651
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Aikens CM. Modelling small gold and silver nanoparticles with electronic structure methods. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2012.671522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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652
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Krommenhoek PJ, Wang J, Hentz N, Johnston-Peck AC, Kozek KA, Kalyuzhny G, Tracy JB. Bulky adamantanethiolate and cyclohexanethiolate ligands favor smaller gold nanoparticles with altered discrete sizes. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4903-11. [PMID: 22702463 DOI: 10.1021/nn3003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Use of bulky ligands (BLs) in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) gives smaller core sizes, sharpens the size distribution, and alters the discrete sizes. For BLs, the highly curved surface of small NPs may facilitate growth, but as the size increases and the surface flattens, NP growth may terminate when the ligand monolayer blocks BLs from transporting metal atoms to the NP core. Batches of thiolate-stabilized Au NPs were synthesized using equimolar amounts of 1-adamantanethiol (AdSH), cyclohexanethiol (CySH), or n-hexanethiol (C6SH). The bulky CyS- and AdS-stabilized NPs have smaller, more monodisperse sizes than the C6S-stabilized NPs. As the bulkiness increases, the near-infrared luminescence intensity increases, which is characteristic of small Au NPs. Four new discrete sizes were measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, Au(30)(SAd)(18), Au(39)(SAd)(23), Au(65)(SCy)(30), and Au(67)(SCy)(30). No Au(25)(SAd)(18) was observed, which suggests that this structure would be too sterically crowded. Use of BLs may also lead to the discovery of new discrete sizes in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Krommenhoek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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653
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Negishi Y, Sakamoto C, Ohyama T, Tsukuda T. Synthesis and the Origin of the Stability of Thiolate-Protected Au130 and Au187 Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1624-8. [PMID: 26285718 DOI: 10.1021/jz300547d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two stable thiolate-protected gold clusters (Au-SR), Au130 and Au187 clusters, were synthesized to obtain a better understanding of the size dependence of the origin of the stability of Au-SR clusters. These clusters were synthesized by employing different preparation conditions from those used to synthesize previously reported magic gold clusters; in particular, a lower [RSH] to [AuCl4(-)] molar ratio ([AuCl4(-)]/[RSH] = 1:1) was used than that used to prepare Au25(SR)18, Au38(SR)24, Au68(SR)34, Au102(SR)44, and Au144(SR)60 (id. = 1:4-12). The two clusters thus synthesized were separated from the mixture by high-performance liquid chromatography with reverse-phase columns. Mass spectrometry of the products revealed the presence of two clusters with chemical compositions of Au130(SC12H25)50 and Au187(SC12H25)68. The origin of the stability of these two clusters and the size dependence of the origin of the stability of thiolate-protected gold clusters were discussed in terms of the total number of valence electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Negishi
- †Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sakamoto
- †Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohyama
- †Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- ‡Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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654
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Knoppe S, Dolamic I, Dass A, Bürgi T. Enantiomerentrennung und CD-Spektren von Au40(SCH2CH2Ph)24 als spektroskopischer Beleg für intrinsische Chiralität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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655
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Knoppe S, Dolamic I, Dass A, Bürgi T. Separation of Enantiomers and CD Spectra of Au40(SCH2CH2Ph)24: Spectroscopic Evidence for Intrinsic Chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7589-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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656
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Guo J, Kumar S, Bolan M, Desireddy A, Bigioni TP, Griffith WP. Mass Spectrometric Identification of Silver Nanoparticles: The Case of Ag32(SG)19. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5304-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Michael Bolan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Anil Desireddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Terry P. Bigioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Wendell P. Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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657
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Meng X, Liu Z, Zhu M, Jin R. Controlled reduction for size selective synthesis of thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters Aun(n = 20, 24, 39, 40). NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:277. [PMID: 22647455 PMCID: PMC3503687 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a controlled reduction method for the selective synthesis of different sized gold nanoclusters protected by thiolate (SR = SC2H4Ph). Starting with Au(III) salt, all the syntheses of Aun(SR)m nanoclusters with (n, m) = (20, 16), (24, 20), (39, 29), and (40, 30) necessitate experimental conditions of slow stirring and slow reduction of Au(I) intermediate species. By controlling the reaction kinetics for the reduction of Au(I) into clusters by NaBH4, different sized gold nanoclusters are selectively obtained. Two factors are identified to be important for the selective growth of Au20, Au24, and Au39/40 nanoclusters, including the stirring speed of the Au(I) solution and the NaBH4 addition speed during the step of Au(I) reduction to clusters. When comparing with the synthesis of Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 nanoclusters, we further identified that the reduction degree of Au(I) by NaBH4 also plays an important role in controlling cluster size. Overall, our results demonstrate the feasibility of attaining new sizes of gold nanoclusters via a controlled reduction route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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658
