651
|
Song Y, Ge W, Cai H, Zhang H. Curcumin Protects Mice From Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis by Inhibiting the Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt/Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013; 18:560-9. [PMID: 24057864 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413503044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is one of the most important etiologic agents. Curcumin is an active ingredient of Curcumin longa, which has been used as a traditional Chinese herb for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of curcumin on CVB3-induced myocarditis and the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that treatment with curcumin could significantly attenuate CVB3-induced myocarditis, as demonstrated by improved weight loss, increased survival rate, reduced serological level cardiac enzymes, and improved heart histopathology. Of importance, curcumin administration was revealed to significantly reduce the systemic and local myocardial expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-1β, in the CVB3-infected mice. Further study showed that curcumin treatment significantly inhibited the CVB3-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a key transcription factor in the pathogenesis of inflammation, in a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway-dependent manner. These data indicate that curcumin has protective effect against CVB3-induced myocarditis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway and thus reducing the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Ge
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - HaiBing Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
652
|
Abstract
Sirtuins play an essential role in the cellular response to environmental stress, promoting DNA repair, telomere stability, cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. Much attention has been given to the role of sirtuins in aging and cancer development; however, less is known about their role in stem cell regulation. This review focuses in this topic and discusses the possible implications in adult stem cell aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Rodriguez
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA-HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
653
|
Salem M, Seidelin JB, Rogler G, Nielsen OH. Muramyl dipeptide responsive pathways in Crohn's disease: from NOD2 and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3391-404. [PMID: 23275943 PMCID: PMC11113952 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is one of main disease entities under the umbrella term chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The etiology of CD involves alterations in genetic, microbiological, and immunological factors. This review is devoted to the role of the bacterial wall compound muramyl dipeptide (MDP) for the activation of inflammatory pathways involved in the pathogenesis of CD. The importance of this molecule is underscored by the fact that (1) MDP, which is found in most Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, is able to trigger several immunological responses in the intestinal system, and (2) that alterations in several mediators of the MDP response including-but not restricted to-nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) are associated with CD. The normalization of MDP signaling is one of several important factors that influence the intestinal inflammatory response, a fact which emphasizes the pathogenic importance of MDP signaling for the pathogenesis of CD. The important aspects of NOD2 and non-NOD2 mediated effects of MDP for the development of CD are highlighted, as well as how alterations in these pathways might translate into the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- Department of Gastroenterology D, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob Benedict Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology D, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zürich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology D, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
654
|
Bektas A, Zhang Y, Wood WH, Becker KG, Madara K, Ferrucci L, Sen R. Age-associated alterations in inducible gene transcription in human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:18-36. [PMID: 23385138 PMCID: PMC3616229 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Age associated immune dysregulation results in a pro-inflammatory state and increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases. Studies show that signaling initiated at the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is impaired in CD4+ T cells from old compared to young mice. Here we examined TCR-inducible gene expression changes in CD4+ T cells during human aging. We reveal a dichotomy in gene expression mediated by the inducible transcription factor NF-κB. Most NF-κB target genes are not induced in a sustained manner in cells derived from older compared to younger individuals. However, a subset of NF-κB target genes including genes associated with chronic pro-inflammatory state in the elderly, such as interleukin 1 and 6, continue to be up-regulated even in the absence of NF-κB induction. In addition, we identify other widespread changes in gene expression between cells derived from older and younger individuals. Surprisingly, many of the most noteworthy age-associated changes in human CD4+ T cells differ from those seen in murine models. Our studies provide the first view of age-associated alteration of TCR-inducible gene expression in human CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arsun Bektas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
655
|
Ramakrishnan P, Clark PM, Mason DE, Peters EC, Hsieh-Wilson LC, Baltimore D. Activation of the transcriptional function of the NF-κB protein c-Rel by O-GlcNAc glycosylation. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra75. [PMID: 23982206 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) rapidly reprograms gene expression in response to various stimuli, and its activity is regulated by several posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, methylation, and acetylation. The addition of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (a process known as O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant posttranslational modification that is enhanced in conditions such as hyperglycemia and cellular stress. We report that the NF-κB subunit c-Rel is modified and activated by O-GlcNAcylation. We identified serine 350 as the site of O-GlcNAcylation, which was required for the DNA binding and transactivation functions of c-Rel. Blocking the O-GlcNAcylation of this residue abrogated c-Rel-mediated expression of the cytokine-encoding genes IL2, IFNG, and CSF2 in response to T cell receptor (TCR) activation, whereas increasing the extent of O-GlcNAcylation of cellular proteins enhanced the expression of these genes. TCR- or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced expression of other NF-κB target genes, such as NFKBIA (which encodes IκBα) and TNFAIP3 (which encodes A20), occurred independently of the O-GlcNAcylation of c-Rel. Our findings suggest a stimulus-specific role for hyperglycemia-induced O-GlcNAcylation of c-Rel in promoting T cell-mediated autoimmunity in conditions such as type 1 diabetes by enhancing the production of T helper cell cytokines.
