601
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Ramachandran V, Yago T, Epperson TK, Kobzdej MM, Nollert MU, Cummings RD, Zhu C, McEver RP. Dimerization of a selectin and its ligand stabilizes cell rolling and enhances tether strength in shear flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10166-71. [PMID: 11481445 PMCID: PMC56933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.171248098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectins mediate rolling of leukocytes by rapid formation and dissociation of selectin-ligand bonds, which are assumed to require high mechanical strength to prevent premature dissociation by the forces applied in shear flow. This assumption is based largely on the observation that increasing wall shear stress increases only modestly the dissociation of transient leukocyte tethers on very low selectin densities. P-selectin binds to the N-terminal region of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), a mucin on leukocytes. Both PSGL-1 and P-selectin are extended homodimers. We perfused transfected cells expressing wild-type dimeric PSGL-1 or a chimeric monomeric form of PSGL-1 on immobilized dimeric or monomeric forms of P-selectin. Cells expressing dimeric or monomeric PSGL-1 tethered to P-selectin at equivalent rates. However, cells expressing dimeric PSGL-1 established more stable rolling adhesions, which were more shear resistant and exhibited less fluctuation in rolling velocities. On low densities of dimeric P-selectin, increasing wall shear stress more rapidly increased transient tether dissociation of cells expressing monomeric PSGL-1 than dimeric PSGL-1. Tether dissociation on low densities of monomeric P-selectin was even more shear sensitive. We conclude that dimerization of both PSGL-1 and P-selectin stabilizes tethering and rolling, probably by increasing rebinding within a bond cluster. Because transient tethers may have more than one bond, the mechanical strength of selectin-ligand bonds is likely to be lower than initially estimated. Tether strength may rely more on bond clusters to distribute applied force.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramachandran
- Warren Medical Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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602
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Zimmerman GA. Two by two: the pairings of P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10023-4. [PMID: 11526223 PMCID: PMC56905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.191367898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G A Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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603
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Wild MK, Huang MC, Schulze-Horsel U, van der Merwe PA, Vestweber D. Affinity, kinetics, and thermodynamics of E-selectin binding to E-selectin ligand-1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31602-12. [PMID: 11404363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104844200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
E-selectin is an endothelial adhesion molecule, which mediates the tethering and rolling of leukocytes on vascular endothelium. It recognizes the glycoprotein E-selectin ligand-1 (ESL-1) as a major binding partner on mouse myeloid cells. Using surface plasmon resonance, we measured the kinetics and affinity of binding of monomeric E-selectin to ESL-1 isolated from mouse bone marrow cells. E-selectin bound to ESL-1 with a fast dissociation rate constant of 4.6 s(-1) and a calculated association rate constant of 7.4 x 10(4) m(-1) s(-1). We determined a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 62 microm, which resembles the affinity of L-selectin binding to glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1. The affinity of the E-selectin-ESL-1 interaction did not change significantly when the temperature was varied from 5 degrees C to 37 degrees C, indicating that the enthalpic contribution to the binding is small at physiological temperatures, and that, in contrast to typical protein-carbohydrate interactions, binding is driven primarily by favorable entropic changes. Interestingly, surface plasmon resonance experiments with recombinant ESL-1 from alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase IV-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells showed a very similar K(d) of 66 microm, suggesting that this fucosyltransferase is sufficient to produce fully functional recombinant ESL-1. Following the recent description of the affinity and kinetics of the selectin-ligand pairs L-selectin-glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin-P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, this is the first determination of the parameters of E-selectin binding to one of its naturally occurring ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Wild
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Entzündung, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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604
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Liu LP, Xia YF, Yang L, DiDonato JA, DiCorleto PE, Zhong CP, Geng JG. B lymphocytes and plasma cells express functional E-selectin by constitutive activation of NF-kappaB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:281-91. [PMID: 11500034 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
E-selectin (CD62E), a cell adhesion molecule for most leukocytes, is known to be expressed exclusively on the cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells mainly by inductive activation of NF-kappaB. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we showed that B lymphocytes and plasma cells in the spleens and lymph nodes from nude mice (T-lymphocyte-deficient), but not from SCID mice (T- and B-lymphocyte-deficient), expressed E-selectin prior to cytokine stimulation. The expression of E-selectin was also confirmed on human B lymphocytes isolated from peripheral bloods. The mouse J774A.1 monocytes could adhere to the marginal zones of mouse spleens in an E-selectin Ab inhibitable manner, suggesting the functional activity of the expressed E-selectin. In addition, ARH-77 cells, a cell line derived from human plasma cells, were found to express E-selectin mRNA and protein and to have a NF-kappaB activity for an E-selectin promoter. NF-kappaB antagonists, such as TPCK (tosylsulfonyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone), dexamethasone and a IkappaBalpha mutant plasmid could inhibit both the NF-kappaB activity and the expression of E-selectin. Transfection with an E-selectin promoter-driven reporter gene construct further verified the E-selectin promoter activity in ARH-77 cells. Again, TPCK, dexamethasone, and the IkappaBalpha mutant plasmid could neutralize this activity. These findings suggest that B lymphocytes and plasma cells can express E-selectin, which is functional for monocytic leukocytes, by a mechanism of constitutive activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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605
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Sperandio M, Forlow SB, Thatte J, Ellies LG, Marth JD, Ley K. Differential requirements for core2 glucosaminyltransferase for endothelial L-selectin ligand function in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2268-74. [PMID: 11490014 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
L-selectin is a calcium-dependent lectin on leukocytes mediating leukocyte rolling in high endothelial venules and inflamed microvessels. Many selectin ligands require modification of glycoproteins by leukocyte core2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (Core2GlcNAcT-I). To test the role of Core2GlcNAcT-I for L-selectin ligand biosynthesis, we investigated leukocyte rolling in venules of untreated and TNF-alpha-treated cremaster muscles and in Peyer's patch high endothelial venules (HEV) of Core2GlcNAcT-I null (core2(-/-)) mice. In the presence of blocking mAbs against P- and E-selectin, L-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling was almost completely abolished in cremaster muscle venules of core2(-/-) mice, but not littermate control mice. By contrast, leukocyte rolling in Peyer's patch HEV was not significantly different between core2(-/-) and control mice. To probe L-selectin ligands more directly, we injected L-selectin-coated beads. These beads showed no rolling in cremaster muscle venules of core2(-/-) mice, but significant rolling in controls. In Peyer's patch HEV, beads coated with a low concentration of L-selectin showed reduced rolling in core2(-/-) mice. Beads coated with a 10-fold higher concentration of L-selectin rolled equivalently in core2(-/-) and control mice. Our data show that endothelial L-selectin ligands relevant for rolling in inflamed microvessels of the cremaster muscle are completely Core2GlcNAcT-I dependent. In contrast, L-selectin ligands in Peyer's patch HEV are only marginally affected by the absence of Core2GlcNAcT-I, but are sufficiently functional to support L-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling in Core2GlcNAcT-I-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sperandio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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606
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Abstract
Schistosomes are digenetic trematodes which cause schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, one of the main parasitic infections in man. In tropical and subtropical areas an estimated 200 million people are infected and suffer from the debilitating effects of this chronic disease. Schistosomes live in the blood vessels and strongly modulate the immune response of their host to be able to survive the hostile environment that they are exposed to. It has become increasingly clear that glycoconjugates of schistosome larvae, adult worms and eggs play an important role in the evasion mechanisms that schistosomes utilise to withstand the immunological measures of the host. Upon infection, the host mounts innate as well as adaptive immune responses to antigenic glycan elements, setting the immunological scene characteristic for schistosomiasis. In this review we summarise the structural data now available on schistosome glycans and provide data and ideas regarding the role that these glycans play in the various aspects of the glycobiology and immunology of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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607
