601
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Expression of Connexin 43 in Synovial Tissue of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arch Rheumatol 2015; 31:55-63. [PMID: 29900991 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2016.5597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to identify the distribution and expression level of connexin 43 (Cx43) in synovial tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients and methods The expression of Cx43 in synovial tissue from eight patients with RA (2 males, 6 females; mean age 59.5±2.7 years; range 52 to 71 years), five patients with osteoarthritis (2 males, 3 females; mean age 68.4±2.7 years; range 61 to 81 years), and one normal female subject (mean age 61 year) was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry of tissue sections. Induction of Cx43 following stimulation of human RA synovial fibroblasts with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) cultures was examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The effect of small interfering ribonucleic acid targeting Cx43 (siCx43) on the expression of TNF-a and interleukin-6 was examined using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Connexin 43 was highly expressed in RA synovial tissue, which also expressed TNF-a, but was expressed lower in osteoarthritis and normal synovial tissue. Expression of Cx43 was markedly up-regulated in RA synovial fibroblasts after stimulation with TNF-a. The over-expression of pro- inflammatory cytokines was suppressed by transfection of siCx43. Conclusion This study shows that Cx43 is expressed in RA synovial tissue and that its expression is induced by stimulation with TNF-a. The expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was inhibited by transfection of siCx43. Cx43 may be a novel marker of inflammation in RA synovial tissue.
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602
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Gallo J, Raska M, Konttinen YT, Nich C, Goodman SB. Innate immunity sensors participating in pathophysiology of joint diseases: a brief overview. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2015; 24:297-317. [PMID: 25747032 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2014010825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system consists of functionally specialized "modules" that are activated in response to a particular set of stimuli via sensors located on the surface or inside the tissue cells. These cells screen tissues for a wide range of exogenous and endogenous danger/damage-induced signals with the aim to reject or tolerate them and maintain tissue integrity. In this line of thinking, inflammation evolved as an adaptive tool for restoring tissue homeostasis. A number of diseases are mediated by a maladaptation of the innate immune response, perpetuating chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Here, we review recent evidence on the cross talk between innate immune sensors and development of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and aseptic loosening of total joint replacements. In relation to the latter topic, there is a growing body of evidence that aseptic loosening and periprosthetic osteolysis results from long-term maladaptation of periprosthetic tissues to the presence of by-products continuously released from an artificial joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Gallo
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc 775 20, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yrjo T Konttinen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki and ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital of the Invalid Foundation, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Nich
- Laboratoire de Biomecanique et Biomateriaux Osteo-Articulaires - UMR CNRS 7052, Faculte de Medecine - Universite Paris 7, Paris, France; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, European Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Medical Center Redwood City, CA
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603
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Song YJ, Li G, He JH, Guo Y, Yang L. Bioinformatics-Based Identification of MicroRNA-Regulated and Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137551. [PMID: 26359667 PMCID: PMC4567271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as epigenetic markers and regulate the expression of their target genes, including those characterized as regulators in autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases. The potential roles of miRNA-regulated genes in RA pathogenesis have greatly aroused the interest of clinicians and researchers in recent years. In the current study, RA-related miRNAs records were obtained from PubMed through conditional literature retrieval. After analyzing the selected records, miRNA targeted genes were predicted. We identified 14 RA-associated miRNAs, and their sub-analysis in 5 microarray or RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) datasets was performed. The microarray and RNA-seq data of RA were also downloaded from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Sequence Read Archive (SRA), analyzed, and annotated. Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing studies on RA and the controls. The RA-related gene expression profile was thus obtained and the expression of miRNA-regulated genes was analyzed. After functional annotation analysis, we found GO molecular function (MF) terms significantly enriched in calcium ion binding (GO: 0005509). Moreover, some novel dysregulated target genes were identified in RA through integrated analysis of miRNA/mRNA expression. The result revealed that the expression of a number of genes, including ROR2, ABI3BP, SMOC2, etc., was not only affected by dysregulated miRNAs, but also altered in RA. Our findings indicate that there is a close association between negatively correlated mRNA/miRNA pairs and RA. These findings may be applied to identify genetic markers for RA diagnosis and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guiling Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Hua He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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604
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Lowin T, Straub RH. Cannabinoid-based drugs targeting CB1 and TRPV1, the sympathetic nervous system, and arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:226. [PMID: 26343051 PMCID: PMC4561168 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which can support the immune system to perpetuate inflammation. Several animal models of arthritis already demonstrated a profound influence of adrenergic signaling on the course of RA. Peripheral norepinephrine release from sympathetic terminals is controlled by cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is activated by two major endocannabinoids (ECs), arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonylglycerol. These ECs also modulate function of transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) located on sensory nerve fibers, which are abundant in arthritic synovial tissue. TRPs not only induce the sensation of pain but also support inflammation via secretion of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides. In addition, many cell types in synovial tissue express CB1 and TRPs. In this review, we focus on CB1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-mediated effects on RA since most anti-inflammatory mechanisms induced by cannabinoids are attributed to cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) activation. We demonstrate how CB1 agonism or antagonism can modulate arthritic disease. The concept of functional antagonism with continuous CB1 activation is discussed. Since fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a major EC-degrading enzyme, the therapeutic possibility of FAAH inhibition is studied. Finally, the therapeutic potential of ECs is examined since they interact with cannabinoid receptors and TRPs but do not produce central side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lowin
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, University Hospital of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, University Hospital of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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605
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated disease of unknown cause that primarily affects the joints and ultimately leads to joint destruction. In recent years, the potential role of DNA methylation in the development of RA is raising great expectations among clinicians and researchers. DNA methylation influences diverse aspects of the disease and regulates epigenetic silencing of genes and behavior of several cell types, especially fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), the most resident cells in joints. The activation of FLS is generally regarded as a key process in the development of RA that actively results in the promotion of ongoing inflammation and joint damage. It has also been shown that aberrant DNA methylation occurs in the pathogenesis of RA and contributes to the development of the disease. Recently, there has been an impressive increase in studies involving DNA methylation in RA. In this paper, we consider the role of DNA methylation in the development of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lai Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214041, Jiangsu, China
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606
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Li GF, Qin YH, Du PQ. Andrographolide inhibits the migration, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase expression of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes via inhibition of HIF-1α signaling. Life Sci 2015; 136:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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607
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Kim ND, Luster AD. The role of tissue resident cells in neutrophil recruitment. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:547-55. [PMID: 26297103 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are first responders of the immune system, rapidly migrating into affected tissues in response to injury or infection. To effectively call in this first line of defense, strategically placed cells within the vasculature and tissue respond to noxious stimuli by sending out coordinated signals that recruit neutrophils. Regulation of organ-specific neutrophil entry occurs at two levels. First, the vasculature supplying the organ provides cues for neutrophil egress out of the bloodstream in a manner dependent upon its unique cellular composition and architectural features. Second, resident immune cells and stromal cells within the organ send coordinated signals that guide neutrophils to their final destination. Here, we review recent findings that highlight the importance of these tissue-specific responses in the regulation of neutrophil recruitment and the initiation and resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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608
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Yang G, Wu D, Zeng G, Jiang O, Yuan P, Huang S, Zhu J, Tian J, Weng Y, Rao Z. Correlation between miR-126 expression and DNA hypomethylation of CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8929-8936. [PMID: 26464634 PMCID: PMC4583866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was closely correlated with DNA hypomethylation in CD4+ T cells, in which DNA methyltransferase plays a certain role. This study therefore investigated the effect of miR-126 on CD4+ T cell subgroup in RA patients and the alternation of DNA hypomethylation, in an attempt to provide new sights into the pathogenesis and treatment of RA. CD4+ T cells separated from RA patients were transfected with miRNA (miR)-126 expression vector or miR-126 inhibitor expression vector. The expression levels of CD11a, CD70 and DNMT1 mRNA were examined by real-time PCR. Protein levels of CD11a and CD70 were tested by flow cytometry while DNMT1 protein level was quantified by Western blotting. DNA was modified by sodium bisulfite and was sequenced for the methylation status of promoters of CD11a and CD70 genes. Both mRNA and protein expressions of CD11a and CD70 genes in CD4+ T cells were elevated by miR-126 transfection, along with decreased DNMT1 protein level but not mRNA level. The methylation degree of promoters of both CD11a and CD70 genes were significantly depressed after miR-126 transfection. The transfection by miR-126 inhibitor effectively reversed such effects. In RA patients, elevated miR-126 may promote the expression of CD11a and CD70 via the induction of hypomethylation of gene promoters by depressing DNMTI1 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeNeijiang 641000, China
| | - Daoquan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeNeijiang 641000, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeNeijiang 641000, China
| | - Ou Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeNeijiang 641000, China
| | - Pingzong Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeNeijiang 641000, China
| | - Shenjie Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeNeijiang 641000, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Yaguang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by Chinese Ministry of Education and School of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhihua Rao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of Luzhou Medical CollegeNeijiang 641000, China
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609
