701
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Lu RM, Hwang YC, Liu IJ, Lee CC, Tsai HZ, Li HJ, Wu HC. Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:1. [PMID: 31894001 PMCID: PMC6939334 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1046] [Impact Index Per Article: 261.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than three decades since the first monoclonal antibody was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 1986, and during this time, antibody engineering has dramatically evolved. Current antibody drugs have increasingly fewer adverse effects due to their high specificity. As a result, therapeutic antibodies have become the predominant class of new drugs developed in recent years. Over the past five years, antibodies have become the best-selling drugs in the pharmaceutical market, and in 2018, eight of the top ten bestselling drugs worldwide were biologics. The global therapeutic monoclonal antibody market was valued at approximately US$115.2 billion in 2018 and is expected to generate revenue of $150 billion by the end of 2019 and $300 billion by 2025. Thus, the market for therapeutic antibody drugs has experienced explosive growth as new drugs have been approved for treating various human diseases, including many cancers, autoimmune, metabolic and infectious diseases. As of December 2019, 79 therapeutic mAbs have been approved by the US FDA, but there is still significant growth potential. This review summarizes the latest market trends and outlines the preeminent antibody engineering technologies used in the development of therapeutic antibody drugs, such as humanization of monoclonal antibodies, phage display, the human antibody mouse, single B cell antibody technology, and affinity maturation. Finally, future applications and perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Min Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chyi Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chiu Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Zen Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,, 128 Academia Rd., Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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702
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Peters R, Stevenson M. Immunological detection of Zika virus: A summary in the context of general viral diagnostics. J Microbiol Methods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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703
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Liu M, Lutz H, Zhu D, Huang K, Li Z, Dinh PC, Gao J, Zhang Y, Cheng K. Bispecific Antibody Inhalation Therapy for Redirecting Stem Cells from the Lungs to Repair Heart Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2002127. [PMID: 33437573 PMCID: PMC7788635 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for cardiac repair. However, clinical efficacy is hampered by poor cell engraftment and the elusive repair mechanisms of the transplanted stem cells. The lung is a reservoir of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and a major biogenesis site for platelets. A strategy is sought to redirect lung resident stem cells to the injured heart for therapeutic repair after myocardial infarction (MI). To achieve this goal, CD34-CD42b platelet-targeting bispecific antibodies (PT-BsAbs) are designed to simultaneously recognize HSCs (via CD34) and platelets (via CD42b). After inhalation delivery, PT-BsAbs reach the lungs and conjoined HSCs and platelets. Due to the innate injury-finding ability of platelets, PT-BsAbs guide lung HSCs to the injured heart after MI. The redirected HSCs promote endogenous repair, leading to increased cardiac function. The repair mechanism involves angiomyogenesis and inflammation modulation. In addition, the inhalation route is superior to the intravenous route to deliver PT-BsAbs in terms of the HSCs' homing ability and therapeutic benefits. This work demonstrates that this novel inhalable antibody therapy, which harnesses platelets derived from the lungs, contributes to potent stem cell redirection and heart repair. This strategy is safe and effective in a mouse model of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Liu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Halle Lutz
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Phuong‐Uyen C. Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
- Comparative Medicine InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Junqing Gao
- Department of CardiologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of CardiologyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
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704
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Jost C, Darowski D, Challier J, Pulko V, Hanisch LJ, Xu W, Mössner E, Bujotzek A, Klostermann S, Umana P, Kontermann RE, Klein C. CAR-J cells for antibody discovery and lead optimization of TCR-like immunoglobulins. MAbs 2020; 12:1840709. [PMID: 33136521 PMCID: PMC7646475 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1840709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) are a novel class of engineered immunoglobulins that unite monovalent binding to the T-cell receptor (TCR) CD3e chain and bivalent binding to tumor-associated antigens in order to recruit and activate T-cells for tumor cell killing. In vivo, T-cell activation is usually initiated via the interaction of the TCR with the peptide-HLA complex formed by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and peptides derived from intracellular proteins. TCR-like antibodies (TCRLs) that recognize pHLA-epitopes extend the target space of TCBs to peptides derived from intracellular proteins, such as those overexpressed during oncogenesis or created via mutations found in cancer. One challenge during lead identification of TCRL-TCBs is to identify TCRLs that specifically, and ideally exclusively, recognize the desired pHLA, but not unrelated pHLAs. In order to identify TCRLs suitable for TCRL-TCBs, large numbers of TCRLs have to be tested in the TCB format. Here, we propose a novel approach using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to facilitate the identification of highly selective TCRLs. In this new so-called TCRL-CAR-J approach, TCRL-candidates are transduced as CARs into Jurkat reporter-cells, and subsequently assessed for their specificity profile. This work demonstrates that the CAR-J reporter-cell assay can be applied to predict the profile of TCRL-TCBs without the need to produce each candidate in the final TCB format. It is therefore useful in streamlining the identification of TCRL-TCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jost
