651
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Puris E, Gynther M, Huttunen J, Petsalo A, Huttunen KM. L-type amino acid transporter 1 utilizing prodrugs: How to achieve effective brain delivery and low systemic exposure of drugs. J Control Release 2017; 261:93-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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652
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Huang L, Wan J, Wei X, Liu Y, Huang J, Sun X, Zhang R, Gurav DD, Vedarethinam V, Li Y, Chen R, Qian K. Plasmonic silver nanoshells for drug and metabolite detection. Nat Commun 2017; 8:220. [PMID: 28790311 PMCID: PMC5548796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In-vitro metabolite and drug detection rely on designed materials-based analytical platforms, which are universally used in biomedical research and clinical practice. However, metabolic analysis in bio-samples needs tedious sample preparation, due to the sample complexity and low molecular abundance. A further challenge is to construct diagnostic tools. Herein, we developed a platform using silver nanoshells. We synthesized SiO2@Ag with tunable shell structures by multi-cycled silver mirror reactions. Optimized nanoshells achieved direct laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in 0.5 μL of bio-fluids. We applied these nanoshells for disease diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation. We identified patients with postoperative brain infection through daily monitoring and glucose quantitation in cerebrospinal fluid. We measured drug distribution in blood and cerebrospinal fluid systems and validated the function of blood-brain/cerebrospinal fluid-barriers for pharmacokinetics. Our work sheds light on the design of materials for advanced metabolic analysis and precision diagnostics.Preparation of samples for diagnosis can affect the detection of biomarkers and metabolites. Here, the authors use a silver nanoparticle plasmonics approach for the detection of biomarkers in patients as well as investigate the distribution of drugs in serum and cerebral spinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Deepanjali D Gurav
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Vadanasundari Vedarethinam
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Biophysics Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoping Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
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653
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Chaves NL, Estrela-Lopis I, Böttner J, Lopes CAP, Guido BC, de Sousa AR, Báo SN. Exploring cellular uptake of iron oxide nanoparticles associated with rhodium citrate in breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5511-5523. [PMID: 28814867 PMCID: PMC5546771 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s141582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers have the potential to improve the therapeutic index of currently available drugs by improving their efficacy and achieving therapeutic steady-state levels over an extended period. The association of maghemite-rhodium citrate (MRC) nanoparticles (NPs) has the potential to increase specificity of the cytotoxic action. However, the interaction of these NPs with cells, their uptake mechanism, and subcellular localization need to be elucidated. This work evaluates the uptake mechanism of MRC NPs in metastatic and nonmetastatic breast cancer-cell models, comparing them to a nontumor cell line. MRC NPs uptake in breast cancer cells was more effective than in normal cells, with regard to both the amount of internalized material and the achievement of more strategic intracellular distribution. Moreover, this process occurred through a clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway with different basal expression levels of this protein in the cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Chaves
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- Institute of Biophysics and Medical Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Böttner
- Institute of Biophysics and Medical Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cláudio AP Lopes
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Guido
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Sônia N Báo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
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654
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Velkov T, Dai C, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Hoyer D, Li J. Polymyxins for CNS infections: Pharmacology and neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:85-90. [PMID: 28750947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria present a major health and economic burden worldwide. Due to the nearly empty antibiotic discovery pipeline, polymyxins (i.e. polymyxin B and colistin) are used as the last-line therapy against Gram-negative 'superbugs' when all other treatment modalities have failed. The treatment of CNS infections due to multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria is problematic and associated with high mortality rates. Colistin shows significant efficacy for the treatment of CNS infections caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to all other antibiotics. In particular, MDR Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae which are resistant to expanded-spectrum and fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides, represent a major therapeutic challenge, although they can be treated with colistin or polymyxin B. However, current dosing recommendations of intrathecal/intraventricular polymyxins are largely empirical, as we have little understanding of the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and, importantly, we are only starting to understand the mechanisms of potential neurotoxicity. This review covers the current knowledge-base on the mechanisms of disposition and potential neurotoxicity of polymyxins as well as the combined use of neuroprotective agents to alleviate polymyxins-related neurotoxicity. Progress in this field will provide the urgently needed pharmacological information for safer and more efficacious intrathecal/intraventricular polymyxin therapy against life-threatening CNS infections caused by Gram-negative 'superbugs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Velkov
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Giuseppe D Ciccotosto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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655
