751
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Möckel R, Babaoglu E, Hilt G. Iodine(III)-Mediated Electrochemical Trifluoroethoxylactonisation: Rational Reaction Optimisation and Prediction of Mediator Activity. Chemistry 2018; 24:15781-15785. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Möckel
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Oldenburg; Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Emre Babaoglu
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Oldenburg; Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Oldenburg; Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
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752
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Levitskiy OA, Dulov DA, Nikitin OM, Bogdanov AV, Eremin DB, Paseshnichenko KA, Magdesieva TV. Competitive Routes for Electrochemical Oxidation of Substituted Diarylamines: the Guidelines. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Levitskiy
- Lomonosov Moscow State University; Chemistry Dept.; Leninskie Gory 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Dulov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University; Chemistry Dept.; Leninskie Gory 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Oleg M. Nikitin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University; Chemistry Dept.; Leninskie Gory 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexey V. Bogdanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University; Chemistry Dept.; Leninskie Gory 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Eremin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47; Moscow Russia
| | | | - Tatiana V. Magdesieva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University; Chemistry Dept.; Leninskie Gory 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russia
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753
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Liu Q, Sun B, Liu Z, Kao Y, Dong BW, Jiang SD, Li F, Liu G, Yang Y, Mo F. A general electrochemical strategy for the Sandmeyer reaction. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8731-8737. [PMID: 30627393 PMCID: PMC6289102 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03346c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a general electrochemical strategy for the Sandmeyer reaction.
Herein we report a general electrochemical strategy for the Sandmeyer reaction. Using electricity as the driving force, this protocol employs a simple and inexpensive halogen source, such as NBS, CBrCl3, CH2I2, CCl4, LiCl and NaBr for the halogenation of aryl diazonium salts. In addition, we found that these electrochemical reactions could be performed using anilines as the starting material in a one-pot fashion. Furthermore, the practicality of this process was demonstrated in the multigram scale synthesis of aryl halides using highly inexpensive graphite as the electrode. A series of detailed mechanism studies have been performed, including radical clock and radical scavenger study, cyclic voltammetry analysis and in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Liu
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering , College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Beiqi Sun
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering , College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Zheng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yi Kao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Bo-Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
| | - Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering , College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
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754
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Dehydrogenative reagent-free annulation of alkenes with diols for the synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3551. [PMID: 30177691 PMCID: PMC6120897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrogenative annulation reactions are among the most straightforward and efficient approach for the preparation of cyclic structures. However, the applications of this strategy for the synthesis of saturated heterocycles have been rare. In addition, reported dehydrogenative bond-forming reactions commonly employ stoichiometric chemical oxidants, the use of which reduces the sustainability of the synthesis and brings safety and environmental issues. Herein, we report an organocatalyzed electrochemical dehydrogenative annulation reaction of alkenes with 1,2- and 1,3-diols for the synthesis of 1,4-dioxane and 1,4-dioxepane derivatives. The combination of electrochemistry and redox catalysis using an organic catalyst allows the electrosynthesis to proceed under transition metal- and oxidizing reagent-free conditions. In addition, the electrolytic method has a broad substrate scope and is compatible with many common functional groups, providing an efficient and straightforward access to functionalized 1,4-dioxane and 1,4-dioxepane products with diverse substitution patterns. Dehydrogenative annulation is a valuable approach to heterocycles, however, stoichiometric oxidants are often required. Here, the authors describe the electrochemical dehydrogenative annulation of diols and alkenes to generate dioxanes and dioxepanes under metal- and oxidant-free conditions.