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Athebio AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Darowski
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - John Challier
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Vesna Pulko
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Lydia J Hanisch
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Wei Xu
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Mössner
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klostermann
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
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705
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Zhang C, Pu K. Molecular and nanoengineering approaches towards activatable cancer immunotherapy. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4234-4253. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00773c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the development of activatable immunotherapeutic nanoagents that activate antitumor immunity only in response to internal or external stimuli, which potentially enhance patient response rates while reducing immune-related adverse events during cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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706
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Pan L, Cao C, Run C, Zhou L, Chou JJ. DNA-Mediated Assembly of Multispecific Antibodies for T Cell Engaging and Tumor Killing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1900973. [PMID: 31993277 PMCID: PMC6974939 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeting T-cells against cancer cells is a direct means of treating cancer, and has already shown great responses in clinical treatment of B-cell malignancies. A simple way to redirect T-cells to cancer cells is by using multispecific antibody (MsAb) that contains different arms for specifically "grabbing" the T-cells and cancer cells; as such, the T-cells are activated upon target engagement and the killing begins. Here, a nucleic acid mediated protein-protein assembly (NAPPA) approach is implemented to construct a MsAb for T-cell engaging and tumor killing. Anti -CD19 and -CD3 single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are conjugated to different l-DNAs with sequences that form the Holliday junction, thus allowing spontaneous assembly of homogeneous protein-DNA oligomers containing two anti-CD19 and one anti-CD3 scFvs. The new MsAb shows strong efficacy in inducing Raji tumor cell cytotoxicity in the presence of T-cells with EC50 ≈ 0.2 × 10-9 m; it also suppresses tumor growth in a Raji xenograft mouse model. The data indicates that MsAbs assembled from protein-DNA conjugates are effective macromolecules for directing T-cells for tumor killing. The modular nature of the NAPPA platform allows rapid generation of complex MsAbs from simple antibody fragments, while offering a general solution for preparing antibodies with high-order specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐cancer Drug ResearchCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang University310058HangzhouChina
| | - Chan Cao
- Assembly Medicine, LLCShanghai201203China
| | | | | | - James J. Chou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
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707
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Mhibik M, Wiestner A, Sun C. Harnessing the Effects of BTKi on T Cells for Effective Immunotherapy against CLL. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010068. [PMID: 31861854 PMCID: PMC6981459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and tumor–microenvironment crosstalk both drive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis. Within the microenvironment, tumor cells shape the T-cell compartment, which in turn supports tumor growth and survival. Targeting BCR signaling using Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) has become a highly successful treatment modality for CLL. Ibrutinib, the first-in-class BTKi, also inhibits Tec family kinases such as interleukin-2–inducible kinase (ITK), a proximal member of the T-cell receptor signaling cascade. It is increasingly recognized that ibrutinib modulates the T-cell compartment of patients with CLL. Understanding these T-cell changes is important for immunotherapy-based approaches aiming to increase the depth of response and to prevent or treat the emergence of resistant disease. Ibrutinib has been shown to improve T-cell function in CLL, resulting in the expansion of memory T cells, Th1 polarization, reduced expression of inhibitory receptors and improved immune synapse formation between T cells and CLL cells. Investigating the modulation of BTKi on the T-cell antitumoral function, and having a more complete understanding of changes in T cell behavior and function during treatment with BTKi therapy will inform the design of immunotherapy-based combination approaches and increase the efficacy of CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clare Sun
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-402-1806
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708