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Pap T, Korb-Pap A. Cartilage damage in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis—two unequal siblings. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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610
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Li D, Xiao Z, Wang G, Song X. Knockdown of ADAM10 inhibits migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5517-23. [PMID: 26135838 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Previous studies proposed that the A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family is involved in the regulation of inflammation and arthritis. Thus, the present study investigated whether ADAM10 is involved in the progression of RA. The effects of ADAM10 small interfering (si)RNA on the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) were determined in fibroblast‑like synoviocytes (FLS). In addition, the effects of ADAM10 siRNA on cell proliferation, invasion and migration in human RA‑FLS were assessed in vitro. The therapeutic efficacy and side‑effects of ADAM10 siRNA were examined in a mouse model of collagen‑induced arthritis (CIA). In vitro, ADAM10 silencing suppressed the expression of TNF‑α, IL‑6, IL‑8 and CXCL16 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated human RA‑FLS. LPS‑induced RA‑FLS proliferation, migration and invasion were significantly attenuated by ADAM10 knockdown. ADAM10 silencing inhibited the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‑A) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑3 and ‑9 from LPS‑stimulated human RA‑FLS, in addition to inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/AKT activation in LPS‑stimulated human RA‑FLS. In vivo, treatment with siRNA against ADAM10 for three weeks reduced the arthritis score. Serum levels of VEGF‑A, MMP‑3 and MMP‑9 were also reduced in CIA mice. These observations indicate that the inhibition of ADAM10 may be a viable therapeutic target in the amelioration of disease progression in RA by attenuating FLS proliferation, migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhitao Xiao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xianji Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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611
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Owens BMJ. Inflammation, Innate Immunity, and the Intestinal Stromal Cell Niche: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Immunol 2015; 6:319. [PMID: 26150817 PMCID: PMC4471728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells of multiple tissues contribute to immune-mediated protective responses and, conversely, the pathological tissue changes associated with chronic inflammatory disease. However, unlike hematopoietic immune cells, tissue stromal cell populations remain poorly characterized with respect to specific surface marker expression, their ontogeny, self-renewal, and proliferative capacity within tissues and the extent to which they undergo phenotypic immunological changes during the course of an infectious or inflammatory insult. Extending our knowledge of the immunological features of stromal cells provides an exciting opportunity to further dissect the underlying biology of many important immune-mediated diseases, although several challenges remain in bringing the emerging field of stromal immunology to equivalence with the study of the hematopoietic immune cell compartment. This review highlights recent studies that have begun unraveling the complexity of tissue stromal cell function in immune responses, with a focus on the intestine, and proposes strategies for the development of the field to uncover the great potential for stromal immunology to contribute to our understanding of the fundamental pathophysiology of disease, and the opening of new therapeutic avenues in multiple chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M J Owens
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK ; Somerville College, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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612
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Noss EH, Watts GFM, Zocco D, Keller TL, Whitman M, Blobel CP, Lee DM, Brenner MB. Evidence for cadherin-11 cleavage in the synovium and partial characterization of its mechanism. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:126. [PMID: 25975695 PMCID: PMC4449585 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Engagement of the homotypic cell-to-cell adhesion molecule cadherin-11 on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts with a chimeric molecule containing the cadherin-11 extracellular binding domain stimulated cytokine, chemokine, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) release, implicating cadherin-11 signaling in RA pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine if cadherin-11 extracellular domain fragments are found inside the joint and if a physiologic synovial fibroblast cleavage pathway releases those fragments. Methods Cadherin-11 cleavage fragments were detected by western blot in cell media or lysates. Cleavage was interrupted using chemical inhibitors or short-interfering RNA (siRNA) gene silencing. The amount of cadherin-11 fragments in synovial fluid was measured by western blot and ELISA. Results Soluble cadherin-11 extracellular fragments were detected in human synovial fluid at significantly higher levels in RA samples compared to osteoarthritis (OA) samples. A cadherin-11 N-terminal extracellular binding domain fragment was shed from synovial fibroblasts after ionomycin stimulation, followed by presenilin 1 (PSN1)-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the retained membrane-bound C-terminal fragments. In addition to ionomycin-induced calcium flux, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α also stimulated cleavage in both two- and three-dimensional fibroblast cultures. Although cadherin-11 extracellular domains were shed by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 in several cell types, a novel ADAM- and metalloproteinase-independent activity mediated shedding in primary human fibroblasts. Conclusions Cadherin-11 undergoes ectodomain shedding followed by regulated intramembrane proteolysis in synovial fibroblasts, triggered by a novel sheddase that generates extracelluar cadherin-11 fragments. Cadherin-11 fragments were enriched in RA synovial fluid, suggesting they may be a marker of synovial burden and may function to modify cadherin-11 interactions between synovial fibroblasts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0647-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika H Noss
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Smith Research Building, 5th floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Gerald F M Watts
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Smith Research Building, 5th floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Davide Zocco
- Exosomics Siena S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Tracy L Keller
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, REB 505, 190 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Malcolm Whitman
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, REB 505, 190 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 east 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - David M Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Smith Research Building, 5th floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Building 69/Room 206, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Smith Research Building, 5th floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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613
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Ekwall AKH, Whitaker JW, Hammaker D, Bugbee WD, Wang W, Firestein GS. The Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Gene LBH Regulates Growth in Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1193-202. [PMID: 25707478 PMCID: PMC4490933 DOI: 10.1002/art.39060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are key players in the synovial pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently, there is no treatment that specifically targets these aggressive cells. By combining 3 different "omics" data sets, i.e., 1) risk genes in RA, 2) differentially expressed genes, and 3) differential DNA methylation in RA versus osteoarthritis (OA) FLS, we identified LBH (limb bud and heart development) as a candidate gene in RA. The present study was undertaken to define the role of this gene in FLS. METHODS Synovial tissue specimens from RA and OA patients were collected at the time of joint replacement surgery. LBH expression was silenced using small interfering RNA or overexpressed using an LBH expression vector in primary FLS. Gene expression profiles were determined by microarray and assessed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Effects of modified LBH expression were investigated in functional assays. RESULTS LBH was expressed in the synovial lining layer in patients with RA. Transforming growth factor β1 significantly increased LBH expression in primary FLS, and platelet-derived growth factor BB decreased it. Pathway analysis of the transcriptome of LBH-deficient FLS compared to control FLS identified "cellular growth and proliferation" as the most significantly enriched pathway. In growth assays, LBH deficiency increased FLS proliferation. Conversely, LBH overexpression significantly inhibited cell growth. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a marked increase in cells entering the cell cycle in LBH-deficient FLS compared to controls. LBH did not alter apoptosis. CONCLUSION LBH is a candidate gene for synovial pathology in RA. It is regulated by growth factors and modulates cell growth in primary FLS. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for synovial intimal hyperplasia and joint damage in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin H. Ekwall
- Anna-Karin H. Ekwall, MD, MSc, PhD (current address: University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden), John W. Whitaker, PhD (current address: Discovery Science, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California), Deepa Hammaker, PhD, Wei Wang, PhD, Gary S. Firestein, MD: University of California at San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John W. Whitaker
- Anna-Karin H. Ekwall, MD, MSc, PhD (current address: University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden), John W. Whitaker, PhD (current address: Discovery Science, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California), Deepa Hammaker, PhD, Wei Wang, PhD, Gary S. Firestein, MD: University of California at San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Deepa Hammaker
- Anna-Karin H. Ekwall, MD, MSc, PhD (current address: University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden), John W. Whitaker, PhD (current address: Discovery Science, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California), Deepa Hammaker, PhD, Wei Wang, PhD, Gary S. Firestein, MD: University of California at San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Anna-Karin H. Ekwall, MD, MSc, PhD (current address: University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden), John W. Whitaker, PhD (current address: Discovery Science, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California), Deepa Hammaker, PhD, Wei Wang, PhD, Gary S. Firestein, MD: University of California at San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Gary S. Firestein
- Anna-Karin H. Ekwall, MD, MSc, PhD (current address: University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden), John W. Whitaker, PhD (current address: Discovery Science, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California), Deepa Hammaker, PhD, Wei Wang, PhD, Gary S. Firestein, MD: University of California at San Diego, La Jolla
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614
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Targeting mechanisms at sites of complement activation for imaging and therapy. Immunobiology 2015; 221:726-32. [PMID: 25979851 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays a key role in many acute injury states as well as chronic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Localized complement activation and alternative pathway-mediated amplification on diverse target surfaces promote local recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells and elaboration of other mediators. Despite a general understanding of the architecture of the system, though, many of the mechanisms that underlie site-specific complement activation and amplification in vivo are incompletely understood. In addition, there is no capability yet to measure the level of local tissue site-specific complement activation in patients without performing biopsies to detect products using immunohistochemical techniques. Herein is reviewed emerging evidence obtained through clinical research studies of human rheumatoid arthritis along with translational studies of its disease models which demonstrate that several parallel mechanisms are involved in site-specific amplification of activation of the complement system in vivo. Among these processes are de-regulation of the alternative pathway, effector pathway-catalyzed amplification of proximal complement activation, recognition of injury-associated ligands by components of the lectin pathway, and engagement of pathogenic natural antibodies that recognize a limited set of injury-associated neoepitopes. Studies suggest that each of these inter-related processes can play key roles in amplification of complement-dependent injury on self-tissues in vivo. These findings, in addition to development of an imaging strategy described herein designed to quantitatively measure local complement C3 fixation, have relevance to therapeutic and diagnostic strategies targeting the complement system.