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755
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Balandeh M, Rios A, Allison N, Shirazi D, Gomez A, Rambaran L, Holloway T, Sadeghi S. Electrochemical Flash Fluorination and Radiofluorination. ChemElectroChem 2018; 5:3353-3356. [PMID: 31475090 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new method for rapid late-stage fluorination using the cation pool technique is presented. Fluorination and no-carrier-added radiofluorination of methyl (phenylthio) acetate, methyl 2-(methylthio) acetate, and methyl 2-(ethylthio) acetate were performed. The carbocations formed through electrochemical oxidation were stabilized by using a divided electrochemical cell and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) as the solvent at -20 °C. At the end of electrolysis, either stable-isotope [19F]fluoride or no-carrier-added radioactive [18F]fluoride was added to the reaction mixture to form the fluorinated or radiofluorinated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Balandeh
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Alejandra Rios
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Nathanael Allison
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Daniela Shirazi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Adrian Gomez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Laura Rambaran
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Travis Holloway
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Saman Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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756
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Yang QL, Wang XY, Lu JY, Zhang LP, Fang P, Mei TS. Copper-Catalyzed Electrochemical C-H Amination of Arenes with Secondary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11487-11494. [PMID: 30165030 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation represents an environmentally friendly solution to conventional methods that require caustic stoichiometric chemical oxidants. However, C-H functionalizations merging transition-metal catalysis and electrochemical techniques are, to date, largely confined to the use of precious metals and divided cells. Herein, we report the first examples of copper-catalyzed electrochemical C-H aminations of arenes at room temperature using undivided electrochemical cells, thereby providing a practical solution for the construction of arylamines. The use of n-Bu4NI as a redox mediator is crucial for this transformation. On the basis of mechanistic studies including kinetic profiles, isotope effects, cyclic voltammetric analyses, and radical inhibition experiments, the reaction appears to proceed via a single-electron-transfer (SET) process, and a high valent Cu(III) species is likely involved. These findings provide a new avenue for transition-metal-catalyzed electrochemical C-H functionalization reactions using redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jia-Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Li-Pu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
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757
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Lips S, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Regioselektive metall‐ und reagenzfreie Arylierung von Benzothiophenen durch dehydrierende Elektrosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Deutschland
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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758
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Lips S, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Regioselective Metal- and Reagent-Free Arylation of Benzothiophenes by Dehydrogenative Electrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13325-13329. [PMID: 30101511 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for the synthesis of biaryls consisting of a benzothiophene and a phenol moiety is reported. These heterobiaryls are of utmost interest for pharmaceutical, biological, and high-performance optoelectronic applications. The metal- and reagent-free, electrosynthetic, and highly efficient method enables the generation of 2- and 3-(hydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thiophenes in a regioselective fashion. The described one-step synthesis is easy to conduct, scalable, and inherently safe. The products are afforded in high yields of up to 88 % and with exquisite selectivity. The reaction also features a broad scope and tolerates a large variety of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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759
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Meyer TH, Oliveira JCA, Sau SC, Ang NWJ, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative Allene Annulations by Mild Cobalt-Catalyzed C–H Activation. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samaresh Chandra Sau
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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760
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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761
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Sauermann N, Meyer TH, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Cobalt-Catalyzed C−H Activation. Chemistry 2018; 24:16209-16217. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Tamarelli, 10 27100 Pavia Italy
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762
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Ahmed N, Khatoon S. Facile Electrochemical Intramolecular Amination of Urea-Tethered Terminal Alkenes for the Synthesis of Cyclic Ureas. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:576-582. [PMID: 30083492 PMCID: PMC6070678 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Facile intramolecular amination of unactivated alkenes has been achieved by using electricity as a catalyst that helps to generate an intermediate and accelerates formation of cyclic ureas in high yields. Using this method, no metal catalysts were used. During electrolysis, a nitrogen radical was formed at the urea substrate that cyclised with the alkene and generated a terminal carbon radical which further formed a bond with the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl radical (TEMPO). This method of electrolysis not only gives cyclic ureas but also functionalises terminal unactivated alkenes. This method can be considered to be environmentally friendly given that it avoids the issues of toxicity or complicated metal ligands and could therefore be potentially employed in green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Saira Khatoon
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3ATUK
- Department of ChemistryQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad45320Pakistan
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763
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Hou ZW, Yan H, Song JS, Xu HC. Electrochemical Synthesis of (Aza)indolinesviaDehydrogenative [3+2] Annulation: Application to Total Synthesis of (±)-Hinckdentine A. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Jin-Shuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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764
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Lielpetere A, Jirgensons A. Carbenium ion formation by fragmentation of electrochemically generated oxonium ions. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5094-5096. [PMID: 29971288 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation of electrochemically generated oxonium ions can be exploited to form carbenium ions at a low oxidation potential in the presence of a nucleophile. The application of this concept is demonstrated for the allylation of carbenium ions generated by the anodic oxidation of stannylmethylethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lielpetere
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.