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Rader C. Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 65:9-16. [PMID: 31841859 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among antibody-based cancer therapies, bispecific antibodies (biAbs) have gained momentum in preclinical and clinical investigations following the regulatory approvals of the trailblazing T-cell engaging biAb (T-biAb) blinatumomab. Discussed herein are recent strategies that aim at boosting the potency and mitigating the toxicity of T-biAbs, broadening their therapeutic utility from hematologic to solid malignancies, and generating T-biAbs in situ. In cancer immunotherapy, T-biAbs are facing fierce competition with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts), a battle for clinical and commercial viability that will be closely watched. However, innovative combinations of T-biAbs and CAR-Ts have also transpired. NK-cell engaging biAbs (NK-biAbs) are reemerging as an alternative that addresses liabilities of T-biAbs. Beyond NK-biAbs, other biAbs designed to recruit cellular and molecular components of the innate immune system will be covered in this reflection on new tools, technologies, and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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709
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Jedlitzke B, Yilmaz Z, Dörner W, Mootz HD. Photobodies: Light‐Activatable Single‐Domain Antibody Fragments. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Jedlitzke
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Muenster Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Zahide Yilmaz
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Muenster Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dörner
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Muenster Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Henning D. Mootz
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Muenster Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2 48149 Münster Germany
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710
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Zhang H, Deng M, Pei F, Wang S, Ho M. Next-Generation Antibody Therapeutics: Discovery, Development and Beyond: highlights of the third annual conference of the Chinese Antibody Society. Antib Ther 2019; 2:99-107. [PMID: 31942535 PMCID: PMC6947846 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese Antibody Society (CAS) convened the third annual conference in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA on April 7, 2019. More than 600 global members attended the meeting. The theme of this conference was Next-Generation Antibody Therapeutics: Discovery, Development and Beyond. The meeting covered a vast variety of topics including cancer immunotherapy, single-domain antibodies as well as bispecific antibodies, immunotoxins, transgenic mouse platforms for next-generation monoclonal antibody discovery and antibody chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMCs). Two hot topics were comprehensively discussed by the prestigious panelists and hosts at the panel discussions during the conferences, i.e., bispecific antibodies and antibody CMC. Statement of Significance: The Chinese Antibody Society convened the third annual conference in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA on 7 April 2019. The meeting covered a variety of topics, including cancer immunotherapy, single-domain antibody, bispecific antibody, immunotoxin, transgenic mouse platforms for next-generation monoclonal antibody discovery and antibody CMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Fen Pei
- BioLegend, 8999 BioLegend Way, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Shouye Wang
- Chinese Antibody Society, 955 Massachusetts Ave #276, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- NCI Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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711
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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712
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Li H, Li Y, Wang C, Wang S, Ho M. Highlights of 2019 Protein Engineering Summit (PEGS) in Boston, USA: Advancing Antibody-Based Cancer Therapies to the Clinic. Antib Ther 2019; 2:79-87. [PMID: 31844838 PMCID: PMC6913531 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 15th Annual Protein Engineering Summit (PEGS) organized by Cambridge Healthtech Institute was held in Boston, USA, from 8 to 12 April 2019. This report highlights the presentations in the Oncology Stream of this meeting with a focus on bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). A variety of BsAb formats with different target antigens (CD3, CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, EGFR, HER2, BCMA, CD19, CD20, CD38, CD123, TGFβ, PSMA, etc.) have been discussed, in which the T-cell engaging (anti-CD3) BsAb is the most studied construct to exhibit promising immunotherapeutic activities. The BsAb formats include IgG-like structures or antibody fragments composed of antigen-binding sites only. Preclinical and clinical data from different BsAbs demonstrated the potential therapeutic applications in various solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The ongoing development of BsAb formats will help overcome current clinical issues, such as tumor selectivity and antigen coverage. This report also covers several presentations about emerging targets (e.g. mesothelin, CD47) and new technologies in the field of antibody engineering and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Klus Pharma, 8 Clarke Drive, Cranbury NJ 08512, USA
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- CoWin Venture, Taikang Financial Tower 2917, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Shouye Wang
- Chinese Antibody Society, 955 Massachusetts Ave #276, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- NCI Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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713