Collapse
|
656
|
Yi PF, Wu YC, Dong HB, Guo Y, Wei Q, Zhang C, Song Z, Qin QQ, Lv S, Wu SC, Fu BD. Peimine impairs pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion through the inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and MAPK in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:567-72. [PMID: 23944357 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.822508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the previous study, we found that peimine has good anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of peimine remains unclear. We, therefore, assessed the effects of peimine on inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that peimine (0-25 mg/L) significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and increased IL-10 production. Furthermore, peimine significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as decreased p65 and IκB. The present results indicate that peimine inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS through blocking MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Yi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
657
|
Isaguliants M, Smirnova O, Ivanov AV, Kilpelainen A, Kuzmenko Y, Petkov S, Latanova A, Krotova O, Engström G, Karpov V, Kochetkov S, Wahren B, Starodubova E. Oxidative stress induced by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase modulates the enzyme's performance in gene immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2111-9. [PMID: 23881028 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 infection induces chronic oxidative stress. The resultant neurotoxicity has been associated with Tat protein. Here, we for the first time describe the induction of oxidative stress by another HIV-1 protein, reverse transcriptase (RT). Expression of HIV-1 RT in human embryonic kidney cells generated potent production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), detected by the fluorescence-based probes. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that expression of RT in HEK293 cells induced a 10- to 15-fold increased transcription of the phase II detoxifying enzymes human NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), indicating the induction of oxidative stress response. The capacity to induce oxidative stress and stress response appeared to be an intrinsic property of a vast variety of RTs: enzymatically active and inactivated, bearing mutations of drug resistance, following different routes of processing and presentation, expressed from viral or synthetic expression-optimized genes. The total ROS production induced by RT genes of the viral origin was found to be lower than that induced by the synthetic/expression-optimized or chimeric RT genes. However, the viral RT genes induced higher levels of ROS production and higher levels of HO-1 mRNA than the synthetic genes per unit of protein in the expressing cell. The capacity of RT genes to induce the oxidative stress and stress response was then correlated with their immunogenic performance. For this, RT genes were administered into BALB/c mice by intradermal injections followed by electroporation. Splenocytes of immunized mice were stimulated with the RT-derived and control antigens and antigen-specific proliferation was assessed by IFN-γ/IL-2 Fluorospot. RT variants generating high total ROS levels induced significantly stronger IFN-γ responses than the variants inducing lower total ROS, while high levels of ROS normalized per unit of protein in expressing cell were associated with a weak IFN-γ response. Poor gene immunogenicity was also associated with a high (per unit of protein) transcription of antioxidant response element (ARE) dependent phase II detoxifying enzyme genes, specifically HO-1. Thus, we have revealed a direct link between the propensity of the microbial proteins to induce oxidative stress and their immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isaguliants
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden; DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology; Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Athina Kilpelainen
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yulia Kuzmenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefan Petkov
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Latanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krotova
- DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology; Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Gunnel Engström
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vadim Karpov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Britta Wahren
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizaveta Starodubova
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
658
|
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors plays important roles in various biological processes including apoptosis, stress response, immunity, and inflammation. NF-κB signaling is involved in both immune cell development and function, and it is critical in modulation of the immune response through the transcriptional regulation of cytokine and chemokine expression. An area of great interest in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity is the ability of naive CD4(+) T cells generated in the thymus to differentiate into various subsets including T-helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, Th9, follicular helper T (Tfh), Th22, and regulatory T (Treg) cells, upon encountering different pathogens and microenvironments. In this review, we discuss the role of NF-κB pathway in the development and functional divergence of the different helper T-cell subsets as well as in regulatory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
659
|
Toll-like receptor agonists induce apoptosis in mouse B-cell lymphoma cells by altering NF-κB activation. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:360-72. [PMID: 23727784 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes microbial DNA containing unmethylated cytosyl guanosyl (CpG) sequences, induces innate immune responses, and facilitates antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Recent studies report that in addition to stimulating innate immunity, TLR9 ligands induce apoptosis of TLR9 expressing cancer cells. To understand the mechanism of TLR9-induced apoptosis, we compared the effects of CpG containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on a mouse B-cell lymphoma line, CH27, with those on mouse splenic B cells. CpG ODN inhibited constitutive proliferation and induced apoptosis in the CH27 B-cell lymphoma line. In contrast, CpG ODN-treated primary B cells were stimulated to proliferate and were rescued from spontaneous apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis required the ODNs to contain the CpG motif and the expression of TLR9 in lymphoma B cells. A decrease in Bcl-xl expression and an increase in Fas and Fas ligand expression accompanied lymphoma B-cell apoptosis. Treatment with the Fas ligand-neutralizing antibody inhibited CpG ODN-induced apoptosis. CpG ODN triggered a transient NF-κB activation in the B-cell lymphoma cell line, which constitutively expresses a high level of c-Myc, while CpG ODN induced sustained increases in NF-κB activation and c-Myc expression in primary B cells. Furthermore, an NF-κB inhibitor inhibited the proliferation of the CH27 B-cell lymphoma line. Our data suggest that the differential responses of lymphoma and primary B cells to CpG ODN are the result of differences in NF-κB activation. The impaired NF-κB activation in the CpG ODN-treated B-cell lymphoma cell line alters the balance between NF-κB and c-Myc, which induces Fas/Fas ligand-dependent apoptosis.
Collapse
|
660
|
Burdelya LG, Brackett CM, Kojouharov B, Gitlin II, Leonova KI, Gleiberman AS, Aygun-Sunar S, Veith J, Johnson C, Haderski GJ, Stanhope-Baker P, Allamaneni S, Skitzki J, Zeng M, Martsen E, Medvedev A, Scheblyakov D, Artemicheva NM, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL, Naroditsky BS, Makarov SS, Gudkov AV. Central role of liver in anticancer and radioprotective activities of Toll-like receptor 5 agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1857-66. [PMID: 23630282 PMCID: PMC3657788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222805110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) recognizes bacterial flagellin proteins and activates innate immune responses to motile bacteria. In addition, activation of TLR5 signaling can inhibit growth of TLR5-expressing tumors and protect normal tissues from radiation and ischemia-reperfusion injuries. To understand the mechanisms behind these phenomena at the organismal level, we assessed nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation (indicative of TLR5 signaling) in tissues and cells of mice treated with CBLB502, a pharmacologically optimized flagellin derivative. This identified the liver and gastrointestinal tract as primary CBLB502 target organs. In particular, liver hepatocytes were the main cell type directly and specifically responding to systemic administration of CBLB502 but not to that of the TLR4 agonist LPS. To assess CBLB502 impact on other pathways, we created multireporter mice with hepatocytes transduced in vivo with reporters for 46 inducible transcription factor families and found that along with NF-κB, CBLB502 strongly activated STAT3-, phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module (PREM), and activator protein 1 (AP-1-) -driven pathways. Livers of CBLB502-treated mice displayed induction of numerous immunomodulatory factors and massive recruitment of various types of immune cells. This led to inhibition of growth of liver metastases of multiple tumors regardless of their TLR5 status. The changed liver microenvironment was not, however, hepatotoxic, because CBLB502 induced resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis in normal liver cells. Temporary occlusion of liver blood circulation prevented CBLB502 from protecting hematopoietic progenitors in lethally irradiated mice, indicating involvement of a factor secreted by responding liver cells. These results define the liver as the key mediator of TLR5-dependent effects in vivo and suggest clinical applications for TLR5 agonists as hepatoprotective and antimetastatic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila G. Burdelya