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765
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Gieshoff T, Trieu V, Heijl J, Waldvogel SR. Direct electrochemical generation of organic carbonates by dehydrogenative coupling. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1578-1582. [PMID: 30013685 PMCID: PMC6037012 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic carbonates are an important source for polycarbonate synthesis. However, their synthesis generally requires phosgene, sophisticated catalysts, harsh reaction conditions, or other highly reactive chemicals. We present the first direct electrochemical generation of mesityl methyl carbonate by C–H activation. Although this reaction pathway is still challenging concerning scope and efficiency, it outlines a new strategy for carbonate generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tile Gieshoff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vinh Trieu
- Covestro AG, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jan Heijl
- Covestro NV, Haven 507 - Scheldelaan 420, 2040 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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766
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767
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Abstract
Arylated products are found in various fields of chemistry and represent essential entities for many applications. Therefore, the formation of this structural feature represents a central issue of contemporary organic synthesis. By the action of electricity the necessity of leaving groups, metal catalysts, stoichiometric oxidizers, or reducing agents can be omitted in part or even completely. The replacement of conventional reagents by sustainable electricity not only will be environmentally benign but also allows significant short cuts in electrochemical synthesis. In addition, this methodology can be considered as inherently safe. The current survey is organized in cathodic and anodic conversions as well as by the number of leaving groups being involved. In some electroconversions the reagents used are regenerated at the electrode, whereas in other electrotransformations free radical sequences are exploited to afford a highly sustainable process. The electrochemical formation of the aryl-substrate bond is discussed for aromatic substrates, heterocycles, other multiple bond systems, and even at saturated carbon substrates. This survey covers most of the seminal work and the advances of the past two decades in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Sebastian Lips
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
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768
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Imada Y, Röckl JL, Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Schollmeyer D, Chiba K, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Metal- and Reagent-Free Dehydrogenative Formal Benzyl-Aryl Cross-Coupling by Anodic Activation in 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-ol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12136-12140. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Japan
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
| | - Johannes L. Röckl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Japan
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Marl Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Germany
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769
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Imada Y, Röckl JL, Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Schollmeyer D, Chiba K, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Metall- und reagensfreie dehydrierende formale Benzyl-Aryl-Kreuzkupplung durch anodische Aktivierung in 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluorpropan-2-ol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Japan
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Deutschland
| | - Johannes L. Röckl
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Japan
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Marl Deutschland
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Deutschland
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770
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Elsherbini M, Wirth T. Hypervalent Iodine Reagents by Anodic Oxidation: A Powerful Green Synthesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:13399-13407. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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771
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Beil SB, Uecker I, Franzmann P, Müller T, Waldvogel SR. Mild, Fast, and Easy To Conduct MoCl5-Mediated Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions in Flow. Org Lett 2018; 20:4107-4110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- MAterial Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ise Uecker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Franzmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Timo Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- MAterial Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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772
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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773
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Lipp A, Ferenc D, Gütz C, Geffe M, Vierengel N, Schollmeyer D, Schäfer HJ, Waldvogel SR, Opatz T. A Regio- and Diastereoselective Anodic Aryl-Aryl Coupling in the Biomimetic Total Synthesis of (−)-Thebaine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11055-11059. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lipp
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dorota Ferenc
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Mario Geffe
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nina Vierengel
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Hans J. Schäfer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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774
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Li L, Xue M, Yan X, Liu W, Xu K, Zhang S. Electrochemical Hofmann rearrangement mediated by NaBr: practical access to bioactive carbamates. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4615-4618. [PMID: 29900466 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01059e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical Hofmann rearrangement is reported. With the mediation of NaBr, highly corrosive and toxic halogens are avoided. Moreover, this efficient and green approach is well compatible with a broad range of amides, including several commercial medicine derivatives, and provides direct access to synthetically useful carbamates. The synthetic utility of this method is also demonstrated by the preparation of 15N labeling carbamate and gram-scale synthesis of Amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China.
| | - Mengyu Xue
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Yan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China.
| | - Wenmin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China.
