801
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Wu AC, Witt T, Gilbert RG. Characterization Methods for Starch-Based Materials: State of the Art and Perspectives. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Improving starch-containing materials, whether food, animal feed, high-tech biomaterials, or engineering plastics, is best done by understanding how biosynthetic processes and any subsequent processing control starch structure, and how this structure controls functional properties. Starch structural characterization is central to this. This review examines how information on the three basic levels of the complex multi-scale structure of starch – individual chains, the branching structure of isolated molecules, and the way these molecules form various crystalline and amorphous arrangements – can be obtained from experiment. The techniques include fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, multiple-detector size-exclusion chromatography, and various scattering techniques (light, X-ray, and neutron). Some examples are also given to show how these data provide mechanistic insight into how biosynthetic processes control the structure and how the various structural levels control functional properties.
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802
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Brust H, Orzechowski S, Fettke J, Steup M. Starch Synthesizing Reactions and Paths: in vitro and in vivo Studies. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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803
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804
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Witt T, Doutch J, Gilbert EP, Gilbert RG. Relations between Molecular, Crystalline, and Lamellar Structures of Amylopectin. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:4273-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301586x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Witt
- Tongji School of
Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430030
- Centre for Nutrition
and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture
and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - James Doutch
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked
Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Elliot P. Gilbert
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked
Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Tongji School of
Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430030
- Centre for Nutrition
and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture
and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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805
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Sarkar A, Pérez S. PolySac3DB: an annotated data base of 3 dimensional structures of polysaccharides. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:302. [PMID: 23151233 PMCID: PMC3505736 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polysaccharides are ubiquitously present in the living world. Their structural versatility makes them important and interesting components in numerous biological and technological processes ranging from structural stabilization to a variety of immunologically important molecular recognition events. The knowledge of polysaccharide three-dimensional (3D) structure is important in studying carbohydrate-mediated host-pathogen interactions, interactions with other bio-macromolecules, drug design and vaccine development as well as material science applications or production of bio-ethanol. Description PolySac3DB is an annotated database that contains the 3D structural information of 157 polysaccharide entries that have been collected from an extensive screening of scientific literature. They have been systematically organized using standard names in the field of carbohydrate research into 18 categories representing polysaccharide families. Structure-related information includes the saccharides making up the repeat unit(s) and their glycosidic linkages, the expanded 3D representation of the repeat unit, unit cell dimensions and space group, helix type, diffraction diagram(s) (when applicable), experimental and/or simulation methods used for structure description, link to the abstract of the publication, reference and the atomic coordinate files for visualization and download. The database is accompanied by a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). It features interactive displays of polysaccharide structures and customized search options for beginners and experts, respectively. The site also serves as an information portal for polysaccharide structure determination techniques. The web-interface also references external links where other carbohydrate-related resources are available. Conclusion PolySac3DB is established to maintain information on the detailed 3D structures of polysaccharides. All the data and features are available via the web-interface utilizing the search engine and can be accessed at
http://polysac3db.cermav.cnrs.fr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Sarkar
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV*) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble Cedex 9, BP 53X, F-38041, France
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806
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Abstract
Hydrophobic storage neutral lipids are stably preserved in specialized organelles termed oil bodies in the aqueous cytosolic compartment of plant cells via encapsulation with surfactant molecules including phospholipids and integral proteins. To date, three classes of integral proteins, termed oleosin, caleosin, and steroleosin, have been identified in oil bodies of angiosperm seeds. Proposed structures, targeting traffic routes, and biological functions of these three integral oil-body proteins were summarized and discussed. In the viewpoint of evolution, isoforms of oleosin and caleosin are found in oil bodies of pollens as well as those of more primitive species; moreover, caleosin- and steroleosin-like proteins are also present in other subcellular locations besides oil bodies. Technically, artificial oil bodies of structural stability similar to native ones were successfully constituted and seemed to serve as a useful tool for both basic research studies and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. C. Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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807