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus serves as the major site of glycosylation reactions. Nucleotide sugars which are substrates of the Golgi localized glycosyltransferases are synthesized in the cytoplasm (cell nucleus in case of CMP-sialic acid) and must be transported into the compartment lumen. This transport function is carried out by nucleotide sugar transporters. The first genes were cloned in the year 1996 and revealed a family of structurally conserved multi-transmembrane-spanning proteins. Due to the high structural and functional conservation, the identification of many putative nucleotide sugar transporter sequences has become possible in the existing gene data bases and accelerates the increase in knowledge on structure-function-relationships. Recent developments in the nucleotide sugar transporter field are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gerardy-Schahn
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Proteinstruktur, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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608
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Levy Y, Arbel-Goren R, Hadari YR, Eshhar S, Ronen D, Elhanany E, Geiger B, Zick Y. Galectin-8 Functions as a Matricellular Modulator of Cell Adhesion. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31285-95. [PMID: 11371555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100340200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix regulates cell adhesion and motility. Here we demonstrate that different cell types adhere and spread when cultured in serum-free medium on immobilized galectin-8, a mammalian beta-galactoside-binding protein. At maximal doses, galectin-8 is equipotent to fibronectin in promoting cell adhesion and spreading. Cell adhesion to immobilized galectin-8 is mediated by sugar-protein interactions with integrins, and galectin-8 triggers integrin-mediated signaling cascades including Tyr phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. Cell adhesion is potentiated in the presence of Mn(2+), whereas it is interrupted in the presence of soluble galectin-8, integrin beta(1) inhibitory antibodies, EDTA, or thiodigalactoside but not by RGD peptides. Furthermore, cells readily adhere onto immobilized monoclonal galectin-8 antibodies, which are equipotent to integrin antibodies in promoting cell adhesion. Cell adhesion to immobilized galectin-8 is partially inhibited by serum proteins, suggesting that complex formation between immobilized galectin-8 and serum components generates a matrix that is less supportive of cell adhesion. Accordingly, cell motility on immobilized galectin-8 readily takes place in the presence of serum. Truncation of the C-terminal half of galectin-8, including one of its two carbohydrate recognition domains, largely abolishes its ability to modulate cell adhesion, indicating that both carbohydrate recognition domains are required to maintain a functional form of galectin-8. Collectively, our findings implicate galectin-8 as a physiological modulator of cell adhesion. When immobilized, it functions as a matrix protein equipotent to fibronectin in promoting cell adhesion by ligation and clustering of cell surface integrin receptors. In contrast, when present in excess as a soluble ligand, galectin-8 (like fibronectin) forms a complex with integrins that negatively regulates cell adhesion. Because of its dual effects on the adhesive properties of the cells and its association with fibronectin, galectin-8 might be considered a novel type of matricellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Levy
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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609
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Stengel D, Orth M, Tauber R, Sehouli J, Hentsch S, Thielemann HK, Laun R, Ekkernkamp A. Shed L-selectin (sCD62L) load in trauma patients. J Surg Res 2001; 99:321-7. [PMID: 11469905 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low circulating plasma concentrations of the leukocyte adhesion molecule L-selectin (sCD62L) were found to be associated with an increased risk for subsequent lung failure and case fatality after severe trauma. The objective of this study was to determine the robustness of soluble L-selectin, correcting for a broad spectrum of physiological variables. METHODS Patients with suspected multiple and/or trunk injuries were enrolled into this study over a 1-year period. Plasma samples were obtained on hospital presentation, and circulating soluble L-selectin was measured with a commercially available ELISA kit. Study records comprised all relevant clinical and laboratory data. Thirty-day survival rate, subsequent acute lung failure, and nosocomial pneumonia were defined as study endpoints. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Seventy patients with a mean age of 35.51 years (range, 10-87 years) and a mean ISS score of 36.61 (95% CI, 31.08-42.14) entered the study. Eleven patients died, leading to an attributable mortality of 15.70%. L-Selectin levels did not differ between survivors and nonsurvivors. Five patients progressed to acute lung injury, whereas 11 patients developed hospital-acquired pneumonia. Lower L-selectin levels indicated patients at risk for lung injury with a relative odds estimated at 4.43 (P = 0.017). Statistical significance diminished in the multivariate model. In contrast, plasma concentrations of circulating sCD62L were significantly decreased in patients developing nosocomial pneumonia (P = 0.023), with a twofold increased relative odds (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 0.51-7.50). No effect modification was observed by the included covariables. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight the independent predictive value of initially decreased soluble L-selectin levels for the identification of patients susceptible to subsequent respiratory complications after severe trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stengel
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Emst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
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610
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Bai X, Brown JR, Varki A, Esko JD. Enhanced 3-O-sulfation of galactose in Asn-linked glycans and Maackia amurensis lectin binding in a new Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Glycobiology 2001; 11:621-32. [PMID: 11479273 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.8.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the characterization of two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that produce large amounts of sulfated N-linked oligosaccharides. Clones 26 and 489 were derived by stable transfection of the glycosaminoglycan-deficient cell mutant pgsA-745 with a cDNA library prepared from wild-type cells. Peptide:N-glycanase F released nearly all of the sulfate label, indicating that sulfation had occurred selectively on the Asn-linked glycans. Hydrazinolysis followed by nitrous acid treatment at pH 4 and borohydride reduction yielded reduced sulfated disaccharides that comigrated with standard Gal3SO4beta1-4anhydromannitol. The disaccharides were resistant to periodate oxidation but became sensitive after the sulfate group was removed by methanolysis, indicating that the sulfate was located at C3 of the galactose residues. Maackia amurensis lectin bound to the sulfated glycopeptides on the cell surface and in free form, even after sialidase treatment. This finding indicates that the lectin requires only a charged group at C3 of the galactose unit and not an intact sialic acid. Growth of cells with chlorate restored sialidase sensitivity to lectin binding, indicating that sulfation and sialylation occurred largely at the same sites. The enhanced sulfation was due to elevated sulfotransferase activity that catalyzed transfer of sulfate from phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to Galbeta1-4(3)GlcNAcbeta-O-naphthalenemethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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611
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Metelmann W, Peter-Katalinić J, Müthing J. Gangliosides from human granulocytes: a nano-ESI QTOF mass spectrometry fucosylation study of low abundance species in complex mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:964-973. [PMID: 11506229 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nano-ESI QTOF MS was used for sensitive mapping and sequencing of single molecular species in complex ganglioside mixtures obtained from human granulocytes, where the fucosylated carbohydrate chains of granulocyte gangliosides carry sLex and VIM-2 epitopes postulated to interact with E-selectin of the blood vessel wall in the early phase of the inflammation process. Functionally relevant components are expressed only at a low level, but using the negative ion detection it is possible to trace and identify such species, which were not detectable even by TLC. Advantage of the low-energy CID fragmentation for low abundance components of the complex ganglioside mixtures in the negative ion mode is to produce clear-cut series of fragment ions for sequencing. Fucosylation analysis carried out for each molecular species by MS/MS permits the clear distinction between sLex and VIM-2 epitope. VIM-2 epitope was expressed in all species with a longer sugar core, while in the short oligosaccharide chain with a sLex only, using biological material at a mid-femtomol level detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Metelmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Germany
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612
