551
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Tumor-initiating and -propagating cells: cells that we would like to identify and control. Neoplasia 2010; 12:506-15. [PMID: 20651980 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the cell types capable of initiating and sustaining growth of the neoplastic clone in vivo is a fundamental problem in cancer research. It is likely that tumor growth can be sustained both by rare cancer stem-like cells and selected aggressive clones and that the nature of the mutations, the cell of origin, and its environment will contribute to tumor propagation. Genomic instability, suggested as a driving force in tumorigenesis, may be induced by genetic and epigenetic changes. The feature of self-renewal in stem cells is shared with tumor cells, and deviant function of the stem cell regulatory networks may, in complex ways, contribute to malignant transformation and the establishment of a cancer stem cell-like phenotype. Understanding the nature of the more quiescent cancer stem-like cells and their niches has the potential to develop novel cancer therapeutic protocols including pharmacological targeting of self-renewal pathways. Drugs that target cancer-related inflammation may have the potential to reeducate a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Because most epigenetic modifications may be reversible, DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors can be used to induce reexpression of genes that have been silenced epigenetically. Design of therapies that eliminate cancer stem-like cells without eliminating normal stem cells will be important. Further insight into the mechanisms by which pluripotency transcription factors (e.g., OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog), polycomb repressive complexes and microRNA balance selfrenewal and differentiation will be essential for our understanding of both embryonic differentiation and human carcinogenesis and for the development of new treatment strategies.
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552
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Wu MJ, Jan CI, Tsay YG, Yu YH, Huang CY, Lin SC, Liu CJ, Chen YS, Lo JF, Yu CC. Elimination of head and neck cancer initiating cells through targeting glucose regulated protein78 signaling. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:283. [PMID: 20979610 PMCID: PMC2987982 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly lethal cancer that contains cellular and functional heterogeneity. Previously, we enriched a subpopulation of highly tumorigenic head and neck cancer initiating cells (HN-CICs) from HNSCC. However, the molecular mechanisms by which to govern the characteristics of HN-CICs remain unclear. GRP78, a stress-inducible endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, has been reported to play a crucial role in the maintenance of embryonic stem cells, but the role of GRP78 in CICs has not been elucidated. Results Initially, we recognized GRP78 as a putative candidate on mediating the stemness and tumorigenic properties of HN-CICs by differential systemic analyses. Subsequently, cells with GRP78 anchored at the plasma membrane (memGRP78+) exerted cancer stemness properties of self-renewal, differentiation and radioresistance. Of note, xenotransplantation assay indicated merely 100 memGRP78+ HNSCCs resulted in tumor growth. Moreover, knockdown of GRP78 significantly reduced the self-renewal ability, side population cells and expression of stemness genes, but inversely promoted cell differentiation and apoptosis in HN-CICs. Targeting GRP78 also lessened tumorigenicity of HN-CICs both in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, co-expression of GRP78 and Nanog predicted the worse survival prognosis of HNSCC patients by immunohistochemical analyses. Finally, depletion of GRP78 in HN-CICs induced the expression of Bax, Caspase 3, and PTEN. Conclusions In summary, memGRP78 should be a novel surface marker for isolation of HN-CICs, and targeting GRP78 signaling might be a potential therapeutic strategy for HNSCC through eliminating HN-CICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ju Wu
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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553
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Alison MR, Lim SML, Nicholson LJ. Cancer stem cells: problems for therapy? J Pathol 2010; 223:147-61. [PMID: 21125672 DOI: 10.1002/path.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many, if not all, tumours contain a sub-population of self-renewing and expanding stem cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The symmetric division of CSCs is one mechanism enabling expansion in their numbers as tumours grow, while epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an increasingly recognized mechanism to generate further CSCs endowed with a more invasive and metastatic phenotype. Putative CSCs are prospectively isolated using methods based on either a surface marker or an intracellular enzyme activity and then assessed by a 'sphere-forming' assay in non-adherent culture and/or by their ability to initiate new tumour growth when xenotransplanted into immunocompromised mice-hence, these cells are often referred to as tumour-propagating cells (TPCs). Cell sub-populations enriched for tumour-initiating ability have also been found in murine tumours, countering the argument that xenografting human cells merely select human cells with an ability to grow in mice. Cancer progression can be viewed as an evolutionary process that generates new/multiple clones with a fresh identity; this may be a major obstacle to successful cancer stem cell eradication if treatment targets only a single type of stem cell. In this review, we first briefly discuss evidence that cancer can originate from normal stem cells or closely related descendants. We then outline the attributes of CSCs and review studies in which they have been identified in various cancers. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for successful cancer therapies, concentrating on the self-renewal pathways (Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog), aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, EMT, miRNAs, and other epigenetic modifiers as potential targets for therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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554
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Zhu X, Zhou X, Lewis MT, Xia L, Wong S. Cancer stem cell, niche and EGFR decide tumor development and treatment response: A bio-computational simulation study. J Theor Biol 2010; 269:138-49. [PMID: 20969880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent research in cancer biology has suggested the hypothesis that tumors are initiated and driven by a small group of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, cancer stem cell niches have been found to be essential in determining fates of CSCs, and several signaling pathways have been proven to play a crucial role in cellular behavior, which could be two important factors in cancer development. To better understand the progression, heterogeneity and treatment response of breast cancer, especially in the context of CSCs, we propose a mathematical model based on the cell compartment method. In this model, three compartments of cellular subpopulations are constructed: CSCs, progenitor cells (PCs), and terminal differentiated cells (TCs). Moreover, (1) the cancer stem cell niche is, considered by modeling its effect on division patterns (symmetric or asymmetric) of CSCs, and (2) the EGFR signaling pathway is integrated by modeling its role in cell proliferation, apoptosis. Our simulation results indicate that (1) a higher probability for symmetric division of CSC may result in a faster expansion of tumor population, and for a larger number of niches, the tumor grows at a slower rate, but the final tumor volume is larger; (2) higher EGFR expression correlates to tumors with larger volumes while a saturation function is observed, and (3) treatments that inhibit tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR may not only repress the tumor volume, but also decrease the CSCs percentages by shifting CSCs from symmetric divisions to asymmetric divisions. These findings suggest that therapies should be designed to effectively control or eliminate the symmetric division of CSCs and to reduce or destroy the CSC niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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555
