601
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Märker-Hermann E, Duchmann R. 2 Isolation of T Cells and Establishment of T-cell Lines and Clones. IMMUNOLOGY OF INFECTION 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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602
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Lalani I, Bhol K, Ahmed AR. Interleukin-10: biology, role in inflammation and autoimmunity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 79:469-83. [PMID: 9433360 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Reading this article will increase the readers' knowledge of the biology of interleukin-10 (IL-10) an important cytokine. The survival of an organism and its host defense mechanisms require, among other processes, a complex but target-oriented interaction and an interdependence between the immune and inflammatory pathways. The biologic role of interleukin-10 in these processes is presented as well as the possible involvement of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The influence of pharmacologic agents on IL-10 production and the possible pharmacologic role of IL-10 itself are discussed. DATA SOURCES A detailed literature search was conducted. Studies considered relevant and important involving both humans and animals, in all languages were used. STUDY SELECTION Material was taken only from peer reviewed journals. RESULTS IL-10 is produced by CD4+, Tho, Th1, B lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages and keratinocytes. IL-10 has a diverse array of actions, which differ depending on cell type, nature of stimulus and the cellular microenvironment. Interleukin-10 has an important role in the inflammatory and immune systems. In addition, present studies suggest that IL-10 may well play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several diseases. It has the potential for therapeutic use. Most of the data on IL-10 have been obtained from in vitro studies or animal experiments. Studies on humans are few, but rapidly increasing. CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-10 is an important molecule with a central role in maintaining health and in the pathogenesis of disease. Known pharmacologic agents and some under investigation can modify IL-10 production in vivo. Development of agents that can selectively affect a very specific biologic action of IL-10 may provide significant benefit in treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lalani
- Department of Oral Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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603
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Sartor RB. Review article: How relevant to human inflammatory bowel disease are current animal models of intestinal inflammation? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 Suppl 3:89-96; discussion 96-7. [PMID: 9467983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1997.tb00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New rodent models of chronic intestinal inflammation are mediated by a TH1-cell and macrophage dominated immune response to luminal bacterial constituents. The pathology of these spontaneous and induced models differ widely and caution is needed when assessing the comparative aspects of such animal models and human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Considerable immunological and therapeutic evidence suggests that chronic and immune-mediated models are relevant in human IBD and that pathogenic principles are similar. However, animal models have not been able to duplicate exactly the pathological characteristics of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, indicating a need for caution in extrapolating data from experimental models to human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Sartor
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Medicine/Division of Digestive Diseases, Chapel Hill 27599-7080, USA
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604
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McKay DM, Philpott DJ, Perdue MH. Review article: In vitro models in inflammatory bowel disease research--a critical review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 Suppl 3:70-80. [PMID: 9467981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1997.tb00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research efforts in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been directed towards the epithelium as it has become clear that epithelial cells play a critical role in inflammatory response. Most research involving IBD employs in vitro techniques. In vitro epithelial cell studies have played and are continuing to play a major role in providing specific information relevant to IBD. Thus, such studies have provided irrefutable evidence that epithelial responses can be induced by microbes/microbial products and by immune activation. Culture experiments have provided insights into the effects of individual cytokines and other inflammatory mediators on epithelial pathophysiology, injury and repair, apoptosis, necrosis, and other processes that may be involved in IBD. Activated epithelial cells can participate in and even orchestrate immune responses, by stimulating T cells (and possibly others) and by producing cytokines that recruit specific inflammatory cells. Physiological regulation of epithelial tight junctions has been demonstrated by in vitro studies; the implication of this information for treating IBD is just beginning to be explored. It is becoming increasingly clear that epithelial processing and presentation of antigens is critical to the outcome of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M McKay
- Intestinal Disease Research Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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605
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Malchow HA. Crohn's disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn's disease? J Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 25:653-8. [PMID: 9451682 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-199712000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease has long been suggested because, among other reasons, the inflammatory response resembles that in infectious bowel diseases. Elevated antibody levels to pathogen antigens and a changed metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora have been detected in patients with Crohn's disease. Several studies have revealed a possible etiologic link between intestinal microorganisms and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, several therapeutic strategies, including reduction or dilution of bacterial components in the intestine by antibiotics or intestinal lavage, respectively, inactivation of inflammatory bacterial products, and reconstitution of intestinal microflora have been