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Matala E, Alexander SR, Kishimoto TK, Walcheck B. The cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin participates in regulating L-selectin endoproteolysis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1617-23. [PMID: 11466384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment at sites of inflammation is regulated by a series of adhesion and activation events. L-selectin (CD62L) is a leukocyte expressed adhesion protein that is important for neutrophil accumulation and rolling along the vascular endothelium. L-selectin is unique from other adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte transmigration in that its adhesiveness appears to be regulated partly by rapid endoproteolysis. Cleavage of L-selectin occurs within a membrane-proximal region that results in ectodomain shedding and retention of a 6-kDa transmembrane fragment. The cleavage domain of L-selectin has been well characterized through mutational analysis. Whether the cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin also plays a role in regulating shedding is controversial. We have previously shown that the Ca(2+)-sensing protein calmodulin (CaM) constitutively associates with the cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin in transfected cell lines. However, in the absence of mapping and mutational analysis of the CaM-binding region of L-selectin, there remains no direct evidence that this interaction affects shedding. Using synthesized peptides and expressed L-selectin constructs, we demonstrate that CaM binding activity occurs in the membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain. Mutations engineered in this region that prevent CaM binding increase the proteolytic turnover of L-selectin. Moreover, we demonstrate that CaM binding to the 6-kDa transmembrane fragment is greatly reduced compared with intact L-selectin in neutrophils, suggesting that CaM binding is regulated. These data imply that the cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin can regulate shedding by a mechanism in which bound CaM may operate as a negative effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matala
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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613
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Abstract
The intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) play a prominent role in regulating the migration and activation of both dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes in the immune system. Recent observations have demonstrated that both leukocyte function-associated molecule 1 (LFA-1) and DC-specific ICAM-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), two structurally unrelated adhesion receptors, regulate the function of leukocytes and DCs by binding to the same ICAMs. Here, we focus on the structure-function relationships of DC-SIGN and LFA-1 to obtain an insight into their role in the migration and activation of DCs and T cells in the control of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bleijs
- Dept of Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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614
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Hedges JF, Demaula CD, Moore BD, McLaughlin BE, Simon SI, MacLachlan NJ. Characterization of equine E-selectin. Immunology 2001; 103:498-504. [PMID: 11529941 PMCID: PMC1783268 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2001] [Revised: 04/02/2001] [Accepted: 04/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of E-selectin on activated endothelium is a critical initial step that leads to extravasation of leucocytes during inflammation, yet E-selectin is largely uncharacterized in several animal species including the horse. We have sequenced and compared E-selectin genes derived from activated cultures of purified equine (horse), cervid (black-tailed deer) and ovine (sheep) pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ECs). Phylogenetic and amino acid sequence comparisons indicate that bovine, cervid and ovine E-selectin are similar, whereas human and equine E-selectin are more closely related to each other than to the ruminant molecules. Human E- and P-selectin-specific monoclonal antibodies that also recognize equine E-selectin were identified and used to characterize its expression. Expression of E-selectin was more readily induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment in equine ECs than in human ECs and supported adhesion and activation of neutrophils, consistent with the extreme sensitivity of horses to endotoxaemia and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hedges
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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615
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Kieffer JD, Fuhlbrigge RC, Armerding D, Robert C, Ferenczi K, Camphausen RT, Kupper TS. Neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells express the same specialized form of PSGL-1 as do skin-homing memory T cells: cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:577-87. [PMID: 11453631 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells in inflamed skin express the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), a glycosylated epitope defined by the mAb HECA-452. We previously reported that on T cells, CLA occurs almost exclusively on the protein backbone of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). T cells exhibiting the CLA isoform of PSGL-1 can tether and roll on both E- and P-selectin, while T cells expressing PSGL-1 without the CLA epitope do not bind E-selectin, though they may bind P-selectin. We show here that circulating neutrophils and monocytes, and cultured blood dendritic cells, also express CLA almost entirely as an isoform of PSGL-1. These cells all tether and roll on both E- and P-selectin. A chimeric fusion protein incorporating the 19 N-terminal amino acids of mature PSGL-1 exhibited HECA-452 immunoreactivity and supported rolling of CHO cells expressing either E- or P-selectin. These findings indicate a site for the CLA modification within the distal tip of PSGL-1, previously shown to be critical for P-selectin binding and to mediate some, but not all, of the E-selectin binding of PSGL-1. We hypothesize that the types of circulating leukocytes discussed above all use CLA/PSGL-1 to tether and roll on E- and P-selectin along the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Kieffer
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Dept. of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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616
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Yokota K, Takashima A, Bergstresser PR, Ariizumi K. Identification of a human homologue of the dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1, dectin-1. Gene 2001; 272:51-60. [PMID: 11470510 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously we identified the novel type II lectin receptor, dectin-1, that is expressed preferentially by murine antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) and is involved in co-stimulation of T cells by DC. To identify the human homologue (DECTIN-1), we employed degenerative PCR amplification of mRNA isolated from DC and subsequent cDNA cloning. DECTIN-1 is a type II lectin receptor with high homology to type II lectin receptors expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. It contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif within the cytoplasmic domain. Human DECTIN-1 mRNA is expressed predominantly by peripheral blood leukocytes and preferentially by DC. The mRNA likely encodes a 33 kDa glycoprotein. In human epidermis, the protein is expressed selectively by Langerhans cells, which are an epidermal subset of DC. A truncated form of DECTIN-1 RNA (termed T beta) encodes for a polypeptide lacking almost the entire neck domain, which is required for accessibility of the carbohydrate recognition domain to ligands. Genome analysis showed the deleted amino acid sequence in T beta to be encoded by an exon, indicating that T beta RNA is produced by alternative splicing. DECTIN-1 gene maps to chromosome 12, between p13.2 and p12.3, close to the NK gene complex (12p13.1 to p13.2) which contains genes for NK lectin receptors. Our results indicate that human DECTIN-1 shares many features with mouse dectin-1, including the generation of neck domain-lacking isoforms, which may down-regulate the co-stimulatory function of dectin-1.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- COS Cells
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Jurkat Cells
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Psoriasis/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokota
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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617
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Lima M, Teixeira MA, Queirós ML, Leite M, Santos AH, Justiça B, Orfão A. Immunophenotypic characterization of normal blood CD56+lo versus CD56+hi NK-cell subsets and its impact on the understanding of their tissue distribution and functional properties. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2001; 27:731-43. [PMID: 11778657 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2001.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we have compared the immunophenotypic characteristics of the CD56+lo and CD56+hi NK-cell subsets in a group of normal healthy adults. Our results show that CD56+hi NK-cells display greater light-scatter properties than CD56+lo NK-cells at the same time they have higher levels of CD25 and CD122 IL-2 chains, together with a higher reactivity for HLA-DR and CD45RO and lower levels of CD45RA, supporting that, as opposed to the majority of the CD56+lo population, CD56+hi NK-cells might correspond to a subset of activated circulating NK-lymphocytes. Higher expression of the CD2 and CD7 costimulatory molecules found for the CD56+hi NK-cells would support their greater ability to respond to various stimuli. In addition, CD56+hi NK-cells expressed higher levels of several adhesion molecules such as CD2, CD11c, CD44, CD56, and CD62L compared to CD56+lo NK-cells, supporting a particular ability of these cells to migrate from blood to tissues and/or a potential advantage to form conjugates with target cells. Interestingly, CD56+lo and CD56+hi NK-cells showed a different pattern of expression of killer receptors that might determine different activation requirements for each of these NK-cell subsets. For instance, absence or low levels of CD16 expression might explain the lower antibody-dependent cytotoxicity activity of CD56+hi NK-cells. On the other hand, the virtual absence of expression of the CD158a and NKB1 immunoglobulin-like and the greater reactivity for the CD94 lectin-like killer receptors on CD56+hi in comparison to CD56+lo NK-cells might determine different MHC-class I specificities for both NK-cell subsets, a possibility that deserves further studies to be confirmed.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- CD56 Antigen/analysis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Female
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/classification
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/analysis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL1
- Receptors, KIR3DL1
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lima
- Service of Clinical Hematology, Unit of Cytometry, Hospital Geral de Santo António, Porto, Portugal.
