activities of EW-7197 were examined by microarray, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and a survival study in the animal models. EW-7197 decreased the expression of collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, 4-hydroxy-2, 3-nonenal, and integrins in the livers of CCl4 mice and BDL rats, in the lungs of BLM mice, and in the kidneys of UUO mice. Furthermore, EW-7197 extended the lifespan of CCl4 mice, BDL rats, and BLM mice. EW-7197 blocked the TGF-β1-stimulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), collagen, and α-SMA in LX-2 cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from mice. Moreover, EW-7197 attenuated TGF-β- and ROS-induced HSCs activation to myofibroblasts as well as extracellular matrix accumulation. The mechanism of EW-7197 appeared to be blockade of both TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and ROS signaling to exert an anti-fibrotic activity. This study shows that EW-7197 has a strong potential as an anti-fibrosis therapeutic agent via inhibition of TGF-β-/Smad2/3 and ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-A Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Jung-Shin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Seon-Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Dae-Kee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Nam
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840 South Korea
| | - Yhun Yhong Sheen
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
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583
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Lee YA, Wallace MC, Friedman SL. Pathobiology of liver fibrosis: a translational success story. Gut 2015; 64:830-41. [PMID: 25681399 PMCID: PMC4477794 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-306842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversibility of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis following antiviral therapy for hepatitis B or C has advanced the prospect of developing antifibrotic therapies for patients with chronic liver diseases, especially non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mechanisms of fibrosis have focused on hepatic stellate cells, which become fibrogenic myofibroblasts during injury through 'activation', and are at the nexus of efforts to define novel drug targets. Recent studies have clarified pathways of stellate cell gene regulation and epigenetics, emerging pathways of fibrosis regression through the recruitment and amplification of fibrolytic macrophages, nuanced responses of discrete inflammatory cell subsets and the identification of the 'ductular reaction' as a marker of severe injury and repair. Based on our expanded knowledge of fibrosis pathogenesis, attention is now directed towards strategies for antifibrotic therapies and regulatory challenges for conducting clinical trials with these agents. New therapies are attempting to: 1) Control or cure the primary disease or reduce tissue injury; 2) Target receptor-ligand interactions and intracellular signaling; 3) Inhibit fibrogenesis; and 4) Promote resolution of fibrosis. Progress is urgently needed in validating non-invasive markers of fibrosis progression and regression that can supplant biopsy and shorten the duration of clinical trials. Both scientific and clinical challenges remain, however the past three decades of steady progress in understanding liver fibrosis have contributed to an emerging translational success story, with realistic hopes for antifibrotic therapies to treat patients with chronic liver disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin A Lee
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael C Wallace
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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584
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the principles underlying the development of liver fibrosis. This includes appreciating its dynamic nature, the importance of active fibrolysis in fibrosis regression, and the plasticity of cell populations endowing them with fibrogenic or fibrolytic properties. This is complemented by an increasing array of therapeutic targets with known roles in the progression or regression of fibrosis. With a key role for fibrosis in determining clinical outcomes and encouraging data from recently Food and Drug Administration-approved antifibrotics for pulmonary fibrosis, the development and validation of antifibrotic therapies has taken center stage in translational hepatology. In addition to summarizing the recent progress in antifibrotic therapies, the authors discuss some of the challenges ahead, such as achieving a better understanding of the interindividual heterogeneity of the fibrotic response, how to match interventions with the ideal patient population, and the development of better noninvasive methods to assess the dynamics of fibrogenesis and fibrolysis. Together, these advances will permit a better targeting and dose titration of individualized therapies. Finally, the authors discuss combination therapy with different antifibrotics as possibly the most potent approach for treating fibrosis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Z. Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,West Haven Veterans Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - D. Schuppan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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585