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615
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Whitaker JW, Boyle DL, Bartok B, Ball ST, Gay S, Wang W, Firestein GS. Integrative omics analysis of rheumatoid arthritis identifies non-obvious therapeutic targets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124254. [PMID: 25901943 PMCID: PMC4406750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of disease is challenging. To this end, we developed a genome-wide approach of candidate gene prioritization. We independently collocated sets of genes that were implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenicity through three genome-wide assays: (i) genome-wide association studies (GWAS), (ii) differentially expression in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), and (iii) differentially methylation in RA FLS. Integrated analysis of these complementary data sets identified a significant enrichment of multi-evidence genes (MEGs) within pathways relating to RA pathogenicity. One MEG is Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein-1 (ELMO1), a gene not previously considered as a therapeutic target in RA FLS. We demonstrated in RA FLS that ELMO1 is: (i) expressed, (ii) promotes cell migration and invasion, and (iii) regulates Rac1 activity. Thus, we created links between ELMO1 and RA pathogenicity, which in turn validates ELMO1 as a potential RA therapeutic target. This study illustrated the power of MEG-based approaches for therapeutic target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Whitaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Boyle
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Beatrix Bartok
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Ball
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Steffen Gay
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WW); (GSF)
| | - Gary S. Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WW); (GSF)
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616
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Kono M, Yasuda S, Stevens RL, Koide H, Kurita T, Shimizu Y, Kanetsuka Y, Oku K, Bohgaki T, Amengual O, Horita T, Shimizu T, Majima T, Koike T, Atsumi T. Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein 4 is aberrantly expressed in the fibroblast-like synoviocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and controls their proliferation. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:396-407. [PMID: 25330932 DOI: 10.1002/art.38924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein 4 (RasGRP-4) is a calcium-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor and diacylglycerol/phorbol ester receptor not normally expressed in fibroblasts. While RasGRP-4-null mice are resistant to arthritis induced by anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase autoantibodies, the relevance of these findings to humans is unknown. We undertook this study to evaluate the importance of RasGRP-4 in the pathogenesis of human and rat arthritis. METHODS Synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) were evaluated immunohistochemically for the presence of RasGRP-4 protein. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated from synovial samples, and expression of RasGRP-4 was evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. The proliferation potency of FLS was evaluated by exposing the cells to a RasGRP-4-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Finally, the ability of RasGRP-4-specific siRNAs to hinder type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats was evaluated to confirm the importance of the signaling protein in the disease. RESULTS Unexpectedly, RasGRP-4 protein was detected in the synovial hyperplastic lining, where proliferating FLS preferentially reside. FLS isolated from tissues obtained from a subpopulation of RA patients expressed much more RasGRP-4 than did FLS from examined OA patients. Moreover, the level of RasGRP-4 transcript was correlated with the FLS proliferation rate. The ability of cultured FLS to divide was diminished when they were treated with RasGRP-4-specific siRNAs. The intraarticular injection of RasGRP-4-specific siRNAs also dampened experimental arthritis in rats. CONCLUSION RasGRP-4 is aberrantly expressed in FLS and helps regulate their growth. This intracellular signaling protein is therefore a candidate target for dampening proliferative synovitis and joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Kono
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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617
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Fan SS, Zong M, Zhang H, Lu Y, Lu TB, Fan LY. Decreased expression of alpha-enolase inhibits the proliferation of hypoxia-induced rheumatoid arthritis fibroblasts-like synoviocytes. Mod Rheumatol 2015; 25:701-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2015.1014141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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618
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Sohn C, Lee A, Qiao Y, Loupasakis K, Ivashkiv LB, Kalliolias GD. Prolonged tumor necrosis factor α primes fibroblast-like synoviocytes in a gene-specific manner by altering chromatin. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:86-95. [PMID: 25199798 DOI: 10.1002/art.38871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are chronically exposed to an inflammatory milieu. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that prolonged exposure of FLS to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) augments inflammatory responses to secondary stimuli (priming effect). METHODS FLS obtained from RA patients were exposed to TNFα for 3 days and were then stimulated with interferons (IFNs). Expression of IFN target genes was measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total STAT-1 protein and IFN-mediated STAT-1 activation were evaluated by Western blotting. Total histone levels, histone acetylation, and NF-κB p65 and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment were measured at the CXCL10 promoter (encodes IFNγ-inducible 10-kd protein [IP-10]) by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS Prolonged pre-exposure of FLS to TNFα enhanced the magnitude and extended the kinetics of CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL9, and CXCL11 production upon subsequent IFN stimulation. This phenotype was retained over a period of days, even after the removal of TNFα. Prolonged TNFα exposure decreased histone levels, increased acetylation of the remaining histones, and heightened recruitment of NF-κB p65 and Pol II to the CXCL10 promoter. In parallel, an increase in intracellular STAT-1 led to amplification of IFN-induced STAT-1 activation. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a novel pathogenic function of TNFα, namely, prolonged and gene-specific priming of FLS for enhanced transcription of inflammatory chemokine genes due to the priming of chromatin, the sustained activation of NF-κB, and the amplification of STAT-1 activation downstream of IFNs. These data also suggest that FLS gain an "inflammatory memory" upon prolonged exposure to TNFα.
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619
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Chen SY, Shiau AL, Li YT, Lin CC, Jou IM, Liu MF, Wu CL, Wang CR. Transcription factor snail regulates tumor necrosis factor α-mediated synovial fibroblast activation in the rheumatoid joint. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:39-50. [PMID: 25303734 DOI: 10.1002/art.38899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transcription factor Snail is involved in various biologic functions. We hypothesized that this molecule regulates tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-mediated synovial fibroblast activation in the rheumatoid joint. The aim of this study was to examine the role of Snail in the expression of cadherin-11 (Cad-11) and myofibroblast markers, interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, and the invasive ability of cells. METHODS Synovium samples were obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Synovial fibroblasts were treated with TNFα or a Wnt signaling inducer, and the joints of rats with CIA were injected with a TNFα antagonist. Modulation of Snail expression in the synovial fibroblasts and joints was performed by lentiviral vector-mediated transfer of complementary DNA or short hairpin RNA. RESULTS The expression of Snail and Cad-11 was higher in synovium and synovial fibroblasts from patients with RA compared with patients with osteoarthritis and was increased in rats with CIA. TNFα stimulation or activation of Wnt signaling up-regulated the expression of Snail, Cad-11, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in synovial fibroblasts, and anti-TNFα therapy down-regulated the expression of Snail, Cad-11, and α-SMA in the joints of rats with CIA. Although synovial fibroblast transfectants in which Snail was overexpressed showed increased expression of Cad-11 and α-SMA and enhanced TNFα-mediated invasive capacity and IL-6 production, synovial fibroblast transfectants from rats with CIA in which Snail was silenced showed decreased expression and had the opposite effect on these functions. Normal joints in which Snail was overexpressed had hyperplastic synovium, with increased expression of Cad-11, α-SMA, and IL-6. Silencing Snail expression ameliorated arthritis, with reduced Cad-11 expression and reduced levels of extracellular matrix deposition in the joints of rats with CIA, whereas overexpression of Snail exacerbated arthritis, with increased Cad-11 expression and increased levels of extracellular matrix deposition. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that Snail regulates TNFα-mediated activation of synovial fibroblasts in the rheumatoid joint. These findings may contribute to the pharmacologic development of therapeutics targeting synovial fibroblasts in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yao Chen
- National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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620
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Friebel K, Schönherr R, Kinne RW, Kunisch E. Functional role of the KCa3.1 potassium channel in synovial fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1677-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Friebel
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena and Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Roland Schönherr
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena and Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Raimund W. Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Elke Kunisch
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
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621
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Choi JK, Oh HM, Park JH, Choi JH, Sa KH, Kang YM, Park PH, Shin TY, Rho MC, Kim SH. Salvia plebeia extract inhibits the inflammatory response in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts and a murine model of arthritis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:415-422. [PMID: 25837280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Salvia plebeia R. Br. has been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases and as an antioxidant in many countries, including Korea and China. In this study, we investigated the effects of S. plebeia extract (SPE) on inflammatory arthritis and the underlying mechanisms of action. We used a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. TNF-α-stimulated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. Oral administration of SPE improved the clinical arthritis score, footpad thickness, and histologic changes, as well as serum IgG1 and IgG2a levels. SPE administration inhibited Th1/Th2/Th17 phenotype CD4(+) T lymphocyte expansion in inguinal lymph node and expression of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, MMP-1, and MMP-3 in the ankle joint tissue. SPE significantly suppressed the expression of cytokines and MMP-1 by down-regulating NF-κB, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in RA synovial fibroblasts. Taken together, these results indicate that SPE is therapeutically efficacious against chronic inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that SPE is a candidate for treating RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyeong Choi
- CMRI, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Oh
- Bio-Materials Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hun Park
- R&D Center Pharmaceutical lab, Korean Drug Co., LTD, Seoul 135-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Choi
- R&D Center Pharmaceutical lab, Korean Drug Co., LTD, Seoul 135-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Hee Sa
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Jeonju 565-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Bio-Materials Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- CMRI, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea.
