651
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Behavioral repeatability and personality in pit-building antlion larvae under differing environmental contexts. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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652
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Briley DA, Tucker-Drob EM. Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2014; 140:1303-31. [PMID: 24956122 PMCID: PMC4152379 DOI: 10.1037/a0037091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The longitudinal stability of personality is low in childhood but increases substantially into adulthood. Theoretical explanations for this trend differ in the emphasis placed on intrinsic maturation and socializing influences. To what extent does the increasing stability of personality result from the continuity and crystallization of genetically influenced individual differences, and to what extent does the increasing stability of life experiences explain increases in personality trait stability? Behavioral genetic studies, which decompose longitudinal stability into sources associated with genetic and environmental variation, can help to address this question. We aggregated effect sizes from 24 longitudinal behavioral genetic studies containing information on a total of 21,057 sibling pairs from 6 types that varied in terms of genetic relatedness and ranged in age from infancy to old age. A combination of linear and nonlinear meta-analytic regression models were used to evaluate age trends in levels of heritability and environmentality, stabilities of genetic and environmental effects, and the contributions of genetic and environmental effects to overall phenotypic stability. Both the genetic and environmental influences on personality increase in stability with age. The contribution of genetic effects to phenotypic stability is moderate in magnitude and relatively constant with age, in part because of small-to-moderate decreases in the heritability of personality over child development that offset increases in genetic stability. In contrast, the contribution of environmental effects to phenotypic stability increases from near zero in early childhood to moderate in adulthood. The life-span trend of increasing phenotypic stability, therefore, predominantly results from environmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Briley
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas
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653
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Videlier M, Bonneaud C, Cornette R, Herrel A. Exploration syndromes in the frog X
enopus (
S
ilurana) tropicalis
: correlations with morphology and performance? J Zool (1987) 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Videlier
- UMR 7179; Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Paris France
| | - C. Bonneaud
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Penryn Cornwall UK
| | - R. Cornette
- UMR 7205; Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Paris France
| | - A. Herrel
- UMR 7179; Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Paris France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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654
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655
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Dochtermann NA, Nelson AB. Multiple Facets of Exploratory Behavior in House Crickets (Acheta domesticus): Split Personalities or Simply Different Behaviors? Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ned A. Dochtermann
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - Andrew B. Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
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656
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Worth AR, Andrew Thompson RC, Lymbery AJ. Reevaluating the evidence for Toxoplasma gondii-induced behavioural changes in rodents. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 85:109-42. [PMID: 24928181 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800182-0.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has been associated with behavioural changes in various hosts, including humans. In rodents, these behavioural changes are thought to represent adaptive manipulation by T. gondii to enhance transmission from intermediate hosts to the feline definitive host. In this review, we have tabulated evidence of changes in motor coordination, learning, memory, locomotion, anxiety, response to novelty and aversion to feline odour in rodents experimentally infected with T. gondii. In general, there was no consistent indication of the direction or magnitude of behavioural changes in response to infection. This may be due to the use, in these experimental studies, of different T. gondii strains, different host species and sexes and/or different methodologies to measure behaviour. A particular problem with studies of behavioural manipulation is likely to be the validity of behavioural tests, that is, whether they are actually measuring the traits that they were designed to measure. We suggest that future studies can be improved in three major ways. First, they should use multiple tests of behaviour, followed by multivariate data analysis to identify behavioural constructs such as aversion, anxiety and response to novelty. Second, they should incorporate longitudinal measurements on the behaviour of individual hosts before and after infection, so that within-individual and between-individual variances and covariances in behavioural traits can be estimated. Finally, they should investigate how variables such as parasite strain, host species and host sex interact with parasite infection to alter host behaviour, in order to provide a sound foundation for research concerning the proximate and ultimate mechanism(s) responsible for behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Worth
- Parasitology, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- Parasitology, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan J Lymbery
- Parasitology, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Freshwater Fish Group & Fish Health Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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657
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Evolution of increased phenotypic diversity enhances population performance by reducing sexual harassment in damselflies. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4468. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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658
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Animal personality as a driver of reproductive isolation. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:369-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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659
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Wilson ADM, Krause J, Herbert-Read JE, Ward AJW. The Personality Behind Cheating: Behavioural Types and the Feeding Ecology of Cleaner Fish. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. M. Wilson
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa ON Canada
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Krause
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Berlin Germany
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences; Humboldt University; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Ashley J. W. Ward
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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660
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Barbieri RF, Lester PJ, Miller AS, Ryan KG. A neurotoxic pesticide changes the outcome of aggressive interactions between native and invasive ants. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 280:20132157. [PMID: 24266038 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic pesticides, such as neonicotinoids, negatively affect the cognitive capacity and fitness of non-target species, and could also modify interspecific interactions. We tested whether sublethal contamination with neonicotinoid could affect foraging, colony fitness and the outcome of behavioural interactions between a native (Monomorium antarcticum) and an invasive ant species (Linepithema humile). The foraging behaviour of both ants was not affected by neonicotinoid exposure. Colonies of the invasive species exposed to the neonicotinoid produced significantly fewer brood. In interspecific confrontations, individuals of the native species exposed to the neonicotinoid lowered their aggression towards the invasive species, although their survival probability was not affected. Exposed individuals of the invasive species interacting with non-exposed native ants displayed increased aggression and had their survival probability reduced. Non-exposed individuals of the invasive species were less aggressive but more likely to survive when interacting with exposed native ants. These results suggest that non-target exposure of invaders to neonicotinoids could either increase or decrease the probability of survival according to the exposure status of the native species. Given that, in any community, different species have different food preferences, and thus different exposure to pesticides, non-target exposure could potentially change the dynamics of communities and influence invasion success.