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Taniguchi T, Asano Y, Akamata K, Noda S, Takahashi T, Ichimura Y, Toyama T, Trojanowska M, Sato S. Fibrosis, vascular activation, and immune abnormalities resembling systemic sclerosis in bleomycin-treated Fli-1-haploinsufficient mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:517-26. [PMID: 25385187 DOI: 10.1002/art.38948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fli-1, a potential predisposing factor for systemic sclerosis (SSc), is constitutively down-regulated in the lesional skin of patients with SSc by an epigenetic mechanism. To investigate the impact of Fli-1 deficiency on the induction of an SSc phenotype in various cell types, we generated bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis in Fli-1(+/-) mice and investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying its phenotypic alterations. METHODS Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and protein expression of target molecules were examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) bioassay was used to evaluate the activation of latent TGFβ. The binding of Fli-1 to the target gene promoters was assessed with chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Bleomycin induced more severe dermal fibrosis in Fli-1(+/-) mice than in wild-type mice. Fli-1 haploinsufficiency activated dermal fibroblasts via the up-regulation of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins and activation of latent TGFβ. Dermal fibrosis in Fli-1(+/-) mice was also attributable to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is directly induced by Fli-1 deficiency and amplified by bleomycin. Th2/Th17-skewed inflammation and increased infiltration of mast cells and macrophages were seen, partly due to the altered expression of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells as well as the induction of the skin chemokines. Fli-1(+/-) mouse macrophages preferentially differentiated into an M2 phenotype upon stimulation with interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-13. CONCLUSION Our findings provide strong evidence for the fundamental role of Fli-1 deficiency in inducing SSc-like phenotypic alterations in dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages in a manner consistent with human disease.
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586
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Abstract
The period covered by this update can be considered as the most exciting period in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) research. It started with the identification of genetic variants that are associated with IPF in the majority of patients and continued with discovery of molecular and genetic biomarkers that predict distinct clinical presentations of patients with IPF and potential new biological mechanisms. More importantly, the period ends with the publication of two groundbreaking studies that confirmed that two drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, slowed disease progression, leading to a historic approval by the FDA. In this update, we describe these key advances, their scientific and significant clinical implications, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan O Rosas
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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587
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Seki E, Brenner DA. Recent advancement of molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2015; 22:512-8. [PMID: 25869468 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis occurs in response to any etiology of chronic liver injury including hepatitis B and C, alcohol consumption, fatty liver disease, cholestasis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the primary source of activated myofibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver. Various inflammatory and fibrogenic pathways contribute to the activation of HSCs. Recent studies also discovered that liver fibrosis is reversible and activated HSCs can revert to quiescent HSCs when causative agents are removed. Although the basic research for liver fibrosis has progressed remarkably, sensitive and specific biomarkers as non-invasive diagnostic tools, and effective anti-fibrotic agents have not been developed yet. This review highlights the recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis, especially focusing on origin of myofibroblasts, inflammatory signaling, autophagy, cellular senescence, HSC inactivation, angiogenesis, and reversibility of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, DAVIS, Suite D2099, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - David A Brenner
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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588
