701
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van Wijk F, Cheroutre H. Intestinal T cells: facing the mucosal immune dilemma with synergy and diversity. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:130-8. [PMID: 19386513 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, which represents the greatest body surface area exposed to the outside environment, is confronted with a plethora of foreign and potentially harmful antigens. Consequently, the immune system of the gut faces the daunting task of distinguishing harmless dietary proteins and commensal bacteria from potentially dangerous pathogens, and of then responding accordingly. Mucosal T cells play a central role in maintaining barrier function and controlling the delicate balance between immune activation and immune tolerance. This review will focus on the unique features of mucosal T cell subsets that reside in the epithelium and lamina propria of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke van Wijk
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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702
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Ko HJ, Yang JY, Shim DH, Yang H, Park SM, Curtiss R, Kweon MN. Innate immunity mediated by MyD88 signal is not essential for induction of lipopolysaccharide-specific B cell responses but is indispensable for protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2305-12. [PMID: 19201885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella organisms are Gram negative and facultative anaerobic bacteria that cause typhoid fever in humans. In this study, we evaluated LPS-specific adaptive immunity in innate immune-deficient mice after oral administration of attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) strains. Of interest, identical levels of LPS-specific IgG and IgA Abs were elicited in the systemic (i.e., serum and spleen) and mucosal (i.e., fecal extract and small intestine) compartments of wild-type, TLR4(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice following oral vaccination with recombinant attenuated S. Typhimurium (RASV). Depletion of CD4(+) T cells during RASV vaccination completely abrogated the generation of LPS-specific Abs in MyD88(-/-) mice. In addition, mRNA expression levels of a B cell-activating factor of the TNF family were significantly increased in the spleens of MyD88(-/-) mice after oral administration, implying that T cell-independent B cell switching might be also enhanced in the MyD88 signal-deficient condition. Of most interest, orally vaccinated MyD88(-/-) mice that possessed high levels of LPS-specific IgG and IgA, which had a neutralizing effect against Salmonella, died earlier than nonvaccinated wild-type mice following lethal oral challenge with virulent Salmonella species. These results suggest that innate immunity mediated by MyD88 signal is dispensable for induction of LPS-specific Ab responses following oral administration of attenuated Salmonella strains but indispensable for efficient protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
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703
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Martínez-Gómez F, Santiago-Rosales R, Ramón Bautista-Garfias C. Effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain intraperitoneal administration in CD1 mice on the establishment of Trichinella spiralis adult worms and on IgA anti-T. spiralis production. Vet Parasitol 2009; 162:171-5. [PMID: 19269100 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the intraperitoneal (ip) administration of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain (LcS) in CD1 mice on the establishment of Trichinella spiralis adult worms (TSAW), and on the generation of intestinal IgA anti-T. spiralis after challenge (AC) were evaluated. One hundred and twenty mice were allocated at random into two groups of 60 mice each: Treated group (T) and Non-treated group (NT). Each mouse in T group was inoculated with LcS at days -21, -14, and -7. On day 0 each mouse was challenged with 200 larvae of T. spiralis. At days 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 21, and 28 AC, six mice from each group were sacrificed to obtain TSAW. At days 7, 14, 21, and 28 IgA-s anti-T. spiralis levels in intestinal washings were evaluated by ELISA. From day five on AC, mice in LcS group showed significantly less TSAW (P<0.05) than animals from NT group. At days 7, 14, 21, and 28 AC IgA anti-T. spiralis levels were higher in mice from T group (P<0.05) than in the NT group. The results indicate that LcS inoculated into mice induces protection against T. spiralis and an increase in the production of IgA anti-T. spiralis.
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704
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Hermsen JL, Sano Y, Kudsk KA. Food fight! Parenteral nutrition, enteral stimulation and gut-derived mucosal immunity. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:17-30. [PMID: 18521625 PMCID: PMC2739933 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-008-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutrition support is an integral component of modern patient care. Type and route of nutritional support impacts clinical infectious outcomes in critically injured patients. DISCUSSION This article reviews the relationships between type and route of nutrition and gut-derived mucosal immunity in both the clinical and laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hermsen
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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705
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Taniguchi T, Harada T, Hayashi T, Tanikawa T, Kurohane K, Miyake M, Imai Y. Elevated production of Legionella-specific immunoglobulin A in A/J mice is accompanied by T-helper 1-type polarization. Immunol Lett 2008; 121:123-6. [PMID: 18973775 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (Lpn) is a Gram-negative bacterium and an intracellular parasite that causes Legionnaires' disease. Secretion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) against Lpn on the mucosal surface of the upper respiratory tract may be important as a self-defense mechanism. A/J mice have been demonstrated to be permissive as to Lpn replication in macrophages due to a natural mutation in neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein 5. We compared A/J and BALB/c mice as to IgA production after repeated intranasal immunization using a heat-killed Lpn in the presence of cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant. A/J mice secreted more Lpn-specific IgA in nasal washes than BALB/c mice. The Lpn-specific serum IgA level was also higher in A/J than BALB/c mice. Because both BALB/c and A/J mice are known to exhibit T-helper 2 (Th2)-biased immune responses, we examined whether the Lpn-specific IgA production is related to the stronger Th2 bias. There was no difference in IgG1 (Th2-controlled) while A/J mice produced more IgG2a (Th1-controlled), suggesting that the elevated IgA response was rather correlated with Th1-controlled isotype switching. Our results also suggest that A/J mice will be useful hosts for Lpn-specific IgA production such as for the preparation of IgA monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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706
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Arsenescu R, Bruno MEC, Rogier EW, Stefka AT, McMahan AE, Wright TB, Nasser MS, de Villiers WJS, Kaetzel CS. Signature biomarkers in Crohn's disease: toward a molecular classification. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:399-411. [PMID: 19079204 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop a molecular classification scheme for Crohn's disease (CD), mucosal biopsies from 69 CD patients and 28 normal controls were analyzed for expression of the RelA subunit of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, A20 (a negative regulator of NF-kappaB), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-8. Principal component analysis was used to classify individuals into three subsets based on patterns of biomarker expression. Set 1 included normal subjects and CD patients with mild disease and good responses to therapy, thus defining "normal" biomarker expression. CD patients in set 2, characterized by low expression of all five biomarkers, had moderate to severe disease and poor responses to immunosuppressive and anti-TNF therapy. Patients in set 3, characterized by low expression of RelA, A20, and pIgR, normal TNF and elevated IL-8, had acute inflammation that responded well to therapy. Classification of CD patients by these biomarkers may predict disease behavior and responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arsenescu