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661
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Liebl AL, Martin LB. Living on the edge: range edge birds consume novel foods sooner than established ones. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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662
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Modelling animal group fission using social network dynamics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97813. [PMID: 24831471 PMCID: PMC4022680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group life involves both advantages and disadvantages, meaning that individuals have to compromise between their nutritional needs and their social links. When a compromise is impossible, the group splits in order to reduce conflict of interests and favour positive social interactions between its members. In this study we built a dynamic model of social networks to represent a succession of temporary fissions involving a change in social relations that could potentially lead to irreversible group fission (i.e. no more group fusion). This is the first study that assesses how a social network changes according to group fission-fusion dynamics. We built a model that was based on different parameters: the group size, the influence of nutritional needs compared to social needs, and the changes in the social network after a temporary fission. The results obtained from this theoretical data indicate how the percentage of social relation transfer, the number of individuals and the relative importance of nutritional requirements and social links influence the average number of days before irreversible fission occurs. The greater the nutritional needs and the higher the transfer of social relations during temporary fission, the fewer days will be observed before an irreversible fission. It is crucial to bridge the gap between the individual and the population level if we hope to understand how simple, local interactions may drive ecological systems.
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663
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Keiser CN, Modlmeier AP, Singh N, Jones DK, Pruitt JN. Exploring How a Shift in the Physical Environment Shapes Individual and Group Behavior across Two Social Contexts. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Keiser
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | - Nishant Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Devin K. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Jonathan N. Pruitt
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
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664
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Shumake J, Furgeson-Moreira S, Monfils MH. Predictability and heritability of individual differences in fear learning. Anim Cogn 2014; 17:1207-21. [PMID: 24791664 PMCID: PMC4138434 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-014-0752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to characterize individual differences in fear conditioning and extinction in an outbred rat strain, to test behavioral predictors of these individual differences, and to assess their heritability. We fear-conditioned 100 Long-Evans rats, attempted to extinguish fear the next day, and tested extinction recall on the third day. The distribution of freezing scores after fear conditioning was skewed, with most rats showing substantial freezing; after fear extinction, the distribution was bimodal with most rats showing minimal freezing, but a substantial portion showing maximal freezing. Longer rearing episodes measured prior to conditioning predicted less freezing at the beginning of extinction, but differences in extinction learning were not predicted by any baseline exploratory behaviors. We tested the heritability of extinction differences by breeding rats from the top and bottom 20 % of freezing scores during extinction recall. We then ran the offspring through the same conditioning/extinction procedure, with the addition of recording ultrasonic vocalizations throughout training and testing. Only a minority of rats emitted distress vocalizations during fear acquisition, but the incidence was less frequent in the offspring of good extinguishers than in poor extinguishers or randomly bred controls. The occurrence of distress vocalizations during acquisition predicted higher levels of freezing during fear recall regardless of breeding line, but the relationship between vocalization and freezing was no longer evident following extinction training, at which point freezing levels were influenced only by breeding and not by vocalization. The heritability (h2) of extinction recall was estimated at 0.36, consistent with human estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Shumake
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712-1043, USA,
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665
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Niemelä PT, Dingemanse NJ. Artificial environments and the study of ‘adaptive’ personalities. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:245-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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666