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Saigusa S, Tanaka K, Toiyama Y, Yokoe T, Okugawa Y, Koike Y, Fujikawa H, Inoue Y, Miki C, Kusunoki M. Clinical significance of CD133 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α gene expression in rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 23:323-32. [PMID: 20970309 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The mechanism of distant recurrence in rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has yet to be fully elucidated. Further improvements in survival rates cannot be achieved without decreasing distant recurrence after preoperative CRT. Recently, it was reported that hypoxic conditions were correlated with cancer stem cell generation. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between the expression of CD133 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and their association with clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-two patients with rectal cancer underwent preoperative CRT. Residual cancer cells after CRT were obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens using micro-dissection. The expression levels of CD133 (PROM1) and HIF-1α genes were measured using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The correlation between expression and irradiation was evaluated using colon cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining of these proteins after CRT was also investigated. RESULTS We observed a significant inverse correlation between the gene expression of CD133 (PROM1) and HIF-1α genes in residual cancer cells after CRT. Elevated CD133 gene expression was associated with distant recurrence and poor recurrence-free survival. Elevated HIF-1α gene expression was associated with poor overall survival. In vitro, the change in gene expression levels after irradiation showed inverse patterns. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that residual cancer cells strongly expressed CD133 and lacked HIF-1α expression. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CD133 and HIF-1α expression is associated with tumour re-growth and distant recurrence after CRT. These results may assist in clarifying the development of future cancer therapeutics in rectal cancer patients undergoing preoperative CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saigusa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
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556
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Bmi-1 Regulates Snail Expression and Promotes Metastasis Ability in Head and Neck Squamous Cancer-Derived ALDH1 Positive Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20936121 PMCID: PMC2948925 DOI: 10.1155/2011/609259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that ALDH1 is a putative marker for HNSCC-derived cancer stem cells. However, the regulation mechanisms that maintain the stemness and metastatic capability of HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells remain unclear. Initially, HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells from HNSCC patient showed cancer stemness properties, and high expression of Bmi1 and Snail. Functionally, tumorigenic properties of HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells could be downregulated by knockdown of Bmi-1. Overexpression of Bmi-1 altered in expression property ALDH1(-) cells to that of ALDH1(+) cells. Furthermore, knockdown of Bmi-1 enhanced the radiosensitivity of radiation-treated HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells. Moreover, overexpression of Bmi-1 in HNSCC-ALDH1(-) cells increased tumor volume and number of pulmonary metastatic lesions by xenotransplant assay. Importantly, knock-down of Bmi1 in HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells significantly decreased distant metastases in the lungs. Clinically, coexpression of Bmi-1/Snail/ALDH1 predicted the worst prognosis in HNSCC patients. Collectively, our data suggested that Bmi-1 plays a key role in regulating Snail expression and cancer stemness properties of HNSCC-ALDH1(+) cells.
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557
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Baumann M, Krause M. CD44: a cancer stem cell-related biomarker with predictive potential for radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5091-3. [PMID: 20861165 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD44, a cancer stem cell (CSC)-related surface marker, correlates with local control after radiotherapy of early laryngeal cancer. For the first time, a CSC-related marker has been functionally validated for radiotherapy in patients. CD44 expression bears the potential to predict the outcome of radiotherapy by assessment of CSC density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baumann
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
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558
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de Jong MC, Pramana J, van der Wal JE, Lacko M, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, de Jong JM, Takes RP, Kaanders JH, van der Laan BF, Wachters J, Jansen JC, Rasch CR, van Velthuysen MLF, Grénman R, Hoebers FJ, Schuuring E, van den Brekel MW, Begg AC. CD44 Expression Predicts Local Recurrence after Radiotherapy in Larynx Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5329-38. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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559
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Abstract
"Dose-painting" radiotherapy allows for a heterogeneous delivery of radiation within the tumour volume by targeting radioresistant areas defined by functional imaging. Within gross tumour volume, it is possible to define one or more target volumes based on biology (biological target volume [BTV]) and to apply a strategy of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) that will deliver a higher dose to these regions. In this review of the literature, we will highlight the biological elements responsible for radioresistance, and how to image them, then we will detail the radiotherapy techniques necessary for this approach, before presenting clinical results in various situations (head and neck tumours, prostate, brain tumours, etc.). Despite many difficulties that make dose-painting IMRT unusable in routine nowadays, biology-guided radiation therapy represents one of the major pathways of development of radiotherapy in the coming years.
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560
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Tang SN, Singh C, Nall D, Meeker D, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. The dietary bioflavonoid quercetin synergizes with epigallocathechin gallate (EGCG) to inhibit prostate cancer stem cell characteristics, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Mol Signal 2010; 5:14. [PMID: 20718984 PMCID: PMC2933702 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Much attention has been recently focused on the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the initiation and progression of solid malignancies. Since CSCs are able to proliferate and self-renew extensively due to their ability to express anti-apoptotic and drug resistant proteins, thus sustaining tumor growth. Therefore, the strategy to eradicate CSCs might have significant clinical implications. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms by which epigallocathechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits stem cell characteristics of prostate CSCs, and synergizes with quercetin, a major polyphenol and flavonoid commonly detected in many fruits and vegetables. Results Our data indicate that human prostate cancer cell lines contain a small population of CD44+CD133+
cancer stem cells and their self-renewal capacity is inhibited by EGCG. Furthermore, EGCG inhibits the self-renewal capacity of CD44+α2β1+CD133+ CSCs isolated from human primary prostate tumors, as measured by spheroid formation in suspension. EGCG induces apoptosis by activating capase-3/7 and inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2, survivin and XIAP in CSCs. Furthermore, EGCG inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting the expression of vimentin, slug, snail and nuclear β-catenin, and the activity of LEF-1/TCF responsive reporter, and also retards CSC's migration and invasion, suggesting the blockade of signaling involved in early metastasis. Interestingly, quercetin synergizes with EGCG in inhibiting the self-renewal properties of prostate CSCs, inducing apoptosis, and blocking CSC's migration and invasion. These data suggest that EGCG either alone or in combination with quercetin can eliminate cancer stem cell-characteristics. Conclusion Since carcinogenesis is a complex process, combination of bioactive dietary agents with complementary activities will be beneficial for prostate cancer prevention and/ortreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ni Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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561