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808
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Physicochemical properties of mung bean starches in different Korean varieties and their gel textures. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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809
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Wikman J, Blennow A, Bertoft E. Effect of amylose deposition on potato tuber starch granule architecture and dynamics as studied by lintnerization. Biopolymers 2012; 99:73-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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810
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Abstract
Starch is the major non-structural carbohydrate in plants. It serves as an important store of carbon that fuels plant metabolism and growth when they are unable to photosynthesise. This storage can be in leaves and other green tissues, where it is degraded during the night, or in heterotrophic tissues such as roots, seeds and tubers, where it is stored over longer time periods. Arabidopsis accumulates starch in many of its tissues, but mostly in its leaves during the day. It has proven to be a powerful genetic system for discovering how starch is synthesised and degraded, and new proteins and processes have been discovered. Such work has major significance for our starch crops, whose yield and quality could be improved by the application of this knowledge. Research into Arabidopsis starch metabolism has begun to reveal how its daily turnover is integrated into the rest of metabolism and adapted to the environmental conditions. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutant lines deficient in starch metabolism have been employed as tools to study other biological processes ranging from sugar sensing to gravitropism and flowering time control. This review gives a detailed account of the use of Arabidopsis to study starch metabolism. It describes the major discoveries made and presents an overview of our understanding today, together with some as-yet unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
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811
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Pullulanase: role in starch hydrolysis and potential industrial applications. Enzyme Res 2012; 2012:921362. [PMID: 22991654 PMCID: PMC3443597 DOI: 10.1155/2012/921362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) has recently been the subject of increased applications in starch-based industries especially those aimed for glucose production. Pullulanase, an important debranching enzyme, has been widely utilised to hydrolyse the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides, which enables a complete and efficient conversion of the branched polysaccharides into small fermentable sugars during saccharification process. The industrial manufacturing of glucose involves two successive enzymatic steps: liquefaction, carried out after gelatinisation by the action of α-amylase; saccharification, which results in further transformation of maltodextrins into glucose. During saccharification process, pullulanase has been used to increase the final glucose concentration with reduced amount of glucoamylase. Therefore, the reversion reaction that involves resynthesis of saccharides from glucose molecules is prevented. To date, five groups of pullulanase enzymes have been reported, that is, (i) pullulanase type I, (ii) amylopullulanase, (iii) neopullulanase, (iv) isopullulanase, and (v) pullulan hydrolase type III. The current paper extensively reviews each category of pullulanase, properties of pullulanase, merits of applying pullulanase during starch bioprocessing, current genetic engineering works related to pullulanase genes, and possible industrial applications of pullulanase.
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812
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813
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Koziol AG, Marquez BK, Huebsch MP, Smith JC, Altosaar I. Commercially Produced Rice and Maize Starches Contain Nonhost Proteins, as Shown by Mass Spectrometry. Cereal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-12-0043-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Koziol
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Benazir K. Marquez
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Matthew P. Huebsch
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Jeffrey C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Illimar Altosaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
- Corresponding author. Phone: (613) 562-5800, ext. 6374. Fax: (613) 562-5452. E-mail:
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814
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Warren FJ, Royall PG, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR. Immersion mode material pocket dynamic mechanical analysis (IMP-DMA): a novel tool to study gelatinisation of purified starches and starch-containing plant materials. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:628-36. [PMID: 24751086 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear need for improved methods for the study of the physical changes that occur in slurries and sol-gel systems that have significant water content. In this paper a novel immersion mode material pocket form of dynamic mechanical analysis (IMP-DMA) has been designed, combining material pocket technology to provide physical support to a powdered sample within an immersion bath. IMP-DMA allows the mechanical response of a powder during heating to be monitored in excess water. IMP-DMA was evaluated using a range of starch samples loaded as a slurry into a solid steel pocket, the mechanical responses of these samples were monitored as a function of temperature, and values for modulus and tanδ peaks were found to correspond well with events occurring at both the onset and peak gelatinisation temperatures as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (e.g. wheat starch has an onset and peak DSC temperature of 49.3 °C and 57.2 °C, respectively, and shows a peak in tanδ at 52.8 °C and a modulus peak at 57.7 °C). Some limitations were found in the ability of DMA to detect transitions in starches with low or high amylose contents. IMP-DMA was shown to be an effective tool for monitoring the changes in starch structure that occur during gelatinisation, both in purified starches and in more complex starch-containing food materials. Thus, a new hyphenated form of DMA is now available that permits the thermally induced transitions of particle water dispersions to be characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Warren