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659
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First enantioseparation and circular dichroism spectra of Au38 clusters protected by achiral ligands. Nat Commun 2012; 3:798. [PMID: 22531183 PMCID: PMC3337976 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bestowing chirality to metals is central in fields such as heterogeneous catalysis and modern optics. Although the bulk phase of metals is symmetric, their surfaces can become chiral through adsorption of molecules. Interestingly, even achiral molecules can lead to locally chiral, though globally racemic, surfaces. A similar situation can be obtained for metal particles or clusters. Here we report the first separation of the enantiomers of a gold cluster protected by achiral thiolates, Au(38)(SCH(2)CH(2)Ph)(24), achieved by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. The chirality of the nanocluster arises from the chiral arrangement of the thiolates on its surface, forming 'staple motifs'. The enantiomers show mirror-image circular dichroism responses and large anisotropy factors of up to 4×10(-3). Comparison with reported circular dichroism spectra of other Au(38) clusters reveals that the influence of the ligand on the chiroptical properties is minor.
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660
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Leng Y, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Fu X, Weng Y, Chen L, Wu A. A rapid and sensitive colorimetric assay method for Co2+ based on the modified Au nanoparticles (NPs): understanding the involved interactions from experiments and simulations. Talanta 2012; 94:271-7. [PMID: 22608447 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a colorimetric assay method for Co(2+) based on the thioglycolic acid (TGA) functionalized hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) modified Au NPs. However, the detection limit of 3×10(-7) M was still higher than that of the sanitary standard for drinking water (6.8×10(-8) M). In addition, the interactions between the modifier and Au NPs, and between the modifier-Au NPs and Co(2+) remain to be clarified and confirmed. Thus, in the present study, the modified Au NPs solution was dialyzed and its detection limit was optimized to be 5×10(-10) M. The interactions between the modifier and Au NPs, and between the modifier-Au NPs and Co(2+) were investigated in both experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations, consistently confirming that the Au NPs were modified by the negatively charged anions of [SCH(2)CO(2)](2-) through Au-S bonds and Co(2+) was recognized by the modifier-Au NPs through Co-O chelate bonds. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggest that there were no chemical bonds formed between CTAB and Co(2+). Moreover, the colorimetric assay of Co(2+) using the modified Au NPs has been proved to be a rapid, very sensitive and highly selective method. The validation of the method was carried out by analysis of a certified reference material, GSBZ 50030-94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Leng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, China
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661
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Lu Y, Chen W. Sub-nanometre sized metal clusters: from synthetic challenges to the unique property discoveries. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3594-623. [PMID: 22441327 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sub-nanometre sized metal clusters, with dimensions between metal atoms and nanoparticles, have attracted more and more attention due to their unique electronic structures and the subsequent unusual physical and chemical properties. However, the tiny size of the metal clusters brings the difficulty of their synthesis compared to the easier preparation of large nanoparticles. Up to now various synthetic techniques and routes have been successfully applied to the preparation of sub-nanometre clusters. Among the metals, gold clusters, especially the alkanethiolate monolayer protected clusters (MPCs), have been extensively investigated during the past decades. In recent years, silver and copper nanoclusters have also attracted enormous interest mainly due to their excellent photoluminescent properties. Meanwhile, more structural characteristics, particular optical, catalytic, electronic and magnetic properties and the related technical applications of the metal nanoclusters have been discovered in recent years. In this critical review, recent advances in sub-nanometre sized metal clusters (Au, Ag, Cu, etc.) including the synthetic techniques, structural characterizations, novel physical, chemical and optical properties and their potential applications are discussed in detail. We finally give a brief outlook on the future development of metal nanoclusters from the viewpoint of controlled synthesis and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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662
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Mondloch JE, Bayram E, Finke RG. A review of the kinetics and mechanisms of formation of supported-nanoparticle heterogeneous catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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663
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Tsukuda T. Toward an Atomic-Level Understanding of Size-Specific Properties of Protected and Stabilized Gold Clusters. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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664