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc., Buffalo, NY 14203
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean Veith
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Zeng
- Attagene, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | - Elena Martsen
- Attagene, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; and
| | | | - Dmitry Scheblyakov
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | | | - Denis Y. Logunov
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | | | - Boris S. Naroditsky
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | | | - Andrei V. Gudkov
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc., Buffalo, NY 14203
| |
Collapse
|
661
|
Zhou Z, Wang M, Zhao J, Wang L, Gao Y, Zhang H, Liu R, Song L. The increased transcriptional response and translocation of a Rel/NF-κB homologue in scallop Chlamys farreri during the immune stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1209-1215. [PMID: 23403154 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Rel/NF-κB transcription factors can function as key regulators to modulate the expression of immune-related genes in response to immune challenge or environmental stress. In the present study, a gene coding Rel/NF-κB homologue was identified from scallop Chlamys farreri (designated CfRel). Its deduced protein comprised 359 amino acids, and contained a conserved N-terminal Rel homology domain (RHD) and an IPT domain. There was an NF-κB/Rel/dorsal domain signature sequence in the RHD domain. The mRNA transcripts of CfRel could be detected in all the tested tissues including adductor muscle, mantle, gill, gonad, haemocytes, kidney and hepatopancreas, with the highest expression level in hepatopancreas. After LPS stimulation, there were two peaks of CfRel mRNA expression level in haemocytes at 6 h (25.25-fold, P < 0.05) and 24 h (59.66-fold, P < 0.05) respectively, while the mRNA expression of CfRel was only up-regulated at 3 h after PGN stimulation (2.35-fold, P < 0.05). By Western blotting technique, CfRel protein was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of scallop haemocytes, and its concentration in the haemocyte nucleus increased significantly at 3 h and 12 h after LPS stimulation. The noticeable NF-κB transcription activity of CfRel protein was determined by NF-κB luciferase reporter assays (122.43%, P < 0.05), and it decreased significantly (17.61%, P < 0.05) after the coexpression of scallop IκB protein. These results collectively suggested that CfRel mRNA transcripts and protein were induced by immune stimulation, and CfRel protein could extricate itself from IκB protein and transfer into the haemocyte nucleus to modulate the immune response in scallop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
662
|
A Vibrio parahaemolyticus T3SS effector mediates pathogenesis by independently enabling intestinal colonization and inhibiting TAK1 activation. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1690-702. [PMID: 23623501 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus type III secretion system 2 (T3SS2) is essential for the organism's virulence, but the effectors required for intestinal colonization and induction of diarrhea by this pathogen have not been identified. Here, we identify a type III secretion system (T3SS2)-secreted effector, VopZ, that is essential for V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity. VopZ plays distinct, genetically separable roles in enabling intestinal colonization and diarrheagenesis. Truncation of VopZ prevents V. parahaemolyticus colonization, whereas deletion of VopZ amino acids 38-62 abrogates V. parahaemolyticus-induced diarrhea and intestinal pathology but does not impair colonization. VopZ inhibits activation of the kinase TAK1 and thereby prevents the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which lie downstream. In contrast, the VopZ internal deletion mutant cannot counter the activation of pathways regulated by TAK1. Collectively, our findings suggest that VopZ's inhibition of TAK1 is critical for V. parahaemolyticus to induce diarrhea and intestinal pathology.
Collapse
|
663
|
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to highlight articles and new research regarding the link between NF-ĸB and several cancers. This review presents the most up-to-date NF-ĸB research and how it links this important transcription factor with hematology and oncology. It was written by conducting a thorough search of Pubmed as well as several journals such as Cancer, Nature, Science, Cell and those of one of the authors. The articles relating to the link between NF-ĸB and cancer were used to write this review. The results of this study clarified that there is a critical link between NF-ĸB and cancer. NF-ĸB has often been implicated in a variety of different diseases and it plays a variety of roles in cell survival, differentiation, and proliferation of cells. In cancer, NF-ĸB plays a pivotal role by facilitating oncogenesis as well as metastasis. A thorough understanding of NF-ĸB and its role in cancer can lead to future studies and drug development which could provide a novel option in the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Zubair
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Medicine and NSLIJ Health Care Systems, Nassau University Medical Center, 2201Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, NY 11554, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
664
|
Immune response to nanomaterials: implications for medicine and literature review. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13:50-7. [PMID: 22941559 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, substances below 100 nm, are increasingly used in medical diagnosis and treatment every day. The use of such materials has helped deliver drugs across the blood-brain barrier, alleviate allergy symptoms, specifically target cancer or HIV cells, and more. However, the tunable characteristics of such materials have not been perfected. The different materials, sizes, shapes, and structures have different responses on the body. This paper will investigate the successful treatments made with nanoparticles and some general health effects. A review of the literature revealed an inflammatory response and an increased production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) to be common immune responses to nanomaterial use. The mechanisms by which the inflammatory response and ROS production occur will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
665
|
Manecka DL, Mahmood SF, Grumolato L, Lihrmann I, Anouar Y. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) promotes both survival and neuritogenesis in PC12 cells through activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway: involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), calcium, and c-REL. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14936-48. [PMID: 23564451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.434597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a trophic factor that promotes neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. However, the signaling pathways and the transcriptional mechanisms involved are not completely elucidated. Our previous studies aimed at characterizing the transcriptome of PACAP-differentiated PC12 cells revealed an increase in the expression of nuclear factor κB2 (NF-κB2) gene coding for p100/p52 subunit of NF-κB transcription factor. Here, we examined the role of the NF-κB pathway in neuronal differentiation promoted by PACAP. We first showed that PACAP-driven survival and neuritic extension in PC12 cells are inhibited following NF-κB pathway blockade. PACAP stimulated both c-Rel and p52 NF-κB subunit gene expression and nuclear translocation, whereas c-Rel down-regulation inhibited cell survival and neuritogenesis elicited by the neuropeptide. PACAP-induced c-Rel nuclear translocation was inhibited by ERK1/2 and Ca(2+) blockers. Furthermore, the neuropeptide stimulated NF-κB p100 subunit processing into p52, indicative of activation of the NF-κB alternative pathway. Taken together, our data show that PACAP promotes both survival and neuritogenesis in PC12 cells by activating NF-κB pathway, most likely via classical and alternative signaling cascades involving ERK1/2 kinases, Ca(2+), and c-Rel/p52 dimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Destiny-Love Manecka
- INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