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Wesbuer S, Lanvers-Kaminsky C, Duran-Seuberth I, Bölling T, Schäfer KL, Braun Y, Willich N, Greve B. Association of telomerase activity with radio- and chemosensitivity of neuroblastomas. Radiat Oncol 2010; 5:66. [PMID: 20642823 PMCID: PMC2917444 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-5-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase activity compensates shortening of telomeres during cell division and enables cancer cells to escape senescent processes. It is also supposed, that telomerase is associated with radio- and chemoresistance. In the here described study we systematically investigated the influence of telomerase activity (TA) and telomere length on the outcome of radio- and chemotherapy in neuroblastoma. METHODS We studied the effects on dominant negative (DN) mutant, wild type (WT) of the telomerase catalytic unit (hTERT) using neuroblastoma cell lines. The cells were irradiated with 60Co and treated with doxorubicin, etoposide, cisplatin and ifosfamide, respectively. Viability was determined by MTS/MTT-test and the GI50 was calculated. Telomere length was measured by southernblot analysis and TA by Trap-Assay. RESULTS Compared to the hTERT expressing cells the dominant negative cells showed increased radiosensitivity with decreased telomere length. Independent of telomere length, telomerase negative cells are significantly more sensitive to irradiation. The effect of TA knock-down or overexpression on chemosensitivity were dependent on TA, the anticancer drug, and the chemosensitivity of the maternal cell line. CONCLUSIONS Our results supported the concept of telomerase inhibition as an antiproliferative treatment approach in neuroblastomas. Telomerase inhibition increases the outcome of radiotherapy while in combination with chemotherapy the outcome depends on drug- and cell line and can be additive/synergistic or antagonistic. High telomerase activity is one distinct cancer stem cell feature and the here described cellular constructs in combination with stem cell markers like CD133, Aldehyddehydrogenase-1 (ALDH-1) or Side population (SP) may help to investigate the impact of telomerase activity on cancer stem cell survival under therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wesbuer
- Department of Radiotherapy -Radiooncology-, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster
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562
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Loriot Y, Mordant P, Dorvault N, De la motte Rouge T, Bourhis J, Soria JC, Deutsch E. BMS-690514, a VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, shows anti-tumoural activity on non-small-cell lung cancer xenografts and induces sequence-dependent synergistic effect with radiation. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:347-53. [PMID: 20628392 PMCID: PMC2920012 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an aggressive disease in which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are implicated in tumour growth, tumour resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, and disease relapse. We have investigated the anti-tumoural effects of BMS-690514, an inhibitor of both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathways, as a single agent and in combination with ionising radiation (IR) on several NSCLC cell lines. Methods: Radiosensitisation of several NSCLC cell lines by BMS-690514 was assessed in vitro using clonogenic assay and in vivo using nude mice. Results: In vitro studies showed that BMS-690514 alone decreases clonogenic survival of NSCLC cells lines but no potential enhancement of IR response was observed in the combination. In tumour-bearing mice, BMS-690514 alone inhibits the growth of NSCLC xenografts, including the T790M mutation-harbouring H1975 tumour. The concomitant combination of BMS-690514 and radiation did not increase mice survival in comparison with treatment with IR alone. In contrast, BMS-690514 markedly enhances the anti-tumour effect of radiation in a sequential manner on H1299 and H1975 xenografts. Immunohistochemistry revealed a qualitative reduction in vessel area after administrations of BMS-690514, compared with vehicle-treated controls, suggesting that revascularisation may explain the schedule dependency of the tumour-growth delay observed. Conclusion: The results of association with radiation show that BMS-690514 may be a successful adjuvant to clinical radiotherapy. These findings are of translational importance because the clinical benefits of anti-EGFR and anti-VEGFR therapy might be schedule dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Loriot
- Institut Gustave Roussy, UPRES 27-10, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France
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563
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Baumann M, Hölscher T, Denham J. Fractionation in prostate cancer – Is it time after all? Radiother Oncol 2010; 96:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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564
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Yu CC, Chiou GY, Lee YY, Chang YL, Huang PI, Cheng YW, Tai LK, Ku HH, Chiou SH, Wong TT. Medulloblastoma-derived tumor stem-like cells acquired resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and radiosensitivity. Childs Nerv Syst 2010; 26:897-904. [PMID: 20179950 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTS Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most malignant primary brain tumor in early childhood that contains cellular and functional heterogeneity. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the tumor stem cells (TSC) may explain the radiochemoresistance of brain tumors, including MB. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible role of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in viability and tumorigenicity of MB cells and MB-derived TSC. METHODS MB-associated TSC were isolated and cultured by serum-free medium with bFGF and EGF. The parental MB cells and MB-TSC cells were treated with TRAIL in different concentrations and assessed for cell viability, invasion ability, colony forming ability, and radiotherapy effect. RESULTS We enrich a subpopulation of MB-TSC cells using tumor spheroid formation approach. MB-TSC display enhanced self-renewal and highly expressed "stemness" genes (CD133, Sox-2, Bmi1, Nestin). Additionally, MB-TSC showed significant resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and radiosensitivity compared to the parental MB cells due antiapoptotic gene (c-FLIP, Caspase 8, Bcl-2, and Bax) upregulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MB-TSC are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and tumorigenic properties. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which to operate the physiological characteristics in MB-TSC cells offers attractive approach for MB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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565
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Yaromina A, Thames H, Zhou X, Hering S, Eicheler W, Dörfler A, Leichtner T, Zips D, Baumann M. Radiobiological hypoxia, histological parameters of tumour microenvironment and local tumour control after fractionated irradiation. Radiother Oncol 2010; 96:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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566