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618
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Homeister JW, Thall AD, Petryniak B, Malý P, Rogers CE, Smith PL, Kelly RJ, Gersten KM, Askari SW, Cheng G, Smithson G, Marks RM, Misra AK, Hindsgaul O, von Andrian UH, Lowe JB. The alpha(1,3)fucosyltransferases FucT-IV and FucT-VII exert collaborative control over selectin-dependent leukocyte recruitment and lymphocyte homing. Immunity 2001; 15:115-26. [PMID: 11485743 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
E-, P-, and L-selectin counterreceptor activities, leukocyte trafficking, and lymphocyte homing are controlled prominently but incompletely by alpha(1,3)fucosyltransferase FucT-VII-dependent fucosylation. Molecular determinants for FucT-VII-independent leukocyte trafficking are not defined, and evidence for contributions by or requirements for other FucTs in leukocyte recruitment is contradictory and incomplete. We show here that inflammation-dependent leukocyte recruitment retained in FucT-VII deficiency is extinguished in FucT-IV(-/-)/FucT-VII(-/-) mice. Double deficiency yields an extreme leukocytosis characterized by decreased neutrophil turnover and increased neutrophil production. FucT-IV also contributes to HEV-born L-selectin ligands, since lymphocyte homing retained in FucT-VII(-/-) mice is revoked in FucT-IV(-/-)/FucT-VII(-/-) mice. These observations reveal essential FucT-IV-dependent contributions to E-, P-, and L-selectin ligand synthesis and to the control of leukocyte recruitment and lymphocyte homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Homeister
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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619
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Geng JG. Directional migration of leukocytes: their pathological roles in inflammation and strategies for development of anti-inflammatory therapies. Cell Res 2001; 11:85-8. [PMID: 11453550 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional migration of leukocytes is indispensable to innate immunity for host defense. However, recruitment of leukocytes to a site of tissue injury also constitutes a leading cause for inflammatory responses. Mechanistically, it involves a cascade of cellular events precisely regulated by temporal and spatial presentation of a repertoire of molecules in the migrating leukocytes and their surroundings (microenvironments). Here I will summarize the emerging evidence that has shed lights on the underlying molecular mechanism for directional migration of leukocytes, which has guided the therapeutical development for innovative anti-inflammatory medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Geng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai.
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620
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Lühn K, Wild MK, Eckhardt M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Vestweber D. The gene defective in leukocyte adhesion deficiency II encodes a putative GDP-fucose transporter. Nat Genet 2001; 28:69-72. [PMID: 11326279 DOI: 10.1038/ng0501-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency II (LAD II) is characterized by the lack of fucosylated glycoconjugates, including selectin ligands, causing immunodeficiency and severe mental and growth retardation. No deficiency in fucosyltransferase activities or in the activities of enzymes involved in GDP-fucose biosynthesis has been found. Instead, the transport of GDP-fucose into isolated Golgi vesicles of LAD II cells appeared to be reduced. To identify the gene mutated in LAD II, we cloned 12 cDNAs from Caenorhabditis elegans, encoding multi-spanning transmembrane proteins with homology to known nucleotide sugar transporters, and transfected them into fibroblasts from an LAD II patient. One of these clones re-established expression of fucosylated glycoconjugates with high efficiency and allowed us to identify a human homolog with 55% identity, which also directed re-expression of fucosylated glycoconjugates. Both proteins were localized to the Golgi. The corresponding endogenous protein in LAD II cells had an R147C amino acid change in the conserved fourth transmembrane region. Overexpression of this mutant protein in cells from a patient with LAD II did not rescue fucosylation, demonstrating that the point mutation affected the activity of the protein. Thus, we have identified the first putative GDP-fucose transporter, which has been highly conserved throughout evolution. A point mutation in its gene is responsible for the disease in this patient with LAD II.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lühn
- Institut für Zellbiologie, ZMBE, Universität Münster, Münster, and Max-Planck-Institut für Klinische and Physiologische Forschung, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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621
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De Vleeschauwer M, Vaillancourt M, Goudreau N, Guindon Y, Gravel D. Design and synthesis of a new Sialyl Lewis X Mimetic: How selective are the selectin receptors? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1109-12. [PMID: 11354355 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reports the molecular modeling-based design and synthesis of an optically pure noncarbohydrate mimetic of sialyl Lewis X to inhibit E-selectin. Biological evaluation of the designed substance as well as that of its enantiomer gave, contrary to expectations, comparable IC50 values. Results are discussed in terms of receptor binding specificity and the molecular modeling protocol used.
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622
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Thoma G, Magnani JL, Patton JT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a sialyl Lewis X mimic with significantly improved E-selectin inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:923-5. [PMID: 11294392 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the highly potent E-selectin inhibitor 5 is described. Sialyl Lewis X mimic 5 was rationally designed by combining two previously disclosed beneficial sLe(x) modifications in a single molecule. The compound was found to be 30-fold more potent than sLe(x) in a static, cell-free equilibrium assay. Furthermore, compound 5 was highly active (IC50 = 10 microM) in a dynamic non-equilibrium assay in which sLe(x) did not inhibit neutrophil rolling at up to 1000 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thoma
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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623
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DeMaula CD, Jutila MA, Wilson DW, MacLachlan NJ. Infection kinetics, prostacyclin release and cytokine-mediated modulation of the mechanism of cell death during bluetongue virus infection of cultured ovine and bovine pulmonary artery and lung microvascular endothelial cells. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:787-794. [PMID: 11257183 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection causes a haemorrhagic disease in sheep, whereas BTV infection typically is asymptomatic in cattle. Injury to the endothelium of small blood vessels is responsible for the manifestations of disease in BTV-infected sheep. The lungs are central to the pathogenesis of BTV infection of ruminants; thus endothelial cells (ECs) cultured from the pulmonary artery and lung microvasculature of sheep and cattle were used to investigate the basis for the disparate expression of bluetongue disease in the two species. Ovine and bovine microvascular ECs infected at low multiplicity with partially purified BTV were equally susceptible to BTV-induced cell death, yet ovine microvascular ECs had a lower incidence of infection and produced significantly less virus than did bovine microvascular ECs. Importantly, the relative proportions of apoptotic and necrotic cells were significantly different in BTV-infected EC cultures depending on the species of EC origin and the presence of inflammatory mediators in the virus inoculum. Furthermore, BTV-infected ovine lung microvascular ECs released markedly less prostacyclin than the other types of ECs. Results of these in vitro studies are consistent with the marked pulmonary oedema and microvascular thrombosis that characterize bluetongue disease of sheep but which rarely, if ever, occur in BTV-infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D DeMaula
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA1
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA2
| | - Dennis W Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA1
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA1
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624
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Stucki A, Rivier AS, Gikic M, Monai N, Schapira M, Spertini O. Endothelial cell activation by myeloblasts: molecular mechanisms of leukostasis and leukemic cell dissemination. Blood 2001; 97:2121-9. [PMID: 11264180 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.7.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukostasis and tissue infiltration by leukemic cells are poorly understood life-threatening complications of acute leukemia. This study has tested the hypothesis that adhesion receptors and cytokines secreted by blast cells play central roles in these reactions. Immunophenotypic studies showed that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells (n = 78) of the M0 to M5 subtypes of the French-American-British Cooperative Group expressed various amounts of adhesion receptors, including CD11a, b, c/CD18, CD49d, e, f/CD29, CD54, sCD15, and L-selectin. The presence of functional adhesion receptors was evaluated using a nonstatic adhesion assay. The number of blast cells attached to unactivated endothelium increased by 7 to 31 times after a 6-hour exposure of endothelium to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Inhibition studies showed that multiple adhesion receptors--including L-selectin, E-selectin, VCAM-1, and CD11/CD18--were involved in blast cell adhesion to TNF-alpha-activated endothelium. Leukemic cells were then cocultured at 37 degrees C on unactivated endothelial cell monolayers for time periods up to 24 hours. A time-dependent increase in the number of blasts attached to the endothelium and a concomitant induction of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin were observed. Additional experiments revealed that endothelial cell activation by leukemic myeloblasts was caused by cytokine secretion by blast cells, in particular TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, and direct contacts between adhesion receptors expressed by blast cells and endothelial cells. Thus, leukemic cells have the ability to generate conditions that promote their own adhesion to vascular endothelium, a property that may have important implications for the pathophysiology of leukostasis and tissue infiltration by leukemic blast cells. (Blood. 2001;97:2121-2129)