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775
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Beil SB, Möhle S, Enders P, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical instability of highly fluorinated tetraphenyl borates and syntheses of their respective biphenyls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6128-6131. [PMID: 29808852 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02996b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly fluorinated tetraphenyl borate anions are of importance as weakly coordinating anions in metalorganic reactions. However, at high positive potentials their electrochemical stability in organic solvents is not sufficient. This was investigated by a comprehensive cyclic voltammetry study and can be used synthetically to generate highly fluorinated biphenyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B Beil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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776
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Lipp A, Ferenc D, Gütz C, Geffe M, Vierengel N, Schollmeyer D, Schäfer HJ, Waldvogel SR, Opatz T. Eine regio- und diastereoselektive anodische Aryl-Aryl-Kupplung in der biomimetischen Totalsynthese von (−)-Thebain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lipp
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dorota Ferenc
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Mario Geffe
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Nina Vierengel
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Hans J. Schäfer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Till Opatz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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777
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Hardwick T, Ahmed N. Advances in electro- and sono-microreactors for chemical synthesis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22233-22249. [PMID: 35541743 PMCID: PMC9081238 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of electrochemical flow microreactors is important to safely perform chemical reactions in order to obtain pure and high yielding substances in a controlled and precise way that excludes the use of supporting electrolytes. Flow microreactors are advantageous in handling unstable intermediates compared to batch techniques and have efficient heat/mass transfer. Electrode nature (cathode and anode) and their available exposed surface area to the reaction mixture, parameters of the spacer, flow rate and direction greatly affects the efficiency of the electrochemical reactor. Solid formation during reactions may result in a blockage and consequently decrease the overall yield, thus limiting the use of microreactors in the field of electrosynthesis. This problem could certainly be overcome by application of ultrasound to break the solids for consistent flow. In this review, we discuss in detail the aforementioned issues, the advances in microreactor technology for chemical synthesis, with possible application of sonochemistry to deal with solid formations. Various examples of flow methods for electrosynthesis through microreactors have been explained in this review, which would definitely help to meet future demands for efficient synthesis and production of various pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hardwick
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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778
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Okoh OA, Klahn P. Trimethyl Lock: A Multifunctional Molecular Tool for Drug Delivery, Cellular Imaging, and Stimuli-Responsive Materials. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1668-1694. [PMID: 29888433 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyl lock (TML) systems are based on ortho-hydroxydihydrocinnamic acid derivatives displaying increased lactonization reactivity owing to unfavorable steric interactions of three pendant methyl groups, and this leads to the formation of hydrocoumarins. Protection of the phenolic hydroxy function or masking of the reactivity as benzoquinone derivatives prevents lactonization and provides a trigger for controlled release of molecules attached to the carboxylic acid function through amides, esters, or thioesters. Their easy synthesis and possible chemical adaption to several different triggers make TML a highly versatile module for the development of drug-delivery systems, prodrug approaches, cell-imaging tools, molecular tools for supramolecular chemistry, as well as smart stimuliresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okoh Adeyi Okoh
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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779
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Zhang S, Li L, Xue M, Zhang R, Xu K, Zeng C. Electrochemical Formation of N-Acyloxy Amidyl Radicals and Their Application: Regioselective Intramolecular Amination of sp2 and sp3 C–H Bonds. Org Lett 2018; 20:3443-3446. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Mengyu Xue
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Ruike Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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780
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Ye KY, Song Z, Sauer GS, Harenberg JH, Fu N, Lin S. Synthesis of Chlorotrifluoromethylated Pyrrolidines by Electrocatalytic Radical Ene-Yne Cyclization. Chemistry 2018; 24:12274-12279. [PMID: 29766588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of chlorotrifluoromethylated pyrrolidines was achieved using anodically coupled electrolysis, an electrochemical process that combines two parallel oxidative events in a convergent and productive manner. The bench-stable and commercially available solids CF3 SO2 Na and MgCl2 were used as the functional group sources to generate CF3. and Cl. , respectively, via electrochemical oxidation, and the subsequent reaction of these radicals with the 1,6-enyne substrate was controlled with an earth-abundant Mn catalyst. In particular, the introduction of a chelating ligand allowed for the ene-yne cyclization to take place with high stereochemical control over the geometry of the alkene group in the pyrrolidine product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhidong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gregory S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Johannes H Harenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Niankai Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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781
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Mei R, Sauermann N, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Electroremovable Traceless Hydrazides for Cobalt-Catalyzed Electro-Oxidative C–H/N–H Activation with Internal Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7913-7921. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruhuai Mei
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Sauermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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782