666
|
Kang JA, Jeong SP, Park D, Hayden MS, Ghosh S, Park SG. Transition from heterotypic to homotypic PDK1 homodimerization is essential for TCR-mediated NF-κB activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4508-15. [PMID: 23530144 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Strong NF-κB activation requires ligation of both the CD28 coreceptor and TCR. Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) acts as a scaffold by binding both protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) and CARMA1, and is therefore essential for signaling to NF-κB. In this article, we demonstrate the importance of PDK1 Thr(513) phosphorylation in regulating the intermolecular organization of PDK1 homodimers. Thr(513) is directly involved in heterotypic PDK1 homodimer formation, in which binding is mediated through the pleckstrin homology (PH) and kinase domains. Upon activation, phosphorylated Thr(513) instead mediates homotypic intermolecular binding through the PH domains. Consequently, cell-permeable peptides with a Thr(513) to Ile derivative (protein transduction domain [PTD]-PDK1-Thr(513)-Ile) bound the kinase domain, whereas a Thr(513)-to-Asp peptide (PTD-PDK1-Thr(513)-Asp) bound the PH domain. PTD-PDK1-Thr(513)-Ile blocked binding between PDK1 and PKCθ, phosphorylation of PKCθ Thr(538), and activation of both NF-κB and AKT. In contrast, PTD-PDK1- Thr(513)-Asp selectively inhibited binding between PDK1 and CARMA1, and blocked TCR/CD28-induced NF-κB activation. Therefore, Thr(513) phosphorylation regulates a critical intermolecular switch governing PDK1 homodimer structure and the capacity to interact with downstream signaling pathway components. Given the pleiotropic functions of PDK1, these data may open the door to the development of immunosuppressive therapies that selectively target the PDK1 to NF-κB pathway in T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
667
|
Smith SE, Ramos RA, Refinetti R, Farthing JP, Paterson PG. Protein-energy malnutrition induces an aberrant acute-phase response and modifies the circadian rhythm of core temperature. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:844-53. [PMID: 23855272 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), present in 12%-19% of stroke patients upon hospital admission, appears to be a detrimental comorbidity factor that impairs functional outcome, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Because ischemic brain injury is highly temperature-sensitive, the objectives of this study were to investigate whether PEM causes sustained changes in temperature that are associated with an inflammatory response. Activity levels were recorded as a possible explanation for the immediate elevation in temperature upon introduction to a low protein diet. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were fed a control diet (18% protein) or a low protein diet (PEM, 2% protein) for either 7 or 28 days. Continuous core temperature recordings from bioelectrical sensor transmitters demonstrated a rapid increase in temperature amplitude, sustained over 28 days, in response to a low protein diet. Daily mean temperature rose transiently by day 2 (p = 0.01), falling to normal by day 4 (p = 0.08), after which mean temperature continually declined as malnutrition progressed. There were no alterations in activity mean (p = 0.3) or amplitude (p = 0.2) that were associated with the early rise in mean temperature. Increased serum alpha-2-macroglobulin (p < 0.001) and decreased serum albumin (p ≤ 0.005) combined with a decrease in serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (p < 0.001) suggest an atypical acute-phase response. In contrast, a low protein diet had no effect on the signaling pathway of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, NFκB, in the hippocampus. In conclusion, PEM induces an aberrant and sustained acute-phase response coupled with long-lasting effects on body temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shari E Smith
- a College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
668
|
Gao K, Li X, Zhang L, Bai L, Dong W, Gao K, Shi G, Xia X, Wu L, Zhang L. Transgenic expression of IL-33 activates CD8(+) T cells and NK cells and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:463-71. [PMID: 23499895 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 is a multifunctional cytokine in immune regulation that activates Th1 cells, Th2 cells, CD8(+) T cells and NK cells. Our study showed that transgenic expression of IL-33 attenuated tumor metastasis in the B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) metastatic models. The percentages and cytotoxicity of CD8(+) T cells and NK cells and their infiltration into the tumor tissues were significantly increased by the transgenic expression of IL-33 in tumor-bearing mice. Treatment with recombinant IL-33 could also increase the cytotoxicity of CD8(+) T cells and NK cells in vitro. In addition, depletion of CD8(+) T cells and NK cells using anti-CD8 or anti-asialo GM1 antibody abolished the pulmonary metastasis inhibition mediated by IL-33. Furthermore, IL-33 stimulated the activation of NF-κB and increased CD69 expression, which is a marker of the activated form of the two cell subsets, in CD8(+) T cells and NK cells. Our results suggest that IL-33 stimulated NF-κB signaling and promoted the proliferation, activation and infiltration of CD8(+) T cells and NK cells, which resulted in the inhibition of pulmonary metastasis in B16 melanoma and LLC mice models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, and Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
669
|
Inhibitory effects of simvastatin on staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammation in human alveolar macrophages. Clin Exp Med 2013; 14:151-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
670
|
Marçola M, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Fernandes PACM, Monteiro AWA, Markus RP, Tamura EK. Endothelial cell adhesiveness is a function of environmental lighting and melatonin level. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:162-9. [PMID: 22812624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial layer regulates the traffic of cells and substances between the blood and tissues and plays a central role in the mounting of an inflammatory response. We have recently shown that inhibition of the nocturnal melatonin surge during the mounting of an inflammatory response primes endothelial cells to a highly reactive state, increasing the expression of adhesion molecules and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as the in vitro adherence of leukocytes. Here, we investigated whether physiological variations in the plasma melatonin levels owing to the light/dark environmental cycle could also prime the reactive state of endothelial cells. Cultured endothelial cells (16-20 days) obtained from rats killed during the daytime adhere more neutrophils, expressed more adhesion molecules and iNOS, and had a higher content of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) translocated to the nuclei. We also evaluated the expression of 84 genes (using real-time PCR array) related to the innate inflammatory response and observed a higher expression of 19 genes in cultures obtained during the daytime. In addition, the only gene that was highly expressed in cells obtained from rats killed during nighttime was one that encodes a protein that negatively modulates inflammatory response. In conclusion, the daily rhythm of melatonin also primes the ability of endothelial cells to adhere to neutrophils. This new approach for evaluating the influence of the donor on cells maintained in culture should have applications for the standardization of cell banks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marçola
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
671
|
The Herbal Drug Melampyrum pratense L. (Koch): Isolation and Identification of Its Bioactive Compounds Targeting Mediators of Inflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:395316. [PMID: 23533479 PMCID: PMC3600302 DOI: 10.1155/2013/395316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melampyrum pratense L. (Koch) is used in traditional Austrian medicine for the treatment of different inflammation-related conditions.
In this work, we show that the extracts of M. pratense stimulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors- (PPARs-)α
and -γ that are well recognized for their anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, the extract inhibited the activation of the proinflammatory transcription
factor NF-κB and induction of its target genes interleukin-8 (IL-8) and E-selectin in vitro. Bioassay-guided fractionation
identified several active flavonoids and iridoids including melampyroside and mussaenoside and the phenolic compound lunularin that were identified in this
species for the first time. The flavonoids apigenin and luteolin were distinguished as the main components accountable for the anti-inflammatory properties.
Apigenin and luteolin effectively inhibited tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-induced NF-κB-mediated transactivation of a luciferase reporter gene.
Furthermore, the two compounds dose-dependently reduced IL-8 and E-selectin protein expression after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or TNF-α in endothelial cells (ECs).