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- CD18 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD18 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- E-Selectin/biosynthesis
- E-Selectin/genetics
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Integrin alpha4
- Integrin alpha5
- Integrin alpha6
- Integrin alphaXbeta2/biosynthesis
- Integrin alphaXbeta2/genetics
- Integrin beta1/biosynthesis
- Integrin beta1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- L-Selectin/biosynthesis
- L-Selectin/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemic Infiltration/genetics
- Leukemic Infiltration/metabolism
- Leukostasis/genetics
- Leukostasis/metabolism
- Lewis X Antigen/biosynthesis
- Lewis X Antigen/genetics
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/genetics
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/cytology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stucki
- Division and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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625
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Kubes P, Kerfoot SM. Leukocyte recruitment in the microcirculation: the rolling paradigm revisited. NEWS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY PRODUCED JOINTLY BY THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2001; 16:76-80. [PMID: 11390953 DOI: 10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy has done much to elucidate the cascade of events involved in the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Here we review the physiological relevance of leukocyte rolling and some of the important subtleties of this process, highlighting limitations in our knowledge and directions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kubes
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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626
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Kuang SQ, Hasham S, Phillips MD, Wolf D, Wan Y, Thiagarajan P, Milewicz DM. Characterization of a novel autosomal dominant bleeding disorder in a large kindred from east Texas. Blood 2001; 97:1549-54. [PMID: 11238089 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.6.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large east Texas family with autosomal dominant inheritance of a novel bleeding disorder has been identified. The disorder is characterized clinically by easy bruising, life-threatening bleeding with trauma or surgery, and menorrhagia in affected women. Laboratory studies demonstrated prolongation of the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in affected individuals. Paradoxically, assays of known coagulation factors are all within normal limits. To determine the molecular basis of this disease, a candidate gene linkage analysis in this kindred was done. Initially it was hypothesized that the cause of the disease in this family could be an antithrombin III (AT3) mutation that resulted in a constitutively active AT3 in the absence of heparin binding. Linkage studies using DNA from the family and an intragenic polymorphic marker within the AT3 gene showed that the disease mapped to this locus. The coding region and intron/exon junctions of AT3 were sequenced using the proband's DNA, but this analysis failed to identify a mutation. Additional family members were recruited for the study, and 16 polymorphic markers around the AT3 gene were analyzed. Using 2 recombinants, the critical interval for the defective gene was narrowed to approximately 1.5 Mb, centromeric to AT3. The factor V (FV) gene was mapped into the disease interval and sequenced; there were no mutations found. Elucidation of the genetic defect causing the bleeding disorder in this family may reveal a novel protein involved in the coagulation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Kuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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627
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Kirveskari J, Vesaluoma MH, Moilanen JA, Tervo TM, Petroll MW, Linnolahti E, Renkonen R. A novel non-invasive, in vivo technique for the quantification of leukocyte rolling and extravasation at sites of inflammation in human patients. Nat Med 2001; 7:376-9. [PMID: 11231641 DOI: 10.1038/85538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Kirveskari
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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628
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Chan
- The MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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629
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Andjelkovic AV, Zochowski MR, Morgan F, Pachter JS. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of monocyte transendothelial migration by confocal microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:111-20. [PMID: 11332736 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0111:qaqaom>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of monocyte transendothelial migration is described. By labeling monocytes and endothelial cells with different fluorophores, and utilizing confocal microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction, transmigrating monocytes were resolved and quantified within a subendothelial collagen gel. Comparison of monocyte migration across endothelial monolayers derived from human brain microvessels versus umbilical veins revealed diapedesis across brain endothelium to be significantly delayed. Inclusion of astrocytes within the subendothelial collagen gel resulted in the formation of an array of astrocytic processes that simulated the glia limitans surrounding brain microvessels in situ, thus yielding a more physiologic paradigm of the blood-brain barrier. By virtue of its unique capacity to provide information on the total number of migrating cells, this analytic approach overcomes significant caveats associated with sampling only aspects of the migration process. The potential adaptability of this method to computer-assisted analysis further enhances its prospective use in high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Andjelkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA
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630
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Abstract
The immune system consists of a complex collection of leukocytes and dendritic cells that surveys most tissues in the body for the appearance of foreign antigens. For an efficient immune response, the interaction and co-localization of antigen-presenting cells, costimulatory helper cells and effector cells are crucial parameters. Therefore, the migration routes of antigen-presenting cells and potential antigen-specific lymphocytes merge in secondary lymphoid organs in order to increase the likelihood and speed of a lymphocyte finding its cognate antigen. Additionally, antigen-primed effector cells are directed to the tissue where they are most likely to encounter their cognate antigen. This highly organized and efficient antigen encounter is based on a continuous recirculation of antigen-specific lymphocytes between blood, peripheral tissue, and secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, the efficacy of the immune system is further increased by the ability of different lymphocyte subsets to recirculate only through distinct tissues. The scope of this review is to outline the concept and mechanisms of lymphocyte homing and recirculation and to discuss the significance for the immune defense. Current models in leukocyte homing and recirculation and the underlying molecular functions of implicated cell adhesion molecules, chemokines, and chemokine receptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wiedle
- Department of Pathology, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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631
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Lühn K, Marquardt T, Harms E, Vestweber D. Discontinuation of fucose therapy in LADII causes rapid loss of selectin ligands and rise of leukocyte counts. Blood 2001; 97:330-2. [PMID: 11133780 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II (LADII) is a rare inherited disorder of fucose metabolism. Patients with LADII lack fucosylated glycoconjugates, including the carbohydrate ligands of the selectins, leading to an immunodeficiency caused by the lack of selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial interactions. A simple and effective therapy has recently been described for LADII, based on the administration of oral fucose. Parallel to this treatment the lack of E- and P-selectin ligands on neutrophils was corrected, and high peripheral neutrophil counts were reduced to normal levels. This study reports that discontinuation of this therapy leads to the complete loss of E-selectin ligands within 3 days and of P-selectin ligands within 7 days. Peripheral neutrophil counts increased parallel to the decrease of selectin ligands. Selectin ligands reappeared promptly after resumption of the fucose therapy, demonstrating a causal relationship between fucose treatment and selectin ligand expression and peripheral neutrophil counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lühn
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster; Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Münster, Germany
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632