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Kumar P, Sharma G, Kumar R, Malik R, Singh B, Katare OP, Raza K. Vitamin-Derived Nanolipoidal Carriers for Brain Delivery of Dimethyl Fumarate: A Novel Approach with Preclinical Evidence. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1390-1396. [PMID: 28157295 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various oral treatment options have been reported for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Recently, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been approved for the management of the same. Though effective, DMF is associated with concerns like multiple dosing, patient incompliance, gastrointestinal flushing, lower brain permeation, and economic hurdles. Henceforth, the objective of the present study was to develop vitamin-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for effective brain delivery of DMF with a promise of once-a-day dosing. The developed SLNs were characterized for micromeritics, morphology, entrapment efficiency, drug loading and in vitro drug release. Caco-2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines were used to assess the intestinal permeability and neuronal uptake. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were performed on rats. The developed nanometeric lipidparticles were able to control the drug release and substantially enhance the Caco-2 as well as SH-5YSY cell permeability. The developed systems not only enhanced the oral bioavailability of the drug, but also offered substantially elevated brain drug levels to that of plain drug. The drug was protected from liver and biological residence was increased, indicating promising potential of the carriers in effective brain delivery of DMF. Enhanced bioavailability and elevated bioresidence of DMF by vitamin-based SLNs provided the evidence for once-a-day delivery potential for DMF in the management of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- UGC-Centre
of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles and
Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
- UGC-Centre
of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles and
Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - O. P. Katare
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
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656
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Theodorakis PE, Müller EA, Craster RV, Matar OK. Physical insights into the blood-brain barrier translocation mechanisms. Phys Biol 2017; 14:041001. [PMID: 28586313 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aa708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The number of individuals suffering from diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) is growing with an aging population. While candidate drugs for many of these diseases are available, most of these pharmaceutical agents cannot reach the brain rendering most of the drug therapies that target the CNS inefficient. The reason is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a complex and dynamic interface that controls the influx and efflux of substances through a number of different translocation mechanisms. Here, we present these mechanisms providing, also, the necessary background related to the morphology and various characteristics of the BBB. Moreover, we discuss various numerical and simulation approaches used to study the BBB, and possible future directions based on multi-scale methods. We anticipate that this review will motivate multi-disciplinary research on the BBB aiming at the design of effective drug therapies.
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657
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Akhtar AA, Sances S, Barrett R, Breunig JJ. Organoid and Organ-On-A-Chip Systems: New Paradigms for Modeling Neurological and Gastrointestinal Disease. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:98-111. [PMID: 28983454 PMCID: PMC5624725 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The modeling of biological processes in vitro provides an important tool to better understand mechanisms of development and disease, allowing for the rapid testing of therapeutics. However, a critical constraint in traditional monolayer culture systems is the absence of the multicellularity, spatial organization, and overall microenvironment present in vivo. This limitation has resulted in numerous therapeutics showing efficacy in vitro, but failing in patient trials. In this review, we discuss several organoid and "organ-on-a-chip" systems with particular regard to the modeling of neurological diseases and gastrointestinal disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, the in vitro generation of multicellular organ-like structures, coined organoids, has allowed the modeling of human development, tissue architecture, and disease with human-specific pathophysiology. Additionally, microfluidic "organ-on-a-chip" technologies add another level of physiological mimicry by allowing biological mediums to be shuttled through 3D cultures. SUMMARY Organoids and organ-chips are rapidly evolving in vitro platforms which hold great promise for the modeling of development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Abbasi Akhtar
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Samuel Sances
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Robert Barrett
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Joshua J. Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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658
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Tang AT, Choi JP, Kotzin JJ, Yang Y, Hong CC, Hobson N, Girard R, Zeineddine HA, Lightle R, Moore T, Cao Y, Shenkar R, Chen M, Mericko P, Yang J, Li L, Tanes C, Kobuley D, Võsa U, Whitehead KJ, Li DY, Franke L, Hart B, Schwaninger M, Henao-Mejia J, Morrison L, Kim H, Awad IA, Zheng X, Kahn ML. Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations. Nature 2017; 545:305-310. [PMID: 28489816 PMCID: PMC5757866 DOI: 10.1038/nature22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are a cause of stroke and seizure for which no effective medical therapies yet exist. CCMs arise from the loss of an adaptor complex that negatively regulates MEKK3-KLF2/4 signalling in brain endothelial cells, but upstream activators of this disease pathway have yet to be identified. Here we identify endothelial Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the gut microbiome as critical stimulants of CCM formation. Activation of TLR4 by Gram-negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide accelerates CCM formation, and genetic or pharmacologic blockade of TLR4 signalling prevents CCM formation in mice. Polymorphisms that increase expression of the TLR4 gene or the gene encoding its co-receptor CD14 are associated with higher CCM lesion burden in humans. Germ-free mice are protected from CCM formation, and a single course of antibiotics permanently alters CCM susceptibility in mice. These studies identify unexpected roles for the microbiome and innate immune signalling in the pathogenesis of a cerebrovascular disease, as well as strategies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jaesung P Choi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Signaling, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Kotzin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yiqing Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Courtney C Hong
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Hobson
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hussein A Zeineddine
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patricia Mericko
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- CHOP Microbiome Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dmytro Kobuley