The iridoids melampyroside and mussaenoside prevented the elevation of E-selectin in LPS-stimulated ECs. Lunularin was found to reduce the protein levels
of the proinflammatory mediators E-selectin and IL-8 in ECs in response to LPS. These data validate the ethnomedical use of M. pratense for the treatment
of inflammatory conditions and point to the constituents accountable for its anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
|
672
|
Mycobacterium bovis and BCG induce different patterns of cytokine and chemokine production in dendritic cells and differentiation patterns in CD4+ T cells. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:366-379. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.058198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
673
|
Eriocalyxin B ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing Th1 and Th17 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2258-63. [PMID: 23345445 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222426110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eriocalyxin B (EriB), a diterpenoid isolated from Isodon eriocalyx, was previously reported to have antitumor effects via multiple pathways, and these pathways are related to immune responses. In this study, we demonstrated that EriB was efficacious in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Treatment with EriB led to amelioration of EAE, which correlated with reduced spinal cord inflammation and demyelination. EriB treatment abolished encephalitogenic T-cell responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in an adoptive transfer EAE model. The underlying mechanism of EriB-induced effects involved inhibition of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell differentiation through Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator Of Transcription and Nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways as well as elevation of reactive oxygen species. These findings indicate that EriB exerts potent antiinflammatory effects through selective modulation of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells by targeting critical signaling pathways. The study provides insights into the role of EriB as a unique therapeutic agent for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
674
|
Regulation of constitutive vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in retinal pigment epithelium/choroid organ cultures: p38, nuclear factor κB, and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase pathway. Mol Vis 2013; 19:281-91. [PMID: 23401656 PMCID: PMC3566904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a major source of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the eye. Despite the role of VEGF in ocular pathology, VEGF is an important factor in maintaining the choroid and the RPE. Accordingly, the VEGF is constitutively expressed in RPE. In this study, the regulation of constitutive VEGF expression was investigated in an RPE/choroid organ culture. METHODS To investigate VEGF regulation, RPE/choroid of porcine origin were used. VEGF content was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The influence of several molecular factors was assessed with commercially available inhibitors (SU1498, bisindolylmaleimide, LY294002, nuclear factor kappaB [NFkB] activation inhibitor, mithramycin, YC-1, Stattic, SB203580). For toxicity measurements of inhibitors, primary RPE cells of porcine origin were used, and toxicity was evaluated with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. RESULTS VEGF secretion as measured in the RPE/choroid organ culture was diminished after long-term (48 h) inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 by VEGFR-2-antagonist SU1498. VEGF secretion was also diminished after phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase was inhibited by LY294002 for 48 h. Coapplication of the substances did not show an additive effect, suggesting that they use the same pathway in an autocrine-positive VEGF regulation loop. Inhibition of protein kinase C by bisindolylmaleimide, on the other hand, did not influence VEGF secretion in organ culture. Inhibition of the transcription factor SP-1 by mithramycin displayed effects after 24 h and 48 h. Inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and Stat3 did not show any influence on constitutive VEGF secretion. Inhibition of the transcription factor NFkB diminished VEGF secretion after 6 h (earliest measured time point) and remained diminished at all measured time points (24 h, 48 h). The same pattern was found when the inhibitor of mitogen-activated kinase p38 was applied. A combination of NFkB and p38 inhibitors displayed an additive effect, completely abolishing VEGF secretion. CONCLUSIONS Constitutive VEGF secretion in the RPE/choroid seems to be regulated by the transcription factor NFkB and the mitogen-activated kinase p38 in an independent manner. Constitutive VEGF secretion may be regulated to a lesser extent by the transcription factor SP-1, while Stat3 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 do not seem to be involved. Additionally, VEGF secretion seems to be regulated long-term by an autocrine positive loop via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase.
Collapse
|
675
|
|
676
|
Zheng H, Li Q, Chen R, Zhang J, Ran Y, He X, Li S, Shu HB. The dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP14 negatively regulates tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-1-induced nuclear factor-κB activation by dephosphorylating the protein kinase TAK1. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:819-25. [PMID: 23229544 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is critically involved in the inflammatory response triggered by the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1. Various studies have demonstrated that activation of TAK1 (TGF-β-activated kinase 1) is an essential step in TNF- and IL-1-induced NF-κB activation pathways. In this study, we identified a member of the dual-specificity phosphatase family, DUSP14, as a negative regulator of TNF- and IL-1-triggered NF-κB activation by expression screens. We found that DUSP14 interacted with TAK1 and that this interaction was enhanced by TNF or IL-1 stimulation. Overexpression of DUSP14 dephosphorylated TAK1 at Thr-187, a residue in the activation loop critically involved in TAK1 activation. Knockdown of DUSP14 increased basal as well as TNF- and IL-1-induced TAK1 phosphorylation at Thr-187. Overexpression of DUSP14, but not its phosphatase-deficient mutant, inhibited TNF- and IL-1-induced as well as TAK1-mediated NF-κB activation, whereas knockdown of DUSP14 had opposite effects. These findings suggest that DUSP14 negatively regulates TNF- or IL-1-induced NF-κB activation by dephosphorylating TAK1 at Thr-187. Our study reveals a new post-translational regulatory mechanism of NF-κB activation triggered by the proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
677
|
Ma L, Zhao Y, Li B, Wang Q, Liu X, Chen X, Nan Y, Liang L, Chang R, Liang L, Li P, Jin F. 3,5,4'-Tri-O-acetylresveratrol attenuates seawater aspiration-induced lung injury by inhibiting activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 185:608-14. [PMID: 23219988 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a phytoalexin synthesized by a wide variety of plants, which has been proven to be effective in suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Resveratrol's prodrug: 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol, on seawater drowning-induced acute lung injury (SWD-ALI). Histological changes were assessed to study lung injuries; cytokines in lung samples were monitored by ELISA to reflect inflammation; T-SOD and MDA activity were detected to examine oxidative stress in lung tissues. Besides, we also tested the expression of NF-κB and HIF-1α to probe the possible protecting mechanism of 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol on AWD-ALI. The results showed that pretreatment with different doses of 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol improved seawater-induced lung histopathologic changes, alleviated lung edema, reduced the production of inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-1β, inhibited MDA activity, and enhanced T-SOD activity, which was possibly associated with inhibition of NF-κB and HIF-1α. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol exhibited a protective effect on SWD-ALI by inhibiting of the inflammatory response, which may also involve the suppression of oxidative stress in lung tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Ma
- Department of Respiration, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
678
|
Rohr UD, Li WW, Ziqiang H, Wainright W, Schindler AE. The effect of fermented soy (FSWW08) on blood hematology and cachexia in cancer patients. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2012; 12:407-18. [PMID: 25436700 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2012-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract In cancer patients, appetite and immune status are significantly weakened. Two experimental fermented formulations without (group A, named as FSWW08) and with (group B, FSWW08) an extract from yam root were investigated against a placebo formulation with casein (group C) in a clinical study conducted in six cancer hospitals where cancer patients underwent radio or chemotherapy (patients undergoing radiation therapy n=78, patients undergoing chemotherapy n=184, total 262). IgG and IgA were increased by formulation A in patients despite receiving radio- or chemotherapy. Group A experienced statistically significant increases in lymphocyte transformation rates, whereas group B and group C did not. Formulations A and B either inhibited or lessened statistically significant decreases in white blood counts, whereas the placebo group experienced substantial decreases. Hemoglobin and platelet decreases were inhibited in group A, although not statistically significantly. Patients in group A received no blood transfusions, whereas many patients from the placebo group received blood transfusions. Appetite loss was reduced in group A from 57.9% to 13.3% and in group B from 70% to 35.8%. In the placebo group, an increase in appetite loss was detected under chemo and radiation therapy from 41.8% to 70.9%.