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Schadt S, Hauri S, Lopes F, Edelmann MR, Staack RF, Villaseñor R, Kettenberger H, Roth AB, Schuler F, Richter WF, Funk C. Are Biotransformation Studies of Therapeutic Proteins Needed? Scientific Considerations and Technical Challenges. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1443-1456. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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714
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Targeting Negative and Positive Immune Checkpoints with Monoclonal Antibodies in Therapy of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111756. [PMID: 31717326 PMCID: PMC6895894 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoints are regulatory molecules that maintain immune homeostasis in physiological conditions. By sending T cells a series of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals via receptors, immune checkpoints can both protect healthy tissues from adaptive immune response and activate lymphocytes to remove pathogens effectively. However, due to their mode of action, suppressive immune checkpoints may serve as unwanted protection for cancer cells. To restore the functioning of the immune system and make the patient’s immune cells able to recognize and destroy tumors, monoclonal antibodies are broadly used in cancer immunotherapy to block the suppressive or to stimulate the positive immune checkpoints. In this review, we aim to present the current state of application of monoclonal antibodies in clinics, used either as single agents or in a combined treatment. We discuss the limitations of these therapies and possible problem-solving with combined treatment approaches involving both non-biological and biological agents. We also highlight the most promising strategies based on the use of monoclonal or bispecific antibodies targeted on immune checkpoints other than currently implemented in clinics.
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715
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Kuhlman B. Designing protein structures and complexes with the molecular modeling program Rosetta. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19436-19443. [PMID: 31699898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aw119.008144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins perform an amazingly diverse set of functions in all aspects of life. Critical to the function of many proteins are the highly specific three-dimensional structures they adopt. For this reason, there is strong interest in learning how to rationally design proteins that adopt user-defined structures. Over the last 25 years, there has been significant progress in the field of computational protein design as rotamer-based sequence optimization protocols have enabled accurate design of protein tertiary and quaternary structure. In this award article, I will summarize how the molecular modeling program Rosetta is used to design new protein structures and describe how we have taken advantage of this capability to create proteins that have important applications in research and medicine. I will highlight three protein design stories: the use of protein interface design to create therapeutic bispecific antibodies, the engineering of light-inducible proteins that can be used to recruit proteins to specific locations in the cell, and the de novo design of new protein structures from pieces of naturally occurring proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260 .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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716
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Faricimab: expanding horizon beyond VEGF. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:802-804. [PMID: 31695160 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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717
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Egri N, Ortiz de Landazuri I, San Bartolomé C, Ortega JR, Español-Rego M, Juan M. CART manufacturing process and reasons for academy-pharma collaboration. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:39-48. [PMID: 31669547 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of genetically engineered T-cells modified with a chimeric antigen receptor as an adoptive cell immunotherapy and the subsequent last regulatory approvals of products based on this therapy are leading to a crescent number of both academic and pharmaceutical industry clinical trials testing new approaches of this "living drugs". The aim of this review is to outline the latest developments and regulatory considerations in this field, with a particular emphasis to differences and similarities between academic and industry approaches and the role they should play to coexist and move forward together. To do that, the main considerations for the manufacturing process are firstly discussed, from the chimeric antigen receptor design to final production steps, passing through ex vivo T-cell handling, gene delivery methods, patient´s final product infusion observations or possible associated side effects of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Egri
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (HCB), University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ortiz de Landazuri
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (HCB), University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara San Bartolomé
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (HCB), University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Ramón Ortega
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (HCB), University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Español-Rego
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (HCB), University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (HCB), University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona (UB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST) - HCB Immunotherapy Platform Barcelona, Spain.