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin J Whitehead
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Dean Y Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Blaine Hart
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Leslie Morrison
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Xiangjian Zheng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Signaling, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjian Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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659
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Shi B, Du X, Chen J, Fu L, Morsch M, Lee A, Liu Y, Cole N, Chung R. Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoparticles for Traceable Drug Delivery and Intracellular Microenvironment-Controlled Multistage Drug-Release in Neurons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603966. [PMID: 28371073 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Innovative nanoparticles hold promising potential for disease therapy as drug delivery systems. For brain-disease therapy, a drug delivery system that can sustainably control drug-release and monitor fluorescence of the drug cargos is highly desirable. In this study, a light-traceable and intracellular microenvironment-responsive drug delivery system was developed based on the combination of glutathione-responsive autoflurescent nanogel, dendrimer-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles. The resulting hybrid nanoparticles represent a new class of delivery system that can efficiently load, transport, and control multistage-release of sulfydryl-containing drugs into neurons, with light-traceable monitoring for future brain-disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Libing Fu
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Marco Morsch
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Albert Lee
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Nicholas Cole
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Roger Chung
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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660
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Ochocinska MJ, Zlokovic BV, Searson PC, Crowder AT, Kraig RP, Ljubimova JY, Mainprize TG, Banks WA, Warren RQ, Kindzelski A, Timmer W, Liu CH. NIH workshop report on the trans-agency blood-brain interface workshop 2016: exploring key challenges and opportunities associated with the blood, brain and their interface. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28457227 PMCID: PMC5410699 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A trans-agency workshop on the blood–brain interface (BBI), sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the National Cancer Institute and the Combat Casualty Care Research Program at the Department of Defense, was conducted in Bethesda MD on June 7–8, 2016. The workshop was structured into four sessions: (1) blood sciences; (2) exosome therapeutics; (3) next generation in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models; and (4) BBB delivery and targeting. The first day of the workshop focused on the physiology of the blood and neuro-vascular unit, blood or biofluid-based molecular markers, extracellular vesicles associated with brain injury, and how these entities can be employed to better evaluate injury states and/or deliver therapeutics. The second day of the workshop focused on technical advances in in vitro models, BBB manipulations and nanoparticle-based drug carrier designs, with the goal of improving drug delivery to the central nervous system. The presentations and discussions underscored the role of the BBI in brain injury, as well as the role of the BBB as both a limiting factor and a potential conduit for drug delivery to the brain. At the conclusion of the meeting, the participants discussed challenges and opportunities confronting BBI translational researchers. In particular, the participants recommended using BBI translational research to stimulate advances in diagnostics, as well as targeted delivery approaches for detection and therapy of both brain injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J Ochocinska
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Dr., Room 9149, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7950, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronald Q Warren
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrei Kindzelski
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Timmer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christina H Liu
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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661
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Abdullahi W, Davis TP, Ronaldson PT. Functional Expression of P-glycoprotein and Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Understanding Transport Mechanisms for Improved CNS Drug Delivery? AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:931-939. [PMID: 28447295 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is greatly limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Physical and biochemical properties of the BBB have rendered treatment of CNS diseases, including those with a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) component, extremely difficult. Targeting endogenous BBB transporters from the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily (i.e., P-glycoprotein (P-gp)) or from the solute carrier (SLC) family (i.e., organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents)) has been suggested as a strategy that can improve delivery of drugs to the brain. With respect to P-gp, direct pharmacological inhibition using small molecules or selective regulation by targeting intracellular signaling pathways has been explored. These approaches have been largely unsuccessful due to toxicity issues and unpredictable pharmacokinetics. Therefore, our laboratory has proposed that optimization of CNS drug delivery, particularly for treatment of diseases with an H/R component, can be achieved by targeting Oatp isoforms at the BBB. As the major drug transporting Oatp isoform, Oatp1a4 has demonstrated blood-to-brain transport of substrate drugs with neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, our laboratory has shown that targeting Oatp1a4 regulation (i.e., TGF-β signaling mediated via the ALK-1 and ALK-5 transmembrane receptors) represents an opportunity to control Oatp1a4 functional expression for the purpose of delivering therapeutics to the CNS. In this review, we will discuss limitations of targeting P-gp-mediated transport activity and the advantages of targeting Oatp-mediated transport. Through this discussion, we will also provide critical information on novel approaches to improve CNS drug delivery by targeting endogenous uptake transporters expressed at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, Arizona, 85724-5050, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, Arizona, 85724-5050, USA
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, Arizona, 85724-5050, USA.