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Boor P, Floege J. Renal allograft fibrosis: biology and therapeutic targets. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:863-86. [PMID: 25691290 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway of progressive renal diseases. In allografts, it is assessed with tubular atrophy as interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA). IF/TA occurs in about 40% of kidney allografts at 3-6 months after transplantation, increasing to 65% at 2 years. The origin of renal fibrosis in the allograft is complex and includes donor-related factors, in particular in case of expanded criteria donors, ischemia-reperfusion injury, immune-mediated damage, recurrence of underlying diseases, hypertensive damage, nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressants, recurrent graft infections, postrenal obstruction, etc. Based largely on studies in the non-transplant setting, there is a large body of literature on the role of different cell types, be it intrinsic to the kidney or bone marrow derived, in mediating renal fibrosis, and the number of mediator systems contributing to fibrotic changes is growing steadily. Here we review the most important cellular processes and mediators involved in the progress of renal fibrosis, with a focus on the allograft situation, and discuss some of the challenges in translating experimental insights into clinical trials, in particular fibrosis biomarkers or imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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589
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Fausther M, Goree JR, Lavoie ÉG, Graham AL, Sévigny J, Dranoff JA. Establishment and characterization of rat portal myofibroblast cell lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121161. [PMID: 25822334 PMCID: PMC4378927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The major sources of scar-forming myofibroblasts during liver fibrosis are activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and portal fibroblasts (PF). In contrast to well-characterized HSC, PF remain understudied and poorly defined. This is largely due to the facts that isolation of rodent PF for functional studies is technically challenging and that PF cell lines had not been established. To address this, we have generated two polyclonal portal myofibroblast cell lines, RGF and RGF-N2. RGF and RGF-N2 were established from primary PF isolated from adult rat livers that underwent culture activation and subsequent SV40-mediated immortalization. Specifically, Ntpdase2/Cd39l1-sorted primary PF were used to generate the RGF-N2 cell line. Both cell lines were functionally characterized by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, immunoblot and bromodeoxyuridine-based proliferation assay. First, immortalized RGF and RGF-N2 cells are positive for phenotypic myofibroblast markers alpha smooth muscle actin, type I collagen alpha-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, PF-specific markers elastin, type XV collagen alpha-1 and Ntpdase2/Cd39l1, and mesenchymal cell marker ecto-5’-nucleotidase/Cd73, while negative for HSC-specific markers desmin and lecithin retinol acyltransferase. Second, both RGF and RGF-N2 cell lines are readily transfectable using standard methods. Finally, RGF and RGF-N2 cells attenuate the growth of Mz-ChA-1 cholangiocarcinoma cells in co-culture, as previously demonstrated for primary PF. Immortalized rat portal myofibroblast RGF and RGF-N2 cell lines express typical markers of activated PF-derived myofibroblasts, are suitable for DNA transfection, and can effectively inhibit cholangiocyte proliferation. Both RGF and RGF-N2 cell lines represent novel in vitro cellular models for the functional studies of portal (myo)fibroblasts and their contribution to the progression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Fausther
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
- Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica R. Goree
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
- Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Élise G. Lavoie
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
- Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Alicia L. Graham
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
- Research Service, Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
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590
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Emerging properties of adhesion complexes: what are they and what do they do? Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:388-97. [PMID: 25824971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of cell adhesion machinery is central to a wide variety of developmental and pathological processes and occurs primarily within integrin-associated adhesion complexes. Here, we review recent advances that have furthered our understanding of the composition, organisation, and dynamics of these complexes, and provide an updated view on their emerging functions. Key findings are that adhesion complexes contain both core and non-canonical components. As a result of the dramatic increase in the range of components observed in adhesion complexes by proteomics, we comment on newly emerging functions for adhesion signalling. We conclude that, from a cellular or tissue systems perspective, adhesion signalling should be viewed as an emergent property of both the core and non-canonical adhesion complex components.