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Wang F, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Functional-Group-Tolerant Shono-type Oxidation of Cyclic Carbamates Enabled by Aminoxyl Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6686-6690. [PMID: 29659129 PMCID: PMC6201259 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical method has been developed for α-oxygenations of cyclic carbamates by using a bicyclic aminoxyl as a mediator and water as the nucleophile. The mediated electrochemical process enables substrate oxygenation to proceed at a potential that is approximately 1 V lower than the redox potential of the carbamate substrate. This feature allows for functional-group compatibility that is inaccessible with conventional Shono oxidations, which proceed by direct electrochemical substrate oxidation. This reaction also represents the first α-functionalization of non-activated cyclic carbamates with oxoammonium oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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783
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Modern Electrochemical Aspects for the Synthesis of Value-Added Organic Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6018-6041. [PMID: 29359378 PMCID: PMC6001547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizers or reducing agents in synthesis is very appealing for economic and ecological reasons, and represents a major driving force for research efforts in this area. To use electron transfer at the electrode for a successful transformation in organic synthesis, the intermediate radical (cation/anion) has to be stabilized. Its combination with other approaches in organic chemistry or concepts of contemporary synthesis allows the establishment of powerful synthetic methods. The aim in the 21st Century will be to use as little fossil carbon as possible and, for this reason, the use of renewable sources is becoming increasingly important. The direct conversion of renewables, which have previously mainly been incinerated, is of increasing interest. This Review surveys many of the recent seminal important developments which will determine the future of this dynamic emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
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784
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Electrifying Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5594-5619. [PMID: 29292849 PMCID: PMC5969240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthetic organic use of electricity is currently experiencing a renaissance. More synthetically oriented laboratories working in this area are exploiting both novel and more traditional concepts, paving the way to broader applications of this niche technology. As only electrons serve as reagents, the generation of reagent waste is efficiently avoided. Moreover, stoichiometric reagents can be regenerated and allow a transformation to be conducted in an electrocatalytic fashion. However, the application of electroorganic transformations is more than minimizing the waste footprint, it rather gives rise to inherently safe processes, reduces the number of steps of many syntheses, allows for milder reaction conditions, provides alternative means to access desired structural entities, and creates intellectual property (IP) space. When the electricity originates from renewable resources, this surplus might be directly employed as a terminal oxidizing or reducing agent, providing an ultra-sustainable and therefore highly attractive technique. This Review surveys recent developments in electrochemical synthesis that will influence the future of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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785
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Wu ZJ, Li SR, Long H, Xu HC. Electrochemical dehydrogenative cyclization of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4601-4604. [PMID: 29670957 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular C(sp3)-H/C(sp2)-H cross-coupling of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds has been achieved through Cp2Fe-catalyzed electrochemical oxidation. The key to the success of these dehydrogenative cyclization reactions is the selective activation of the acidic α-C-H bond of the 1,3-dicarbonyl moiety to generate a carbon-centered radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Innovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Shi-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Innovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Innovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Innovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
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786
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Waniek SD, Klett J, Förster C, Heinze K. Polysubstituted ferrocenes as tunable redox mediators. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1004-1015. [PMID: 29977372 PMCID: PMC6009500 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of four ferrocenyl ester compounds, 1-methoxycarbonyl- (1), 1,1’-bis(methoxycarbonyl)- (2), 1,1’,3-tris(methoxycarbonyl)- (3) and 1,1’,3,3’-tetrakis(methoxycarbonyl)ferrocene (4), has been studied with respect to their potential use as redox mediators. The impact of the number and position of ester groups present in 1–4 on the electrochemical potential E1/2 is correlated with the sum of Hammett constants. The 1/1+–4/4+ redox couples are chemically stable under the conditions of electrolysis as demonstrated by IR and UV–vis spectroelectrochemical methods. The energies of the C=O stretching vibrations of the ester moieties and the energies of the UV–vis absorptions of 1–4 and 1+–4+ correlate with the number of ester groups. Paramagnetic 1H NMR redox titration experiments give access to the chemical shifts of 1+–4+ and underline the fast electron self-exchange of the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couples, required for rapid redox mediation in organic electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven D Waniek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Klett
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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787
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Moderne Aspekte der Elektrochemie zur Synthese hochwertiger organischer Produkte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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788
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Mei R, Koeller J, Ackermann L. Electrochemical ruthenium-catalyzed alkyne annulations by C–H/Het–H activation of aryl carbamates or phenols in protic media. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12879-12882. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07732k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrooxidative peri-C–H activation was accomplished by versatile ruthenium(ii) catalysis in terms of C–H/N–H and C–H/O–H functionalization. The sustainable electrocatalysis exploited electricity, thereby avoiding the use of toxic transition metals as sacrificial oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhuai Mei
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Julian Koeller
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
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789
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Long H, Song J, Xu HC. Electrochemical synthesis of 7-membered carbocycles through cascade 5-exo-trig/7-endo-trig radical cyclization. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00803e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical synthesis of functionalized 7-membered carbocycles through a 5-exo-trig/7-endo-trig radical cyclization cascade has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
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