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Vaudo JJ, Wetherbee BM, Harvey G, Nemeth RS, Aming C, Burnie N, Howey-Jordan LA, Shivji MS. Intraspecific variation in vertical habitat use by tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in the western North Atlantic. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1768-86. [PMID: 24963376 PMCID: PMC4063475 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) are a wide ranging, potentially keystone predator species that display a variety of horizontal movement patterns, making use of coastal and pelagic waters. Far less, however, is known about their vertical movements and use of the water column. We used pop-up satellite archival tags with two data sampling rates (high rate and standard rate tags) to investigate the vertical habitat use and diving behavior of tiger sharks tagged on the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands platform and off Bermuda between 2008 and 2009. Useable data were received from nine of 14 sharks tagged, tracked over a total of 529 days. Sharks spent the majority of their time making yo-yo dives within the upper 50 m of the water column and considerable time within the upper 5 m of the water column. As a result, sharks typically occupied a narrow daily temperature range (∼2°C). Dives to greater than 200 m were common, and all sharks made dives to at least 250 m, with one shark reaching a depth of 828 m. Despite some similarities among individuals, a great deal of intraspecific variability in vertical habit use was observed. Four distinct depth distributions that were not related to tagging location, horizontal movements, sex, or size were detected. In addition, similar depth distributions did not necessitate similar dive patterns among sharks. Recognition of intraspecific variability in habitat use of top predators can be crucial for effective management of these species and for understanding their influence on ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Vaudo
- The Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center Dania Beach, Florida
| | - Bradley M Wetherbee
- The Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center Dania Beach, Florida ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Guy Harvey
- The Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center Dania Beach, Florida
| | - Richard S Nemeth
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands
| | - Choy Aming
- The Bermuda Shark Project Flatts, Bermuda
| | | | | | - Mahmood S Shivji
- The Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center Dania Beach, Florida
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667
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Singh NJ, Leonardsson K. Partial migration and transient coexistence of migrants and residents in animal populations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94750. [PMID: 24722396 PMCID: PMC3983253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial migration, whereby a proportion of the population migrates, is common across the animal kingdom. Much of the focus in the literature has been on trying to explain the underlying mechanisms for the coexistence of migrants and residents. In addition, there has been an increasing number of reports on the prevalence and frequency of partially migratory populations. One possible explanation for the occurrence of partial migration, which has received no attention in the literature, is that of ‘transient coexistence’ during the invasion phase of a superior behaviour. In this study we develop a theoretical basis for explaining partial migration as a transient coexistence and derive a method to predict the frequency of residents and migrants in partially migrating populations. This method is useful to predict the frequencies of migrants and residents in a small set of populations as a complementing hypothesis to ‘an Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)’. We use the logistic growth equation to derive a formula for predicting the frequencies of residents and migrants. We also use simulations and empirical data from white perch (Morone americana), moose (Alces alces) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) to demonstrate our approach. We show that the probability of detecting partial migration due to transient coexistence depends upon a minimum number of tracked or marked individuals for a given number of populations. Our approach provides a starting point in searching for explanations to the observed frequencies, by contrasting the observed pattern with both the predicted transient and the uniform random pattern. Aggregating such information on observed patterns (proportions of migrants and residents) may eventually lead to the development of a quantitative theory for the equilibrium (ESS) populations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navinder J. Singh
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (NS); (KL)
| | - Kjell Leonardsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (NS); (KL)
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668
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Genetic integration of local dispersal and exploratory behaviour in a wild bird. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2362. [PMID: 23974327 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is a major determinant of the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of natural populations. Individuals differ greatly in the likelihood and distance of dispersal, but it is generally unclear to what extent intrinsic, possibly genetic, differences contribute. Here we present the first explicit empirical evidence for genetic coupling of local dispersal and exploratory behaviour, a key 'animal personality' trait. Using relatedness data from a multi-generation pedigree of free-living great tits (Parus major), we find quantitative genetic variation for both the distance of local dispersal within our study area and the rate at which individuals explore a novel environment. Moreover, we find a strongly positive genetic correlation between local dispersal distance and exploration rate, despite a weak and non-significant phenotypic correlation. These findings demonstrate a potentially important behavioural mechanism underlying heritable differences in local dispersal and highlight the potential for concerted evolution of dispersal and animal personality in response to selection.