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622
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APRIL promotes proliferation, secretion and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocyte from rats with adjuvant induced arthritis. Mol Immunol 2015; 64:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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623
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Kim J, Kim Y, Yi H, Jung H, Rim YA, Park N, Jung SM, Park SH, Ju JH. Eupatilin ameliorates collagen induced arthritis. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:233-9. [PMID: 25729243 PMCID: PMC4330475 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eupatilin is the main active component of DA-9601, an extract from Artemisia. Recently, eupatilin was reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the anti-arthritic effect of eupatilin in a murine arthritis model and human rheumatoid synoviocytes. DA-9601 was injected into collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Arthritis score was regularly evaluated. Mouse monocytes were differentiated into osteoclasts when eupatilin was added simultaneously. Osteoclasts were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and then manually counted. Rheumatoid synoviocytes were stimulated with TNF-α and then treated with eupatilin, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA expression in synoviocytes were measured by RT-PCR. Intraperitoneal injection of DA-9601 reduced arthritis scores in CIA mice. TNF-α treatment of synoviocytes increased the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β mRNAs, which was inhibited by eupatilin. Eupatilin decreased the number of osteoclasts in a concentration dependent manner. These findings, showing that eupatilin and DA-9601 inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the differentiation of osteoclasts, suggest that eupatilin and DA-9601 is a candidate anti-inflammatory agent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type II
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Female
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/immunology
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Monocytes/cytology
- Osteoclasts/cytology
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Synovial Membrane/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Juryun Kim
- Clinical Immunology and STEM (CiSTEM) Cell Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Kim
- Clinical Immunology and STEM (CiSTEM) Cell Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoju Yi
- Clinical Immunology and STEM (CiSTEM) Cell Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyerin Jung
- Clinical Immunology and STEM (CiSTEM) Cell Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- Clinical Immunology and STEM (CiSTEM) Cell Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Narae Park
- Clinical Immunology and STEM (CiSTEM) Cell Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Jung
- Clinical Immunology and STEM (CiSTEM) Cell Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Clinical Immunology and STEM (CiSTEM) Cell Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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624
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Zhu X, Song Y, Huo R, Zhang J, Sun S, He Y, Gao H, Zhang M, Sun X, Zhai T, Li H, Sun Y, Zhou Z, Shen B, Xiao L, Li N. Cyr61 participates in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis by promoting proIL-1β production by fibroblast-like synoviocytes through an AKT-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. Clin Immunol 2015; 157:187-97. [PMID: 25728492 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-1β plays a major role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously showed that Cyr61 participates in RA pathogenesis as a proinflammatory factor. Here, we found that the levels of IL-1β and Cyr61 were higher in RA SF than in osteoarthritis (OA) SF. IL-1β mRNA and proIL-1β protein levels were remarkably increased in Cyr61-stimulated FLS; however, IL-1β was hardly detectable in the supernatant. We also found that the level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in SF and ST was significantly increased in RA patients and that the level of IL-1β in supernatants from Cyr61-activated FLS increased significantly when we added exogenous ATP to the culture. Mechanistically, Cyr61 induced proIL-1β production in FLS via the AKT-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway, and ATP caused Cyr61-induced proIL-1β to generate IL-1β in a caspase-1-dependent manner. Our results reveal a novel role of Cyr61 in RA that involves the promotion of proIL-1β production in FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Yanfang Song
- Affiliated Renmin Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Rongfen Huo
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Songtao Sun
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yong He
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huali Gao
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Miaojia Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tianhang Zhai
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huidan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yue Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Baihua Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lianbo Xiao
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Ningli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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625
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Yoo SA, Park JH, Hwang SH, Oh SM, Lee S, Cicatiello V, Rho S, De Falco S, Hwang D, Cho CS, Kim WU. Placental Growth Factor-1 and -2 Induce Hyperplasia and Invasiveness of Primary Rheumatoid Synoviocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2513-21. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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626
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Suppression of Inflammation and Arthritis by Orally Administrated Cardiotoxin from Naja naja atra. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:387094. [PMID: 25767552 PMCID: PMC4341855 DOI: 10.1155/2015/387094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiotoxin (CTX) from Naja naja atra venom (NNAV) reportedly had analgesic effect in animal models but its role in inflammation and arthritis was unknown. In this study, we investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiarthritic actions of orally administered CTX-IV isolated from NNAV on rodent models of inflammation and adjuvant arthritis. CTX had significant anti-inflammatory effects in models of egg white induced nonspecific inflammation, filter paper induced rat granuloma formation, and capillary osmosis tests. CTX significantly reduced the swelling of paw induced by egg white, the inflammatory exudation, and the formation of granulomas. CTX reduced the swelling of paw, the AA clinical scores, and pathological alterations of joint. CTX significantly decreased the number of the CD4 T cells and inhibited the expression of relevant proinflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-6. CTX significantly inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and reduced the level of p-STAT3 in FLS. These results suggest that CTX inhibits inflammation and inflammatory pain and adjuvant-induced arthritis. CTX may be a novel therapeutic drug for treatment of arthritis.
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627
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Lipid peroxidation-mediated inflammation promotes cell apoptosis through activation of NF-κB pathway in rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:460310. [PMID: 25741130 PMCID: PMC4337269 DOI: 10.1155/2015/460310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of multiple joints. The central pathogenesis of RA is the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts in response to inflammatory cytokines. However, some of the targeted therapies for inflammation reactions do not display significant clinical improvement after initiation of therapy. Thus, the relationship between inflammatory responses and RA therapy is still incompletely understood. In the present study, we proposed to determine whether enhanced inflammations may lead to cell apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Our results indicated that products of lipid peroxidations, 4-HNE, may induce synovial intrinsic inflammations by activating NF-κB pathways and it may lead to cell apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB activation may reduce the 4-HNE mediated inflammation responses and subsequent cell apoptosis. Our results may help to clarify the role of inflammations on RA development and imply that blocking NF-κB activation may be partly beneficial for human RA therapy. These findings might provide a mechanism-based rationale for developing new strategy to RA clinical therapy.