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662
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Size-selective opening of the blood-brain barrier by targeting endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4531-4536. [PMID: 28396408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618659114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) forms a selective barrier termed the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Disruption of the BBB may contribute to various CNS diseases. Conversely, the intact BBB restricts efficient penetration of CNS-targeted drugs. Here, we report the BBB-regulatory role of endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1, a G protein-coupled receptor known to promote the barrier function in peripheral vessels. Endothelial-specific S1pr1 knockout mice (S1pr1iECKO ) showed BBB breach for small-molecular-mass fluorescence tracers (<3 kDa), but not larger tracers (>10 kDa). Chronic BBB leakiness was associated with cognitive impairment, as assessed by the novel object recognition test, but not signs of brain inflammation. Brain microvessels of S1pr1iECKO mice showed altered subcellular distribution of tight junctional proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of S1P1 function led to transient BBB breach. These data suggest that brain endothelial S1P1 maintain the BBB by regulating the proper localization of tight junction proteins and raise the possibility that endothelial S1P1 inhibition may be a strategy for transient BBB opening and delivery of small molecules into the CNS.
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663
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Haddad-Tóvolli R, Dragano NRV, Ramalho AFS, Velloso LA. Development and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Context of Metabolic Control. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:224. [PMID: 28484368 PMCID: PMC5399017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the brain consumes over 20% of the whole body energy supply. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows dynamic interactions between blood capillaries and the neuronal network in order to provide an adequate control of molecules that are transported in and out of the brain. Alterations in the BBB structure and function affecting brain accessibility to nutrients and exit of toxins are found in a number of diseases, which in turn may disturb brain function and nutrient signaling. In this review we explore the major advances obtained in the understanding of the BBB development and how its structure impacts on function. Furthermore, we focus on the particularities of the barrier permeability in the hypothalamus, its role in metabolic control and the potential impact of hypothalamic BBB abnormities in metabolic related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
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664
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Ljubimova JY, Sun T, Mashouf L, Ljubimov AV, Israel LL, Ljubimov VA, Falahatian V, Holler E. Covalent nano delivery systems for selective imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:177-200. [PMID: 28606739 PMCID: PMC5578712 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving form of therapy that holds a great promise for superior drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy than conventional cancer treatment. In this review, we attempt to cover the benefits and the limitations of current nanomedicines with special attention to covalent nano conjugates for imaging and drug delivery in the brain. The improvement in brain tumor treatment remains dismal despite decades of efforts in drug development and patient care. One of the major obstacles in brain cancer treatment is the poor drug delivery efficiency owing to the unique blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the CNS. Although various anti-cancer agents are available to treat tumors outside of the CNS, the majority fails to cross the BBB. In this regard, nanomedicines have increasingly drawn attention due to their multi-functionality and versatility. Nano drugs can penetrate BBB and other biological barriers, and selectively accumulate in tumor cells, while concurrently decreasing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Tao Sun
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leila Mashouf
- Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Liron L Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vladimir A Ljubimov
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Vida Falahatian
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Clinical Research Training Program (CRTP), 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 1102, Hock Plaza Box 2721, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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665
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Kokubu Y, Yamaguchi T, Kawabata K. In vitro model of cerebral ischemia by using brain microvascular endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:577-583. [PMID: 28336435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), which play a central role in blood brain barrier (BBB), can be used for the evaluation of drug transport into the brain. Although human BMEC cell lines have already been reported, they lack original properties such as barrier integrity. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be used for various applications such as regenerative therapy, drug screening, and pathological study. In the recent study, an induction method of BMECs from PSCs has been established, making it possible to more precisely study the in vitro human BBB function. Here, using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived BMECs, we examined the effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and OGD/reoxygenation (OGD/R) on BBB permeability. OGD disrupted the barrier function, and the dysfunction was rapidly restored by re-supply of the oxygen and glucose. Interestingly, TNF-α, which is known to be secreted from astrocytes and microglia in the cerebral ischemia, prevented the restoration of OGD-induced barrier dysfunction in an apoptosis-independent manner. Thus, we could establish the in vitro BBB disease model that mimics the cerebral ischemia by using iPS cell-derived BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kokubu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
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666
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Non-invasive aerosol delivery and transport of gold nanoparticles to the brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44718. [PMID: 28300204 PMCID: PMC5353651 DOI: 10.1038/srep44718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nanoscale carriers containing packaged payloads to the central nervous system has potential use in many diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Moreover, understanding of the bio-interactions of the engineered nanoparticles used for tissue-specific delivery by non-invasive delivery approaches are also of paramount interest. Here, we have examined this issue systematically in a relatively simple invertebrate model using insects. We synthesized 5 nm, positively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and targeted their delivery using the electrospray aerosol generator. Our results revealed that after the exposure of synthesized aerosol to the insect antenna, AuNPs reached the brain within an hour. Nanoparticle accumulation in the brain increased linearly with the exposure time. Notably, electrophysiological recordings from neurons in the insect brain several hours after exposure did not show any significant alterations in their spontaneous and odor-evoked spiking properties. Taken together, our findings reveal that aerosolized delivery of nanoparticles can be an effective non-invasive approach for delivering nanoparticles to the brain, and also presents an approach to monitor the short-term nano-biointeractions.