Collapse
|
679
|
Ren Z, Cui J, Huo Z, Xue J, Cui H, Luo B, Jiang L, Yang R. Cordycepin suppresses TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation by reducing p65 transcriptional activity, inhibiting IκBα phosphorylation, and blocking IKKγ ubiquitination. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:698-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
680
|
|
681
|
The helicase DDX41 recognizes the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune response. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:1155-61. [PMID: 23142775 PMCID: PMC3501571 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of type I interferons by the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) or cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is dependent on a signaling axis that involves the adaptor STING, the kinase TBK1 and the transcription factor IRF3. Here we identified the heliase DDX41 as a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that sensed both c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP. DDX41 specifically and directly interacted with c-di-GMP. Knockdown of DDX41 via short hairpin RNA in mouse or human cells inhibited the induction of genes encoding molecules involved in the innate immune response and resulted in defective activation of STING, TBK1 and IRF3 in response to c-di-GMP or c-di-AMP. Our results suggest a mechanism whereby c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP are detected by DDX41, which forms a complex with STING to signal to TBK1-IRF3 and activate the interferon response.
Collapse
|
682
|
Intestinal intraepithelial TCRγδ+ T cells are activated by normal commensal bacteria. J Microbiol 2012; 50:837-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
683
|
Abstract
In this study, the authors explored the therapeutic effect of glycyrrhizin (GL) on Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis and its possible mechanisms involved. The results of this study showed that GL exhibited a profound amelioration of CVB3-induced myocarditis, as evidenced by improved weight loss profile, less increased serological levels of cardiac enzymes, less myocardial inflammation and increased survival rate. Further study showed that this effect was not due to the viral clearance but ascribed to weakened proinflammatory responses, as evidenced by significantly reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. Moreover, the authors demonstrated that GL administration inhibited CVB3-induced nuclear factor-κB activity efficiently by blocking the degradation of nuclear factor -κB inhibitor IκBκ. These data suggest that GL can effectively attenuate the severity of CVB3-induced myocarditis and may present as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of viral myocarditis.
Collapse
|
684
|
Lloyd P, Ryan C, Menter A. Psoriatic arthritis: an update. ARTHRITIS 2012; 2012:176298. [PMID: 23209897 PMCID: PMC3504365 DOI: 10.1155/2012/176298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis is a debilitating condition, which affects approximately one-quarter of psoriasis patients. Recent findings have furthered our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of PsA. There have been major advances in the identification of genes associated with joint involvement but not with cutaneous disease alone. The elucidation of key immunologic pathways has allowed the development of novel targeted therapies that are in the research pipeline. Currently, good screening tests and biomarkers to diagnose early PsA and to guide therapy are limited. In this paper, we present recent findings with regard to the immunopathogenesis and genetics of PsA, biomarkers, and screening tools and review the targeted therapies currently in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lloyd
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (NorthShore), 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Caitriona Ryan
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Alan Menter
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| |
Collapse
|
685
|
Lee JS, Song JH, Sohn NW, Shin JW. Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Neuroinflammation Following Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Treatment in Mice. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1270-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Suk Lee
- Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-west Medical Science; Kyung Hee University; Yongin; 446-701; South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
686
|
Senba M, Mori N. Mechanisms of virus immune evasion lead to development from chronic inflammation to cancer formation associated with human papillomavirus infection. Oncol Rev 2012; 6:e17. [PMID: 25992215 PMCID: PMC4419623 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2012.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has developed strategies to escape eradication by innate and adaptive immunity. Immune response evasion has been considered an important aspect of HPV persistence, which is the main contributing factor leading to HPV-related cancers. HPV-induced cancers expressing viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are potentially recognized by the immune system. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are patrolled by natural killer cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively. This system of recognition is a main target for the strategies of immune evasion deployed by viruses. The viral immune evasion proteins constitute useful tools to block defined stages of the MHC class I presentation pathway, and in this way HPV avoids the host immune response. The long latency period from initial infection to persistence signifies that HPV evolves mechanisms to escape the immune response. It has now been established that there are oncogenic mechanisms by which E7 binds to and degrades tumor suppressor Rb, while E6 binds to and inactivates tumor suppressor p53. Therefore, interaction of p53 and pRb proteins can give rise to an increased immortalization and genomic instability. Overexpression of NF-κB in cervical and penile cancers suggests that NF-κB activation is a key modulator in driving chronic inflammation to cancer. HPV oncogene-mediated suppression of NF-κB activity contributes to HPV escape from the immune system. This review focuses on the diverse mechanisms of the virus immune evasion with HPV that leads to chronic inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masachika Senba
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University
| | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
687
|
Beug ST, Cheung HH, LaCasse EC, Korneluk RG. Modulation of immune signalling by inhibitors of apoptosis. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:535-45. [PMID: 22836014 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) genes are critical regulators of multiple pathways that control cell death, proliferation, and differentiation. Several members of the IAP family regulate innate and adaptive immunity through modulation of signal transduction pathways, cytokine production, and cell survival. The regulation of immunity by the IAPs is primarily mediated through the ubiquitin ligase function of cellular IAP (cIAP)1, cIAP2, and X-linked IAP (XIAP), the targets of which impact nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. In addition, neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), cIAP1, and cIAP2 modulate innate immune responses through control of the inflammasome complex. This review examines the role of mammalian IAPs in regulating immunity and describes the implications of a new class of pan-IAP antagonists for the treatment of immune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T Beug
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
688
|
Lineage switching in acute leukemias: a consequence of stem cell plasticity? BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2012; 2012:406796. [PMID: 22852088 PMCID: PMC3407598 DOI: 10.1155/2012/406796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute leukemias are the most common cancer in childhood and characterized by the uncontrolled production of hematopoietic precursor cells of the lymphoid or myeloid series within the bone marrow. Even when a relatively high efficiency of therapeutic agents has increased the overall survival rates in the last years, factors such as cell lineage switching and the rise of mixed lineages at relapses often change the prognosis of the illness. During lineage switching, conversions from lymphoblastic leukemia to myeloid leukemia, or vice versa, are recorded. The central mechanisms involved in these phenomena remain undefined, but recent studies suggest that lineage commitment of plastic hematopoietic progenitors may be multidirectional and reversible upon specific signals provided by both intrinsic and environmental cues. In this paper, we focus on the current knowledge about cell heterogeneity and the lineage switch resulting from leukemic cells plasticity. A number of hypothetical mechanisms that may inspire changes in cell fate decisions are highlighted. Understanding the plasticity of leukemia initiating cells might be fundamental to unravel the pathogenesis of lineage switch in acute leukemias and will illuminate the importance of a flexible hematopoietic development.