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628
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Hong S, Kim EJ, Lee EJ, San Koo B, Min Ahn S, Bae SH, Lim DH, Kim YG, Yoo B, Lee CK. TNF-α confers resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis through the induction of soluble Fas. Life Sci 2015; 122:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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629
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miR-375 regulates the canonical Wnt pathway through FZD8 silencing in arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Immunol Lett 2015; 164:1-10. [PMID: 25619565 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Whether the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis is regulated by microRNA (miRNA) is not entirely clear. In this study, we found that miR-375 was down-regulated significantly in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model compared with control. Because the web-based software TargetScan and PicTar predict Frizzled 8 (FZD8) as the target of miR-375, we investigated whether up-regulated miR-375 plays a role in the activation of the canonical Wnt signaling by targeting the FZD8. Furthermore, the purpose of the present experiments was also to determine the role of miR-375 in the pathogenesis of AIA rat model and to ascertain the effects of FZD8 in this process. Real time qPCR, Western blotting, ELISA and ChIP assay were used to assess the inhibited role of miR-375 in the pathogenesis of AIA rat model and the canonical Wnt signaling. RNA interference was also used to detect the role of knockdown of dephosphorylated β-catenin. Luciferase reporter gene and related methods were performed to determine the FZD8 as the target of miR-375. The increased miR-375 inhibited the pathogenesis of AIA rat model as indicated by decreases in the several disease markers, such as MMP3 and fibronectin. Interestingly, miR-375 also inhibited the canonical Wnt signaling, and the stabilized form of β-catenin blocked the miR-375 effects. FZD8 was identified as the target of miR-375 in AIA rat model by the firefly luciferase reporter gene. In summary, our results demonstrate that miR-375 regulates the pathogenesis of AIA rat model through the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. This discovery may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention to benefit RA patients.
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630
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Staunton CA, Mobasheri A, Barrett-Jolley R. High hopes for cannabinoid agonists in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:410. [PMID: 25477254 PMCID: PMC4289380 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two well-characterised isoforms of cannabinoid receptor; CB1 and CB2 and of these CB2 is under active investigation as a potential target for treatment of the chronic pain associated with widespread and intractable joint diseases osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The recent report by Fukuda et al (BMC Musculoskelet Disord15:275, 2014) in BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders investigates the efficacy of a selective CB2 agonist, JW133, in both in vitro and in vivo models of rheumatoid arthritis and provides encouraging data. The report shows that JW133 inhibits expression of the CCL2 cytokine, osteoclastogenesis and reduces histological indicators of joint degeneration. Each of these could potentially contribute to beneficial analgesic effects in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, United Kingdom.
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631
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Local delivery of mesenchymal stem cells with poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nano-fiber scaffold suppress arthritis in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114621. [PMID: 25474102 PMCID: PMC4256456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been used recently for the treatment of autoimmune diseases in murine animal models due to the immunoregulatory capacity. Current utilization of MSC requires cells in certain quantity with multiple courses of administration, leading to limitation in clinical usage. Here we efficiently treated collagen-induced arthritis rats with a single local implantation with reduced number of MSC (2∼20% of previous studies) with nano-fiber poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (nano-fiber) scaffold. MSC seeded on nano-fiber scaffold suppressed arthritis and bone destruction due to inhibition of systemic inflammatory reaction and immune response by suppressing T cell proliferation and reducing anti- type II collagen antibody production. In vivo tracing of MSC demonstrated that these cells remained within the scaffold without migrating to other organs. Meanwhile, in vitro culture of MSC with nano-fiber scaffold significantly increased TGF-β1 production. These results indicate an efficient utilization of MSC with the scaffold for destructive joints in rheumatoid arthritis by a single and local inoculation. Thus, our data may serve as a new strategy for MSC-based therapy in inflammatory diseases and an alternative delivery method for bone destruction treatment.
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632
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Derer A, Böhm C, Grötsch B, Grün JR, Grützkau A, Stock M, Böhm S, Sehnert B, Gaipl U, Schett G, Hueber AJ, David JP. Rsk2 controls synovial fibroblast hyperplasia and the course of arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 75:413-21. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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633
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IL-1β and TNFα promote monocyte viability through the induction of GM-CSF expression by rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:241840. [PMID: 25484525 PMCID: PMC4251793 DOI: 10.1155/2014/241840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages and synovial fibroblasts (SF) are two major cells implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SF could be a source of cytokines and growth factors driving macrophages survival and activation. Here, we studied the effect of SF on monocyte viability and phenotype. METHODS SF were isolated from synovial tissue of RA patients and CD14+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. SF conditioned media were collected after 24 hours of culture with or without stimulation with TNFα or IL-1β. Macrophages polarisation was studied by flow cytometry. RESULTS Conditioned medium from SF significantly increased monocytes viability by 60% compared to CD14+ cells cultured in medium alone (P < 0.001). This effect was enhanced using conditioned media from IL-1β and TNFα stimulated SF. GM-CSF but not M-CSF nor IL34 blocking antibodies was able to significantly decrease monocyte viability by 30% when added to the conditioned media from IL-1β and TNFα stimulated SF (P < 0.001). Finally, monocyte cultured in presence of SF conditioned media did not exhibit a specific M1 or M2 phenotype. CONCLUSION Overall, rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) promote monocyte viability via GM-CSF but do not induce a specific macrophage polarization.
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634
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Stanford SM, Aleman Muench GR, Bartok B, Sacchetti C, Kiosses WB, Sharma J, Maestre MF, Bottini M, Mustelin T, Boyle DL, Firestein GS, Bottini N. TGFβ responsive tyrosine phosphatase promotes rheumatoid synovial fibroblast invasiveness. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 75:295-302. [PMID: 25378349 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) that line joint synovial membranes aggressively invade the extracellular matrix, destroying cartilage and bone. As signal transduction in FLS is mediated through multiple pathways involving protein tyrosine phosphorylation, we sought to identify protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulating the invasiveness of RA FLS. We describe that the transmembrane receptor PTPκ (RPTPκ), encoded by the transforming growth factor (TGF) β-target gene, PTPRK, promotes RA FLS invasiveness. METHODS Gene expression was quantified by quantitative PCR. PTP knockdown was achieved using antisense oligonucleotides. FLS invasion and migration were assessed in transwell or spot assays. FLS spreading was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Activation of signalling pathways was analysed by Western blotting of FLS lysates using phosphospecific antibodies. In vivo FLS invasiveness was assessed by intradermal implantation of FLS into nude mice. The RPTPκ substrate was identified by pull-down assays. RESULTS PTPRK expression was higher in FLS from patients with RA versus patients with osteoarthritis, resulting from increased TGFB1 expression in RA FLS. RPTPκ knockdown impaired RA FLS spreading, migration, invasiveness and responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 1 stimulation. Furthermore, RPTPκ deficiency impaired the in vivo invasiveness of RA FLS. Molecular analysis revealed that RPTPκ promoted RA FLS migration by dephosphorylation of the inhibitory residue Y527 of SRC. CONCLUSIONS By regulating phosphorylation of SRC, RPTPκ promotes the pathogenic action of RA FLS, mediating cross-activation of growth factor and inflammatory cytokine signalling by TGFβ in RA FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Stanford
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - German R Aleman Muench
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Beatrix Bartok
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cristiano Sacchetti
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- Microscopy Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jay Sharma
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael F Maestre
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, USA Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David L Boyle
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gary S Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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635
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Zhu X, Xiao L, Huo R, Zhang J, Lin J, Xie J, Sun S, He Y, Sun Y, Zhou Z, Shen B, Li N. Cyr61 is involved in neutrophil infiltration in joints by inducing IL-8 production by fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R187. [PMID: 24517278 PMCID: PMC3978874 DOI: 10.1186/ar4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is well known that neutrophils play very important roles in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and interleukin (IL)-8 is a critical chemokine in promoting neutrophil migration. We previously showed that increased production of Cyr61 by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in RA promotes FLS proliferation and Th17 cell differentiation, thus Cyr61 is a pro-inflammatory factor in RA pathogenesis. In this study, we explored the role of Cyr61 in neutrophil migration to the joints of RA patients. Methods RA FLS were treated with Cyr61 and IL-8 expression was analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. The migration of neutrophils recruited by the culture supernatants was determined by the use of a chemotaxis assay. Mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were treated with anti-Cyr61 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), or IgG1 as a control. Arthritis severity was determined by visual examination of the paws and joint destruction was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Signal transduction pathways in Cyr61-induced IL-8 production were investigated by real-time PCR, western blotting, confocal microscopy, luciferase reporter assay or chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Results We found that Cyr61 induced IL-8 production by RA FLS in an IL-1β and TNF-α independent pathway. Moreover, we identified that Cyr61-induced IL-8-mediated neutrophil migration in vitro. Using a CIA animal model, we found that treatment with anti-Cyr61 mAb led to a reduction in MIP-2 (a counterpart of human IL-8) expression and decrease in neutrophil infiltration, which is consistent with an attenuation of inflammation in vivo. Mechanistically, we showed that Cyr61 induced IL-8 production in FLS via AKT, JNK and ERK1/2-dependent AP-1, C/EBPβ and NF-κB signaling pathways. Conclusions Our results here reveal a novel role of Cyr61 in the pathogenesis of RA. It promotes neutrophil infiltration via up-regulation of IL-8 production in FLS. Taken together with our previous work, this study provides further evidence that Cyr61 plays a key role in the vicious cycle formed by the interaction between infiltrating neutrophils, proliferated FLS and activated Th17 cells in the development of RA.