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667
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Marianecci C, Rinaldi F, Hanieh PN, Di Marzio L, Paolino D, Carafa M. Drug delivery in overcoming the blood-brain barrier: role of nasal mucosal grafting. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:325-335. [PMID: 28184152 PMCID: PMC5291459 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a fundamental role in protecting and maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. For this reason, drug delivery to the brain is much more difficult than that to other compartments of the body. In order to bypass or cross the BBB, many strategies have been developed: invasive techniques, such as temporary disruption of the BBB or direct intraventricular and intracerebral administration of the drug, as well as noninvasive techniques. Preliminary results, reported in the large number of studies on the potential strategies for brain delivery, are encouraging, but it is far too early to draw any conclusion about the actual use of these therapeutic approaches. Among the most recent, but still pioneering, approaches related to the nasal mucosa properties, the permeabilization of the BBB via nasal mucosal engrafting can offer new potential opportunities. It should be emphasized that this surgical procedure is quite invasive, but the implication for patient outcome needs to be compared to the gold standard of direct intracranial injection, and evaluated whilst keeping in mind that central nervous system diseases and lysosomal storage diseases are chronic and severely debilitating and that up to now no therapy seems to be completely successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Marianecci
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rinaldi
- Center for Life Nano Science@ Sapienza, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nadia Hanieh
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- IRC FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Carafa
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
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668
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The vasculature as a neural stem cell niche. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:4-14. [PMID: 28132930 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent, self-renewing progenitors that generate progeny that differentiate into neurons and glia. NSCs in the adult mammalian brain are generally quiescent. Environmental stimuli such as learning or exercise can activate quiescent NSCs, inducing them to proliferate and produce new neurons and glia. How are these behaviours coordinated? The neurovasculature, the circulatory system of the brain, is a key component of the NSC microenvironment, or 'niche'. Instructive signals from the neurovasculature direct NSC quiescence, proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation. During ageing, a breakdown in the niche accompanies NSC dysfunction and cognitive decline. There is much interest in reversing these changes and enhancing NSC activity by targeting the neurovasculature therapeutically. Here we discuss principles of neurovasculature-NSC crosstalk, and the implications for the design of NSC-based therapies. We also consider the emerging contributions to this field of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster.
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669
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A journey into the brain: insight into how bacterial pathogens cross blood-brain barriers. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:149-159. [PMID: 28090076 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, which is one of the tightest barriers in the body, protects the brain from insults, such as infections. Indeed, only a few of the numerous blood-borne bacteria can cross the blood-brain barrier to cause meningitis. In this Review, we focus on invasive extracellular pathogens, such as Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli, to review the obstacles that bacteria have to overcome in order to invade the meninges from the bloodstream, and the specific skills they have developed to bypass the blood-brain barrier. The medical importance of understanding how these barriers can be circumvented is underlined by the fact that we need to improve drug delivery into the brain.
