751
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The Binding Receptors of Aβ: an Alternative Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:455-471. [PMID: 25465238 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which causes the deterioration of memory and other cognitive abilities of the elderly. Previous lines of research have shown that Aβ is an essential factor in AD pathology and the soluble oligomeric species of Aβ peptide is presumed to be the drivers of synaptic impairment in AD. However, the exact mechanisms underlying Aβ-induced synapse dysfunction are still not fully understood. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that some potential receptors which bind specifically with Aβ may play important roles in inducing the toxicity of the neurons in AD pathology. These receptors include the cellular prion protein (PrPc), the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)), the beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs), the Eph receptors, the paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), the PirB's human ortholog receptor (LilrB2), and the Fcγ receptor II-b (FcγRIIb). This review summarizes the characters of these prominent receptors and how the bindings of them with Aβ inhibit the LTP, decrease the number of dendritic spine, damage the neurons, and so on in AD pathogenesis. Blocking or rescuing these receptors may have significant importance for AD treatments.
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752
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Lobo FA, P Saraiva A. Playing games with the brain: the possible link between anesthesia and Alzheimer's disease revisited. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2014; 61:417-421. [PMID: 25171825 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Lobo
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Geral de Santo António, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A P Saraiva
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Geral de Santo António - Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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753
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Haupt C, Fändrich M. Biotechnologically engineered protein binders for applications in amyloid diseases. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:513-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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754
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Zhao W, Zhang J, Davis EG, Rebeck GW. Aging reduces glial uptake and promotes extracellular accumulation of Aβ from a lentiviral vector. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:210. [PMID: 25177293 PMCID: PMC4133689 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a lentiviral system for expressing secreted human Aβ in the brains of young and old APOE knock-in mice. This system allowed us to examine Aβ metabolism in vivo, and test the effects of both aging and APOE genotype, two of the strongest risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. We injected the Aβ1-42 lentivirus into the motor cortex of young (2 month old) and old (20–22 month old) APOE3 and APOE4 mice. After 2 weeks of lentiviral expression, we analyzed the pattern of Aβ accumulation, glial activation, and phosphor-tau. In young mice, Aβ accumulated mainly within neurons with no evidence of extracellular Aβ. Significantly higher levels of intraneuronal Aβ were observed in APOE4 mice compared to APOE3 mice. In old mice, APOE4 predisposed again to higher levels of Aβ accumulation, but the Aβ was mainly in extracellular spaces. In younger mice, we also observed Aβ in microglia but not astrocytes. The numbers of microglia containing Aβ were significantly higher in APOE3 mice compared to APOE4 mice, and were significantly lower in both genetic backgrounds with aging. The astrocytes in old mice were activated to a greater extent in the brain regions where Aβ was introduced, an effect that was again increased by the presence of APOE4. Finally, phospho-tau accumulated in the region of Aβ expression, with evidence of extracellular phospho-tau increasing with aging. These data suggest that APOE4 predisposes to less microglial clearance of Aβ, leading to more intraneuronal accumulation. In older brains, decreased clearance leads to more extracellular Aβ, and more downstream consequences relating to astrocyte activation and phospho-tau accumulation. We conclude that both aging and APOE genotype affect pathways related to Aβ metabolism by microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Jiguo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University Taian, China
| | - Elizabeth G Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
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755
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Neuman KM, Molina-Campos E, Musial TF, Price AL, Oh KJ, Wolke ML, Buss EW, Scheff SW, Mufson EJ, Nicholson DA. Evidence for Alzheimer's disease-linked synapse loss and compensation in mouse and human hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3143-65. [PMID: 25031178 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with alterations in the distribution, number, and size of inputs to hippocampal neurons. Some of these changes are thought to be neurodegenerative, whereas others are conceptualized as compensatory, plasticity-like responses, wherein the remaining inputs reactively innervate vulnerable dendritic regions. Here, we provide evidence that the axospinous synapses of human AD cases and mice harboring AD-linked genetic mutations (the 5XFAD line) exhibit both, in the form of synapse loss and compensatory changes in the synapses that remain. Using array tomography, quantitative conventional electron microscopy, immunogold electron microscopy for AMPARs, and whole-cell patch-clamp physiology, we find that hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in transgenic mice are host to an age-related synapse loss in their distal dendrites, and that the remaining synapses express more AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Moreover, the number of axonal boutons that synapse with multiple spines is significantly reduced in the transgenic mice. Through serial section electron microscopic analyses of human hippocampal tissue, we further show that putative compensatory changes in synapse strength are also detectable in axospinous synapses of proximal and distal dendrites in human AD cases, and that their multiple synapse boutons may be more powerful than those in non-cognitively impaired human cases. Such findings are consistent with the notion that the pathophysiology of AD is a multivariate product of both neurodegenerative and neuroplastic processes, which may produce adaptive and/or maladaptive responses in hippocampal synaptic strength and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystina M Neuman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Elizabeth Molina-Campos
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Timothy F Musial
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Andrea L Price
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kwang-Jin Oh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Malerie L Wolke
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Eric W Buss
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Stephen W Scheff
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Daniel A Nicholson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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756
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Olivero G, Grilli M, Chen J, Preda S, Mura E, Govoni S, Marchi M. Effects of soluble β-amyloid on the release of neurotransmitters from rat brain synaptosomes. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:166. [PMID: 25076904 PMCID: PMC4098032 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contradictory results have been reported on the interaction of beta-amyloid (Aβ) with cholinergic receptors. The present paper investigates the modulatory effect of Aβ1-40 on the neurotransmitter release evoked by nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic (mAChRs) receptors. Aβ1-40 inhibits both nicotinic and muscarinic-evoked [3H]DA overflow from rat nerve endings. Added to perfusion medium, Aβ1-40 is able to enter into synaptosomes; it exerts its inhibitory effect at extracellular sites when release is stimulated by nAChRs and intracellularly when release is evoked by mAChRs. Moreover, our data show that Aβ1-40 acts as non competitive antagonist of heteromeric α4β2* but not of α3β4* nAChRs which modulate [3H]NA overflow. Positive allosteric modulators of nAChRs counteract its inhibitory effect. It might be that compounds of this type could be useful to prevent, slow down the appearance or reverse the cognitive decline typical of the normal processes of brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Genoa, Italy
| | - Jiayang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Preda
- Department of Drug Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Applied Biology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Mura
- Department of Drug Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Applied Biology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Applied Biology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Marchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Genoa, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa Genoa, Italy
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