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591
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592
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Seki E, Schwabe RF. Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis: functional links and key pathways. Hepatology 2015; 61:1066-79. [PMID: 25066777 PMCID: PMC4306641 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the most characteristic features of chronic liver disease of viral, alcoholic, fatty, and autoimmune origin. Inflammation is typically present in all disease stages and associated with the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the past decade, numerous studies have contributed to improved understanding of the links between hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we review mechanisms that link inflammation with the development of liver fibrosis, focusing on the role of inflammatory mediators in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and HSC survival during fibrogenesis and fibrosis regression. We will summarize the contributions of different inflammatory cells, including hepatic macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and platelets, as well as key effectors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. Furthermore, we will discuss the relevance of inflammatory signaling pathways for clinical liver disease and for the development of antifibrogenic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School
of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Surgery, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La
Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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593
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Djenidi F, Adam J, Goubar A, Durgeau A, Meurice G, de Montpréville V, Validire P, Besse B, Mami-Chouaib F. CD8+CD103+ Tumor–Infiltrating Lymphocytes Are Tumor-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells and a Prognostic Factor for Survival in Lung Cancer Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3475-86. [PMID: 25725111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayçal Djenidi
- INSERM Unité 1186, 94805 Villejuif, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Julien Adam
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM Unité 981, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aïcha Goubar
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM Unité 981, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélie Durgeau
- INSERM Unité 1186, 94805 Villejuif, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Plateforme de Bioinformatique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent de Montpréville
- INSERM Unité 1186, 94805 Villejuif, France; Centre Chirurgical Marie-Lannelongue, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, 92350 Le-Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, 75014 Paris, France; and
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Département de Médecine, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 95805 Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM Unité 1186, 94805 Villejuif, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France;
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594
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Participation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 and osteopontin in cisplatin (CDDP)-induced rat renal fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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595
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Rafii S, Cao Z, Lis R, Siempos II, Chavez D, Shido K, Rabbany SY, Ding BS. Platelet-derived SDF-1 primes the pulmonary capillary vascular niche to drive lung alveolar regeneration. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:123-136. [PMID: 25621952 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lung alveoli regenerate after surgical removal of the left lobe by pneumonectomy (PNX). How this alveolar regrowth/regeneration is initiated remains unknown. We found that platelets trigger lung regeneration by supplying stromal-cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12). After PNX, activated platelets stimulate SDF-1 receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 on pulmonary capillary endothelial cells (PCECs) to deploy the angiocrine membrane-type metalloproteinase MMP14, stimulating alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) expansion and neo-alveolarization. In mice lacking platelets or platelet Sdf1, PNX-induced alveologenesis was diminished. Reciprocally, infusion of Sdf1(+/+) but not Sdf1-deficient platelets rescued lung regeneration in platelet-depleted mice. Endothelial-specific ablation of Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 in adult mice similarly impeded lung regeneration. Notably, mice with endothelial-specific Mmp14 deletion exhibited impaired expansion of AECs but not PCECs after PNX, which was not rescued by platelet infusion. Therefore, platelets prime PCECs to initiate lung regeneration, extending beyond their haemostatic contribution. Therapeutic targeting of this haemo-vascular niche could enable regenerative therapy for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zhongwei Cao
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Raphael Lis
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ilias I Siempos
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 10675, Greece
| | - Deebly Chavez
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Koji Shido
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Bioengineering Program, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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596
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High-yield and high-purity isolation of hepatic stellate cells from normal and fibrotic mouse livers. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:305-15. [PMID: 25612230 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been identified as the main fibrogenic cell type in the liver. Hence, efforts to understand hepatic fibrogenesis and to develop treatment strategies have focused on this cell type. HSC isolation, originally developed in rats, has subsequently been adapted to mice, thus allowing the study of fibrogenesis by genetic approaches in transgenic mice. However, mouse HSC isolation is commonly hampered by low yield and purity. Here we present an easy-to-perform protocol for high-purity and high-yield isolation of quiescent and activated HSCs in mice, based on retrograde pronase-collagenase perfusion of the liver and subsequent density-gradient centrifugation. We describe an optional add-on protocol for ultrapure HSC isolation from normal and fibrotic livers via subsequent flow cytometric sorting, thus providing a validated method to determine gene expression changes during HSC activation devoid of cell culture artifacts or contamination with other cells. The described isolation procedure takes ∼4 h to complete.