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669
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Bijleveld AI, Massourakis G, van der Marel A, Dekinga A, Spaans B, van Gils JA, Piersma T. Personality drives physiological adjustments and is not related to survival. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133135. [PMID: 24671971 PMCID: PMC3996601 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary function and maintenance of variation in animal personality is still under debate. Variation in the size of metabolic organs has recently been suggested to cause and maintain variation in personality. Here, we examine two main underlying notions: (i) that organ sizes vary consistently between individuals and cause consistent behavioural patterns, and (ii) that a more exploratory personality is associated with reduced survival. Exploratory behaviour of captive red knots (Calidris canutus, a migrant shorebird) was negatively rather than positively correlated with digestive organ (gizzard) mass, as well as with body mass. In an experiment, we reciprocally reduced and increased individual gizzard masses and found that exploration scores were unaffected. Whether or not these birds were resighted locally over the 19 months after release was negatively correlated with their exploration scores. Moreover, a long-term mark-recapture effort on free-living red knots with known gizzard masses at capture confirmed that local resighting probability (an inverse measure of exploratory behaviour) was correlated with gizzard mass without detrimental effects on survival. We conclude that personality drives physiological adjustments, rather than the other way around, and suggest that physiological adjustments mitigate the survival costs of exploratory behaviour. Our results show that we need to reconsider hypotheses explaining personality variation based on organ sizes and differential survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allert I Bijleveld
- Department of Marine Ecology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, , 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands, Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, , PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
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670
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Brommer JE. Using average autonomy to test whether behavioral syndromes constrain evolution. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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671
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672
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Thurfjell H, Ciuti S, Boyce MS. Applications of step-selection functions in ecology and conservation. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2014; 2:4. [PMID: 25520815 PMCID: PMC4267544 DOI: 10.1186/2051-3933-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in positioning technology facilitates the collection of massive amounts of sequential spatial data on animals. This has led to new opportunities and challenges when investigating animal movement behaviour and habitat selection. Tools like Step Selection Functions (SSFs) are relatively new powerful models for studying resource selection by animals moving through the landscape. SSFs compare environmental attributes of observed steps (the linear segment between two consecutive observations of position) with alternative random steps taken from the same starting point. SSFs have been used to study habitat selection, human-wildlife interactions, movement corridors, and dispersal behaviours in animals. SSFs also have the potential to depict resource selection at multiple spatial and temporal scales. There are several aspects of SSFs where consensus has not yet been reached such as how to analyse the data, when to consider habitat covariates along linear paths between observations rather than at their endpoints, how many random steps should be considered to measure availability, and how to account for individual variation. In this review we aim to address all these issues, as well as to highlight weak features of this modelling approach that should be developed by further research. Finally, we suggest that SSFs could be integrated with state-space models to classify behavioural states when estimating SSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Thurfjell
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Simone Ciuti
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
- />Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106 Germany
| | - Mark S Boyce
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
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673
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Harris MR, Siefferman L. Interspecific competition influences fitness benefits of assortative mating for territorial aggression in eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). PLoS One 2014; 9:e88668. [PMID: 24516672 PMCID: PMC3916427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Territorial aggression influences fitness and, in monogamous pairs, the behavior of both individuals could impact reproductive success. Moreover, territorial aggression is particularly important in the context of interspecific competition. Tree swallows and eastern bluebirds are highly aggressive, secondary cavity-nesting birds that compete for limited nesting sites. We studied eastern bluebirds at a field site in the southern Appalachian Mountains that has been recently colonized (<40 yr) by tree swallows undergoing a natural range expansion. The field site is composed of distinct areas where bluebirds compete regularly with tree swallows and areas where there is little interaction between the two species. Once birds had settled, we measured how interspecific competition affects the relationship between assortative mating (paired individuals that behave similarly) and reproductive success in eastern bluebirds. We found a strong tendency toward assortative mating throughout the field site. In areas of high interspecific competition, pairs that behaved the most similarly and displayed either extremely aggressive or extremely non-aggressive phenotypes experienced higher reproductive success. Our data suggest that interspecific competition with tree swallows may select for bluebirds that express similar behavior to that of their mate. Furthermore, animal personality may be an important factor influencing the outcome of interactions between native and aggressive, invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R. Harris
- Appalachian State University Biology Department, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynn Siefferman
- Appalachian State University Biology Department, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
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674
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Martins EP, Bhat A. Population-level personalities in zebrafish: aggression-boldness across but not within populations. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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675
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Trompf L, Brown C. Personality affects learning and trade-offs between private and social information in guppies, Poecilia reticulata. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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676