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Pei Y, Pal R, Liu C, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Zeng XC. Interlocked Catenane-Like Structure Predicted in Au24(SR)20: Implication to Structural Evolution of Thiolated Gold Clusters from Homoleptic Gold(I) Thiolates to Core-Stacked Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3015-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208559y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications
of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Rhitankar Pal
- Department of Chemistry and
Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United
States
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications
of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Chemistry and
Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United
States
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Institute of Nano
Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and
Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United
States
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665
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Wu Z. Anti-Galvanic Reduction of Thiolate-Protected Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:2934-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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666
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Wu Z. Anti-Galvanic Reduction of Thiolate-Protected Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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667
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Ning CG, Xiong XG, Wang YL, Li J, Wang LS. Probing the electronic structure and chemical bonding of the "staple" motifs of thiolate gold nanoparticles: Au(SCH3)2- and Au2(SCH3)3-. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9323-9. [PMID: 22278407 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23490d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiolate-protected gold nanoparticles have been found recently to be coordinated by the so-called "staple" bonding motifs, consisting of quasi-linear [RS-Au-SR] and V-shaped [RS-Au-(SR)-Au-SR] units, which carry a negative charge formally. Using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) in conjunction with ab initio calculations, we have investigated the electronic structure and chemical bonding of the simplest staples with R = CH(3): Au(SCH(3))(2)(-) and Au(2)(SCH(3))(3)(-), which were produced by electrospray ionization. PES data of the two Au-thiolate complexes are obtained both at room temperature (RT) and 20 K. The temperature-dependent study reveals significant spectral broadening at RT, in agreement with theoretical predictions of multiple conformations due to the different orientations of the -SCH(3) groups. The Au-S bonds in Au(n)(SCH(3))(n+1)(-) (n = 1, 2) are shown to be covalent via a variety of chemical bonding analyses. The strong Au-thiolate bonding and the stability of the Au-thiolate complexes are consistent with their ubiquity as staples for gold nanoparticles and on gold surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Gang Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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668
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Wang ZW, Palmer RE. Mass spectrometry and dynamics of gold adatoms observed on the surface of size-selected Au nanoclusters. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:91-95. [PMID: 22126627 DOI: 10.1021/nl2037112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the imaging, mass spectrum, and dynamical behavior of adatoms and small clusters observed on the surface facets of size-selected, truncated octahedral gold clusters, Au(N) (N = 923 ± 23), via aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Our quantitative atom counting measurements show that most (~70%) of the species on the surface are single Au adatoms. Such species are now proposed as key elements of the atomic structure of both monolayer-protected nanoclusters (nanoparticles) and self-assembled monolayers and may also play a role in gold nanocatalysis. The adatoms are found on both {100} and {111} facets with similar probabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Wang
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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669
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Atomically precise gold nanocrystal molecules with surface plasmon resonance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:696-700. [PMID: 22215587 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115307109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Faraday's pioneering work on gold colloids, tremendous scientific research on plasmonic gold nanoparticles has been carried out, but no atomically precise Au nanocrystals have been achieved. This work reports the first example of gold nanocrystal molecules. Mass spectrometry analysis has determined its formula to be Au(333)(SR)(79) (R = CH(2)CH(2)Ph). This magic sized nanocrystal molecule exhibits fcc-crystallinity and surface plasmon resonance at approximately 520 nm, hence, a metallic nanomolecule. Simulations have revealed that atomic shell closing largely contributes to the particular robustness of Au(333)(SR)(79), albeit the number of free electrons (i.e., 333 - 79 = 254) is also consistent with electron shell closing based on calculations using a confined free electron model. Guided by the atomic shell closing growth mode, we have also found the next larger size of extraordinarily stability to be Au(~530)(SR)(~100) after a size-focusing selection--which selects the robust size available in the starting polydisperse nanoparticles. This work clearly demonstrates that atomically precise nanocrystal molecules are achievable and that the factor of atomic shell closing contributes to their extraordinary stability compared to other sizes. Overall, this work opens up new opportunities for investigating many fundamental issues of nanocrystals, such as the formation of metallic state, and will have potential impact on condensed matter physics, nanochemistry, and catalysis as well.