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636
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Moriyama K, Kukita A, Li YJ, Uehara N, Zhang JQ, Takahashi I, Kukita T. Regulation of osteoclastogenesis through Tim-3: possible involvement of the Tim-3/galectin-9 system in the modulation of inflammatory bone destruction. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1200-11. [PMID: 25264706 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a unique family of lectins bearing one or two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) that have the ability to bind molecules with β-galactoside-containing carbohydrates. It has been shown that galectins regulate not only cell growth and differentiation but also immune responses, as well as inflammation. Galectin-9, a tandem repeat type of galectin, was originally identified as a chemotactic factor for eosinophils, and is also involved in the regulatory process of inflammation. Here, we examined the involvement of galectin-9 and its receptor, T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3), in the control of osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory bone destruction. Expression of Tim-3 was detected in osteoclasts and its mononuclear precursors in vivo and in vitro. Galectin-9 markedly inhibited osteoclastogenesis as evaluated in osteoclast precursor cell line RAW-D cells and primary bone marrow cells of mice and rats. The inhibitory effects of galectin-9 on osteoclastogenesis was negated by the addition of β-lactose, an antagonist for galectin binding, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of galectin-9 was mediated through CRD. When galectin-9 was injected into rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis, marked suppression of bone destruction was observed. Inflammatory bone destruction could be efficiently ameliorated by controlling the Tim-3/galectin-9 system in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Moriyama
- 1] Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan [2] Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Kukita
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yin-Ji Li
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Uehara
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jing-Qi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshio Kukita
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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637
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Zhao W, Zhang C, Shi M, Zhang J, Li M, Xue X, Zhang Z, Shu Z, Zhu J, Mu N, Li W, Hao Q, Wang Z, Gong L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. The discoidin domain receptor 2/annexin A2/matrix metalloproteinase 13 loop promotes joint destruction in arthritis through promoting migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2355-67. [PMID: 24819400 DOI: 10.1002/art.38696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR-2)/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) signaling is an important pathway involved in cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the molecular mechanisms of this pathway have not been clearly identified. This study was undertaken to screen key molecules involved in this pathway and evaluate their biologic functions in synovium invasion of RA. METHODS DDR-2-interacting proteins were examined in vitro by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, and annexin A2 was acquired. The effects of annexin A2 on fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) migration were evaluated using a Transwell invasion assay and an Erasion trace test. In Ddr2(-/-) mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blot analysis were used to assess expression of DDR-2, annexin A2, and MMP-13, as well as synovial hyperplasia. Rats with CIA were treated with lentivirus annexin A2 small interfering RNA (siRNA), and annexin A2 siRNA effects on joint damage were analyzed based upon arthritis index scores and results of micro-computed tomography and H&E staining. The differences between annexin A2 expression in clinical samples from RA and osteoarthritis patients were compared using Western blotting. RESULTS Annexin 2 was identified for the first time as a DDR-2 binding protein. It may be phosphorylated by phospho-DDR-2, leading to MMP-13 secretion. The annexin A2 phosphorylation level and MMP-13 expression level were decreased and collagen-induced joint damage greatly reduced in Ddr2(-/-) mice. Joint damage in rats with CIA was significantly ameliorated when annexin A2 was down-regulated. Annexin A2 expression and phosphorylation were elevated in human RA synovial tissue. CONCLUSION Annexin A2 is a key molecule in the DDR-2/annexin A2/MMP-13 loop, the activation of which contributes to joint destruction in RA, mainly through promoting invasion of FLS. Annexin A2 might therefore become a novel clinical target for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, and Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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638
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Karouzakis E, Trenkmann M, Gay RE, Michel BA, Gay S, Neidhart M. Epigenome analysis reveals TBX5 as a novel transcription factor involved in the activation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4945-51. [PMID: 25320281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the methylation status of human promoters in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF). Differentially methylated genes between RASF and osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts (OASF) were identified by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and hybridization to human promoter tiling arrays. The methylation status was confirmed by pyrosequencing. Gene and protein expression of differentially methylated genes was evaluated with real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to measure the gene promoter-associated acetylation and methylation of histones. Transcription factor-specific targets were identified with microarray and luciferase assays. We found that the transcription factor T-box transcription factor 5 (TBX5) was less methylated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium and RASF than in osteoarthritis (OA) samples. Demethylation of the TBX5 promoter in RASF and RA synovium was accompanied by higher TBX5 expression than in OASF and OA synovium. In RA synovium, TBX5 expression was primarily localized to the synovial lining. In addition, the TBX5 locus was enriched in activating chromatin marks, such as histone 4 lysine 4 trimethylation and histone acetylation, in RASF. In our functional studies, we observed that 790 genes were differentially expressed by 2-6-fold after overexpression of TBX5 in OASF. Bioinformatic analysis of these genes revealed that the chemokines IL-8, CXCL12, and CCL20 were common targets of TBX5 in OASF. Taken together, our data show that TBX5 is a novel inducer of important chemokines in RASF. Thus, we conclude that RASF contribute to the inflammatory processes operating in the pathogenesis of RA via epigenetic control of TBX5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Karouzakis
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Trenkmann
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Renate E Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Beat A Michel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michel Neidhart
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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639
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Sieghart D, Liszt M, Wanivenhaus A, Bröll H, Kiener H, Klösch B, Steiner G. Hydrogen sulphide decreases IL-1β-induced activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:187-97. [PMID: 25312962 PMCID: PMC4288362 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Balneotherapy employing sulphurous thermal water is still applied to patients suffering from diseases of musculoskeletal system like osteoarthritis (OA) but evidence for its clinical effectiveness is scarce. Since the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulphide (H2S) seems to affect cells involved in degenerative joint diseases, it was the objective of this study to investigate the effects of exogenous H2S on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which are key players in OA pathogenesis being capable of producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix degrading enzymes. To address this issue primary FLS derived from OA patients were stimulated with IL-1β and treated with the H2S donor NaHS. Cellular responses were analysed by ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, phospho-MAPkinase array and Western blotting. Treatment-induced effects on cellular structure and synovial architecture were investigated in three-dimensional extracellular matrix micromasses. NaHS treatment reduced both spontaneous and IL-1β-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES in different experimental settings. In addition, NaHS treatment reduced the expression of matrix metallo-proteinases MMP-2 and MMP-14. IL-1β induced the phosphorylation of several MAPkinases. NaHS treatment partially reduced IL-1β-induced activation of several MAPK whereas it increased phosphorylation of pro-survival factor Akt1/2. When cultured in spherical micromasses, FLS intentionally established a synovial lining layer-like structure; stimulation with IL-1β altered the architecture of micromasses leading to hyperplasia of the lining layer which was completely inhibited by concomitant exposure to NaHS. These data suggest that H2S partially antagonizes IL-1β stimulation via selective manipulation of the MAPkinase and the PI3K/Akt pathways which may encourage development of novel drugs for treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sieghart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Rheumatology, Balneology and Rehabilitation, Institute for Rheumatology and Balneology, Vienna-Oberlaa, Austria
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640
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Shelef MA, Bennin DA, Yasmin N, Warner TF, Ludwig T, Beggs HE, Huttenlocher A. Focal adhesion kinase is required for synovial fibroblast invasion, but not murine inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:464. [PMID: 25280866 PMCID: PMC4203874 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synovial fibroblasts invade cartilage and bone, leading to joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanisms that regulate synovial fibroblast invasion are not well understood. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in cellular invasion in several cell types, and FAK inhibitors are in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Little is known about the role of FAK in inflammatory arthritis, but, given its expression in synovial tissue, its known role in invasion in other cells and the potential clinical availability of FAK inhibitors, it is important to determine if FAK contributes to synovial fibroblast invasion and inflammatory arthritis. METHODS After treatment with FAK inhibitors, invasiveness of human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts was determined with Matrigel invasion chambers. Migration and focal matrix degradation, two components of cellular invasion, were assessed in FAK-inhibited rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts by transwell assay and microscopic examination of fluorescent gelatin degradation, respectively. Using mice with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced arthritis in which fak could be inducibly deleted, invasion and migration by FAK-deficient murine arthritic synovial fibroblasts were determined as described above and arthritis was clinically and pathologically scored in FAK-deficient mice. RESULTS Inhibition of FAK in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts impaired cellular invasion and migration. Focal matrix degradation occurred both centrally and at focal adhesions, the latter being a novel site for matrix degradation in synovial fibroblasts, but degradation was unaltered with FAK inhibitors. Loss of FAK reduced invasion in murine arthritic synovial fibroblasts, but not migration or TNFα-induced arthritis severity and joint erosions. CONCLUSIONS FAK inhibitors reduce synovial fibroblast invasion and migration, but synovial fibroblast migration and TNFα-induced arthritis do not rely on FAK itself. Thus, inhibition of FAK alone is unlikely to be sufficient to treat inflammatory arthritis, but current drugs that inhibit FAK may inhibit multiple factors, which could increase their efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Shelef