employed, substantiating the idea that dysfunction of the intestinal mucosal barrier and an alteration of bacterial composition contribute to the inflammatory disease. However, the beneficial effect of restoration of the physiologic intestinal microflora in colonic inflammation by exogenous administration of a viable nonpathogenic bacterium has not been investigated before in a placebo-controlled study. Promising results came from the present pilot study in which the nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 was tested for efficacy and tolerance in maintaining remission in patients with colonic Crohn's disease. Application of the physiologic bacteria reduced the risk for relapse and minimized the need for glucocorticoids. Therefore we are convinced that in Crohn's disease parts of the intestinal microflora, including the host's immune response toward indigenous flora or an impairment of the gut flora's metabolic activity are involved in the development or at least in the onset of relapse from remissive of colonic Crohn's disease. However, more data are necessary to prove the benefit of E. coli strain Nissle 1917 as a new therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Malchow
- Klinikum Leverkusen, Medizinische Klinik 2, Germany
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606
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Duchmann R, Scherer H, Neurath M, Knolle P, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. Normal interleukin-12 production in individuals with antibodies to Helicobacter pylori. APMIS 1997; 105:824-30. [PMID: 9393552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that the inability of the immune system to clear H. pylori infection is caused by an inadequate immune response and is associated with chronic gastric inflammation. To further investigate the cellular immune response to H. pylori, we studied PBMC from 31 H. pylori antibody-negative and 16 H. pylori antibody-positive individuals for H. pylori-induced DNA synthesis, secretion of the Th1-type cytokine IFN-gamma and secretion of IL-12, a cytokine produced by bacteria-stimulated monocyte/macrophages and a potent inducer of antibacterial immune responses and Th1-type T cells. All experiments were performed using Y. enterocolitica 03 as control. Our results demonstrate that DNA synthesis, IFN-gamma production and IL-12 production induced by H. pylori or Y. enterocolitica 03 did not differ significantly between H. pylori antibody-positive and H. pylori antibody-negative individuals. However, in the H. pylori-positive group there was a tendency, although not statistically significant, to produce less IFN-gamma in response to H. pylori but not Y. enterocolitica. These results demonstrate that monocyte/macrophages from H. pylori-positive individuals secrete normal amounts of IL-12 upon bacterial challenge and suggest that the decreased production of IFN-gamma in H. pylori-positive individuals observed in previous studies is selective for H. pylori and not caused by decreased IL-12 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Duchmann
- I. Department of Medicine, University of Mainz, Germany
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607
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Shomer NH, Dangler CA, Schrenzel MD, Fox JG. Helicobacter bilis-induced inflammatory bowel disease in scid mice with defined flora. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4858-64. [PMID: 9353076 PMCID: PMC175697 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.11.4858-4864.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter bilis has been isolated from aged inbred mice with multifocal chronic hepatitis and from scid mice with diarrhea, proliferative typhlitis, and colitis. To determine the pathogenic potential of H. bilis, we inoculated 4-week-old female Tac:Icr:Ha(ICR)-scidfDF mice by intraperitoneal injection of approximately 10(8) CFU of H. bilis in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (n = 15) or PBS alone (n = 10) and necropsied them at 7 weeks postinfection. Sham-inoculated mice had no significant gross or histopathological findings. In contrast, all 15 experimentally inoculated mice (confirmed to be H. bilis-colonized by culture and PCR of cecal contents) exhibited varying degrees of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Proliferative typhlocolitis was characterized by focal to segmental areas of crypt hyperplasia and a predominantly histiocytic inflammatory cell infiltrate. Labeling indices for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation were increased approximately 2.5-fold in the ceca and colons of H. bilis-inoculated mice. This is the first study to demonstrate experimentally that infection with H. bilis causes IBD in scid mice with defined flora. This result both confirms a pathogenic role for H. bilis in mice and provides a new model relating a specific microbial agent and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Shomer
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
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608
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Cummins AG, Thompson FM. Postnatal changes in mucosal immune response: a physiological perspective of breast feeding and weaning. Immunol Cell Biol 1997; 75:419-29. [PMID: 9429889 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1997.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There are profound changes of immune activity during infancy from suppression during breast feeding, activation with weaning, and later intrinsic down-regulation after weaning. Breast feeding, as well as protecting against infections, seems to have a fundamental role in modifying the immune system against certain disease states. Transforming growth factor (TGF)beta in breast milk may mediate this immunosuppressive effect. Although the infant immune system is not in an adult state, the notion that the infant immune system is immature is difficult to reconcile with evidence that most infants respond appropriately to immunization and to infections. The systemic immune system of neonates may be subject to Th2 immune deviation, while the mucosal immune system, particularly of the gastrointestinal tract and probably the respiratory tract, is up-regulated with physiological inflammation during infancy. Weaning is associated with a peak of intestinal immune activation which includes mucosal mast cells and T cells. The physiological effects of this activation are promotion of epithelial growth of the small intestine and initial activation of mechanisms leading to subsequent down-regulation of the physiological heightened immune activity. This coincides with the development of mucosal (oral) tolerance to food and bacterial antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Cummins
- Gastroenterology Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Australia.
