751
|
Issa F, Robb RJ, Wood KJ. The where and when of T cell regulation in transplantation. Trends Immunol 2012; 34:107-13. [PMID: 23228885 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cell types contribute to the peripheral regulation of T cell alloresponses in haematopoieitc cell transplantation (HCT) and solid organ transplantation (SOT). Of these, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the principal players and have shown the greatest success in the therapeutic control of detrimental immune responses. Investigations into the induction, location, and mechanism of suppression utilised by Tregs to control alloreactive responses are ongoing. The activation and homing characteristics of Tregs are important to their regulatory capabilities, with activation and homing occurring in the same time and space as conventional T cells. This review discusses these characteristics and recent advances in the field as we move closer to the ultimate goal of utilising Tregs as treatment for allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
754
|
Otto M. Coagulase-negative staphylococci as reservoirs of genes facilitating MRSA infection: Staphylococcal commensal species such as Staphylococcus epidermidis are being recognized as important sources of genes promoting MRSA colonization and virulence. Bioessays 2012; 35:4-11. [PMID: 23165978 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that Staphylococcus epidermidis is a reservoir of genes that, after horizontal transfer, facilitate the potential of Staphylococcus aureus to colonize, survive during infection, or resist antibiotic treatment, traits that are notably manifest in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). S. aureus is a dangerous human pathogen and notorious for acquiring antibiotic resistance. MRSA in particular is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and death in hospitalized patients. S. aureus is an extremely versatile pathogen with a multitude of mechanisms to cause disease and circumvent immune defenses. In contrast, most other staphylococci, such as S. epidermidis, are commonly benign commensals and only occasionally cause disease. Recent findings highlight the key importance of efforts to better understand how genes of staphylococci other than S. aureus contribute to survival in the human host, how they are transferred to S. aureus, and why this exchange appears to be uni-directional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
755
|
Zeeuwen PLJM, Boekhorst J, van den Bogaard EH, de Koning HD, van de Kerkhof PMC, Saulnier DM, van Swam II, van Hijum SAFT, Kleerebezem M, Schalkwijk J, Timmerman HM. Microbiome dynamics of human epidermis following skin barrier disruption. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R101. [PMID: 23153041 PMCID: PMC3580493 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-11-r101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in sequencing technologies have enabled metagenomic analyses of many human body sites. Several studies have catalogued the composition of bacterial communities of the surface of human skin, mostly under static conditions in healthy volunteers. Skin injury will disturb the cutaneous homeostasis of the host tissue and its commensal microbiota, but the dynamics of this process have not been studied before. Here we analyzed the microbiota of the surface layer and the deeper layers of the stratum corneum of normal skin, and we investigated the dynamics of recolonization of skin microbiota following skin barrier disruption by tape stripping as a model of superficial injury. RESULTS We observed gender differences in microbiota composition and showed that bacteria are not uniformly distributed in the stratum corneum. Phylogenetic distance analysis was employed to follow microbiota development during recolonization of injured skin. Surprisingly, the developing neo-microbiome at day 14 was more similar to that of the deeper stratum corneum layers than to the initial surface microbiome. In addition, we also observed variation in the host response towards superficial injury as assessed by the induction of antimicrobial protein expression in epidermal keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the microbiome of the deeper layers, rather than that of the superficial skin layer, may be regarded as the host indigenous microbiome. Characterization of the skin microbiome under dynamic conditions, and the ensuing response of the microbial community and host tissue, will shed further light on the complex interaction between resident bacteria and epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick LJM Zeeuwen
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen D de Koning
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter MC van de Kerkhof
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Iris I van Swam
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha AFT van Hijum
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro M Timmerman
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB, Ede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
756
|
Hulcr J, Latimer AM, Henley JB, Rountree NR, Fierer N, Lucky A, Lowman MD, Dunn RR. A jungle in there: bacteria in belly buttons are highly diverse, but predictable. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47712. [PMID: 23144827 PMCID: PMC3492386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The belly button is one of the habitats closest to us, and yet it remains relatively unexplored. We analyzed bacteria and arachaea from the belly buttons of humans from two different populations sampled within a nation-wide citizen science project. We examined bacterial and archaeal phylotypes present and their diversity using multiplex pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA libraries. We then tested the oligarchy hypothesis borrowed from tropical macroecology, namely that the frequency of phylotypes in one sample of humans predicts its frequency in another independent sample. We also tested the predictions that frequent phylotypes (the oligarchs) tend to be common when present, and tend to be more phylogenetically clustered than rare phylotypes. Once rarefied to four hundred reads per sample, bacterial communities from belly buttons proved to be at least as diverse as communities known from other skin studies (on average 67 bacterial phylotypes per belly button). However, the belly button communities were strongly dominated by a few taxa: only 6 phylotypes occurred on >80% humans. While these frequent bacterial phylotypes (the archaea were all rare) are a tiny part of the total diversity of bacteria in human navels (<0.3% of phylotypes), they constitute a major portion of individual reads (∼1/3), and are predictable among independent samples of humans, in terms of both the occurrence and evolutionary relatedness (more closely related than randomly drawn equal sets of phylotypes). Thus, the hypothesis that “oligarchs” dominate diverse assemblages appears to be supported by human-associated bacteria. Although it remains difficult to predict which species of bacteria might be found on a particular human, predicting which species are most frequent (or rare) seems more straightforward, at least for those species living in belly buttons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Latimer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica B. Henley
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nina R. Rountree
- Department of Biology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Noah Fierer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrea Lucky
- Department of Biology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Margaret D. Lowman
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Biology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
759
|
Hwang JS, Im CR, Im SH. Immune disorders and its correlation with gut microbiome. Immune Netw 2012; 12:129-38. [PMID: 23091436 PMCID: PMC3467411 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.4.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis and asthma are common hyper-immune disorders in industrialized countries. Along with genetic association, environmental factors and gut microbiota have been suggested as major triggering factors for the development of atopic dermatitis. Numerous studies support the association of hygiene hypothesis in allergic immune disorders that a lack of early childhood exposure to diverse microorganism increases susceptibility to allergic diseases. Among the symbiotic microorganisms (e.g. gut flora or probiotics), probiotics confer health benefits through multiple action mechanisms including modification of immune response in gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Although many human clinical trials and mouse studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of probiotics in diverse immune disorders, this effect is strain specific and needs to apply specific probiotics for specific allergic diseases. Herein, we briefly review the diverse functions and regulation mechanisms of probiotics in diverse disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Hwang
- School of Life Sciences and Immune Synapse Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|