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718
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Gorovits B, Peng K, Kromminga A. Current Considerations on Characterization of Immune Response to Multi-Domain Biotherapeutics. BioDrugs 2019; 34:39-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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719
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Lee HY, Register A, Shim J, Contreras E, Wu Q, Jiang G. Characterization of a single reporter-gene potency assay for T-cell-dependent bispecific molecules. MAbs 2019; 11:1245-1253. [PMID: 31348721 PMCID: PMC6748617 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1640548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell-dependent bispecific antibodies (TDBs) are promising cancer immunotherapies that recruit patients' T cells to kill cancer cells. There are many TDBs in clinical trials, demonstrating their widely recognized therapeutic potential. However, their complex, multi-step mechanism of action (MoA), which includes bispecific antigen binding, T-cell activation, and target-cell killing, presents unique challenges for biological characterization and potency assay selection. Here, we describe the development of a single reporter-gene potency assay for a TDB (TDB1) that is MoA reflective and sensitive to binding of both antigens. Our reporter-gene assay measures T-cell activation using Jurkat cells engineered to express luciferase under the control of an NFkB response element. The potencies of select samples were measured both by this assay and by a flow-cytometry-based cell-killing assay using human lymphocytes as effector cells. Correlating the two sets of potency results clearly establishes our reporter-gene assay as MoA reflective. Furthermore, correlating potencies for the same panel of samples against binding data measured by binding assays for each individual arm demonstrates that the reporter-gene potency assay reflects dual-antigen binding and can detect changes in affinity for either arm. This work demonstrates that one reporter-gene assay can be used to measure the potency of TDB1 while capturing key aspects of its MoA, thus serving as a useful case study of selection and justification of reporter-gene potency assays for TDBs. Furthermore, our strategy of correlating reporter-gene potency, target-cell killing, and antigen binding for each individual arm serves as a useful example of a thorough, holistic approach to biological characterization for TDBs that can be applied to other bispecific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Lee
- Biological Technologies, Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, A member of the Roche group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ames Register
- Biological Technologies, Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, A member of the Roche group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeongsup Shim
- Biological Technologies, Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, A member of the Roche group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward Contreras
- Biological Technologies, Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, A member of the Roche group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Wu
- Biological Technologies, Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, A member of the Roche group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guoying Jiang
- Biological Technologies, Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, A member of the Roche group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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720
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NK Cells in the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101557. [PMID: 31569769 PMCID: PMC6832953 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have the innate ability to kill cancer cells, however, tumor cells may acquire the capability of evading the immune response, thereby leading to malignancies. Restoring or potentiation of this natural antitumor activity of NK cells has become a relevant therapeutic approach in cancer and, particularly, in hematological cancers. The use of tumor-specific antibodies that promote antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) through the ligation of CD16 receptor on NK cells has become standard for many hematologic malignancies. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is another key therapeutic strategy that harnesses the alloreactivity of NK cells against cancer cells. This strategy may be refined by adoptive transfer of NK cells that may be previously expanded, activated, or redirected (chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells) against cancer cells. The antitumor activity of NK cells can also be boosted by cytokines or immunostimulatory drugs such as lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Finally, targeting immunosubversive mechanisms developed by hematological cancers and, in particular, using antibodies that block NK cell inhibitory receptors and checkpoint proteins are novel promising therapeutic approaches in these malignant diseases.