- King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Royall
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Drug Delivery Group, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Butterworth
- King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R Ellis
- King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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815
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Doutch J, Gilbert EP. Characterisation of large scale structures in starch granules via small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 91:444-51. [PMID: 23044155 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small angle scattering (SAS) techniques have a distinguished track record in illuminating the semi-crystalline lamellar structure of the starch granule. To date, there have been few attempts to use SAS techniques to characterise larger-scale structures reported from imaging techniques such as growth rings, blocklets or pores, nor how these structures would modulate the well-known scattering arising from the semi-crystalline lamellar structure. In this study, SAS data collected over an extended q range were gathered from dry and hydrated starch powders from varied botanical sources. The use of neutrons and X-rays, as well as comparing dry and hydrated granules, allowed different levels of contrast in scattering length density to be probed and therefore selected structural regions to be highlighted. The lowest q range, 0.002-0.04 Å(-1), was found to be dominated by scattering from the starch granules themselves, especially in the dry powders; however an inflection point from a low contrast structure was observed at 0.035 Å(-1). The associated scattering was interpreted within a unified scattering framework with the inflexion point correlating with a structure with radius of gyration ~90 Å - a size comparable to small blocklets or superhelices. In hydrated starches, it is observed that there is an inflection point between lamellar and q(-4) power-law scattering regions at approximately 0.004 Å(-1) which may correlate with growth rings and large blocklets. The implications of these findings on existing models of starch lamellar scattering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Doutch
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
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816
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Tsukamoto K, Ohtani T, Sugiyama S. Effect of sectioning and water on resin-embedded sections of corn starch granules to analyze inner structure. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:1138-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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817
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818
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Svensson JT, Olas JJ, Skibior R, Giese H, Blennow A. Suppression of Fusarium gramineariumgrowth by differently structured starch types. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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819
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Wang S, Copeland L. Phase transitions of pea starch over a wide range of water content. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6439-46. [PMID: 22667995 DOI: 10.1021/jf3011992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The phase transitions of pea starch over a wide range of water content were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Swelling of starch granules increased progressively with increasing water content. The main endotherm G broadened progressively with increasing water content up to 94.5 wt % (water:starch ratio 15:1), above which it became too broad to define. The corresponding peak and conclusion temperatures and enthalpy change increased with increasing water content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that, at a water:starch ratio of 2:1 (water content of 70.7 wt %), starch granules only swelled partially with discernible granular contours still clearly evident. The results of swelling power tests and SEM images revealed that the endotherm G obtained at a water:starch ratio of 2:1 represented only partial swelling of starch granules. The transition from a narrow to broad endotherm G was interpreted to reflect the thermal transition behavior progressing from limited swelling to maximum swelling and then partial dissolution and leaching of starch polymers from the granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Wang
- Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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820
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Bidzińska E, Błaszczak W, Dyrek K, Fornal J, Kruczała K, Michalec M, Rozwora R, Szczygieł J, Wenda E. Effect of phosphorylation of the maize starch on thermal generation of stable and short-living radicals. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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821