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Brent LJN, Semple S, MacLarnon A, Ruiz-Lambides A, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Platt ML. Personality Traits in Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta) Are Heritable but Do Not Predict Reproductive Output. INT J PRIMATOL 2014; 35:188-209. [PMID: 24659840 PMCID: PMC3960078 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that behavioral tendencies, or "personalities," in animals are an important aspect of their biology, yet their evolutionary basis is poorly understood. Specifically, how individual variation in personality arises and is subsequently maintained by selection remains unclear. To address this gap, studies of personality require explicit incorporation of genetic information. Here, we explored the genetic basis of personality in rhesus macaques by determining the heritability of personality components and by examining the fitness consequences of those components. We collected observational data for 108 adult females living in three social groups in a free-ranging population via focal animal sampling. We applied principal component analysis to nine spontaneously occurring behaviors and identified six putative personality components, which we named Meek, Bold, Aggressive, Passive, Loner, and Nervous. All components were repeatable and heritable, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.14 to 0.35. We found no evidence of an association with reproductive output, measured either by infant survival or by interbirth interval, for any of the personality components. This finding suggests either that personality does not have fitness-related consequences in this population or that selection has acted to reduce fitness-associated variation in personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J. N. Brent
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; and Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
| | - Stuart Semple
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
| | - Ann MacLarnon
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
| | - Angelina Ruiz-Lambides
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Punta Santiago, PR
| | - Janis Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Punta Santiago, PR
| | - Michael L. Platt
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience; and Departments of Neurobiology, Evolutionary Anthropology, and Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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677
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Tárano Z, Fuenmayor E. Complex Vocal Responses to Conspecific Calls in Whistling FrogsEleutherodactylus johnstonei: Playback Experiments in the Field. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Tárano
- Instituto de Biología Experimental; Universidad Central de Venezuela; Caracas Venezuela
| | - Eloisa Fuenmayor
- Instituto de Biología Experimental; Universidad Central de Venezuela; Caracas Venezuela
- Asociación para la Conservación de las Áreas Naturales (ACOANA); Caracas Venezuela
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678
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Chan MHT, Kim PS. An age-structured approach to modelling behavioural variation maintained by life-history trade-offs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84774. [PMID: 24416284 PMCID: PMC3885626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been numerous empirical studies on the fitness consequences of behavioural syndromes in various animal taxa; however, the ecological and evolutionary implications on a population level are still poorly understood. To better understand these implications, we develop a non-linear age-structured mathematical model to qualitatively examine the evolutionary consequences of a heritable boldness personality trait within an animal population. We assume that this heritable boldness trait is positively correlated with boldness towards predators and intraspecific aggressiveness. This assumption leads to a growth/reproductive success versus mortality trade-off, which is thoroughly investigated and documented in the literature. Another life-history trade-off we include in the model is future versus current reproduction, which was shown by Wolf et al. to be a possible mechanism for the evolution of behavioural syndromes within an animal population. The stability of the system is analysed, whereby the characteristic equation is in the form of a homogeneous Fredholm equation of the second kind which depends on both the perturbation and equilibrium solution. The system is found to be stable due to the competition between individuals of similar boldness acting as a negative feedback mechanism. Using numerical simulations we examine the qualitative features of the solution to the system. In particular, we investigate the interplay between the mutation and competition strength between two individuals with different boldness, whereby we find that an increasing competition range acts to push individuals to both extremes of the shy-bold axis, while an increasing mutation range counteracts this effect. This qualitative trait of aggregation of individuals around the shy and bold extremes is also found when examining different birth, mortality and competition functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. T. Chan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter S. Kim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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679
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Melián CJ, Baldó F, Matthews B, Vilas C, González-Ortegón E, Drake P, Williams RJ. Individual Trait Variation and Diversity in Food Webs. ADV ECOL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801374-8.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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680
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Disproportional representation of primates in the ecological literature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80763. [PMID: 24339882 PMCID: PMC3858218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We address the question why papers dealing with the ecology of primates are so sparsely represented in the general ecological literature. A literature analyses based on entries in Web of Science and PrimateLit reveals that despite a large number of papers published on primates in general and on the ecology of primates, only a very small fraction of these papers is published in high-ranking international ecological journals. We discuss a number of potential reasons for the disproportion and highlight the problems associated with experimental research on wild primates and constraints on sample size as major issues.
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681
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Hulthén K, Chapman BB, Nilsson PA, Hollander J, Brönmark C. Express yourself: bold individuals induce enhanced morphological defences. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132703. [PMID: 24335987 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms display an impressive array of defence strategies in nature. Inducible defences (changes in morphology and/or behaviour within a prey's lifetime) allow prey to decrease vulnerability to predators and avoid unnecessary costs of expression. Many studies report considerable interindividual variation in the degree to which inducible defences are expressed, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. Here, we show that individuals differing in a key personality trait also differ in the magnitude of morphological defence expression. Crucian carp showing risky behaviours (bold individuals) expressed a significantly greater morphological defence response when exposed to a natural enemy when compared with shy individuals. Furthermore, we show that fish of different personality types differ in their behavioural plasticity, with shy fish exhibiting greater absolute plasticity than bold fish. Our data suggest that individuals with bold personalities may be able to compensate for their risk-prone behavioural type by expressing enhanced morphological defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, , Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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682