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670
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Bouchoucha M, Béliveau É, Kleitz F, Calon F, Fortin MA. Antibody-conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for brain microvessel endothelial cell targeting. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7721-7735. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01385j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Size and bioconjugation effects of Ri7 antibody conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) influence in vitro and in vivo targeting ability to BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Bouchoucha
- Department of Chemistry
- Université Laval
- Québec (QC)
- Canada
- Department of M.M.Materials Engineering
| | - Éric Béliveau
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Université Laval
- Québec (QC)
- Canada
- Neurosciences Axis
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Chemistry
- Université Laval
- Québec (QC)
- Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Université Laval
- Québec (QC)
- Canada
- Neurosciences Axis
| | - Marc-André Fortin
- Department of M.M.Materials Engineering
- Université Laval
- Québec (QC)
- Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CR-CHUQ)
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671
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Cardiomyocyte-released factors stimulate oligodendrocyte precursor cells proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:1160-1164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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672
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Abstract
Physiological characteristics of diseases bring about both challenges and opportunities for targeted drug delivery. Various drug delivery platforms have been devised ranging from macro- to micro- and further into the nanoscopic scale in the past decades. Recently, the favorable physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, including long circulation, robust tissue and cell penetration attract broad interest, leading to extensive studies for therapeutic benefits. Accumulated knowledge about the physiological barriers that affect the in vivo fate of nanomedicine has led to more rational guidelines for tailoring the nanocarriers, such as size, shape, charge, and surface ligands. Meanwhile, progresses in material chemistry and molecular pharmaceutics generate a panel of physiological stimuli-responsive modules that are equipped into the formulations to prepare “smart” drug delivery systems. The capability of harnessing physiological traits of diseased tissues to control the accumulation of or drug release from nanomedicine has further improved the controlled drug release profiles with a precise manner. Successful clinical translation of a few nano-formulations has excited the collaborative efforts from the research community, pharmaceutical industry, and the public towards a promising future of smart drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujin Sun
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wenyan Ji
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Grace Wright
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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673
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Sánchez-Fernández EM, García Fernández JM, Mellet CO. Glycomimetic-based pharmacological chaperones for lysosomal storage disorders: lessons from Gaucher, GM1-gangliosidosis and Fabry diseases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5497-515. [PMID: 27043200 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are often caused by mutations that destabilize native folding and impair the trafficking of enzymes, leading to premature endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation, deficiencies of specific hydrolytic functions and aberrant storage of metabolites in the lysosomes. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT) are available for a few of these conditions, but most remain orphan. A main difficulty is that virtually all LSDs involve neurological decline and neither proteins nor the current SRT drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier. Twenty years ago a new therapeutic paradigm better suited for neuropathic LSDs was launched, namely pharmacological chaperone (PC) therapy. PCs are small molecules capable of binding to the mutant protein at the ER, inducing proper folding, restoring trafficking and increasing enzyme activity and substrate processing in the lysosome. In many LSDs the mutated protein is a glycosidase and the accumulated substrate is an oligo- or polysaccharide or a glycoconjugate, e.g. a glycosphingolipid. Although it might appear counterintuitive, substrate analogues (glycomimetics) behaving as competitive glycosidase inhibitors are good candidates to perform PC tasks. The advancements in the knowledge of the molecular basis of LSDs, including enzyme structures, binding modes, trafficking pathways and substrate processing mechanisms, have been put forward to optimize PC selectivity and efficacy. Moreover, the chemical versatility of glycomimetics and the variety of structures at hand allow simultaneous optimization of chaperone and pharmacokinetic properties. In this Feature Article we review the advancements made in this field in the last few years and the future outlook through the lessons taught by three archetypical LSDs: Gaucher disease, GM1-gangliosidosis and Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Sánchez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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674
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Reinhold AK, Rittner HL. Barrier function in the peripheral and central nervous system-a review. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:123-134. [PMID: 27957611 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) are delicate structures, highly sensitive to homeostatic changes-and crucial for basic vital functions. Thus, a selection of barriers ensures the protection of the nervous system from noxious blood-borne or surrounding stimuli. In this chapter, anatomy and functioning of the blood-nerve (BNB), the blood-brain (BBB), and the blood-spinal cord barriers (BSCB) are presented and the key tight junction (TJ) proteins described: claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-11, claudin-12, claudin-19, occludin, Zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), and tricellulin are by now identified as relevant for nerval barriers. Different diseases can lead to or be accompanied by neural barrier disruption, and impairment of these barriers worsens pathology. Peripheral nerve injury and inflammatory polyneuropathy cause an increased permeability of BNB as well as BSCB, while, e.g., diseases of the CNS such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, or Alzheimer's disease can progress and worsen through barrier dysfunction. Moreover, the complex role and regulation of the BBB after ischemic stroke is described. On the other side, PNS and CNS barriers hamper the delivery of drugs in diseases when the barrier is intact, e.g., in certain neurodegenerative diseases or inflammatory pain. Understanding of the barrier - regulating processes has already lead to the discovery of new molecules as drug enhancers. In summary, the knowledge of all of these mechanisms might ultimately lead to the invention of drugs to control barrier function to help ameliorating or curing neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Reinhold
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - H L Rittner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
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675
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Abstract
Pericytes are a heterogeneous population of cells located in the blood vessel wall. They were first identified in the 19th century by Rouget, however their biological role and potential for drug targeting have taken time to be recognised. Isolation of pericytes from several different tissues has allowed a better phenotypic and functional characterization. These findings revealed a tissue-specific, multi-functional group of cells with multilineage potential. Given this emerging evidence, pericytes have acquired specific roles in pathobiological events in vascular diseases. In this review article, we will provide a compelling overview of the main diseases in which pericytes are involved, from well-established mechanisms to the latest findings. Pericyte involvement in diabetes and cancer will be discussed extensively. In the last part of the article we will review therapeutic approaches for these diseases in light of the recently acquired knowledge. To unravel pericyte-related vascular pathobiological events is pivotal not only for more tailored treatments of disease but also to establish pericytes as a therapeutic tool.