Collapse
|
689
|
Glowacka WK, Alberts P, Ouchida R, Wang JY, Rotin D. LAPTM5 protein is a positive regulator of proinflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27691-702. [PMID: 22733818 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.355917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
LAPTM5 (lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 5) is a protein that is preferentially expressed in immune cells, and it interacts with the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin ligases. Recent studies in T and B cells identified LAPTM5 as a negative regulator of T and B cell receptor levels at the plasma membrane. Here we investigated the function of LAPTM5 in macrophages. We demonstrate that expression of LAPTM5 is required for the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in response to Toll-like receptor ligands. We also show that RAW264.7 cells knocked down for LAPTM5 or macrophages from LAPTM5(-/-) mice exhibit reduced activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways mediated by the TNF receptor, as well as multiple pattern recognition receptors in various cellular compartments. TNF stimulation of LAPTM5-deficient macrophages leads to reduced ubiquitination of RIP1 (receptor-interacting protein 1), suggesting a role for LAPTM5 at the receptor-proximate level. Interestingly, we find that macrophages from LAPTM5(-/-) mice display up-regulated levels of A20, a ubiquitin-editing enzyme responsible for deubiquitination of RIP1 and subsequent termination of NF-κB activation. Our studies thus indicate that, in contrast to its negative role in T and B cell activation, LAPTM5 acts as a positive modulator of inflammatory signaling pathways and hence cytokine secretion in macrophages. They also highlight a role for the endosomal/lysosomal system in regulating signaling via cytokine and pattern recognition receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta K Glowacka
- Program in Cell Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
690
|
Ferrajoli A. Interfering with CD40 ligation: a sensitive matter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:2093-4. [PMID: 22563816 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.691486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA.
| |
Collapse
|
691
|
Li YY, Bao YL, Song ZB, Sun LG, Wu P, Zhang Y, Fan C, Huang YX, Wu Y, Yu CL, Sun Y, Zheng LH, Wang GN, Li YX. The threonine protease activity of testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50) is essential for its function in cell proliferation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35030. [PMID: 22574111 PMCID: PMC3344824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50), a newly discovered threonine enzyme, has similar amino acid sequences and enzymatic structures to those of many serine proteases. It may be an oncogene. TSP50 is up-regulated in breast cancer epithelial cells, and ectopic expression of TSP50 in TSP50-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been found to promote cell proliferation. However, the mechanisms by which TSP50 exerts its growth-promoting effects are not yet fully understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To delineate whether the threonine protease activity of TSP50 is essential to its function in cell proliferation, we constructed and characterized a mutant TSP50, called TSP50 T310A, which was identified as a protease-dead mutant of TSP50. By a series of proliferation analyses, colony formation assays and apoptosis analyses, we showed that T310A mutation significantly depresses TSP50-induced cell proliferation in vitro. Next, the CHO stable cell line expressing either wild-type or T310A mutant TSP50 was injected subcutaneously into nude mice. We found that the T310A mutation could abolish the tumorigenicity of TSP50 in vivo. A mechanism investigation revealed that the T310A mutation prevented interaction between TSP50 and the NF-κBIκBα complex, which is necessary for TSP50 to perform its function in cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Our data highlight the importance of threonine 310, the most critical protease catalytic site in TSP50, to TSP50-induced cell proliferation and tumor formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Li Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (YLB); (YXL)
| | - Zhen-Bo Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu-Guo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Fan
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-Xin Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun-Lei Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Hua Zheng
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guan-Nan Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Xin Li
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (YLB); (YXL)
| |
Collapse
|
692
|
Wang Y, Tong X, Li G, Li J, Deng M, Ye X. Ankrd17 positively regulates RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated immune signaling. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1304-15. [PMID: 22328336 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), such as RIG-I, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA), are intracellular molecules that sense diverse viral RNAs and trigger immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that the ankyrin repeat protein ankrd17 interacts with RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA and upregulates RLR-mediated immune signaling. Overexpression of ankrd17 enhances RLR-mediated activation of IRF-3 and NF-κB and upregulates the transcription of IFN-β. It also promotes RLR signaling in response to poly (I:C), influenza virus RNA, and Sendai virus. Consistently, knockdown of ankrd17 impairs RLR signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ankrd17 enhances the interaction of RIG-I and MDA5 with VISA; the ankyrin repeat domain of ankrd17 is required for its interaction with RIG-I as well as for its function in regulating the RLR pathway. Taken together, our results indicate that ankrd17 is a positive regulator of the RLR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yetao Wang
- Center for Molecular Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P R China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
693
|
Lin J, Zhou Z, Huo R, Xiao L, Ouyang G, Wang L, Sun Y, Shen B, Li D, Li N. Cyr61 Induces IL-6 Production by Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Promoting Th17 Differentiation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5776-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
694
|
Pleiotropic targets: the problem of shared signaling circuitry in rheumatoid arthritis disease progression and protection. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:735-50. [PMID: 22530638 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response is replete with feedback control at many levels. These protective circuits are even functional within the arthritic joint, tempering disease to varying extents. An optimal therapy would inhibit autoimmune processes while maintaining protective circuitry. However, many of the cells and proteins that serve as important mediators of disease progression also play an active role in these protective circuits. The hypothesis considered in this review is that the inadvertent inhibition of protective circuitry adversely affects efficacy. Conversely, if therapeutics can be designed, which avoid inhibiting known regulatory circuits, efficacy will be improved. Understanding where these processes share signaling molecules will be crucial to the development of the next generation of therapeutics. This review discusses three well-defined signal transduction cascades; IL-2, IFNγ and TNF-α, and demonstrate within two cell types, T cells and macrophages, how these cytokines may contribute both to protection and to disease progression.