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Seltmann MW, Jaatinen K, Steele BB, Öst M. Boldness and Stress Responsiveness as Drivers of Nest-Site Selection in a Ground-Nesting Bird. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W. Seltmann
- ARONIA Coastal Zone Research Team; Åbo Akademi University & Novia University of Applied Sciences; Ekenäs Finland
| | - Kim Jaatinen
- Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology; ANU College of Medicine, Biology & Environment; The Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | | | - Markus Öst
- ARONIA Coastal Zone Research Team; Åbo Akademi University & Novia University of Applied Sciences; Ekenäs Finland
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683
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Cote J, Fogarty S, Tymen B, Sih A, Brodin T. Personality-dependent dispersal cancelled under predation risk. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132349. [PMID: 24197414 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is a fundamental life-history trait for many ecological processes. Recent studies suggest that dispersers, in comparison to residents, display various phenotypic specializations increasing their dispersal inclination or success. Among them, dispersers are believed to be consistently more bold, exploratory, asocial or aggressive than residents. These links between behavioural types and dispersal should vary with the cause of dispersal. However, with the exception of one study, personality-dependent dispersal has not been studied in contrasting environments. Here, we used mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) to test whether personality-dependent dispersal varies with predation risk, a factor that should induce boldness or sociability-dependent dispersal. Corroborating previous studies, we found that dispersing mosquitofish are less social than non-dispersing fish when there was no predation risk. However, personality-dependent dispersal is negated under predation risk, dispersers having similar personality types to residents. Our results suggest that adaptive dispersal decisions could commonly depend on interactions between phenotypes and ecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cote
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, , Davis, CA, USA, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA; UMR5174EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), , 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France, Université de Toulouse; UMR5174 EDB, , Toulouse 31062, France, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, , Umeå, Sweden
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684
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Cristescu B, Boyce MS. Focusing ecological research for conservation. AMBIO 2013; 42:805-815. [PMID: 23609103 PMCID: PMC3790127 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-013-0410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists are increasingly actively involved in conservation. We identify five key topics from a broad sweep of ecology that merit research attention to meet conservation needs. We examine questions from landscape ecology, behavioral ecology, ecosystem dynamics, community ecology, and nutrient cycling related to key topics. Based on literature review and publication trend assessment, consultation with colleagues, and roundtable discussions at the 24th International Congress for Conservation Biology, focused research on the following topics could benefit conservation while advancing ecological understanding: 1. Carbon sequestration, requiring increased linkages to biodiversity conservation; 2. Ecological invasiveness, challenging our ability to find solutions to ecological aliens; 3. Individual variation, having applications in the conservation of rare species; 4. Movement of organisms, integrating ecological processes across landscapes and scales and addressing habitat fragmentation; and 5. Trophic-level interactions, driving ecological dynamics at the ecosystem-level. Addressing these will require cross-disciplinary research under the overarching framework of conservation ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Cristescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada,
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685
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Kang B. What do the occurrences of migratory fishes in the Upper Mekong mean? AMBIO 2013; 42:877-880. [PMID: 23828312 PMCID: PMC3790133 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-013-0422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the recent appearance of four migratory species in the Upper Mekong: Dasyatis laosensis, Anguilla bicolor, Anguilla marmorata, and Chitala ornata. Since 2006 these species have been continually sampled in an area below Jinghong Dam in Xishuangbanna, China. This region is far beyond their historical upstream distribution, and the reasons for these appearances and their subsequent impact on river ecosystem are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Kang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, No. 43, Yindou Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China,
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686
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Dzieweczynski TL, Russell AM, Forrette LM, Mannion KL. Male behavioral type affects female preference in Siamese fighting fish. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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687
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McGhee KE, Pintor LM, Bell AM. Reciprocal behavioral plasticity and behavioral types during predator-prey interactions. Am Nat 2013; 182:704-17. [PMID: 24231533 DOI: 10.1086/673526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
How predators and prey interact has important consequences for population dynamics and community stability. Here we explored how predator-prey interactions are simultaneously affected by reciprocal behavioral plasticity (i.e., plasticity in prey defenses countered by plasticity in predator offenses and vice versa) and consistent individual behavioral variation (i.e., behavioral types) within both predator and prey populations. We assessed the behavior of a predator species (northern pike) and a prey species (three-spined stickleback) during one-on-one encounters. We also measured additional behavioral and morphological traits in each species. Using structural equation modeling, we found that reciprocal behavioral plasticity as well as predator and prey behavioral types influenced how individuals behaved during an interaction. Thus, the progression and ultimate outcome of predator-prey interactions depend on both the dynamic behavioral feedback occurring during the encounter and the underlying behavioral type of each participant. We also examined whether predator behavioral type is underlain by differences in metabolism and organ size. We provide some of the first evidence that behavioral type is related to resting metabolic rate and size of a sensory organ (the eyes). Understanding the extent to which reciprocal behavioral plasticity and intraspecific behavioral variation influence the outcome of species interactions could provide insight into the maintenance of behavioral variation as well as community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E McGhee
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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688
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Lister