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609
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Bansal AS, Bruce J, Thomson A, Kerlin P. Serum levels of sCD23, interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma in patients with coeliac disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 12:685-9. [PMID: 9407334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of cellular and humoral immunity coeliac disease was investigated by the measurement of serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and soluble CD23 (sCD23). Coeliac disease was diagnosed by duodenal biopsy and response to a gluten-free diet (GFD). The results were compared with age and sex-matched patients with non-specific upper gastrointestinal symptoms and normal duodenal histology. While the levels of serum IL-10 were significantly elevated (P < 0.01) in patients with coeliac disease taken as a whole, the levels of serum IFN-gamma were normal and sCD23 significantly decreased (P < 0.002). The median serum sCD23 was significantly lower in the coeliac disease patients not on a GFD compared with those asymptomatic on a GFD (P < 0.03) and the control group (P < 0.0004). The coeliac disease patients on a GFD also had significantly lower serum sCD23 and higher IL-10 compared with the control group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.015). There was no significant difference in the serum IL-10 between the coeliac disease patients on a GFD and those not on a GFD and between the latter and the control group. The low levels of serum sCD23 in coeliac disease suggest diminished humoral immunity and, conversely, exaggerated cellular immunity. The aetiology of the raised levels of IL-10 in coeliac disease is unclear and similar to that observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, this may represent a regulatory response to the elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines described in coeliac disease. A combination of diminished sCD23 and raised IL-10 is clearly unusual as both are associated with Th2-type functions. The possible causes of this finding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bansal
- University Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
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610
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Ehrhardt RO, Ludviksson B. Induction of colitis in IL2-deficient-mice: the role of thymic and peripheral dysregulation in the generation of autoreactive T cells. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 148:582-8. [PMID: 9588838 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(98)80153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R O Ehrhardt
- Protein Design Labs, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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611
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Sartor RB. The influence of normal microbial flora on the development of chronic mucosal inflammation. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 148:567-76. [PMID: 9588836 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(98)80151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R B Sartor
- UNC Dept. of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
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612
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Duchmann R, Neurath MF, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. Responses to self and non-self intestinal microflora in health and inflammatory bowel disease. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 148:589-94. [PMID: 9588839 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(98)80154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Duchmann
- I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany
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613
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Hofmeister A, Neibergs HL, Pokorny RM, Galandiuk S. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein gene is associated with Crohn's disease. Surgery 1997; 122:173-8; discussion 178-9. [PMID: 9288120 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of the genes causing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) would enhance the understanding of and the treatment options for this disease. A hyperreactive immune response toward the intestinal flora has been implicated in the pathology of IBD. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) gene is believed to regulate macrophage function, especially the ability to fight intracellular pathogens. Genetic differences of NRAMP might, therefore, be associated with IBD. METHODS Two DNA markers (D2S434 and D2S1323) near NRAMP were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified and genotyped with DNA from 103 patients with Crohn's disease, 85 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 98 control subjects. Clinical data were obtained for all patients. Comparisons were made by chi-squared analysis. Disease association with significant haplotypes was expressed as odds ratio. RESULTS Allele and genotype distributions were similar for both markers among all groups. Haplotype frequencies were different among Crohn's disease and control groups (p = 0.024). Two individual haplotypes of the patients with Crohn's disease were significant compared with control subjects: DA (p = 0.023; odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.9) and EA (p = 0.001; odds ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 3.2). The haplotype distribution was different within three age-of-onset groups of patients with Crohn's disease (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report an association between the NRAMP gene and Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hofmeister
- Price Institute of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Ky., USA
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614
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Abstract