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670
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Stellwagen D, Weber A, Bovenkamp GL, Jin R, Bitter JH, Kumar CSSR. Ligand control in thiol stabilized Au38 clusters. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00747a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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671
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Shichibu Y, Kamei Y, Konishi K. Unique [core+two] structure and optical property of a dodeca-ligated undecagold cluster: critical contribution of the exo gold atoms to the electronic structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7559-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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672
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Häkkinen H. Ligand-Protected Gold Nanoclusters as Superatoms—Insights from Theory and Computations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096357-0.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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673
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Knoppe S, Kothalawala N, Jupally VR, Dass A, Bürgi T. Ligand dependence of the synthetic approach and chiroptical properties of a magic cluster protected with a bicyclic chiral thiolate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4630-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc00056c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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674
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Tlahuice A, Garzón IL. Structural, electronic, optical, and chiroptical properties of small thiolated gold clusters: the case of Au6 and Au8 cores protected with dimer [Au2(SR)3] and trimer [Au3(SR)4)] motifs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:7321-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40643h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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675
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Negishi Y, Igarashi K, Munakata K, Ohgake W, Nobusada K. Palladium doping of magic gold cluster Au38(SC2H4Ph)24: formation of Pd2Au36(SC2H4Ph)24with higher stability than Au38(SC2H4Ph)24. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:660-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15765e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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676
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677
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Cioran AM, Musteti AD, Teixidor F, Krpetić Ž, Prior IA, He Q, Kiely CJ, Brust M, Viñas C. Mercaptocarborane-capped gold nanoparticles: electron pools and ion traps with switchable hydrophilicity. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:212-21. [PMID: 22136484 DOI: 10.1021/ja203367h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple single-phase method for the preparation of ca. 2 nm gold nanoparticles capped with mercaptocarborane ligands is introduced. The resultant monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) exhibit redox-dependent solubility and readily phase transfer between water and nonpolar solvents depending on the electronic and ionic charge stored in the metal core and in the ligand shell, respectively. The particles and their properties have been characterized by high angle annular dark field imaging in a scanning transmission electron microscope, elemental analysis, centrifugal particle sizing, UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis and by (1)H, (11)B, and (7)Li NMR spectroscopy. Cellular uptake of the MPCs by HeLa cells has been studied by TEM, and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species inside the cells has been evaluated by confocal fluorescence microscopy. These MPCs qualitatively showed significant toxicity and the ability to penetrate into most cell compartments with a strong tendency of finally residing inside membranes. Applications in catalysis, electrocatalysis, and biomedicine are envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cioran
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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678
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Kudgus RA, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Cancer nanotechnology: emerging role of gold nanoconjugates. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:965-73. [PMID: 21864234 PMCID: PMC4684088 DOI: 10.2174/187152011797927652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the study of nanotechnology has grown exponentially. Nanotechnology bridges science, engineering and technology; it continues to expand in definition as well as practice. One sub-set of nanotechnology is bionanotechnology, this will be the focus of this review. Currently, bionanotechnology is being studied and exploited for utility within medicinal imaging, diagnosis and therapy in regard to cancer. Cancer is a world-wide health problem and the implication rate as well as the death rate increase year to year. However promising work is being done with gold nanoparticles for detection, diagnosis and targeted drug delivery therapy. Gold nanoparticles can be synthesized in various shapes and sizes, which directly correlates to the color; they can also be manipulated to carry various antibody, protein, plasmid, DNA or small molecule drug. Herein we summarize some of the very influential research being done in the field of Cancer Nanotechnology with an emphasis on gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Kudgus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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679
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Maity P, Tsunoyama H, Yamauchi M, Xie S, Tsukuda T. Organogold Clusters Protected by Phenylacetylene. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20123-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209236n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Maity
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hironori Tsunoyama
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Miho Yamauchi
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Songhai Xie
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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680