Collapse
|
695
|
Marr N, Turvey SE. Role of human TLR4 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced NF-κB activation, viral entry and replication. Innate Immun 2012; 18:856-65. [PMID: 22535679 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912444479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs play a key role in innate immune defenses. It was previously reported that purified respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein elicits an inflammatory response in hematopoietic cells, which required expression of TLR4 and its co-receptor CD14. However, a biological role of TLR4 in immunity to RSV, as initially proposed, has remained inconclusive and controversial. Here, we directly assess the role of human TLR4 and its co-receptors in NF-κB activation, viral entry and replication using intact virions rather than purified RSV components. We used HEK 293 reporter cells that are highly permissive for RSV and that either express or a lack a functional human TLR4/MD-2/CD14 complex. We demonstrate that RSV-mediated NF-κB activation, viral entry and replication are independent of the expression of a functional human TLR4/MD-2/CD14 complex and that, in turn, human TLR4 activation by LPS remains unaffected in RSV-infected cells. Thus, although isolated viral compounds such as purified RSV F protein may bind TLR4 and/or CD14, a direct interaction between intact RSV particles and the human TLR4 receptor complex does not seem to play a biological role in RSV pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Marr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and the Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
696
|
Jiménez Amador H, Casan Clarà P. Bacterial communication and human communication: what can we learn from quorum sensing? Arch Bronconeumol 2012; 48:305-7. [PMID: 22520726 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
697
|
Qian F, Montgomery RR. Quantitative imaging of lineage-specific Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling in monocytes and dendritic cells from small samples of human blood. J Vis Exp 2012:3741. [PMID: 22525943 DOI: 10.3791/3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome. Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and decreased responsiveness to vaccines with a well-documented decline in humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses. We have recently assessed the effects of aging on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key components of the innate immune system that detect microbial infection and trigger antimicrobial host defense responses. In a large cohort of healthy human donors, we showed that peripheral blood monocytes from the elderly have decreased expression and function of certain TLRs and similar reduced TLR levels and signaling responses in dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells that are pivotal in the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity. We have shown dysregulation of TLR3 in macrophages and lower production of IFN by DCs from elderly donors in response to infection with West Nile virus. Paramount to our understanding of immunosenescence and to therapeutic intervention is a detailed understanding of specific cell types responding and the mechanism(s) of signal transduction. Traditional studies of immune responses through imaging of primary cells and surveying cell markers by FACS or immunoblot have advanced our understanding significantly, however, these studies are generally limited technically by the small sample volume available from patients and the inability to conduct complex laboratory techniques on multiple human samples. ImageStream combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging and thus facilitates investigation in multiple cell populations contemporaneously for an efficient capture of patient susceptibility. Here we demonstrate the use of ImageStream in DCs to assess TLR7/8 activation-mediated increases in phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of a key transcription factor, NF-κB, which initiates transcription of numerous genes that are critical for immune responses. Using this technology, we have also recently demonstrated a previously unrecognized alteration of TLR5 signaling and the NF-κB pathway in monocytes from older donors that may contribute to altered immune responsiveness in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
698
|
Abstract
Shiga toxins and ricin are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis. In addition to causing inhibition of protein synthesis, these toxins activate proinflammatory signaling cascades that may contribute to the severe diseases associated with toxin exposure. Treatment of cells with Shiga toxins and ricin have been shown to activate a number of signaling pathways including those associated with the ribotoxic stress response, Nuclear factor kappa B activation, inflammasome activation, the unfolded protein response, mTOR signaling, hemostasis, and retrograde trafficking. In this chapter, we review our current understanding of these signaling pathways as they pertain to intoxication by Shiga toxins and ricin.
Collapse
|
699
|
Baiocchi G, Begnami MD, Fukazawa EM, Oliveira RAR, Faloppa CC, Kumagai LY, Badiglian-Filho L, Pellizzon ACA, Maia MAC, Jacinto AA, Soares FA, Lopes A. Prognostic value of nuclear factor κ B expression in patients with advanced cervical cancer undergoing radiation therapy followed by hysterectomy. J Clin Pathol 2012; 65:614-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AimsThe nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) family comprises transcription factors that promote the development and progression of cancer. The NF-κB pathway is induced by radiation therapy and may be related to tumour radioresistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of NF-κB as a predictor of the response to radiotherapy and its value as a prognostic marker.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed in a series of 32 individuals with stage IB2 and IIB cervical cancer who underwent radiotherapy, followed by radical hysterectomy, from January 1992 to June 2001. NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB-p50 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in biopsies from all patients before radiotherapy and in 12 patients with residual tumours after radiotherapy.Results16 (50%) patients had residual disease after radical hysterectomy. The median follow-up time was 73.5 months, and the 5-year overall survival was 66.5%. Before radiotherapy, cytoplasmic expression of NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB-p50 was noted in 91% and 97% of cases, respectively, versus 59% of cases with nuclear expression of these subunits. Cytoplasmic expression of NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB-p50 in the residual tumours after radiotherapy was observed in 50% of cases; 75% of cases with residual tumours had nuclear expression of NF-κB-p50 versus none with NF-κB-p65. NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB-p50 did not correlate with the risk of residual tumours after radiotherapy or recurrence or death.ConclusionsThese data suggest that NF-κB does not predict the response to radiotherapy and does not correlate with poor outcomes in advanced cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
700
|
Hayden MS, Ghosh S. NF-κB, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions. Genes Dev 2012; 26:203-34. [PMID: 22302935 DOI: 10.1101/gad.183434.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1284] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense and adjust to the environment is crucial to life. For multicellular organisms, the ability to respond to external changes is essential not only for survival but also for normal development and physiology. Although signaling events can directly modify cellular function, typically signaling acts to alter transcriptional responses to generate both transient and sustained changes. Rapid, but transient, changes in gene expression are mediated by inducible transcription factors such as NF-κB. For the past 25 years, NF-κB has served as a paradigm for inducible transcription factors and has provided numerous insights into how signaling events influence gene expression and physiology. Since its discovery as a regulator of expression of the κ light chain gene in B cells, research on NF-κB continues to yield new insights into fundamental cellular processes. Advances in understanding the mechanisms that regulate NF-κB have been accompanied by progress in elucidating the biological significance of this transcription factor in various physiological processes. NF-κB likely plays the most prominent role in the development and function of the immune system and, not surprisingly, when dysregulated, contributes to the pathophysiology of inflammatory disease. As our appreciation of the fundamental role of inflammation in disease pathogenesis has increased, so too has the importance of NF-κB as a key regulatory molecule gained progressively greater significance. However, despite the tremendous progress that has been made in understanding the regulation of NF-κB, there is much that remains to be understood. In this review, we highlight both the progress that has been made and the fundamental questions that remain unanswered after 25 years of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Hayden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|