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676
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Chen CC, Liu L, Ma F, Wong CW, Guo XE, Chacko JV, Farhoodi HP, Zhang SX, Zimak J, Ségaliny A, Riazifar M, Pham V, Digman MA, Pone EJ, Zhao W. Elucidation of Exosome Migration across the Blood-Brain Barrier Model In Vitro. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 9:509-529. [PMID: 28392840 PMCID: PMC5382965 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a major challenge in part due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recently, cell-derived vesicles, particularly exosomes, have emerged as an attractive vehicle for targeting drugs to the brain, but whether or how they cross the BBB remains unclear. Here, we investigated the interactions between exosomes and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) in vitro under conditions that mimic the healthy and inflamed BBB in vivo. Transwell assays revealed that luciferase-carrying exosomes can cross a BMEC monolayer under stroke-like, inflamed conditions (TNF-α activated) but not under normal conditions. Confocal microscopy showed that exosomes are internalized by BMECs through endocytosis, co-localize with endosomes, in effect primarily utilizing the transcellular route of crossing. Together, these results indicate that cell-derived exosomes can cross the BBB model under stroke-like conditions in vitro. This study encourages further development of engineered exosomes as drug delivery vehicles or tracking tools for treating or monitoring neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C. Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Linan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Fengxia Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Chi W. Wong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Xuning E. Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Jenu V. Chacko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Henry P. Farhoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Shirley X. Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Jan Zimak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Aude Ségaliny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Milad Riazifar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Victor Pham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Michelle A. Digman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California-Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Egest J. Pone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Edwards Life sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
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677
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Tan JKY, Sellers DL, Pham B, Pun SH, Horner PJ. Non-Viral Nucleic Acid Delivery Strategies to the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:108. [PMID: 27847462 PMCID: PMC5088201 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increased prevalence and understanding of central nervous system (CNS) injuries and neurological disorders, nucleic acid therapies are gaining promise as a way to regenerate lost neurons or halt disease progression. While more viral vectors have been used clinically as tools for gene delivery, non-viral vectors are gaining interest due to lower safety concerns and the ability to deliver all types of nucleic acids. Nevertheless, there are still a number of barriers to nucleic acid delivery. In this focused review, we explore the in vivo challenges hindering non-viral nucleic acid delivery to the CNS and the strategies and vehicles used to overcome them. Advantages and disadvantages of different routes of administration including: systemic injection, cerebrospinal fluid injection, intraparenchymal injection and peripheral administration are discussed. Non-viral vehicles and treatment strategies that have overcome delivery barriers and demonstrated in vivo gene transfer to the CNS are presented. These approaches can be used as guidelines in developing synthetic gene delivery vectors for CNS applications and will ultimately bring non-viral vectors closer to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- James-Kevin Y Tan
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Binhan Pham
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip J Horner
- Center for Neuroregenerative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston, TX, USA
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678
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Vieira DB, Gamarra LF. Getting into the brain: liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5381-5414. [PMID: 27799765 PMCID: PMC5077137 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s117210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes articles that have been reported in literature on liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier. Due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, liposomes have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery and in vivo bioimaging for the treatment and/or diagnosis of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, stroke, and glioma. Several strategies have been used to deliver drug and/or imaging agents to the brain. Covalent ligation of such macromolecules as peptides, antibodies, and RNA aptamers is an effective method for receptor-targeting liposomes, which allows their blood–brain barrier penetration and/or the delivery of their therapeutic molecule specifically to the disease site. Additionally, methods have been employed for the development of liposomes that can respond to external stimuli. It can be concluded that the development of liposomes for brain delivery is still in its infancy, although these systems have the potential to revolutionize the ways in which medicine is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lionel F Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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679
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Shimoni O, Shi B, Adlard PA, Bush AI. Delivery of Fluorescent Nanoparticles to the Brain. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:405-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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680
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Abstract