- Earth Sciences Department; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
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689
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Foray V, Desouhant E, Gibert P. The impact of thermal fluctuations on reaction norms in specialist and generalist parasitic wasps. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Foray
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Patricia Gibert
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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690
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Brown C, Irving E. Individual personality traits influence group exploration in a feral guppy population. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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691
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Tur C, Vigalondo B, Trøjelsgaard K, Olesen JM, Traveset A. Downscaling pollen-transport networks to the level of individuals. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:306-17. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tur
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Beatriz Vigalondo
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
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692
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Sweeney K, Cusack B, Armagost F, O'Brien T, Keiser CN, Pruitt JN. Predator and prey activity levels jointly influence the outcome of long-term foraging bouts. Behav Ecol 2013; 24:1205-1210. [PMID: 23935257 PMCID: PMC3739417 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Consistent interindividual differences in behavior (i.e., "behavioral types") may be a key factor in determining the outcome of species interactions. Studies that simultaneously account for the behavioral types of individuals in multiple interacting species, such as predator-prey systems, may be particularly strong predictors of ecological outcomes. Here, we test the predator-prey locomotor crossover hypothesis, which predicts that active predators are more likely to encounter and consume prey with the opposing locomotor tendency. We test this hypothesis using intraspecific behavioral variation in both a predator and prey species as predictors of foraging outcomes. We use the old field jumping spider, Phidippus clarus (Araneae, Salticidae), and the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae), as a model predator-prey system in laboratory mesocosm trials. Stable individual differences in locomotor tendencies were identified in both P. clarus and A. domesticus, and the outcome of foraging bouts depended neither on the average activity level of the predator nor on the average activity level of prey. Instead, an interaction between the activity level of spiders and crickets predicted spider foraging success and prey survivorship. Consistent with the locomotor crossover hypothesis, predators exhibiting higher activity levels consumed more prey when in an environment containing low-activity prey items and vice versa. This study highlights 1) the importance of intraspecific variation in determining the outcome of predator-prey interactions and 2) that acknowledging behavioral variation in only a single species may be insufficient to characterize the performance consequences of intraspecific trait variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Sweeney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , 213 Clapp Hall, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 , USA and
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693
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Miranda AC, Schielzeth H, Sonntag T, Partecke J. Urbanization and its effects on personality traits: a result of microevolution or phenotypic plasticity? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2634-2644. [PMID: 23681984 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human-altered environmental conditions affect many species at the global scale. An extreme form of anthropogenic alteration is the existence and rapid increase of urban areas. A key question, then, is how species cope with urbanization. It has been suggested that rural and urban conspecifics show differences in behaviour and personality. However, (i) a generalization of this phenomenon has never been made; and (ii) it is still unclear whether differences in personality traits between rural and urban conspecifics are the result of phenotypic plasticity or of intrinsic differences. In a literature review, we show that behavioural differences between rural and urban conspecifics are common and taxonomically widespread among animals, suggesting a significant ecological impact of urbanization on animal behaviour. In order to gain insight into the mechanisms leading to behavioural differences in urban individuals, we hand-raised and kept European blackbirds (Turdus merula) from a rural and a nearby urban area under common-garden conditions. Using these birds, we investigated individual variation in two behavioural responses to the presence of novel objects: approach to an object in a familiar area (here defined as neophilia), and avoidance of an object in a familiar foraging context (defined as neophobia). Neophilic and neophobic behaviours were mildly correlated and repeatable even across a time period of one year, indicating stable individual behavioural strategies. Blackbirds from the urban population were more neophobic and seasonally less neophilic than blackbirds from the nearby rural area. These intrinsic differences in personality traits are likely the result of microevolutionary changes, although we cannot fully exclude early developmental influences.
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694
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Thornhill
- Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | - C. L. Fincher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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695
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Revisiting the role of individual variability in population persistence and stability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70576. [PMID: 23936450 PMCID: PMC3732237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations often exhibit a pronounced degree of individual variability and this can be important when constructing ecological models. In this paper, we revisit the role of inter-individual variability in population persistence and stability under predation pressure. As a case study, we consider interactions between a structured population of zooplankton grazers and their predators. Unlike previous structured population models, which only consider variability of individuals according to the age or body size, we focus on physiological and behavioural structuring. We first experimentally demonstrate a high degree of variation of individual consumption rates in three dominant species of herbivorous copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis, Calanus euxinus) and show that this disparity implies a pronounced variation in the consumption capacities of individuals. Then we construct a parsimonious predator-prey model which takes into account the intra-population variability of prey individuals according to behavioural traits: effectively, each organism has a ‘personality’ of its own. Our modelling results show that structuring of prey according to their growth rate and vulnerability to predation can dampen predator-prey cycles and enhance persistence of a species, even if the resource stock for prey is unlimited. The main mechanism of efficient top-down regulation is shown to work by letting the prey population become dominated by less vulnerable individuals when predator densities are high, while the trait distribution recovers when the predator densities are low.