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597
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Megyesi J, Tarcsafalvi A, Li S, Hodeify R, Seng NSHL, Portilla D, Price PM. Increased expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 in kidney proximal tubules mediates fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F122-30. [PMID: 25428126 PMCID: PMC4340262 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00489.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is a major cause of death in developed countries. It commonly occurs after either acute or chronic injury and affects diverse organs, including the heart, liver, lung, and kidney. Using the renal ablation model of chronic kidney disease, we previously found that the development of progressive renal fibrosis was dependent on p21(WAF1/Cip1) expression; the genetic knockout of the p21 gene greatly alleviated this disease. In the present study, we expanded on this observation and report that fibrosis induced by two different acute injuries to the kidney is also dependent on p21. In addition, when p21 expression was restricted only to the proximal tubule, fibrosis after injury was induced in the whole organ. One molecular fibrogenic switch we describe is transforming growth factor-β induction, which occurred in vivo and in cultured kidney cells exposed to adenovirus expressing p21. Our data suggests that fibrosis is p21 dependent and that preventing p21 induction after stress could be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Megyesi
- Division of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Adel Tarcsafalvi
- Division of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Shenyang Li
- Division of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Rawad Hodeify
- Division of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nang San Hti Lar Seng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Didier Portilla
- Division of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Peter M Price
- Division of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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598
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Herum KM, Lunde IG, Skrbic B, Louch WE, Hasic A, Boye S, Unger A, Brorson SH, Sjaastad I, Tønnessen T, Linke WA, Gomez MF, Christensen G. Syndecan-4 is a key determinant of collagen cross-linking and passive myocardial stiffness in the pressure-overloaded heart. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:217-26. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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599
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Bonnans C, Chou J, Werb Z. Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 15:786-801. [PMID: 25415508 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2668] [Impact Index Per Article: 296.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that is present in all tissues and continuously undergoes controlled remodelling. This process involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the ECM, mediated by specific enzymes that are responsible for ECM degradation, such as metalloproteinases. The ECM interacts with cells to regulate diverse functions, including proliferation, migration and differentiation. ECM remodelling is crucial for regulating the morphogenesis of the intestine and lungs, as well as of the mammary and submandibular glands. Dysregulation of ECM composition, structure, stiffness and abundance contributes to several pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and invasive cancer. A better understanding of how the ECM regulates organ structure and function and of how ECM remodelling affects disease progression will contribute to the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bonnans
- 1] Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. [2] Oncology Department, INSERM U661, Functional Genomic Institute, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Chou
- 1] Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
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600
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Bartneck M, Warzecha KT, Tacke F. Therapeutic targeting of liver inflammation and fibrosis by nanomedicine. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 3:364-76. [PMID: 25568860 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine constitutes the emerging field of medical applications for nanotechnology such as nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems. This technology may hold exceptional potential for novel therapeutic approaches to liver diseases. The specific and unspecific targeting of macrophages, hepatic stellate cells (HSC), hepatocytes, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) using nanomedicine has been developed and tested in preclinical settings. These four major cell types in the liver are crucially involved in the complex sequence of events that occurs during the initiation and maintenance of liver inflammation and fibrosis. Targeting different cell types can be based on their capacity to ingest surrounding material, endocytosis, and specificity for a single cell type can be achieved by targeting characteristic structures such as receptors, sugar moieties or peptide sequences. Macrophages and especially the liver-resident Kupffer cells are in the focus of nanomedicine due to their highly efficient and unspecific uptake of most nanomaterials as well as due to their critical pathogenic functions during inflammation and fibrogenesis. The mannose receptor enables targeting macrophages in liver disease, but macrophages can also become activated by certain nanomaterials, such as peptide-modified gold nanorods (AuNRs) that render them proinflammatory. HSC, the main collagen-producing cells during fibrosis, are currently targeted using nanoconstructs that recognize the mannose 6-phosphate and insulin-like growth factor II, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor 1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor β, or integrins. Targeting of the major liver parenchymal cell, the hepatocyte, has only recently been achieved with high specificity by mimicking apolipoproteins, naturally occurring nanoparticles of the body. LSEC were found to be targeted most efficiently using carboxy-modified micelles and their integrin receptors. This review will summarize important functions of these cell types in healthy and diseased livers and discuss current strategies of cell-specific targeting for liver diseases by nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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