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Qian H, Zhu M, Gayathri C, Gil RR, Jin R. Chirality in gold nanoclusters probed by NMR spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2011; 5:8935-8942. [PMID: 21981416 DOI: 10.1021/nn203113j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the analysis of chirality in atomically precise gold nanoclusters by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic probing of the surface ligands. The Au(38)(SR)(24) and Au(25)(SR)(18) (where, R = CH(2)CH(2)Ph) are used as representative models for chiral and nonchiral nanoclusters, respectively. Interestingly, different (1)H signals for the two germinal protons in each CH(2) of the ligands on the chiral Au(38)(SR)(24) nanocluster were observed, so-called diastereotopicity. For α-CH(2) (closest to the chiral metal core), a chemical shift difference of up to ~0.8 ppm was observed. As for the nonchiral Au(25)(SCH(2)CH(2)Ph)(18)(-)TOA(+) nanocluster, no diastereotopicity was detected (i.e., no chemical shift difference for the two protons in the CH(2)), confirming the Au(25) core being nonchiral. These two typical examples demonstrate that NMR spectroscopy can be a useful tool for investigating chirality in Au nanoclusters. Since the diastereotopicity induced on the methylene protons by chiral nanoclusters is independent of the enantiomeric composition of the chiral particles, NMR can probe the chirality of the nanoclusters even in the case of a racemic mixture, while circular dichroism spectroscopy is not useful for racemic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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681
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Tsukuda T, Negishi Y, Kobayashi Y, Kojima N. 197Au Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Au25(SG)18−Revisited. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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682
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Harkness KM, Balinski A, McLean JA, Cliffel DE. Nanoscale phase segregation of mixed thiolates on gold nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10554-9. [PMID: 21882306 PMCID: PMC3518417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phase segregation and domain formation is observed within the protecting monolayer of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using ion mobility-mass spectrometry, a two-dimensional gas-phase separation technique. Experimental data is compared to a theoretical model that represents a randomly distributed ligand mixture. Deviations from this model provide evidence for nanophase separation resulting in anisotropic AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen M. Harkness
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235 (USA), Fax: (+1) 615.343.1234
| | - Andrzej Balinski
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235 (USA), Fax: (+1) 615.343.1234
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235 (USA), Fax: (+1) 615.343.1234
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235 (USA), Fax: (+1) 615.343.1234
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683
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Negishi Y, Kurashige W, Kamimura U. Isolation and structural characterization of an octaneselenolate-protected Au25 cluster. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12289-92. [PMID: 21928858 DOI: 10.1021/la203301p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation and structural characterization of an octaneselenolate-protected Au(25) cluster ([Au(25)(SeC(8)H(17))(18)](-)). Isolated [Au(25)(SeC(8)H(17))(18)](-) was characterized by various analytical techniques. The results strongly suggest that [Au(25)(SeC(8)H(17))(18)](-) possesses a similar geometric structure to the well-studied thiolate (RS)-protected Au(25) cluster ([Au(25)(SR)(18)](-)) and that the charge transfer between the metal atoms and ligands in [Au(25)(SeC(8)H(17))(18)](-) is lower than that in [Au(25)(SR)(18)](-). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of a selenolate-protected gold cluster. [Au(25)(SeC(8)H(17))(18)](-) is an ideal compound for determining how changing the ligand from thiolate to selenolate affects the fundamental properties of a cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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684
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Qian H, Eckenhoff WT, Bier ME, Pintauer T, Jin R. Crystal structures of Au2 complex and Au25 nanocluster and mechanistic insight into the conversion of polydisperse nanoparticles into monodisperse Au25 nanoclusters. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10735-9. [PMID: 21988284 DOI: 10.1021/ic2012292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a size-focusing conversion of polydisperse gold nanoparticles capped by phosphine into monodisperse [Au(25)(PPh(3))(10)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(5)Cl(2)](2+) nanoclusters in the presence of phenylethylthiol. Herein, we have determined the crystal structure of [Au(25)(PPh(3))(10)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(5)Cl(2)](2+) nanoclusters and also identified an important side-product-a Au(I) complex formed in the size focusing process. The [Au(25)(PPh(3))(10)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)(5)Cl(2)](2+) cluster features a vertex-sharing bi-icosahedral core, resembling a rod. The formula of the Au(I) complex is determined to be [Au(2)(PPh(3))(2)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)](+) by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, and its crystal structure (with SbF(6)(-) counterion) reveals Au-Au bridged by -SC(2)H(4)Ph and with terminal bonds to two PPh(3) ligands. Unlike previously reported [Au(2)(PR(3))(2)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)](+) complexes in the solid state, which exist as tetranuclear complexes (i.e., dimers of [Au(2)(PR(3))(2)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)](+) units) through a Au···Au aurophilic interaction, in our case we found that the [Au(2)(PPh(3))(2)(SC(2)H(4)Ph)](+) complex exists as a single entity, rather than being dimerized to form a tetranuclear complex. The observation of this Au(I) complex allows us to gain insight into the intriguing conversion process from polydisperse Au nanoparticles to monodisperse Au(25) nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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685