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Shimura T, Kakuda S, Ochiai Y, Nakagawa H, Kuwahara Y, Takai Y, Kobayashi J, Komatsu K, Fukumoto M. Acquired radioresistance of human tumor cells by DNA-PK/AKT/GSK3beta-mediated cyclin D1 overexpression. Oncogene 2010; 29:4826-37. [PMID: 20562919 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recurrence is frequently associated with the acquisition of radioresistance by tumors and resulting failures in radiotherapy. We report, in this study, that long-term fractionated radiation (FR) exposures conferred radioresistance to the human tumor cells, HepG2 and HeLa with cyclin D1 overexpression. A positive feedback loop was responsible for the cyclin D1 overexpression in which constitutively active AKT was involved. AKT is known to inactivate glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), which is essential for the proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1. The resulting cyclin D1 overexpression led to the forced progression of S-phase with the induction of DNA double strand breaks. Cyclin D1-dependent DNA damage activated DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which in turn activated AKT and inactivated GSK3beta, thus completing a positive feedback loop of cyclin D1 overproduction. Cyclin D1 overexpression led to the activation of DNA damage response (DDR) consisted of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)- and Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint and homologous recombination repair (HRR). Long-term FR cells repaired radiation-induced DNA damage faster than non-FR cells. Thus, acquired radioresistance of long-term FR cells was the result of alterations in DDR mediated by cyclin D1 overexpression. Inhibition of the AKT/GSK3beta/cyclin D1/Cdk4 pathway by the AKT inhibitor, Cdk4 inhibitor or cyclin D1 targeting small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed the radioresistance. Present observations give a mechanistic insight for acquired radioresistance of tumor cells by cyclin D1 overexpression, and provide novel therapeutic targets for recurrent radioresistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimura
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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567
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Lee YS, Oh JH, Yoon S, Kwon MS, Song CW, Kim KH, Cho MJ, Mollah ML, Je YJ, Kim YD, Kim CD, Lee JH. Differential gene expression profiles of radioresistant non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines established by fractionated irradiation: tumor protein p53-inducible protein 3 confers sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77:858-66. [PMID: 20510196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the widespread use of radiotherapy as a local and regional modality for the treatment of cancer, some non-small-cell lung cancers commonly develop resistance to radiation. We thus sought to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to radiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS We established the radioresistant cell line H460R from radiosensitive parental H460 cells. To identify the radioresistance-related genes, we performed microarray analysis and selected several candidate genes. RESULTS Clonogenic and MTT assays showed that H460R was 10-fold more resistant to radiation than H460. Microarray analysis indicated that the expression levels of 1,463 genes were altered more than 1.5-fold in H460R compared with parental H460. To evaluate the putative functional role, we selected one interesting gene tumor protein p53-inducible protein 3 (TP53I3), because that this gene was significantly downregulated in radioresistant H460R cells and that it was predicted to link p53-dependent cell death signaling. Interestingly, messenger ribonucleic acid expression of TP53I3 differed in X-ray-irradiated H460 and H460R cells, and overexpression of TP53I3 significantly affected the cellular radiosensitivity of H460R cells. CONCLUSIONS These results show that H460R may be useful in searching for candidate genes that are responsible for radioresistance and elucidating the molecular mechanism of radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sook Lee
- Toxicogenomics Team, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
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568
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Eke I, Koch U, Hehlgans S, Sandfort V, Stanchi F, Zips D, Baumann M, Shevchenko A, Pilarsky C, Haase M, Baretton GB, Calleja V, Larijani B, Fässler R, Cordes N. PINCH1 regulates Akt1 activation and enhances radioresistance by inhibiting PP1alpha. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2516-27. [PMID: 20530873 DOI: 10.1172/jci41078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell resistance to ionizing radiation and chemotherapy is a major obstacle in cancer therapy. One factor contributing to this is integrin-mediated adhesion to ECM. The adapter protein particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine-rich 1 (PINCH1) is recruited to integrin adhesion sites and promotes cell survival, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are not well understood. Here we have shown that PINCH1 is expressed at elevated levels in human tumors of diverse origins relative to normal tissue. Furthermore, PINCH1 promoted cell survival upon treatment with ionizing radiation in vitro and in vivo by perpetuating Akt1 phosphorylation and activity. Mechanistically, PINCH1 was found to directly bind to protein phosphatase 1alpha (PP1alpha) - an Akt1-regulating protein - and inhibit PP1alpha activity, resulting in increased Akt1 phosphorylation and enhanced radioresistance. Thus, our data suggest that targeting signaling molecules such as PINCH1 that function downstream of focal adhesions (the complexes that mediate tumor cell adhesion to ECM) may overcome radio- and chemoresistance, providing new therapeutic approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eke
- OncoRay - Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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569
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Five versus six fractions of radiotherapy per week for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (IAEA-ACC study): a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:553-60. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(10)70072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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570
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The role of Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer and the impact on radiotherapy outcome. Radiother Oncol 2010; 95:371-80. [PMID: 20493569 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The profound influence of Human papillomavirus (HPV) on the epidemiological pattern and clinical course of head and neck cancer (HNSCC) has led to a change in the traditional understanding of this disease entity. Separate therapeutic strategies based on tumour HPV status are under consideration and in this light provision of knowledge concerning the influence of tumour HPV on the radiation response in HNSCC appears highly relevant. This review provides a summary of the current understanding of the role of HPV in head and neck cancer with specific focus on the viral impact on radiotherapy outcome of HNSCC.
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571
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Molecular biomarkers correlate with disease-free survival in patients with anal canal carcinoma treated with chemoradiation. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1098-105. [PMID: 19399614 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Large primary tumor and clinical nodal involvement in patients with anal carcinoma treated with chemoradiation are associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS). However, the outcome in individual patient is unpredictable. We hypothesized that biomarkers related to chemotherapy and/or radiation resistance would be associated with DFS. We analyzed clinical and biomarker data in 30 patients with anal carcinoma who had chemoradiation. Patient selection was based on the availability of untreated cancer for biomarkers, completion of prescribed chemoradiation, and patient outcomes (~50% disease-free) nonrepresentative of published cohorts but conducive to biomarker discovery. Ten biomarkers, Ki67, human telomerase (hTERT), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, p16, Bcl-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB), SHH, and Gli-1, were studied. Raw data as continuous variable (only EGFR was trichotomized) were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate Cox models were utilized to assess relationship between DFS and biomarkers. Twenty-three of 30 patients were women, tumor diameter was >5 cm in 30, and 37% had clinically positive nodes. Fourteen (30%) patients had a DFS event after chemoradiation. In univariate analysis, NF-kappaB (P = 0.01), SHH (P = 0.02), Gli-1 (P = 0.02), and tumor diameter (P = 0.03) were significantly associated with DFS, and Ki67 (P = 0.07) was marginally significant. In multivariate analysis, tumor diameter (P = 0.003), Ki67 (P = 0.005), NF-kappaB (P = 0.002), SHH (P = 0.02), and Gli-1 (P = 0.02) were significantly associated with DFS. Our data, albeit preliminary, suggest that several biomarkers (Ki67, NF-kappaB, SHH, and Gli-1) are associated with DFS. Upon further expansion and validation, these results may provide a biomarker-based understanding of heterogeneous clinical biology of patients with anal carcinoma.