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Bhakta S, Bartes A, Bowman KG, Kao WM, Polsky I, Lee JK, Cook BN, Bruehl RE, Rosen SD, Bertozzi CR, Hemmerich S. Sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine by chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase 2 (GST-5). J Biol Chem 2000; 275:40226-34. [PMID: 10956661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006414200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on sequence homology with a previously cloned human GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase, we have identified an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a novel member of the Gal/GalNAc/GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase (GST) family termed GST-5 on the human X chromosome (band Xp11). GST-5 has recently been characterized as a novel GalNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase termed chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-2 (Kitagawa, H., Fujita, M., Itio, N., and Sugahara K. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 21075-21080). We have coexpressed a human GST-5 cDNA with a GlyCAM-1/IgG fusion protein in COS-7 cells and observed four-fold enhanced [(35)S]sulfate incorporation into this mucin acceptor. All mucin-associated [(35)S]sulfate was incorporated as GlcNAc-6-sulfate or Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc-6-sulfate. GST-5 was also expressed in soluble epitope-tagged form and found to catalyze 6-O-sulfation of GlcNAc residues in synthetic acceptor structures. In particular, GST-5 was found to catalyze 6-O-sulfation of beta-benzyl GlcNAc but not alpha- or beta-benzyl GalNAc. In the mouse genome we have found a homologous ORF that predicts a novel murine GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase with 88% identity to the human enzyme. This gene was mapped to mouse chromosome X at band XA3.1-3.2. GST-5 is the newest member of an emerging family of carbohydrate 6-O-sulfotransferases that includes chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase (GST-0), keratan-sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase (GST-1), the ubiquitously expressed GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase (GST-2), high endothelial cell GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase (GST-3), and intestinal GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferase (GST-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhakta
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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633
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André P, Hartwell D, Hrachovinová I, Saffaripour S, Wagner DD. Pro-coagulant state resulting from high levels of soluble P-selectin in blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13835-40. [PMID: 11095738 PMCID: PMC17662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.250475997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma concentration of soluble adhesion receptors is increased under pathological circumstances, but their function remains enigmatic. Soluble P-selectin (sP-sel) is shed from activated platelets and endothelial cells. Mice genetically engineered to express P-selectin without the cytoplasmic tail (DeltaCT) constitutively show a 3- to 4-fold increase of sP-sel in plasma. We observed that the DeltaCT mice formed fibrin very readily. In an ex vivo perfusion chamber, there was more fibrin deposited at the site of platelet thrombus formation than in wild type (WT), whereas no fibrin deposits were detected using P-selectin-deficient blood during the same interval. Similarly, in vivo, the hemorrhage produced by local Shwartzman reaction was smaller in the DeltaCT mice than in WT. In contrast, we previously showed hemorrhage to be more prominent in P-selectin knock-out mice. Infusion of mouse P-sel-Ig chimera produced the same protective effect in WT mice as seen in the DeltaCT mice, indicating that the effect was due to increased levels of sP-sel. Mice infused with P-sel-Ig showed significantly more fibrin deposited on the luminal face of the injured vessels than control mice. Plasma from DeltaCT mice or mice infused with P-sel-Ig contained higher concentration of pro-coagulant microparticles and clotted one minute faster than WT. This pro-coagulant phenotype of DeltaCT mice could be reversed by a 4-day treatment with PSGL-Ig, a P-selectin inhibitor. We propose that sP-sel should no longer be considered only as a marker of inflammation or platelet activation, but also as a direct inducer of pro-coagulant activity associated with vascular and thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P André
- The Center for Blood Research, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 800 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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634
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Alam HB, Sun L, Ruff P, Austin B, Burris D, Rhee P. E- and P-selectin expression depends on the resuscitation fluid used in hemorrhaged rats. J Surg Res 2000; 94:145-52. [PMID: 11104654 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.6011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E- and P-selectins are adhesion molecules that effect neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury. Our hypothesis was that the expression of E- and P-selectins is dependent on the type of fluid used for resuscitation and that lactated Ringer's (LR) solution would result in an early upregulation of these molecules. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were subjected to a 27 ml/kg hemorrhage over 5 min followed by a 1-h shock period and 1-h of resuscitation. The animals were randomized into the following resuscitation groups: (1) sham; (2) hemorrhage, no resuscitation; (3) whole blood (27 ml/kg); (4) 3:1 lactated Ringer's (81 ml/kg); (5) sham hemorrhage, infusion of lactated Ringer's (81 ml/kg); (6) 7. 5% hypertonic saline (9.7 ml/kg). Immediately after resuscitation, the spleen and lung were harvested for measurement of E- and P-selectin mRNA expression with reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and protein expression with immunostaining. RESULTS LR resuscitation and LR infusion without prior hemorrhage significantly increased the E- and P-selectin mRNA in the lung and spleen. Immunostaining demonstrated that the adhesion molecule expression was mainly located in perivascular/peribronchial areas in the lung, and the marginal and trabecular areas in the spleen. Pulmonary edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed only in the animals that were hemorrhaged and resuscitated with LR. No resuscitation and resuscitation with whole blood caused no significant increase in selectin expression. CONCLUSION LR resuscitation and LR infusion without hemorrhage are associated with early increased expression of E- and P-selectin molecules in the lung and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Alam
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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635
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Kirveskari J, Paavonen T, Häyry P, Renkonen R. De novo induction of endothelial L-selectin ligands during kidney allograft rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:2358-2365. [PMID: 11095659 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v11122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney allograft rejection is characterized by a lymphocyte infiltration. L-selectin on lymphocytes and its endothelial glycosylated ligands are instrumental in the initiation of lymphocyte extravasation to sites of inflammation. From more than 500 core biopsy specimens taken from kidneys after transplantation, 250 biopsies were graded to have signs of acute rejection. Of these, 52 biopsies with various grades of histologic signs of acute rejection were selected for the study. Controls were 15 biopsies taken within 30 min after revascularization and 10 specimens from well-functioning allografts showing no clinical or histologic evidence of rejection. Immunochemical stainings with monoclonal antibodies against functionally active decorated L-selectin ligands. i.e., sialyl-Lewis x (sLex, 2F3 and HECA-452) or sulfated lactosamine (MECA-79) were performed. Although no endothelial 2F3 and MECA-79 epitopes were detected in nonrejecting control specimens, the expression was induced at the onset and during acute allograft rejections. The level of expression (in semi-quantitative score) of 2F3 reactivity correlated with the severity of rejection (P<0.0001, grade I versus grade IIB), and the level of expression decreased as the rejection resolved. Kidney biopsies taken shortly after revascularization and thus undergoing reperfusion injury showed endothelial staining with another anti sLex antibody, HECA-452. This staining disappeared from well-functioning grafts and reappeared at the onset of an acute allograft rejection. These results suggest that expression of functionally active, properly glycosylated L-selectin ligands might have a role in reperfusion injury and in the initiation of acute rejections after human kidney allograft transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Kirveskari
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostic, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Paavonen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostic, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostic, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Renkonen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostic, Helsinki, Finland
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636
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Abstract
Five disaccharides related in structure to the glycans of vertebrate mucins have been chemically synthesized using orthogonal blocking, coupling and deblocking techniques. These include 2-naphthylmethyl 3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-( 1 --> 4)-2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), 2-naphthylmethyl 2-aceta-mido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (14), 2-naph-thylmethyl2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-2-acetamido-4,6-di- O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (20), 2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (23) and 2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glu-copyranosyl-(1 --> 6)-2-acetamido-3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (27). These per-O-acetylated compounds were fed to U-937 cells to test their ability to prime oligosaccharide synthesis, inhibit glycoprotein biosynthesis and alter adhesion to E-selectin expressed on endothelial cells. The results show that 6, 14, and 20 served as substrates for oligosaccharide synthesis. The generation of glycoside-primed glycans altered the formation of glycoproteins on the cell surface and inhibited cell adhesion dependent on E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sarkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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637