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison and William S Middleton Memorial VA Medical Center, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - David A Bennin
- />Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Nihad Yasmin
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Aurora Healthcare, 945 N 12th street, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hilary E Beggs
- />Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 10 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- />Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Miyabe Y, Miyabe C, Iwai Y, Yokoyama W, Sekine C, Sugimoto K, Harigai M, Miyasaka M, Miyasaka N, Nanki T. Activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes derived from rheumatoid arthritis via lysophosphatidic acid-lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 cascade. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:461. [PMID: 25273676 PMCID: PMC4203966 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid that binds to G protein–coupled receptors (LPA1–6). Recently, we reported that abrogation of LPA receptor 1 (LPA1) ameliorated murine collagen-induced arthritis, probably via inhibition of inflammatory cell migration, Th17 differentiation and osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we examined the importance of the LPA–LPA1 axis in cell proliferation, cytokine/chemokine production and lymphocyte transmigration in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) obtained from the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods FLSs were prepared from synovial tissues of RA patients. Expression of LPA1–6 was examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Cell surface LPA1 expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was analyzed using a cell-counting kit. Production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pseudoemperipolesis was evaluated using a coculture of RA FLSs and T or B cells. Cell motility was examined by scrape motility assay. Expression of adhesion molecules was determined by flow cytometry. Results The expression of LPA1 mRNA and cell surface LPA1 was higher in RA FLSs than in FLSs from osteoarthritis tissue. Stimulation with LPA enhanced the proliferation of RA FLSs and the production of IL-6, VEGF, CCL2 and MMP-3 by FLSs, which were suppressed by an LPA1 inhibitor (LA-01). Ki16425, another LPA1 antagonist, also suppressed IL-6 production by LPA-stimulated RA FLSs. However, the production of CXCL12 was not altered by stimulation with LPA. LPA induced the pseudoemperipolesis of T and B cells cocultured with RA FLSs, which was suppressed by LPA1 inhibition. In addition, LPA enhanced the migration of RA FLSs and expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule and intercellular adhesion molecule on RA FLSs, which were also inhibited by an LPA1 antagonist. Conclusions Collectively, these results indicate that LPA–LPA1 signaling contributes to the activation of RA FLSs.
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642
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Guma M, Sanchez-Lopez E, Lodi A, Garcia-Carbonell R, Tiziani S, Karin M, Lacal JC, Firestein GS. Choline kinase inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1399-407. [PMID: 25274633 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about targeting the metabolome in non-cancer conditions. Choline kinase (ChoKα), an essential enzyme for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, is required for cell proliferation and has been implicated in cancer invasiveness. Aggressive behaviour of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) led us to evaluate whether this metabolic pathway could play a role in RA FLS function and joint damage. METHODS Choline metabolic profile of FLS cells was determined by (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)HMRS) under conditions of ChoKα inhibition. FLS function was evaluated using the ChoKα inhibitor MN58b (IC₅₀=4.2 μM). For arthritis experiments, mice were injected with K/BxN sera. MN58b (3 mg/kg) was injected daily intraperitoneal beginning on day 0 or day 4 after serum administration. RESULTS The enzyme is expressed in synovial tissue and in cultured RA FLS. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation increased ChoKα expression and levels of phosphocholine in FLS measured by Western Blot (WB) and metabolomic studies of choline-containing compounds in cultured RA FLS extracts respectively, suggesting activation of this pathway in RA synovial environment. A ChoKα inhibitor also suppressed the behaviour of cultured FLS, including cell migration and resistance to apoptosis, which might contribute to cartilage destruction in RA. In a passive K/BxN arthritis model, pharmacologic ChoKα inhibition significantly decreased arthritis in pretreatment protocols as well as in established disease. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ChoKα inhibition could be an effective strategy in inflammatory arthritis. It also suggests that targeting the metabolome can be a new treatment strategy in non-cancer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guma
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - E Sanchez-Lopez
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA Departments of Pharmacology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - A Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - R Garcia-Carbonell
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA Departments of Pharmacology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - S Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - M Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA Departments of Pharmacology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J C Lacal
- Division of Translational Oncology, Health Research Institute and University Hospital "Fundación Jiménez Díaz", Madrid, Spain
| | - G S Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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643
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Cytokine-mediated bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:263625. [PMID: 25295284 PMCID: PMC4176903 DOI: 10.1155/2014/263625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis, which involves formation and resorption, is an important process for maintaining adequate bone mass in humans. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and bone loss, leading to joint destruction and deformity, and is a representative disease of disrupted bone homeostasis. The bone loss and joint destruction are mediated by immunological insults by proinflammatory cytokines and various immune cells. The connection between bone and immunity has been intensely studied and comprises the emerging field of osteoimmunology. Osteoimmunology is an interdisciplinary science investigating the interplay between the skeletal and the immune systems. The main contributors in osteoimmunology are the bone effector cells, such as osteoclasts or osteoblasts, and the immune cells, particularly lymphocytes and monocytes. Physiologically, osteoclasts originate from immune cells, and immune cells regulate osteoblasts and vice versa. Pathological conditions such as RA might affect these interactions, thereby altering bone homeostasis, resulting in the unfavorable outcome of bone destruction. In this review, we describe the osteoclastogenic roles of the proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells that are important in the pathophysiology of RA.
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644
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Miao CG, Yang YY, He X, Huang C, Huang Y, Qin D, Du CL, Li J. MicroRNA-152 modulates the canonical Wnt pathway activation by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1 in arthritic rat model. Biochimie 2014; 106:149-56. [PMID: 25194984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and progressive systemic disease of unknown etiology. Research shows that fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) participate in the cartilage erosion, synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cytokine secretion and suggests that fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) display a crucial role in RA pathogenesis. Recent studies have suggested the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of RA. In previous study, we identified that increased methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) reduced the secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) expression in FLS in Arthritic rat model and the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-azadC) could induce the SFRP4 expression, indicating that DNMT has a key role in the differential expression of SFRP4. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs), which are small non-coding RNAs, are involved in diverse biological functions, regulation of gene expression, pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and carcinogenesis. In light of the directly down-regulation of miR-152 on DNMT1 expression by targeting the 3' untranslated regions of its transcript in nickel sulfide (NiS)-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells, we investigated whether miR-152 is aberrantly expressed and targets DNMT1 in FLS in Arthritic rat model. Our results demonstrated that the expression of miR-152 was specifically down-regulated in Arthritic rat model, whereas up-regulation of miR-152 in FLS resulted in a marked reduction of DNMT1 expression. Further experiments revealed that increased miR-152 indirectly up-regulated the SFRP4 expression, a negative regulator of WNT signaling pathway, by targeting the DNMT1. Moreover, activation of miR-152 expression in FLS could inhibit the canonical Wnt pathway activation and result in a significant decrease of FLS proliferation. MiR-152 and DNA methylation may provide molecular mechanisms for the activation of canonical Wnt pathway in RA. Combination of miR-152 and DNMT1 may be a promising treatment strategy for RA patients in which SFRP4 is inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gui Miao
- School of Food and Drug, Anhui Key Laboratory of Poultry Epidemic Prevention and Surveillance, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233100, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xu He
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dan Qin
- School of Food and Drug, Anhui Key Laboratory of Poultry Epidemic Prevention and Surveillance, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233100, China
| | - Chuan-Lai Du
- School of Food and Drug, Anhui Key Laboratory of Poultry Epidemic Prevention and Surveillance, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233100, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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645