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572
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Pajonk F, Vlashi E, McBride WH. Radiation resistance of cancer stem cells: the 4 R's of radiobiology revisited. Stem Cells 2010; 28:639-48. [PMID: 20135685 PMCID: PMC2940232 DOI: 10.1002/stem.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that many solid cancers are organized hierarchically and contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). It seems reasonable to suggest that a cancer cure can be achieved only if this population is eliminated. Unfortunately, there is growing evidence that CSCs are inherently resistant to radiation, and perhaps other cancer therapies. In general, success or failure of standard clinical radiation treatment is determined by the 4 R's of radiobiology: repair of DNA damage, redistribution of cells in the cell cycle, repopulation, and reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor areas. We relate recent findings on CSCs to these four phenomena and discuss possible consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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573
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Firat E, Heinemann F, Grosu AL, Hermann F, Niedermann G. Molecular radiobiology meets clinical radiation oncology. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:252-9. [PMID: 20201653 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903419320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2nd Langendorff Congress in Freiburg in Breisgau (Germany) gathered basic and translational scientists as well as clinicians interested in recent developments in molecular and clinical radiobiology. The topics ranged from the most recent insight into the organisation of the DNA damage response and radiotherapeutically relevant cell death mechanisms to biological imaging for treatment planning and advances in the understanding of the molecular biological effects of particle beams. Clinical aspects of stem cell and tumour stem cell biology as well as of angiogenesis and hypoxia, the search for novel molecular radiosensitisers and potential strategies for exploitation of the immune system to further improve tumour radiotherapy were also discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This report surveys the presentations at the meeting, considering their significance in light of the literature, and documents the increasing importance of molecular radiobiology for clinical radiooncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Firat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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574
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Debeb BG, Xu W, Mok H, Li L, Robertson F, Ueno NT, Reuben J, Lucci A, Cristofanilli M, Woodward WA. Differential radiosensitizing effect of valproic acid in differentiation versus self-renewal promoting culture conditions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 76:889-95. [PMID: 20159363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been shown that valproic acid (VA) enhances the proliferation and self-renewal of normal hematopoietic stem cells and that breast cancer stem/progenitor cells can be resistant to radiation. From these data, we hypothesized that VA would fail to radiosensitize breast cancer stem/progenitor cells grown to three-dimensional (3D) mammospheres. METHODS AND MATERIALS We used the MCF7 breast cancer cell line grown under stem cell-promoting culture conditions (3D mammosphere) and standard nonstem cell monolayer culture conditions (two-dimensional) to examine the effect of pretreatment with VA on radiation sensitivity in clonogenic survival assays and on the expression of embryonic stem cell transcription factors. RESULTS 3D-cultured MCF-7 cells expressed higher levels of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. The 3D passage enriched self-renewal and increased radioresistance in the 3D mammosphere formation assays. VA radiosensitized adherent cells but radioprotected 3D cells in single-fraction clonogenic assays. Moreover, fractionated radiation sensitized VA-treated adherent MCF7 cells but did not have a significant effect on VA-treated single cells grown to mammospheres. CONCLUSION We have concluded that VA might preferentially radiosensitize differentiated cells compared with those expressing stem cell surrogates and that stem cell-promoting culture is a useful tool for in vitro evaluation of novel cancer therapeutic agents and radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisrat G Debeb
- Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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575
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Dittfeld C, Dietrich A, Peickert S, Hering S, Baumann M, Grade M, Ried T, Kunz-Schughart LA. CD133 expression is not selective for tumor-initiating or radioresistant cell populations in the CRC cell line HCT-116. Radiother Oncol 2010; 94:375-83. [PMID: 20344822 PMCID: PMC7319029 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CD133 is controversially discussed as putative (surrogate) marker for cancer stem/tumor-initiating cell populations (CSC/TIC) in epithelial tumors including colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). We studied CD133 expression in established CRC cell lines and examined in vitro behavior, radioresponse and in vivo tumor formation of CD133+/- subpopulations of one cell line of interest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten CRC cell lines were analyzed for CD133 expression using flow cytometry and Western blotting. CD133+ and CD133- HCT-116 subpopulations were separated by FACS and studied in 2-D and 3-D culture and colony formation assays after irradiation. Subcutaneous xenograft formation was monitored in NMRI (nu/nu) mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS CRC cell lines could be classified into three groups: (i) CD133-, (ii) CD133+ and (iii) those with two distinct CD133+ and CD133- subpopulations. Isolated CD133+/- HCT-116 subpopulations were studied relative to the original fraction. No difference was found in 2-D growth, spheroid formation or radioresponse in vitro. Also, tumor formation and growth rate did not differ for the sorted subpopulations. However, a subset of xenografts originated from CD133- HCT-116 showed a striking enrichment in the CD133+ fraction. Our data show that CD133 expression is not selective for sphere forming, tumor-initiating or radioresistant subpopulations in the HCT-116 CRC cell line. This implies that CD133 cannot be regarded as a CSC/TIC marker in all CRC cell lines and that functional measurements of tumor formation have to generally accompany CSC/TIC-directed mechanistic or therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dittfeld
- Tumor Pathophysiology, OncoRay – Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Antje Dietrich
- Tumor Pathophysiology, OncoRay – Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Susann Peickert
- Tumor Pathophysiology, OncoRay – Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Sandra Hering
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Michael Baumann
- OncoRay – Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Dresden, Germany
| | - Marian Grade
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Medicine Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ried
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leoni A. Kunz-Schughart
- Tumor Pathophysiology, OncoRay – Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
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576
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Koch U, Krause M, Baumann M. Cancer stem cells at the crossroads of current cancer therapy failures--radiation oncology perspective. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:116-24. [PMID: 20219680 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite continuous improvements in cancer management, locoregional recurrence or metastatic spread still occurs in a high proportion of patients after radiotherapy or combined treatments. One underlying reason might be a low efficacy of current treatments on eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs). It has been recognised for a long time, that only the small subpopulation of CSCs can cause recurrences and that all CSCs need to be killed for permanent tumour cure. However, only recently novel technologies have allowed to enrich CSCs and to investigate their biology. An emerging experimental and clinical database provides first hints that cell populations accumulated by putative stem cell markers or tumours that highly express such markers may be more radioresistant than their marker-negative counterparts. Other data support a higher tolerance of CSCs to hypoxia and preferential location in specific microenvironmental niches. However, conflicting data, methodological problems of the assays and a generally small database on only few tumour types necessitate further large and well-designed prospective experimental and clinical investigations that specifically address this question to corroborate this hypothesis. If such investigations confirm biological differences between CSCs and non-CSCs, this would imply that novel treatment strategies need to be tested specifically for their effect on CSCs. Another implication is that also biomarkers for prediction of local tumour control after radiotherapy or combined treatments need to reflect the behaviour of CSCs and not of the bulk of all cancer cells. This review discusses the importance of CSCs for treatment failure and challenges occurring from the CSC concept for cancer diagnosis, treatment and prediction of outcome. It is concluded that CSC-based endpoints and biomarkers are eventually expected to considerably improve tumour cure rates in the clinics through individualised tailoring of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Koch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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577
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Role of FK506-binding protein 51 in the control of apoptosis of irradiated melanoma cells. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:145-57. [PMID: 19696786 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is an immunophilin with isomerase activity, which performs important biological functions in the cell. It has recently been involved in the apoptosis resistance of malignant melanoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of FKBP51 in the control of response to ionizing radiation (Rx) in malignant melanoma. FKBP51-silenced cells showed reduced clonogenic potential after irradiation compared with non-silenced cells. After Rx, we observed apoptosis in FKBP51-silenced cells and autophagy in non-silenced cells. The FKBP51-controlled radioresistance mechanism involves NF-kappaB. FKBP51 was required for the activation of Rx-induced NF-kappaB, which in turn inhibited apoptosis by stimulating X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and promoting authophagy-mediated Bax degradation. Using a tumor-xenograft mouse model, the in vivo pretreatment of tumors with FKBP51-siRNA provoked massive apoptosis after irradiation. Immunohistochemical analysis of 10 normal skin samples and 80 malignant cutaneous melanomas showed that FKBP51 is a marker of melanocyte malignancy, correlating with vertical growth phase and lesion thickness. Finally, we provide evidence that FKBP51 targeting radiosensitizes cancer stem/initiating cells. In conclusion, our study identifies a possible molecular target for radiosensitizing therapeutic strategies against malignant melanoma.