The lymphoid tissues associated with the intestine are exposed continuously to antigen and are the largest part of the immune system. Many lymphocytes are found in organised tissues such as the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, as well as scattered throughout the lamina propria and epithelium of the mucosa itself. These lymphocyte populations have several unusual characteristics and the intestinal immune system is functionally and anatomically distinct from other, peripheral compartments of the immune system. This review explores the anatomical and molecular basis of these differences, with particular emphasis on the factors which determine how the intestinal lymphoid tissues discriminate between harmful pathogens and antigens which are beneficial, such as food proteins or commensal bacteria. These latter antigens normally provoke immunological tolerance, and inappropriate responses to them are responsible for immunopathologies such as food hypersensitivity and inflammatory bowel disease. We describe how interactions between local immune cells, epithelial tissues and antigen-presenting cells may be critical for the induction of tolerance and the expression of active mucosal immunity. In addition, the possibility that the intestine may act as an extrathymic site for T-cell differentiation is discussed. Finally, we propose that, under physiological conditions, immune responses to food antigens and commensal bacteria are prevented by common regulatory mechanisms, in which transforming growth factor beta plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mowat
- Department of Immunology, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Scotland
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615
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McVay LD, Li B, Biancaniello R, Creighton MA, Bachwich D, Lichtenstein G, Rombeau JL, Carding SR. Changes in human mucosal gamma delta T cell repertoire and function associated with the disease process in inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Med 1997; 3:183-203. [PMID: 9100225 PMCID: PMC2230043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although gamma delta T cells are a major component of the human intestinal mucosa, it is not clear what role they play in mucosal immunity or if they are involved in the disease process of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were used to identify quantitative and qualitative changes in the repertoire of gamma delta T cells present in surgical and/or biopsy samples or normal and inflamed colon from individual patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD). Cytokine production and the ability to adhere to and interact with colonic fibroblasts were used to compare the functional properties of gamma delta T cells isolated from the normal and diseased colonic mucosa. RESULTS Increased numbers of gamma delta T cells localized in areas of inflammation and tissue injury were found in the majority of patients, irrespective of the type of IBD present. This expansion was attributable to an increase in V delta 1+ cells expressing a V delta 1-(D delta 3)-J delta 1-encoded T cell receptor and was seen in patients with severe disease as well as those with newly diagnosed or less severe forms of IBD. Among T cells present in the inflamed mucosa of patients with CD, gamma delta T cells, particularly V delta 1+ cells, were a major source of the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma and could interact with colonic fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the chronic inflammatory immune response characteristic of IBD is associated with distinct changes in the number, distribution, composition, and function of mucosal gamma delta T cells. Through the production of cytokines and physical interaction with other cells, gamma delta T cells can perform an immunoregulatory function and contribute to the pathophysiology of IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D McVay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6021, USA
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616
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Changes in Human Mucosal γδ T Cell Repertoire and Function Associated with the Disease Process in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Med 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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617
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Radford-Smith G. Ulcerative colitis: an immunological disease? BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 1997; 11:35-52. [PMID: 9192059 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3528(97)90052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine of unknown aetiology. The nature of the inflammatory infiltrate together with the response to corticosteroids suggests that an abnormal immune response is at work. The key question of whether the immune system is responding to an abnormal breach in the mucosa due to another primary abnormality or whether the primary defect lies within the immune response itself has not been answered. Thus far, it is clear that both T and B cell compartments are involved in the persistence of inflammation but the initial interactions that take place in the mucosa in terms of antigen processing and presentation have not been adequately investigated. Those critical steps and potential defects that push T cells and B cells into a heightened state of activation need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Radford-Smith
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland, Australia
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618
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Dianda L, Hanby AM, Wright NA, Sebesteny A, Hayday AC, Owen MJ. T cell receptor-alpha beta-deficient mice fail to develop colitis in the absence of a microbial environment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1997; 150:91-7. [PMID: 9006326 PMCID: PMC1858528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mice with null mutations in cytokine or T cell receptor (TCR) genes develop intestinal inflammation. In the case of interleukin-2-/- and interleukin-10-/- mice it has been demonstrated that normal intestinal bacterial flora can cause gut pathology. TCR-alpha-/- mice not only develop colitis but also produce a strong antibody response to self-antigens, such as double-stranded DNA. It is therefore important to establish whether the intestinal inflammation develops spontaneously or is induced by luminal antigens. To address this issue, a germ-free colony of TCR-alpha-/- mice was derived and compared with TCR-alpha-/- mice kept in conventional specific-pathogen-free conditions. Although specific-pathogen-free animals developed colitis with a high level of penetrance, there was no evidence of intestinal pathology in germ-free animals. Furthermore, intestinal inflammation was not seen in TCR-alpha-/- mice colonized with a limited bacterial flora consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecium, and/or Escherichia coli. We conclude that intestinal inflammation in TCR-alpha-/- mice does not occur spontaneously nor does it result from the presence of bacteria, per se, but rather it is initiated by a specific organism or group of organisms normally present in the gut flora that have yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dianda