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Laurent AJ, Bindslev N, Johansson B, Berg L. Synergistic effects of ethanol and isopentenyl pyrophosphate on expansion of γδ T cells in synovial fluid from patients with arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103683. [PMID: 25090614 PMCID: PMC4121167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Low to moderate ethanol consumption has been associated with protective effects in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, RA. An expansion of γδ T cells induced by isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP, likewise seems to have a protective role in arthritis. The aim of this project was to test the hypothesis that low doses of ethanol can enhance IPP-induced expansion of synovial fluid γδ T cells from patients with arthritis and may thereby potentially account for the beneficial effects of ethanol on symptoms of the arthritic process. Thus, mononuclear cells from synovial fluid (SF) from 15 patients with arthritis and from peripheral blood (PB) from 15 healthy donors were stimulated with low concentrations of ethanol and IPP for 7 days in vitro. IPP in combination with ethanol 0.015%, 2.5 mM, equivalent to the decrease per hour in blood ethanol concentration due to metabolism, gave a significantly higher fractional expansion of SF γδ T cells compared with IPP alone after 7 days (ratio 10.1+/-4.0, p<0.0008, n = 12) in patients with arthritis. Similar results were obtained for PB γδ T cells from healthy controls (ratio 2.0+/-0.4, p<0.011, n = 15). The augmented expansion of γδ T cells in SF is explained by a higher proliferation (p = 0.0034, n = 11) and an increased survival (p<0.005, n = 11) in SF cultures stimulated with IPP plus ethanol compared to IPP alone. The synergistic effects of IPP and ethanol indicate a possible allosteric effect of ethanol. Similar effects could be seen when stimulating PB with ethanol in presence of risedronate, which has the ability to increase endogenous levels of IPP. We conclude that expansion of γδ T cells by combinatorial drug effects, possibly in fixed-dose combination, FDC, of ethanol in the presence of IPP might give a protective role in diseases such as arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Etidronic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Etidronic Acid/pharmacology
- Etidronic Acid/therapeutic use
- Female
- Hemiterpenes/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Risedronic Acid
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- Synovial Fluid/drug effects
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta J. Laurent
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Niels Bindslev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Johansson
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Berg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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646
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Townsend MJ. Molecular and cellular heterogeneity in the Rheumatoid Arthritis synovium: Clinical correlates of synovitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2014; 28:539-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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647
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Donlin LT, Jayatilleke A, Giannopoulou EG, Kalliolias GD, Ivashkiv LB. Modulation of TNF-induced macrophage polarization by synovial fibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2373-83. [PMID: 25057003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells have emerged as powerful modulators of the immune system. In this study, we explored how the human macrophage response to TNF is regulated by human synovial fibroblasts, the representative stromal cell type in the synovial lining of joints that become activated during inflammatory arthritis. We found that synovial fibroblasts strongly suppressed TNF-mediated induction of an IFN-β autocrine loop and downstream expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 that are characteristic of classical macrophage activation. TNF induced the production of soluble synovial fibroblast factors that suppressed the macrophage production of IFN-β, and cooperated with TNF to limit the responsiveness of macrophages to IFN-β by suppressing activation of Jak-STAT signaling. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis showed that cocultured synovial fibroblasts modulate the expression of approximately one third of TNF-regulated genes in macrophages, including genes in pathways important for macrophage survival and polarization toward an alternatively activated phenotype. Pathway analysis revealed that gene expression programs regulated by synovial fibroblasts in our coculture system were also regulated in rheumatoid arthritis synovial macrophages, suggesting that these fibroblast-mediated changes may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. This work furthers our understanding of the interplay between innate immune and stromal cells during an inflammatory response, one that is particularly relevant to inflammatory arthritis. Our findings also identify modulation of macrophage phenotype as a new function for synovial fibroblasts that may prove to be a contributing factor in arthritis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Donlin
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021;
| | - Arundathi Jayatilleke
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
| | - Eugenia G Giannopoulou
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York, NY 11201
| | - George D Kalliolias
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Lionel B Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021; and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021
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648
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Abstract
The vast majority of literature pertaining to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) immunomodulation has focussed on bone marrow-derived MSC that are systemically infused to alleviate inflammatory conditions. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the commonest autoimmune joint disease that has witnessed significant therapeutic advances in the past decade, but remains stubbornly difficult to treat in a subset of cases. Pre-clinical research has demonstrated that bone marrow, adipose, synovial and umbilical cord-derived MSC all suppress the functions of different immune cells thus raising the possibility of new therapies for autoimmune diseases including RA. Indeed, preliminary evidence for MSC efficacy has been reported in some cases of RA and systemic lupus erythromatosis. The potential use of bone marrow-MSC (BM-MSC) for RA therapy is emerging but the use of synovial MSC (S-MSC) to suppress the exaggerated immune response within the inflamed joints remains rudimentary. Synovial fibroblasts that are likely derived from S-MSCs, also give rise to a cell-cultured progeny termed fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which are key players in the perpetuation of joint inflammation and destruction. A better understanding of the link between these cells and their biology could be a key to developing novel MSC-based strategies for therapy. The review briefly focuses on BM-MSC and gives particular attention to joint niche synovial MSC and FLS with respect to immunoregulatory potential therapy roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J El-Jawhari
- From the Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James University Hospital , WTBB, LS9 7TF University of Leeds, UK and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptFrom the Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James University Hospital , WTBB, LS9 7TF University of Leeds, UK and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Y M El-Sherbiny
- From the Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James University Hospital , WTBB, LS9 7TF University of Leeds, UK and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptFrom the Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James University Hospital , WTBB, LS9 7TF University of Leeds, UK and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - E A Jones
- From the Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James University Hospital , WTBB, LS9 7TF University of Leeds, UK and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - D McGonagle
- From the Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James University Hospital , WTBB, LS9 7TF University of Leeds, UK and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Pineda MA, Rodgers DT, Al-Riyami L, Harnett W, Harnett MM. ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1492-503. [PMID: 24497523 PMCID: PMC4737104 DOI: 10.1002/art.38392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator ES-62 protects against disease in the mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by suppressing pathogenic interleukin-17 (IL-17) responses. The Th17-associated cytokine IL-22 also appears to have a pathogenic role in autoimmune arthritis, particularly in promoting proinflammatory responses by synovial fibroblasts and osteoclastogenesis. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the protection against joint damage afforded by ES-62 also reflects suppression of IL-22. METHODS The role(s) of IL-22 was assessed by investigating the effects of neutralizing anti-IL-22 antibodies and recombinant IL-22 (rIL-22) on proinflammatory cytokine production, synovial fibroblast responses, and joint damage in mice with CIA in the presence or absence of ES-62. RESULTS Neutralization of IL-22 during the initiation phase abrogated CIA, while administration of rIL-22 enhanced synovial fibroblast responses and exacerbated joint pathology. In contrast, after disease onset anti-IL-22 did not suppress progression, whereas administration of rIL-22 promoted resolution of inflammation. Consistent with these late antiinflammatory effects, the protection afforded by ES-62 was associated with elevated levels of IL-22 in the serum and joints that reflected a desensitization of the synovial fibroblast responses. Moreover, neutralization of IL-22 during the late effector stage of disease prevented ES-62-mediated desensitization of synovial fibroblast responses and protection against CIA. CONCLUSION IL-22 plays a dual role in CIA, being pathogenic during the initiation phase while acting to resolve inflammation and joint damage during established disease. Harnessing of the tissue repair properties of IL-22 by ES-62 highlights the potential for joint-targeted therapeutic modulation of synovial fibroblast responses and consequent protection against bone damage in RA.
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650
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Siebuhr AS, He Y, Gudmann NS, Gram A, Kjelgaard-Petersen CF, Qvist P, Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC. Biomarkers of cartilage and surrounding joint tissue. Biomark Med 2014; 8:713-31. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification and clinical demonstration of efficacy and safety of osteo- and chondro-protective drugs are met with certain difficulties. During the last few decades, the pharmaceutical industry has, in the field of rheumatology, experienced disappointments associated with the development of disease modification. Today, the vast amount of patients suffering from serious, chronic joint diseases can only be offered treatments aimed at improving symptoms, such as pain and acute inflammation, and are not aimed at protecting the joint tissue. This huge, unmet medical need has been the driver behind the development of improved analytical techniques allowing better and more efficient clinical trial design, implementation and analysis. With this review, we aim to provide a brief and general overview of biochemical markers of joint tissue, with special focus on neoepitopes. Furthermore, we highlight recent studies applying biochemical markers in joint degenerative diseases. These disorders, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathies, are the most predominant disorders in Europe and the USA, and have enormous socioeconomical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Siebuhr
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev Hovedgade 207, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Yi He
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev Hovedgade 207, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Natasja S Gudmann
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev Hovedgade 207, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Aurelie Gram
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev Hovedgade 207, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | | | - Per Qvist
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev Hovedgade 207, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Morten A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev Hovedgade 207, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
| | - Anne C Bay-Jensen
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev Hovedgade 207, Herlev DK-2730, Denmark
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