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578
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Takahashi K, Monzen S, Hayashi N, Kashiwakura I. Correlations of Cell Surface Antigens with Individual Differences in Radiosensitivity in Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Radiat Res 2010; 173:184-90. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1839.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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579
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Moserle L, Ghisi M, Amadori A, Indraccolo S. Side population and cancer stem cells: Therapeutic implications. Cancer Lett 2010; 288:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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580
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Multimodal approach using oncolytic adenovirus, cetuximab, chemotherapy and radiotherapy in HNSCC low passage tumour cell cultures. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:625-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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581
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Multicellular tumor spheroids: an underestimated tool is catching up again. J Biotechnol 2010; 148:3-15. [PMID: 20097238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present article highlights the rationale, potential and flexibility of tumor spheroid mono- and cocultures for implementation into state of the art anti-cancer therapy test platforms. Unlike classical monolayer-based models, spheroids strikingly mirror the 3D cellular context and therapeutically relevant pathophysiological gradients of in vivo tumors. Some concepts for standardization and automation of spheroid culturing, monitoring and analysis are discussed, and the challenges to define the most convenient analytical endpoints for therapy testing are outlined. The potential of spheroids to contribute to either the elimination of poor drug candidates at the pre-animal and pre-clinical state or the identification of promising drugs that would fail in classical 2D cell assays is emphasised. Microtechnologies, in the form of micropatterning and microfluidics, are also discussed and offer the exciting prospect of standardized spheroid mass production to tackle high-throughput screening applications within the context of traditional laboratory settings. The extension towards more sophisticated spheroid coculture models which more closely reflect heterologous tumor tissues composed of tumor and various stromal cell types is also covered. Examples are given with particular emphasis on tumor-immune cell cocultures and their usefulness for testing novel immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. Finally, tumor cell heterogeneity and the extraordinary possibilities of putative cancer stem/tumor-initiating cell populations that can be maintained and expanded in sphere-forming assays are introduced. The relevance of the cancer stem cell hypothesis for cancer cure is highlighted, with the respective sphere cultures being envisioned as an integral tool for next generation drug development offensives.
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582
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Glycolytic metabolism and tumour response to fractionated irradiation. Radiother Oncol 2009; 94:102-9. [PMID: 20036432 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To study whether pre-therapeutic lactate or pyruvate predict for tumour response to fractionated irradiation and to identify possible coherencies between intermediates of glycolysis and expression levels of selected proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, glucose and ATP were quantified via bioluminescence imaging in tumour xenografts derived from 10 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lines. Tumours were irradiated with 30 fractions within 6 weeks. Expression levels of the selected proteins in tumours were measured at the mRNA and protein level. Tumour-infiltrating leucocytes were quantified after staining for CD45. RESULTS Lactate but not pyruvate concentrations were significantly correlated with tumour response to fractionated irradiation. Lactate concentrations in vivo did not reflect lactate production rates in vitro. Metabolite concentrations did not correlate with GLUT1, PFK-L or LDH-A at the transcriptional or protein level. CD45-positive cell infiltration was low in the majority of tumours and did not correlate with lactate concentration. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that the antioxidative capacity of lactate may contribute to radioresistance in malignant tumours. Non-invasive imaging of lactate to monitor radiation response and testing inhibitors of glycolysis to improve outcome after fractionated radiotherapy warrant further investigations.
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583
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Kurrey NK, Jalgaonkar SP, Joglekar AV, Ghanate AD, Chaskar PD, Doiphode RY, Bapat SA. Snail and slug mediate radioresistance and chemoresistance by antagonizing p53-mediated apoptosis and acquiring a stem-like phenotype in ovarian cancer cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2059-68. [PMID: 19544473 DOI: 10.1002/stem.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressors Snail and Slug contribute to cancer progression by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which results in tumor cell invasion and metastases. We extend this current understanding to demonstrate their involvement in the development of resistance to radiation and paclitaxel. The process is orchestrated through the acquisition of a novel subset of gene targets that is repressed under conditions of stress, effectively inactivating p53-mediated apoptosis, while another subset of targets continues to mediate EMT. Repressive activities are complemented by a concurrent derepression of specific genes resulting in the acquisition of stem cell-like characteristics. Such cells are bestowed with three critical capabilities, namely EMT, resistance to p53-mediated apoptosis, and a self-renewal program, that together define the functionality and survival of metastatic cancer stem cells. EMT provides a mechanism of escape to a new, less adverse niche; resistance to apoptosis ensures cell survival in conditions of stress in the primary tumor; whereas acquisition of "stemness" ensures generation of the critical tumor mass required for progression of micrometastases to macrometastases. Our findings, besides achieving considerable expansion of the inventory of direct genes targets, more importantly demonstrate that such elegant cooperative modulation of gene regulation mediated by Snail and Slug is critical for a cancer cell to acquire stem cell characteristics toward resisting radiotherapy- or chemotherapy-mediated cellular stress, and this may be a determinative aspect of aggressive cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawneet K Kurrey
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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584
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Suzuki K, Kashino G, Kodama S, Watanabe M. Long-term persistence of X-ray-induced genomic instability in quiescent normal human diploid cells. Mutat Res 2009; 671:33-39. [PMID: 19712688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can induce genomic instability in the progeny of irradiated cells, as was demonstrated in various experimental systems. Most in vitro studies have utilized replicating cells, but it is not clear whether radiation-induced genomic instability persists in quiescent cells. Here we show the induction of X-ray-induced genomic instability in normal human diploid cells irradiated and maintained in a quiescent state for up to 24 months while cells were subcultured approximately once every 2-3 months. Every 12 months, a fraction of the irradiated cell population was stimulated to divide by culturing at a low density, and we found that these cells showed increased frequencies of phosphorylated ATM foci, decreased colony-forming ability, and increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations. No significant increases in ROS levels were detected in long-term cultured cells. These results suggest that there are ROS-independent mechanism(s) induced by radiation, which can generate persistent delayed effects in quiescent cells, and could ultimately contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Course of Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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585
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Galanzha EI, Kim JW, Zharov VP. Nanotechnology-based molecular photoacoustic and photothermal flow cytometry platform for in-vivo detection and killing of circulating cancer stem cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:725-35. [PMID: 19957272 PMCID: PMC2910622 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200910078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In-vivo multicolor photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry for ultrasensitive molecular detection of the CD44+ circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is demonstrated on a mouse model of human breast cancer. Targeting of CTCs with stem-like phenotype, which are naturally shed from parent tumors, was performed with functionalized gold and magnetic nanoparticles. Results in vivo were verified in vitro with a multifunctional microscope, which integrates PA, photothermal (PT), fluorescent and transmission modules. Magnet-induced clustering of magnetic nanoparticles in individual cells significantly amplified PT and PA signals. The novel noninvasive platform, which integrates multispectral PA detection and PT therapy with a potential for multiplex targeting of many cancer biomarkers using multicolor nanoparticles, may prospectively solve grand challenges in cancer research for diagnosis and purging of undetectable yet tumor-initiating cells in circulation before they form metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Institute for Nanoscale Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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586
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Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common and effective therapies for cancer. Generally, patients are treated with X-rays produced by electron accelerators. Many years ago, researchers proposed that high-energy charged particles could be used for this purpose, owing to their physical and radiobiological advantages compared with X-rays. Particle therapy is an emerging technique in radiotherapy. Protons and carbon ions have been used for treating many different solid cancers, and several new centers with large accelerators are under construction. Debate continues on the cost:benefit ratio of this technique, that is, on whether the high costs of accelerators and beam delivery in particle therapy are justified by a clear clinical advantage. This Review considers the present clinical results in the field, and identifies and discusses the research questions that have resulted with this technique.