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721
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Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Scorilas A, Gonçalves AC, Efferth T, Trougakos IP. The emergence of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies: Clinical evidence. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 47:100646. [PMID: 31733611 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many decades classical anti-tumor therapies included chemotherapy, radiation and surgery; however, in the last two decades, following the identification of the genomic drivers and main hallmarks of cancer, the introduction of therapies that target specific tumor-promoting oncogenic or non-oncogenic pathways, has revolutionized cancer therapeutics. Despite the significant progress in cancer therapy, clinical oncologists are often facing the primary impediment of anticancer drug resistance, as many cancer patients display either intrinsic chemoresistance from the very beginning of the therapy or after initial responses and upon repeated drug treatment cycles, acquired drug resistance develops and thus relapse emerges, resulting in increased mortality. Our attempts to understand the molecular basis underlying these drug resistance phenotypes in pre-clinical models and patient specimens revealed the extreme plasticity and adaptive pathways employed by tumor cells, being under sustained stress and extensive genomic/proteomic instability due to the applied therapeutic regimens. Subsequent efforts have yielded more effective inhibitors and combinatorial approaches (e.g. the use of specific pharmacologic inhibitors with immunotherapy) that exhibit synergistic effects against tumor cells, hence enhancing therapeutic indices. Furthermore, new advanced methodologies that allow for the early detection of genetic/epigenetic alterations that lead to drug chemoresistance and prospective validation of biomarkers which identify patients that will benefit from certain drug classes, have started to improve the clinical outcome. This review discusses emerging principles of drug resistance to cancer therapies targeting a wide array of oncogenic kinases, along with hedgehog pathway and the proteasome and apoptotic inducers, as well as epigenetic and metabolic modulators. We further discuss mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors, potential biomarkers of drug response/drug resistance, along with possible new therapeutic avenues for the clinicians to combat devastating drug resistant malignancies. It is foreseen that these topics will be major areas of focused multidisciplinary translational research in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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722
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Hofland T, Eldering E, Kater AP, Tonino SH. Engaging Cytotoxic T and NK Cells for Immunotherapy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4315. [PMID: 31484424 PMCID: PMC6747204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by an acquired immune dysfunction. CLL cells affect the phenotype and function of the entire spectrum of innate and adaptive immune cells, including monocytes, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, leading to a tumor-supportive environment and reduced immunosurveillance. Novel immunotherapies like immune checkpoint blockade, bi- and tri-specific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells use the patients' immune system to induce therapeutic responses. Although these novel immunotherapies showed impressive results in several B cell lymphomas, responses in CLL were often disappointing. The strong immunomodulatory effect of CLL is believed to play a pivotal role in the low response rates to these immunotherapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize how CLL influences the function of non-malignant lymphocytes, with a special focus on T and NK cells, two important cellular mediators for immunotherapy. Secondly, we provide a short overview of the activity of several immunotherapeutics in CLL, and discuss how novel strategies may overcome the disappointing response rates in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hofland
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Tonino
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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723
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Mittal D, Vijayan D, Neijssen J, Kreijtz J, Habraken MMJM, Van Eenennaam H, Van Elsas A, Smyth MJ. Blockade of ErbB2 and PD-L1 using a bispecific antibody to improve targeted anti-ErbB2 therapy. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1648171. [PMID: 31646095 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1648171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2/ErbB2)-positive metastatic breast cancer patients are refractory to Her2-targeted trastuzumab-like therapy. Some of this resistance has been attributed to the upregulation of immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1 in Her2-positive breast cancer patients. Therefore, therapies targeting both the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and oncogenic Her2 signaling are of significant clinical interest. Here, we constructed a mouse bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and rat Her2 (referred to as BsPD-L1xrErbB2) aiming to redirect the anti-PD-L1 response toward Her2-expressing tumor cells. BsPD-L1xrErbB2 demonstrated additive binding to interferon (IFN)-γ treated Her2+ TUBO tumor cells, but it did not affect the proliferation of tumor cells in-vitro. BsPD-L1xrErbB2 also blocked the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. This bispecific antibody was constructed with a mouse IgG2a Fc backbone and interacted with Fcγ receptors and resulted in complement deposition (C3). ADCC and complement action could be potential mechanisms of action of this molecule. BsPD-L1xrErbB2 successfully reduced TUBO tumor growth and increased tumor rejection rate compared to the monovalent anti-PD-L1, monovalent anti-ErbB2 or the combination of anti-PD-L1 and anti-ErbB2 monotherapies. The enhanced anti-tumor effect of BsPD-L1xrErbB2 was dependent on CD8+ T lymphocytes and IFN-γ, as depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes and neutralization of IFN-γ completely abolished the antitumor activity of the bispecific antibody. Consistently, BsPD-L1xrErbB2 treatment also increased the frequency of intratumor CD8+ T lymphocytes. Taken together, our data support a bispecific antibody approach to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade in Her2-positive metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Mittal
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland Australia
| | - Dipti Vijayan
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland Australia
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724
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Strohl WR, Naso M. Bispecific T-Cell Redirection versus Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells as Approaches to Kill Cancer Cells. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E41. [PMID: 31544847 PMCID: PMC6784091 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concepts for T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies (TRBAs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are both at least 30 years old but both platforms are just now coming into age. Two TRBAs and two CAR-T cell products have been approved by major regulatory agencies within the last ten years for the treatment of hematological cancers and an additional 53 TRBAs and 246 CAR cell constructs are in clinical trials today. Two major groups of TRBAs include small, short-half-life bispecific antibodies that include bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTE®s) which require continuous dosing and larger, mostly IgG-like bispecific antibodies with extended pharmacokinetics that can be dosed infrequently. Most CAR-T cells today are autologous, although significant strides are being made to develop off-the-shelf, allogeneic CAR-based products. CAR-Ts form a cytolytic synapse with target cells that is very different from the classical immune synapse both physically and mechanistically, whereas the TRBA-induced synapse is similar to the classic immune synapse. Both TRBAs and CAR-T cells are highly efficacious in clinical trials but both also present safety concerns, particularly with cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. New formats and dosing paradigms for TRBAs and CAR-T cells are being developed in efforts to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity, as well as to optimize use with both solid and hematologic tumors, both of which present significant challenges such as target heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Strohl
- BiStro Biotech Consulting, LLC, 1086 Tullo Farm Rd., Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
| | - Michael Naso
- Century Therapeutics, 3675 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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725
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are immunoglobulins designed to target a specific epitope on an antigen. Immunoglobulins of identical amino-acid sequence were originally produced by hybridomas grown in culture and, subsequently, by recombinant DNA technology using mammalian cell expression systems. The antigen-binding region of the mAb is formed by the variable domains of the heavy and light chains and contains the complementarity-determining region that imparts the high specificity for the target antigen. The pharmacokinetics of mAbs involves target-mediated and non-target-related factors that influence their disposition.Preclinical safety evaluation of mAbs differs substantially from that of small molecular (chemical) entities. Immunogenicity of mAbs has implications for their pharmacokinetics and safety. Early studies of mAbs in humans require careful consideration of the most suitable study population, route/s of administration, starting dose, study design and the potential difference in pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects compared to patients expressing the target antigen.Of the ever-increasing diversity of therapeutic indications for mAbs, we have concentrated on two that have proved dramatically successful. The contribution that mAbs have made to the treatment of inflammatory conditions, in particular arthritides and inflammatory bowel disease, has been nothing short of revolutionary. Their benefit has also been striking in the treatment of solid tumours and, most recently, as immunotherapy for a wide variety of cancers. Finally, we speculate on the future with various new approaches to the development of therapeutic antibodies.
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