The gut microbiota and the brain interact with each other through multiple bidirectional signaling pathways in which neuropeptides and neuroactive peptide messengers play potentially important mediator roles. Currently, six particular modes of a neuropeptide link are emerging. (i) Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters contribute to the mutual microbiota-host interaction. (ii) The synthesis of neuroactive peptides is influenced by microbial control of the availability of amino acids. (iii) The activity of neuropeptides is tempered by microbiota-dependent autoantibodies. (iv) Peptide signaling between periphery and brain is modified by a regulatory action of the gut microbiota on the blood-brain barrier. (v) Within the brain, gut hormones released under the influence of the gut microbiota turn into neuropeptides that regulate multiple aspects of brain activity. (vi) Cerebral neuropeptides participate in the molecular, behavioral, and autonomic alterations which the brain undergoes in response to signals from the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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681
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Perillyl Alcohol and Its Drug-Conjugated Derivatives as Potential Novel Methods of Treating Brain Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091463. [PMID: 27598140 PMCID: PMC5037741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis to the central nervous system remains difficult to treat, and such patients are faced with a dismal prognosis. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), despite being partially compromised within malignant lesions in the brain, still retains much of its barrier function and prevents most chemotherapeutic agents from effectively reaching the tumor cells. Here, we review some of the recent developments aimed at overcoming this obstacle in order to more effectively deliver chemotherapeutic agents to the intracranial tumor site. These advances include intranasal delivery to achieve direct nose-to-brain transport of anticancer agents and covalent modification of existing drugs to support enhanced penetration of the BBB. In both of these areas, use of the natural product perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene with anticancer properties, contributed to promising new results, which will be discussed here.
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682
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Banerjee J, Shi Y, Azevedo HS. In vitro blood–brain barrier models for drug research: state-of-the-art and new perspectives on reconstituting these models on artificial basement membrane platforms. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1367-1386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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683
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Aparicio-Blanco J, Martín-Sabroso C, Torres-Suárez AI. In vitro screening of nanomedicines through the blood brain barrier: A critical review. Biomaterials 2016; 103:229-255. [PMID: 27392291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier accounts for the high attrition rate of the treatments of most brain disorders, which therefore remain one of the greatest health-care challenges of the twenty first century. Against this background of hindrance to brain delivery, nanomedicine takes advantage of the assembly at the nanoscale of available biomaterials to provide a delivery platform with potential to raising brain levels of either imaging or therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, to prevent later failure due to ineffective drug levels at the target site, researchers have been endeavoring to develop a battery of in vitro screening procedures that can predict earlier in the drug discovery process the ability of these cutting-edge drug delivery platforms to cross the blood-brain barrier for biomedical purposes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the currently available in vitro blood-brain barrier models (both cell-based and non-cell-based) with the focus on their suitability for understanding the biological brain distribution of forthcoming nanomedicines. The relationship between experimental factors and underlying physiological assumptions that would ultimately lead to a more predictive capacity of their in vivo performance, and those methods already assayed for the evaluation of the brain distribution of nanomedicines are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aparicio-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Sabroso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Isabel Torres-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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684
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Abstract
Perispinal injection is a novel emerging method of drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Physiological barriers prevent macromolecules from efficiently penetrating into the CNS after systemic administration. Perispinal injection is designed to use the cerebrospinal venous system (CSVS) to enhance delivery of drugs to the CNS. It delivers a substance into the anatomic area posterior to the ligamentum flavum, an anatomic region drained by the external vertebral venous plexus (EVVP), a division of the CSVS. Blood within the EVVP communicates with the deeper venous plexuses of the CSVS. The anatomical basis for this method originates in the detailed studies of the CSVS published in 1819 by the French anatomist Gilbert Breschet. By the turn of the century, Breschet's findings were nearly forgotten, until rediscovered by American anatomist Oscar Batson in 1940. Batson confirmed the unique, linear, bidirectional and retrograde flow of blood between the spinal and cerebral divisions of the CSVS, made possible by the absence of venous valves. Recently, additional supporting evidence was discovered in the publications of American neurologist Corning. Analysis suggests that Corning's famous first use of cocaine for spinal anesthesia in 1885 was in fact based on Breschet's anatomical findings, and accomplished by perispinal injection. The therapeutic potential of perispinal injection for CNS disorders is highlighted by the rapid neurological improvement in patients with otherwise intractable neuroinflammatory disorders that may ensue following perispinal etanercept administration. Perispinal delivery merits intense investigation as a new method of enhanced delivery of macromolecules to the CNS and related structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Lewis Tobinick
- Institute of Neurological Recovery, 2300 Glades Road, Suite 305E, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
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