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587
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Götte M. Endometrial cells get side-tracked: side population cells promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in endometrial carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:25-8. [PMID: 19948831 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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588
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Ghotra VPS, Puigvert JC, Danen EHJ. The cancer stem cell microenvironment and anti-cancer therapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:955-62. [PMID: 19895272 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903242164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumours are composed of a heterogeneous cell population. Cancer stem cells, which make up a minor fraction of a tumour, may be the cells that initiate and sustain tumour growth. Cancer stem cells are believed to share many properties with normal stem cells that render them relatively insensitive to classical radio- and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS We discuss what those (cancer) stem cell properties are and how the interactions with the microenvironment--'the niche'--control those aspects of (cancer) stem cell biology. We also describe possible strategies to target cancer stem cells in order to prevent cancers from escaping therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerander P S Ghotra
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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589
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Al-Assar O, Muschel RJ, Mantoni TS, McKenna WG, Brunner TB. Radiation response of cancer stem-like cells from established human cell lines after sorting for surface markers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 75:1216-25. [PMID: 19857785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells (CSLC) is hypothesized to exist in different cancer cell lines and to mediate radioresistance in solid tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cells were stained for CSLC markers and sorted (fluorescence-activated cell sorter/magnetic beads) to compare foci and radiosensitivity of phosphorylated histone H2AX at Ser 139 (gamma-H2AX) in sorted vs. unsorted populations in eight cell lines from different organs. CSLC properties were examined using anchorage-independent growth and levels of activated Notch1. Validation consisted of testing tumorigenicity and postirradiation enrichment of CSLC in xenograft tumors. RESULTS The quantity of CSLC was generally in good agreement with primary tumors. CSLC from MDA-MB-231 (breast) and Panc-1 and PSN-1 (both pancreatic) cells had fewer residual gamma-H2AX foci than unsorted cells, pointing to radioresistance of CSLC. However, only MDA-MB-231 CSLC were more radioresistant than unsorted cells. Furthermore, MDA-MB-231 CSLC showed enhanced anchorage-independent growth and overexpression of activated Notch1 protein. The expression of cancer stem cell surface markers in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model was increased after exposure to fractionated radiation. In contrast to PSN-1 cells, a growth advantage for MDA-MB-231 CSLC xenograft tumors was found compared to tumors arising from unsorted cells. CONCLUSIONS CSLC subpopulations showed no general radioresistant phenotype, despite the quantities of CSLC subpopulations shown to correspond relatively well in other reports. Likewise, CSLC characteristics were found in some but not all of the tested cell lines. The reported problems in testing for CSLC in cell lines may be overcome by additional techniques, beyond sorting for markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Al-Assar
- CR-UK, MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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590
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Lassen P, Eriksen JG, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Tramm T, Alsner J, Overgaard J. HPV-associated p16-expression and response to hypoxic modification of radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2009; 94:30-5. [PMID: 19910068 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HPV/p16-positive head and neck cancers (HNSCC) show superior response to radiotherapy, compared with virus-negative tumours. Tumour hypoxia induces radioresistance and the randomised DAHANCA 5 trial found that the hypoxic cell radiosensitiser nimorazole significantly improved the outcome in HNSCC. Using p16-status as a retrospective stratification parameter, we aimed to assess the influence of p16-expression on the response to nimorazole in HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pre-treatment tumour blocks were available from 331 of the 414 patients in the DAHANCA 5 trial and evaluated by immunohistochemistry for p16-expression. The influence of p16-expression on outcome was analysed as a function of treatment group (nimorazole/placebo) 5 years after radiotherapy. RESULTS Overall, patients treated with nimorazole had significantly better loco-regional control than did those given placebo: hazard ratio (HR) 0.70 [95% CI 0.52-0.93]. Positive expression of p16 also significantly improved outcome after radiotherapy (0.41 [0.28-0.61]). In the subgroup of patients with p16-negative tumours, loco-regional failure was more frequent in the placebo group than in the nimorazole group (0.69 [0.50-0.95]). However, in the p16-positive group, patients treated with nimorazole had a loco-regional control rate similar to patients given placebo (0.93 [0.45-1.91]). CONCLUSIONS HPV/p16-expression significantly improved outcome after radiotherapy in HNSCC. Hypoxic modification improved outcome in HPV/p16-negative tumours but was of no significant benefit in HPV/p16-positive tumours, suggesting that hypoxic radioresistance may not be clinically relevant in these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Lassen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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591
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Krause M, Gurtner K, Deuse Y, Baumann M. Heterogeneity of tumour response to combined radiotherapy and EGFR inhibitors: Differences between antibodies and TK inhibitors. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:943-54. [DOI: 10.3109/09553000903232835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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592
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Enderling H, Anderson AR, Chaplain MA, Beheshti A, Hlatky L, Hahnfeldt P. Paradoxical Dependencies of Tumor Dormancy and Progression on Basic Cell Kinetics. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8814-21. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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593
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Maenhaut C, Dumont JE, Roger PP, van Staveren WCG. Cancer stem cells: a reality, a myth, a fuzzy concept or a misnomer? An analysis. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:149-58. [PMID: 19858069 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of cancer stem cells (CSC) embodies two aspects: the stem cell as the initial target of the oncogenic process and the existence of two populations of cells in cancers: the CSC and derived cells. The second is discussed in this review. CSC are defined as cells having three properties: a selectively endowed tumorigenic capacity, an ability to recreate the full repertoire of cancer cells of the parent tumor and the expression of a distinctive repertoire of surface biomarkers. In operational terms, the CSC are among all cancer cells those able to initiate a xenotransplant. Other explicit or implicit assumptions exist, including the concept of CSC as a single unique infrequent population of cells. To avoid such assumptions, we propose to use the operational term tumor-propagating cells (TPC); indeed, the cells that initiate transplants did not initiate the cancer. The experimental evidence supporting the explicit definition is analyzed. Cancers indeed contain a fraction of cells mainly responsible for the tumor development. However, there is evidence that these cells do not represent one homogenous population. Moreover, there is no evidence that the derived cells result from an asymmetric, qualitative and irreversible process. A more general model is proposed of which the CSC model could be one extreme case. We propose that the TPC are multiple evolutionary selected cancer cells with the most competitive properties [maintained by (epi-)genetic mechanisms], at least partially reversible, quantitative rather than qualitative and resulting from a stochastic rather than deterministic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maenhaut