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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619
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Brandtzaeg P, Haraldsen G, Rugtveit J. Immunopathology of human inflammatory bowel disease. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 18:555-89. [PMID: 9144870 DOI: 10.1007/bf00824058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), University of Oslo, National Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway
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620
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Marcotte H, Lavoie MC. No apparent influence of immunoglobulins on indigenous oral and intestinal microbiota of mice. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4694-9. [PMID: 8890227 PMCID: PMC174433 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.11.4694-4699.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the control of the indigenous microbiota is not well understood. In this study, we compared the oral and intestinal microbiota of transgenic B-cell-deficient (microMT) mice with their heterozygous (microMT/+) normal littermates. The levels of salivary IgA and serum IgA and IgG were normal in microMT/+ mice, while no immunoglobulins were detected in microMT/microMT mice. The acquisition and proportions of the different species of the oral and intestinal indigenous bacterial populations were not significantly different between the two groups of mice. Our results thus suggest that secretory IgA does not play a major role in the regulation of the indigenous microbiota of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Marcotte
- Département de Microbiologie-Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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621
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Duchmann R, Schmitt E, Knolle P, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Neurath M. Tolerance towards resident intestinal flora in mice is abrogated in experimental colitis and restored by treatment with interleukin-10 or antibodies to interleukin-12. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:934-8. [PMID: 8625991 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence that hyperresponsiveness towards intestinal flora is a crucial event in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In support of this hypothesis, we recently described in humans that tolerance exists towards indigenous intestinal flora but is broken in active IBD lesions. In the present study, we have attempted to transfer this model into mice from different genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, SJL/J, C3H/HeJ). We found that mononuclear cells from spleen, small bowel and large bowel of mice do not proliferate, i.e. are tolerant when exposed to bacterial sonicates derived from autologous intestine (BsA) but do proliferate, i.e. are immune when exposed to bacterial sonicates derived from the heterologous intestine of syngenic littermates (BsH). Furthermore, we demonstrate that both local and systemic tolerance to BsA is broken in a murine model of chronic intestinal inflammation induced by the hapten reagent 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), which mimics several important characteristics of Crohn's disease. Tolerance to BsA was restored and TNBS-induced colitis was abrogated in mice systemically treated with interleukin (IL)-10 or antibodies to IL-12. Treatment specifically restored tolerance to BsA, but did not suppress proliferation to BsH. In summary, we here report a new model for the study of immunity and tolerance towards bacterial products. Our data suggest that tolerance to BsA is an important protective mechanism and that restoration of tolerance intestinal flora by IL-10 and antibodies to IL-12 may be of potential therapeutic utility in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Duchmann
- I. Department of Medicine, University of Mainz, Germany
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MacDonald TT. Breakdown of tolerance to the intestinal bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:445-7. [PMID: 8536355 PMCID: PMC1553355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Abstract
The gastric mucosal surface was observed using the magnifying fibergastroscope (FGS-ML), and the fine gastric mucosal patterns, which were even smaller than one unit of gastric area, were examined at a magnification of about 30. For simplicification, we classified these patterns by magnifying endoscopy in the following ways; FP, FIP, FSP, SP and MP, modifying Yoshii's classification under the dissecting microscope. The FIP, which was found to have round and long elliptical gastric pits, is a new addition to our endoscopic classification. The relationship between the FIP and the intermediate zone was evaluated by superficial and histological studies of surgical and biopsy specimens. The width of the band of FIP seems to be related to the severity of atrophic gastritis. Also, the transformation of FP to FIP was assessed by comparing specimens taken from the resected and residual parts of the stomach, respectively. Moreover, it appears that severe gastritis occurs in the gastric mucosa which shows a FIP. Therefore, we consider that the FIP indicates the position of the atrophic border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 420, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
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