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Barngrover BM, Aikens CM. Incremental Binding Energies of Gold(I) and Silver(I) Thiolate Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11818-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2061893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Barngrover
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christine M. Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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686
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Jiang DE. Staple Fitness: A Concept To Understand and Predict the Structures of Thiolated Gold Nanoclusters. Chemistry 2011; 17:12289-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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687
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Tang Z, Robinson DA, Bokossa N, Xu B, Wang S, Wang G. Mixed Dithiolate Durene-DT and Monothiolate Phenylethanethiolate Protected Au130 Nanoparticles with Discrete Core and Core-Ligand Energy States. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16037-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203878q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Donald A. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Nadia Bokossa
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Siming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Gangli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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688
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Zhu M, Qian H, Meng X, Jin S, Wu Z, Jin R. Chiral Au₂₅ nanospheres and nanorods: synthesis and insight into the origin of chirality. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:3963-9. [PMID: 21834520 DOI: 10.1021/nl202288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chirality in nanoparticles is an intriguing phenomenon. Herein, we have devised a well-defined gold nanoparticle system for investigating the origin of chirality in nanoparticles. We have designed chiral thiols (R- and S-isomers) and synthesized chiral gold nanoparticles composed of 25 gold atoms and 18 ligands, referred to as Au(25)(pet)(18), where pet represents chirally modified phenylethylthiolate -SCH(2)CH(CH(3))Ph at the 2-position. These optically active nanoparticles are close analogues of the optically nonactive phenylethylthioalte-capped Au(25)(pet)(18) nanoparticles, and the latter's crystal structure is known. On the basis of the atomic and electronic structures of these well-defined Au(25) nanoparticles, we have explicitly revealed that the ligands and surface gold atoms of Au(25)(pet)(18) play a critical role in effecting the circular dichroism responses from the nanoparticles. Similar effects are also observed in chiral Au(25) rods. The mixing of electronic states of ligands with those of surface gold atoms constitutes the fundamental origin of chirality in such nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, People's Republic of China.
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689
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Atomically Monodisperse Gold Nanoclusters Catalysts with Precise Core-Shell Structure. Catalysts 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/catal1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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690
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Harkness KM, Balinski A, McLean JA, Cliffel DE. Nanoscale Phase Segregation of Mixed Thiolates on Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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691
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Cademartiri L, Kitaev V. On the nature and importance of the transition between molecules and nanocrystals: towards a chemistry of "nanoscale perfection". NANOSCALE 2011; 3:3435-46. [PMID: 21796281 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of the transition between molecular compounds and nanocrystals. The boundary between molecular and nanocrystals/nanoclusters can be defined by the emergence of the bulk phase; atoms in the core of the nanoclusters that are not bound to ligands. This transition in dimensions and structural organization is important because it overlaps with the boundary between atomically defined moieties (molecules can be isolated with increasing purity) and mixtures (nanocrystals have a distribution of sizes, shapes, and defects; they cannot be easily separated into batches of structurally identical species). Passing through this boundary, as the size of a structure increases beyond a few nanometres, the information about the position of each atom gradually disappears. This loss of structural information about a chemical structure fundamentally compromises our ability to use it as a part of a complex chemical system. If we are to engineer complex functions encoded in a chemical language, we will need pure batches of atomically defined (truly monodisperse) nanoscale compounds, and we will need to understand how to make them and preserve them over a broad range of length scales, compositions, and timeframes. In this review we survey most classes of monodisperse nanomaterials (mostly nanoclusters) and highlight the recent breakthroughs in this area which might be spearheading the development of a chemistry of "nanoscale perfection".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Cademartiri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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692
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Zacchini S. Using Metal Carbonyl Clusters To Develop a Molecular Approach towards Metal Nanoparticles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4‐40136 Bologna, Italy, Fax: +39‐0512093690
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693
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Abstract
(Au-Ag)(144)(SR)(60) alloy nanomolecules were synthesized and characterized by ESI mass spectrometry to atomic precision. The number of Ag atoms can be varied by changing the incoming metal ratio and plateaus at ∼60. UV-vis data demonstrates that the electronic structure of the nanomolecules can be tuned by incorporation of silver atoms. Based on the proposed 3-shell structure of Au(144)(SR)(60), we hypothesize that the Ag atoms are selectively incorporated in to the symmetry equivalent 60-atom shell-having Au(12), Au(42), Ag(60) concentric shells with 30 -SR-Au-SR- protecting units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanaka Kumara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 352 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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694