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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594
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Bruechner K, Bergmann R, Santiago A, Mosch B, Yaromina A, Hessel F, Hofheinz F, van den Hoff J, Baumann M, Beuthien-Baumann B. Comparison of [18F]FDG uptake and distribution with hypoxia and proliferation in FaDu human squamous cell carcinoma (hSCC) xenografts after single dose irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:772-80. [PMID: 19657862 DOI: 10.1080/09553000903043067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the uptake of [(18)F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) in the human tumour xenograft FaDu at early time points after single dose irradiation with Positron-Emission-Tomography (PET), autoradiography and functional histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS [(18)F]FDG-PET of FaDu hSCC xenografts on nude mice was performed before 25 Gy or 35 Gy single dose irradiation and one, seven or 11 days post irradiation (p.irr.). Before the second PET, mice were injected with pimonidazole (pimo) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). After the PET tumours were excised, sliced and subjected to autoradiography and functional histology staining (pimo, BrdU, Ki67). [(18)F]FDG tumour uptake was quantified in the PET scans by maximal standard uptake value (SUV(max)) and in the autoradiography after co-registration to the histology slices. RESULTS No differences in the overall [(18)F]FDG uptake between the two dose groups and time points were found with PET or autoradiography. Comparing autoradiography and histology, the [(18)F]FDG uptake was constant in tumour necrosis over time, while it decreased in vital tumour areas and particularly in hypoxic regions. No differences in the [(18)F]FDG uptake between positive and negative areas of Ki67 and BrdU were found. CONCLUSIONS The decline of [(18)F]FDG uptake in vital tumour and in pimopositive areas as seen in autoradiography, was not reflected by evaluation of SUV(max) determined by PET. These findings suggest that the SUV(max) does not necessarily reflect changes in tumour biology after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Bruechner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology-Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden,Germany
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595
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Ljungman
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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596
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Hehlgans S, Lange I, Eke I, Cordes N. 3D cell cultures of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells are radiosensitized by the focal adhesion kinase inhibitor TAE226. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92:371-8. [PMID: 19729215 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a main player in integrin signaling and survival, is frequently overexpressed in human cancers and therefore postulated as potential target in cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiosensitizing potential of the FAK inhibitor TAE226 in three-dimensional (3D) tumor cell cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells (FaDu, UT-SCC15, UT-SCC45), lung cancer cells (A549), colorectal carcinoma cells (DLD-1, HCT-116) and pancreatic tumor cells (MiaPaCa2, Panc1) were treated with different concentrations of TAE226 (0-1mum; 1 or 24h) without or in combination with irradiation (0-6Gy, X-ray, single dose). Subsequently, 3D clonogenic survival assays (laminin-rich extracellular matrix) and Western blotting (expression/phosphorylation, e.g. FAK, Akt, ERK1/2) were performed. RESULTS All investigated 3D cell cultures showed a dose-dependent reduction in clonogenic survival by TAE226. Intriguingly, TAE226 only significantly radiosensitized 3D HNSCC cell cultures accompanied by a pronounced dephosphorylation of FAK, Akt and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate TAE226 as potent FAK inhibitor that enhances the cellular radiosensitivity particularly of HNSCC cells grown in a 3D cell culture model. Future in vitro and in vivo investigations will clarify, to which extent this approach might be clinically relevant for radiotherapy of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hehlgans
- OncoRay-Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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597
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Rodemann HP. Molecular radiation biology: Perspectives for radiation oncology. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92:293-8. [PMID: 19726094 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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598
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Yaromina A, Eckardt A, Zips D, Eicheler W, Schuetze C, Thames H, Baumann M. Core needle biopsies for determination of the microenvironment in individual tumours for longitudinal radiobiological studies. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92:460-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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599
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Triple angiokinase inhibition, tumour hypoxia and radiation response of FaDu human squamous cell carcinomas. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92:405-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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600
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Ferrandina G, Petrillo M, Bonanno G, Scambia G. Targeting CD133 antigen in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:823-37. [PMID: 19530986 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903005616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much attention has been focused on CD133 as a marker of cancer cells with stem-cell-like ability. In the cancer stem cells (CSCs) model, only a small proportion of tumour cells are able to self-renew extensively, while the bulk of cells proceed to differentiate into committed heterogeneous clones. On the basis of the involvement of CSCs in tumourigenesis and treatment resistance, it is conceivable that only eradication of CSCs can lead to a cancer cure. OBJECTIVE To highlight the most recent evidence about the role of CD133 as a marker of CSCs in human tumours, and the therapeutic perspectives associated with its specific targeting. METHODS A literature search through Medline to locate published full articles using the following key words for selection: 'CD133 and cancer targeting', 'CD133 and chemo resistance', and 'CD133 and molecular pathways'. Only studies in English are considered. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The role of CD133 as a marker of CSCs has been documented in several human neoplasms; its expression seems to predict unfavourable prognosis. Novel therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting molecular pathways critical for CD133+ CSCs survival are being examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ferrandina
- Catholic University, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, L.go A. Gemelli 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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