- Division of Digestive Diseases & Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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707
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Hajek AR, Lindley AR, Favoreto S, Carter R, Schleimer RP, Kuperman DA. 12/15-Lipoxygenase deficiency protects mice from allergic airways inflammation and increases secretory IgA levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:633-9.e3. [PMID: 18692885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) has been observed in the airways of subjects with asthma, although its physiologic role in the airways has remained largely undefined. OBJECTIVES We sought to test the hypothesis that the mouse 15-LO-1 ortholog 12/15-LO contributes to the development of allergic airways inflammation. METHODS Two models were used to evaluate wild-type and 12/15-LO-deficient mice. The systemic model involved intraperitoneal injections of allergen, and the mucosal model involved allergen exposures occurring exclusively in the airways. The systemic and mucosal-specific contributions of 12/15-LO to allergic sensitization and airways inflammation were determined by comparing the results obtained in the 2 models. RESULTS In the mucosal model 12/15-LO knockout mice were protected from the development of allergic sensitization and airways inflammation, as evidenced by circulating levels of allergen-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a; the profile of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; and the expression of cytokines and mediators in lung tissue. In the systemic model 12/15-LO knockout mice were not protected. This suggested the presence of a lung-restricted protective role for 12/15-LO deficiency that was potentially accounted for by increased activation of mucosal B cells and increased production of the known mucosal-specific protective mediator secretory IgA. CONCLUSIONS Induction of 15-LO-1 in asthma might contribute to allergic sensitization and airways inflammation, potentially by causing suppression of secretory IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Hajek
- Department of Medicine, Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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708
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Abstract
The gut mucosa is exposed to a large community of commensal bacteria that are required for the processing of nutrients and the education of the local immune system. Conversely, the gut immune system generates innate and adaptive responses that shape the composition of the local microbiota. One striking feature of intestinal adaptive immunity is its ability to generate massive amounts of noninflammatory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies through multiple follicular and extrafollicular pathways that operate in the presence or absence of cognate T-B cell interactions. Here we discuss the role of intestinal IgA in host-commensal mutualism, immune protection, and tolerance and summarize recent advances on the role of innate immune cells in intestinal IgA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerutti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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709
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Bourges D, Meurens F, Berri M, Chevaleyre C, Zanello G, Levast B, Melo S, Gerdts V, Salmon H. New insights into the dual recruitment of IgA+ B cells in the developing mammary gland. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3354-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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710
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Abstract
IgA class switching is the process whereby B cells acquire the expression of IgA, the most abundant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions. IgA class switching occurs via both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent pathways, and the antibody targets both pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. This Review describes recent advances indicating that innate immune recognition of microbial signatures at the epithelial-cell barrier is central to the selective induction of mucosal IgA class switching. In addition, the mechanisms of IgA class switching at follicular and extrafollicular sites within the mucosal environment are summarized. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help in the development of more effective mucosal vaccines.
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711
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Haynes BF, Shattock RJ. Critical issues in mucosal immunity for HIV-1 vaccine development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:3-9; quiz 10-1. [PMID: 18468671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective vaccine for HIV-1 infection is a critical global priority. However, the nature of host-virus interactions that lead to early immunosuppression and CD4 depletion, HIV-1 diversity, and the inability of the immune system to eliminate the latently infected CD4 pool of cells has to date thwarted successful vaccine development. Moreover, both the initial antibody-inducing vaccine (protein envelope gp120) and cell-mediated vaccine (recombinant adenovirus containing HIV-1 genes) strategies have failed in efficacy trials, and the latter cell-mediated vaccine appeared to have caused enhanced HIV-1 acquisition. Thus basic and translational research to understand why current vaccines have failed and elucidation of new mechanisms of virus control at mucosal surfaces is essential for eventual successful development of a preventive HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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712
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Pabst R, Russell MW, Brandtzaeg P. Tissue distribution of lymphocytes and plasma cells and the role of the gut. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:206-8; author reply 209-10. [PMID: 18394963 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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713
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The Society for Mucosal Immunology and Nature Publishing Group bring you Mucosal Immunology. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:5-7. [PMID: 19079154 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2007.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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714
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Brandtzaeg P, Kiyono H, Pabst R, Russell MW. Terminology: nomenclature of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:31-7. [PMID: 19079158 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2007.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of mucosal immunity has great potential in vaccinology and immunotherapy. However, the mucosal immune system is more complex than the systemic counterpart, both in terms of anatomy (inductive and effector tissues) and effectors (cells and molecules). Therefore, immunologists entering this field need a precise terminology as a crucial means of communication. Abbreviations for mucosal immune-function molecules related to the secretory immunoglobulin A system were defined by the Society for Mucosal Immunolgy Nomenclature Committee in 1997, and are briefly recapitulated in this article. In addition, we recommend and justify standard nomenclature and abbreviations for discrete mucosal immune-cell compartments, belonging to, and beyond, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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