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Determination of nanoparticle size distribution together with density or molecular weight by 2D analytical ultracentrifugation. Nat Commun 2011; 2:335. [PMID: 21654635 PMCID: PMC3158653 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are finding many research and industrial applications, yet their characterization remains a challenge. Their cores are often polydisperse and coated by a stabilizing shell that varies in size and composition. No single technique can characterize both the size distribution and the nature of the shell. Advances in analytical ultracentrifugation allow for the extraction of the sedimentation (s) and diffusion coefficients (D). Here we report an approach to transform the s and D distributions of nanoparticles in solution into precise molecular weight (M), density (ρ(P)) and particle diameter (d(p)) distributions. M for mixtures of discrete nanocrystals is found within 4% of the known quantities. The accuracy and the density information we achieve on nanoparticles are unparalleled. A single experimental run is sufficient for full nanoparticle characterization, without the need for standards or other auxiliary measurements. We believe that our method is of general applicability and we discuss its limitations.
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695
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Wang ZW, Toikkanen O, Quinn BM, Palmer RE. Real-space observation of prolate monolayer-protected Au(38) clusters using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1542-1545. [PMID: 21495183 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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696
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Wu Z, MacDonald MA, Chen J, Zhang P, Jin R. Kinetic Control and Thermodynamic Selection in the Synthesis of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9670-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2028102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Mark A. MacDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Jenny Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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697
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Reddy Nimmala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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698
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Jin R, Zhu Y, Qian H. Quantum-sized gold nanoclusters: bridging the gap between organometallics and nanocrystals. Chemistry 2011; 17:6584-93. [PMID: 21590819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Concept article provides an elementary discussion of a special class of large-sized gold compounds, so-called Au nanoclusters, which lies in between traditional organogold compounds (e.g., few-atom complexes, <1 nm) and face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline Au nanoparticles (typically >2 nm). The discussion is focused on the relationship between them, including the evolution from the Au⋅⋅⋅Au aurophilic interaction in Au(I) complexes to the direct Au-Au bond in clusters, and the structural transformation from the fcc structure in nanocrystals to non-fcc structures in nanoclusters. Thiolate-protected Au(n)(SR)(m) nanoclusters are used as a paradigm system. Research on such nanoclusters has achieved considerable advances in recent years and is expected to flourish in the near future, which will bring about exciting progress in both fundamental scientific research and technological applications of nanoclusters of gold and other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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699
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Sardar R, Shumaker-Parry JS. Spectroscopic and Microscopic Investigation of Gold Nanoparticle Formation: Ligand and Temperature Effects on Rate and Particle Size. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8179-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107934h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sardar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Shumaker-Parry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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700
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Müller CI, Lambert C. Electrochemical and optical characterization of triarylamine functionalized gold nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5029-5039. [PMID: 21417368 DOI: 10.1021/la1051244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis, structural analysis, and investigations of the optical and electrochemical properties of some gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which consist of a triarylamine ligand shell attached to small gold cores (Au-Tara). The triarylamine chromophores were attached to small 4-bromobenzenethiol covered gold nanoparticles (ca. 2 nm in diameter) by Sonogashira reaction. This procedure yields triarylamine redox centers attached via π-conjugated bridging units of different length to the gold core. The AuNPs were analyzed with (1)H NMR spectroscopy, diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was used to determine the composition of the redox active particles via the Randles-Sevcik equation. The optical and electrochemical properties of the Au-Tara nanoparticles and of their corresponding unbound ligands (Ref) were investigated with UV/vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy, Osteryoung square wave voltammetry (OSWV), and spectroelectrochemistry (SEC). These data show that the assembling of triarylamines in the vicinity of a gold nanoparticle can change the optical and electrochemical properties of the triarylamine redox chromophores depending on the kind and length of the bridging unit. This is due to gold core-chromophore and chromophore-chromophore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian I Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Wilhelm Con/rad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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