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696
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Ariyomo TO, Watt PJ. Disassortative mating for boldness decreases reproductive success in the guppy. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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697
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DeAngelis DL. Intraspecific trait variation and its effects on food chains. Math Biosci 2013; 244:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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698
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Morales JA, Cardoso DG, Della Lucia TMC, Guedes RNC. Weevil x Insecticide: Does 'Personality' Matter? PLoS One 2013; 8:e67283. [PMID: 23840652 PMCID: PMC3694026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An insect’s behavior is the expression of its integrated physiology in response to external and internal stimuli, turning insect behavior into a potential determinant of insecticide exposure. Behavioral traits may therefore influence insecticide efficacy against insects, compromising the validity of standard bioassays of insecticide activity, which are fundamentally based on lethality alone. By extension, insect ‘personality’ (i.e., an individual’s integrated set of behavioral tendencies that is inferred from multiple empirical measures) may also be an important determinant of insecticide exposure and activity. This has yet to be considered because the behavioral studies involving insects and insecticides focus on populations rather than on individuals. Even among studies of animal ‘personality’, the relative contributions of individual and population variation are usually neglected. Here, we assessed behavioral traits (within the categories: activity, boldness/shyness, and exploration/avoidance) of individuals from 15 populations of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), an important stored-grain pest with serious problems of insecticide resistance, and correlated the behavioral responses with the activity of the insecticide deltamethrin. This analysis was performed at both the population and individual levels. There was significant variation in weevil ‘personality’ among individuals and populations, but variation among individuals within populations accounted for most of the observed variation (92.57%). This result emphasizes the importance of individual variation in behavioral and ‘personality’ studies. When the behavioral traits assessed were correlated with median lethal time (LT50) at the population level and with the survival time under insecticide exposure, activity traits, particularly the distance walked, significantly increased survival time. Therefore, behavioral traits are important components of insecticide efficacy, and individual variation should be considered in such studies. This is so because population differences provided only crude approximation of the individual personality in a restrained experimental setting likely to restrict individual behavior favoring the transposition of the individual variation to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A. Morales
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danúbia G. Cardoso
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Raul Narciso C. Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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699
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Freeman HD, Brosnan SF, Hopper LM, Lambeth SP, Schapiro SJ, Gosling SD. Developing a comprehensive and comparative questionnaire for measuring personality in chimpanzees using a simultaneous top-down/bottom-up design. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1042-53. [PMID: 23733359 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One effective method for measuring personality in primates is to use personality trait ratings to distill the experience of people familiar with the individual animals. Previous rating instruments were created using either top-down or bottom-up approaches. Top-down approaches, which essentially adapt instruments originally designed for use with another species, can unfortunately lead to the inclusion of traits irrelevant to chimpanzees or fail to include all relevant aspects of chimpanzee personality. Conversely, because bottom-up approaches derive traits specifically for chimpanzees, their unique items may impede comparisons with findings in other studies and other species. To address the limitations of each approach, we developed a new personality rating scale using a combined top-down/bottom-up design. Seventeen raters rated 99 chimpanzees on the new 41-item scale, with all but one item being rated reliably. Principal components analysis, using both varimax and direct oblimin rotations, identified six broad factors. Strong evidence was found for five of the factors (Reactivity/Undependability, Dominance, Openness, Extraversion, and Agreeableness). A sixth factor (Methodical) was offered provisionally until more data are collected. We validated the factors against behavioral data collected independently on the chimpanzees. The five factors demonstrated good evidence for convergent and predictive validity, thereby underscoring the robustness of the factors. Our combined top-down/bottom-up approach provides the most extensive data to date to support the universal existence of these five personality factors in chimpanzees. This framework, which facilitates cross-species comparisons, can also play a vital role in understanding the evolution of personality and can assist with husbandry and welfare efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani D Freeman
- Lester E. Fisher Center, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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Cantor M, Whitehead H. The interplay between social networks and culture: theoretically and among whales and dolphins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120340. [PMID: 23569288 PMCID: PMC3638443 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture is increasingly being understood as a driver of mammalian phenotypes. Defined as group-specific behaviour transmitted by social learning, culture is shaped by social structure. However, culture can itself affect social structure if individuals preferentially interact with others whose behaviour is similar, or cultural symbols are used to mark groups. Using network formalism, this interplay can be depicted by the coevolution of nodes and edges together with the coevolution of network topology and transmission patterns. We review attempts to model the links between the spread, persistence and diversity of culture and the network topology of non-human societies. We illustrate these processes using cetaceans. The spread of socially learned begging behaviour within a population of bottlenose dolphins followed the topology of the social network, as did the evolution of the song of the humpback whale between breeding areas. In three bottlenose dolphin populations, individuals preferentially associated with animals using the same socially learned foraging behaviour. Homogeneous behaviour within the tight, nearly permanent social structures of the large matrilineal whales seems to result from transmission bias, with cultural symbols marking social structures. We recommend the integration of studies of culture and society in species for which social learning is an important determinant of behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Cantor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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