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Somers WS, Tang J, Shaw GD, Camphausen RT. Insights into the molecular basis of leukocyte tethering and rolling revealed by structures of P- and E-selectin bound to SLe(X) and PSGL-1. Cell 2000; 103:467-79. [PMID: 11081633 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
P-, E- and L-selectin constitute a family of cell adhesion receptors that mediate the initial tethering and rolling of leukocytes on inflamed endothelium as a prelude to their firm attachment and extravasation into tissues. The selectins bind weakly to sialyl Lewisx (SLe(X))-like glycans, but with high-affinity to specific glycoprotein counterreceptors, including PSGL-1. Here, we report crystal structures of human P- and E-selectin constructs containing the lectin and EGF (LE) domains co-complexed with SLe(X). We also present the crystal structure of P-selectin LE co-complexed with the N-terminal domain of human PSGL-1 modified by both tyrosine sulfation and SLe(X). These structures reveal differences in how E- and P-selectin bind SLe(X) and the molecular basis of the high-affinity interaction between P-selectin and PSGL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Somers
- Genetics Institute, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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638
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Windfuhr M, Manegold A, Muhlenhoff M, Eckhardt M, Gerardy-Schahn R. Molecular defects that cause loss of polysialic acid in the complementation group 2A10. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:32861-70. [PMID: 10921918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003507200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) is a dynamically regulated posttranslational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which modulates NCAM binding functions. PSA biosynthesis is catalyzed by two polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV. The catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes are unknown. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, ST8SiaIV is responsible for PSA expression. In the complementation group 2A10, the ST8SiaIV gene is disrupted. Investigating the molecular defects in this complementation group, seven clones with missense mutations in ST8SiaIV were found. Mutations cause replacement of amino acids that are highly conserved in alpha2,8-sialyltransferases. To verify the physiological relevance of identified mutations, identical amino acid substitutions were introduced into epitope-tagged variants of hamster ST8SiaIV and murine ST8SiaII and recombinant proteins were tested in vivo and in vitro. None of these constructs reconstituted PSA synthesis in 2A10 cells, although the proteins were expressed and with the exception of the cysteine variants ST8SiaIV-C356F and ST8SiaII-C371F correctly targeted to the Golgi apparatus. Interestingly, two mutations (ST8SiaIV-R277G and -M333V and the corresponding mutants ST8SiaII-R292G and -M348V) could be partially rescued if tested in vitro. Although these mutants were negative for autopolysialylation, partial reconstitution of both auto- and NCAM polysialylation was achieved in the presence of NCAM. The data presented in this study suggest a functional link between auto- and NCAM polysialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Windfuhr
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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639
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Affiliation(s)
- U H von Andrian
- Center for Blood Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, USA.
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640
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Abstract
Understanding how immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) regulate nervous system development has lagged behind studies on integrins and cadherins. The recent characterization of IgCAM structures combined with cell biological studies on protein-protein interactions and membrane targeting/trafficking demonstrate that IgCAMs interact in exceedingly complex ways to regulate axonal growth and pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kamiguchi
- Developmental Brain Science Group, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama 351-0198, Wako, Japan.
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641
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Mattila P, Räbinä J, Hortling S, Helin J, Renkonen R. Functional expression of Escherichia coli enzymes synthesizing GDP-L-fucose from inherent GDP-D-mannose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glycobiology 2000; 10:1041-7. [PMID: 11030750 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.10.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosylation of glycans on glycoproteins and -lipids requires the enzymatic activity of relevant fucosyltransferases and GDP-L-fucose as the donor. Due to the biological importance of fucosylated glycans, a readily accessible source of GDP-L-fucose would be required. Here we describe the construction of a stable recombinant S.cerevisiae strain expressing the E.coli genes gmd and wcaG encoding the two enzymes, GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD) and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase/4-reductase (GMER(FX)) respectively, needed to convert GDP-mannose to GDP-fucose via the de novo pathway. Taking advantage of the rich inherent cytosolic GDP-mannose pool in S.cerevisiae cells we could easily produce 0.2 mg/l of GDP-L-fucose with this recombinant yeast strain without addition of any external GDP-mannose. The GDP-L-fucose product could be used as the fucose donor for alpha1,3fucosyltransferase to synthesize sialyl Lewis x (sLex), a glycan crucial for the selectin-dependent leukocyte traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mattila
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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642
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Sulfated glycans induce rapid hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization: evidence for selectin-dependent and independent mechanisms. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.7.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe adhesive mechanisms leading to the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from the bone marrow into the blood are poorly understood. We report on a role for selectins and fucoidan in progenitor mobilization. Baseline levels of circulating HPCs are increased in endothelial selectin-deficient (P/E−/−) mice. Similar levels are observed when E-selectin null (E−/−) mice are treated with anti-P-selectin antibody or with fucoidan (which inhibits P- and L-selectin function). In particular, administration of 2 doses of fucoidan (25 mg/kg) over 6 hours produces profound mobilization of progenitors in wild-type mice and the response is greatly enhanced in E−/− and P/E−/− mice. Competitive reconstitution experiments reveal that fucoidan also elicits long-term (more than 6 months) repopulating stem cells. Mobilization assays using chimeric mice harboring L-selectin–deficient progenitors and wild-type progenitors expressing the green fluorescence protein suggest that L-selectin expression is not required but confers an advantage for fucoidan-induced mobilization. Sulfation is critical as desulfated fucoidan is ineffective. In addition, sulphogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) but not heparin can induce HPC mobilization. Our results indicate that administration of sulfated glycans, especially with concurrent inhibition of E-selectin function, represents a powerful novel method for rapid mobilization of long-term–repopulating stem cells. These findings may help elucidate the mechanisms of HPC trafficking during development and adult life.
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643
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Sulfated glycans induce rapid hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization: evidence for selectin-dependent and independent mechanisms. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.7.2460.h8002460_2460_2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesive mechanisms leading to the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from the bone marrow into the blood are poorly understood. We report on a role for selectins and fucoidan in progenitor mobilization. Baseline levels of circulating HPCs are increased in endothelial selectin-deficient (P/E−/−) mice. Similar levels are observed when E-selectin null (E−/−) mice are treated with anti-P-selectin antibody or with fucoidan (which inhibits P- and L-selectin function). In particular, administration of 2 doses of fucoidan (25 mg/kg) over 6 hours produces profound mobilization of progenitors in wild-type mice and the response is greatly enhanced in E−/− and P/E−/− mice. Competitive reconstitution experiments reveal that fucoidan also elicits long-term (more than 6 months) repopulating stem cells. Mobilization assays using chimeric mice harboring L-selectin–deficient progenitors and wild-type progenitors expressing the green fluorescence protein suggest that L-selectin expression is not required but confers an advantage for fucoidan-induced mobilization. Sulfation is critical as desulfated fucoidan is ineffective. In addition, sulphogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) but not heparin can induce HPC mobilization. Our results indicate that administration of sulfated glycans, especially with concurrent inhibition of E-selectin function, represents a powerful novel method for rapid mobilization of long-term–repopulating stem cells. These findings may help elucidate the mechanisms of HPC trafficking during development and adult life.
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644
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Geijtenbeek TB, Krooshoop DJ, Bleijs DA, van Vliet SJ, van Duijnhoven GC, Grabovsky V, Alon R, Figdor CG, van Kooyk Y. DC-SIGN-ICAM-2 interaction mediates dendritic cell trafficking. Nat Immunol 2000; 1:353-7. [PMID: 11017109 DOI: 10.1038/79815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are recruited from blood into tissues to patrol for foreign antigens. After antigen uptake and processing, DCs migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs to initiate immune responses. We now show that DC-SIGN, a DC-specific C-type lectin, supports tethering and rolling of DC-SIGN-positive cells on the vascular ligand ICAM-2 under shear flow, a prerequisite for emigration from blood. The DC-SIGN-ICAM-2 interaction regulates chemokine-induced transmigration of DCs across both resting and activated endothelium. Thus, DC-SIGN is central to the unusual trafficking capacity of DCs, further supported by the expression of DC-SIGN on precursors in blood and on immature and mature DCs in both peripheral and lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Geijtenbeek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center St Radboud, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, Nijmegen 6525 EX, The Netherlands
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645
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Yamazaki N, Kojima S, Bovin NV, André S, Gabius S, Gabius HJ. Endogenous lectins as targets for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 43:225-44. [PMID: 10967228 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To minimize side effects of drugs it would be ideal to target them exclusively to those cell types which require treatment. As a means to this end prototypical cellular recognition systems pique our interest to devise biomimetic strategies. Since oligosaccharides of glycoconjugates outmatch other information-carrying biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) in theoretical storage capacity by far, work on the sugar code can spark off development of effective targeting devices. Conjugation of custom-made glycan epitopes to proteins or biocompatible non-immunogenic polymeric scaffolds produces neoglycoconjugates with purpose-adaptable properties. In the interplay with endogenous receptors such as lectins, suitable oligosaccharides such as histo-blood group trisaccharides as parts of neoglycoconjugates have already proven their practical applications in histopathology. Elucidation of the structure of cell lectins with currently five main families aids to tailor ligand characteristics rationally. They include the types of functional groups and their topological presentation to optimize the bimolecular binding as well as the optimal spatial clustering and spacer characteristics to exploit cooperativity. Indeed, the potent trivalent cluster glycosides designed for the C-type asialoglycoprotein receptors furnish an instructive example how to turn the theoretical guideline on ligand modification into nM-affinity. By placing emphasis on tissue lectins as targets of neoglycoconjugate-mediated drug delivery, the long-term perspective is opened to likewise test members of these families themselves for routing of therapeutic payloads, aiming at cell addressins. This review illustrates the conceivable potential which work on the sugar code with custom-made neoglycoconjugates and tissue lectins can have in store for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yamazaki
- Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Organic Materials, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research, 1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba-City, 305, Ibaraki, Japan.
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646
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Abstract
Sulfation is a critical modification in many instances of biological recognition. Early work in lymphocyte homing indicated that the endothelial ligands for L-selectin depended upon sulfation modifications. Subsequent studies showed that the two specific modifications, Gal-6-SO4 and GlcNAc-6-SO4, were present on actual biological ligands. Recently, a family of carbohydrate sulfotransferases capable of generating these modifications has been identified at the molecular level. Reconstitution experiments implicate members of this family as critical participants in lymphocyte homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hemmerich
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1397, USA
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647
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Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) on circulating microparticles has recently received much attention as a factor in myocardial infarction. We have developed systems by which we have been able to investigate the thrombogenic potential of blood-borne TF. Thrombi develop when native human blood is passed over either collagen-coated glass slides or over pig arterial media. These thrombi immunostain for TF even when the substrate contains none. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the deposited TF is active because the thrombi contain fibrin; fibrin deposition and thrombotic mass are both inhibited by the inclusion of a potent TF-inhibitor in the perfusions. We have also shown that leukocyte-derived particles attach to platelets in a reaction mediated by adhesion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rauch
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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648
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Schnyder-Candrian S, Borsig L, Moser R, Berger EG. Localization of alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase VI in Weibel-Palade bodies of human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8369-74. [PMID: 10900002 PMCID: PMC26954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.15.8369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1999] [Accepted: 05/15/2000] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface glycosylation of endothelial cells is relevant to various processes including coagulation, inflammation, metastasis, and lymphocyte homing. One of the essential sugars involved in these processes is fucose linked alpha1-->3 to N-acetylglucosamine. A family of alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases (FucTs) called FucT-III, IV, V, VI, VII, and IX is able to catalyze such fucosylations. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells express all of the FucTs except FucT-IX. The predominant activity, as inferred by acceptor specificity of enzyme activity in cell lysates, is compatible with the presence of FucT-VI. By using an antibody to recombinant soluble FucT-VI, the enzyme colocalized with beta4-galactosyltransferase-1 to the Golgi apparatus. By using a polyclonal antiserum raised against a 17-aa peptide of the variable (stem) region of the FucT-VI, immunocytochemical staining of FucT-VI was restricted to Weibel-Palade bodies, as determined by colocalization with P-selectin and von Willebrand factor. SDS/PAGE immunoblotting and amino acid sequencing of internal peptides confirmed the identity of the antigen isolated by the peptide-specific antibody as FucT-VI. Storage of a fucosyltransferase in Weibel-Palade bodies suggests a function independent of Golgi-associated glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schnyder-Candrian
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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649
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Ma YQ, Geng JG. Heparan sulfate-like proteoglycans mediate adhesion of human malignant melanoma A375 cells to P-selectin under flow. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:558-65. [PMID: 10861096 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Selectins, a family of cell adhesion molecules, bind to sialylated and fucosylated carbohydrates, such as sialyl Lewisx (SLex) and its derivatives, as their minimal recognition motif. Here we report that P-selectin bound to human malignant melanoma A375 cells and mediated their adhesion under flow. However, probing with a specific Ab failed to detect any apparent expression of SLex. This finding was bolstered by reduced expression of alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VII mRNA and by absence of the cell surface expression of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Instead, they expressed heparan sulfate-like proteoglycans on their cell surfaces. Treatment with beta-d -xyloside (a proteoglycan biosynthesis inhibitor) or heparinases could reduce the binding of these cells to P-selectin. In the competition assays, heparin, but not other proteoglycans, could abolish the P-selectin recognition. Further, we found that P-selectin could bind specifically to human tongue squamous cancer Tca-8113 cells, which had negative staining of SLex but positive staining of heparan sulfates. Both beta-d -xyloside and heparinases could reduce the binding of P-selectin to Tca-8113 cells. Our results thus indicate that heparan sulfate-like proteoglycans can mediate adhesion of certain types of non-blood borne, "epithelial-like" human cancer cells to P-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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650
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Abstract
We describe thrombogenic tissue factor (TF) on leukocyte-derived microparticles and their incorporation into spontaneous human thrombi. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes transfer TF+particles to platelets, thereby making them capable of triggering and propagating thrombosis. This phenomenon calls into question the original dogma that vessel wall injury and exposure of TF within the vasculature to blood is sufficient for the occurrence of arterial thrombosis. The transfer of TF+ leukocyte-derived particles is dependent on the interaction of CD15 and TF with platelets. Both the inhibition of TF transfer to platelets by antagonizing the interaction CD15 with P-selectin and the direct interaction of TF itself suggest a novel therapeutic approach to prevent thrombosis.
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