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Tiberia E, Turnbull J, Wang T, Ruggieri A, Zhao XC, Pencea N, Israelian J, Wang Y, Ackerley CA, Wang P, Liu Y, Minassian BA. Increased laforin and laforin binding to glycogen underlie Lafora body formation in malin-deficient Lafora disease. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25650-9. [PMID: 22669944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.331611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubility of glycogen, essential to its metabolism, is a property of its shape, a sphere generated through extensive branching during synthesis. Lafora disease (LD) is a severe teenage-onset neurodegenerative epilepsy and results from multiorgan accumulations, termed Lafora bodies (LB), of abnormally structured aggregation-prone and digestion-resistant glycogen. LD is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the EPM2A or EPM2B gene, encoding the interacting laforin phosphatase and malin E3 ubiquitin ligase enzymes, respectively. The substrate and function of malin are unknown; an early counterintuitive observation in cell culture experiments that it targets laforin to proteasomal degradation was not pursued until now. The substrate and function of laforin have recently been elucidated. Laforin dephosphorylates glycogen during synthesis, without which phosphate ions interfere with and distort glycogen construction, leading to LB. We hypothesized that laforin in excess or not removed following its action on glycogen also interferes with glycogen formation. We show in malin-deficient mice that the absence of malin results in massively increased laforin preceding the appearance of LB and that laforin gradually accumulates in glycogen, which corresponds to progressive LB generation. We show that increasing the amounts of laforin in cell culture causes LB formation and that this occurs only with glycogen binding-competent laforin. In summary, malin deficiency causes increased laforin, increased laforin binding to glycogen, and LB formation. Furthermore, increased levels of laforin, when it can bind glycogen, causes LB. We conclude that malin functions to regulate laforin and that malin deficiency at least in part causes LB and LD through increased laforin binding to glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tiberia
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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822
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Bertoft E, Koch K, Åman P. Building block organisation of clusters in amylopectin from different structural types. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:1212-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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823
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Chávez-Murillo CE, Méndez-Montealvo G, Wang YJ, Bello-Pérez LA. Starch of diverse Mexican rice cultivars: physicochemical, structural, and nutritional features. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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824
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Rolland-Sabaté A, Sánchez T, Buléon A, Colonna P, Jaillais B, Ceballos H, Dufour D. Structural characterization of novel cassava starches with low and high-amylose contents in comparison with other commercial sources. Food Hydrocoll 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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825
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Fettke J, Leifels L, Brust H, Herbst K, Steup M. Two carbon fluxes to reserve starch in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber cells are closely interconnected but differently modulated by temperature. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3011-29. [PMID: 22378944 PMCID: PMC3350916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Parenchyma cells from tubers of Solanum tuberosum L. convert several externally supplied sugars to starch but the rates vary largely. Conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to starch is exceptionally efficient. In this communication, tuber slices were incubated with either of four solutions containing equimolar [U-¹⁴C]glucose 1-phosphate, [U-¹⁴C]sucrose, [U-¹⁴C]glucose 1-phosphate plus unlabelled equimolar sucrose or [U-¹⁴C]sucrose plus unlabelled equimolar glucose 1-phosphate. C¹⁴-incorporation into starch was monitored. In slices from freshly harvested tubers each unlabelled compound strongly enhanced ¹⁴C incorporation into starch indicating closely interacting paths of starch biosynthesis. However, enhancement disappeared when the tubers were stored. The two paths (and, consequently, the mutual enhancement effect) differ in temperature dependence. At lower temperatures, the glucose 1-phosphate-dependent path is functional, reaching maximal activity at approximately 20 °C but the flux of the sucrose-dependent route strongly increases above 20 °C. Results are confirmed by in vitro experiments using [U-¹⁴C]glucose 1-phosphate or adenosine-[U-¹⁴C]glucose and by quantitative zymograms of starch synthase or phosphorylase activity. In mutants almost completely lacking the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme(s), the glucose 1-phosphate-dependent path is largely impeded. Irrespective of the size of the granules, glucose 1-phosphate-dependent incorporation per granule surface area is essentially equal. Furthermore, within the granules no preference of distinct glucosyl acceptor sites was detectable. Thus, the path is integrated into the entire granule biosynthesis. In vitro C¹⁴C-incorporation into starch granules mediated by the recombinant plastidial phosphorylase isozyme clearly differed from the in situ results. Taken together, the data clearly demonstrate that two closely but flexibly interacting general paths of starch biosynthesis are functional in potato tuber cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Fettke
- Mass Spectrometry of Biopolymers, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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826
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Rübsam H, Krottenthaler M, Gastl M, Becker T. An overview of separation methods in starch analysis: The importance of size exclusion chromatography and field flow fractionation. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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827
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Hejazi M, Steup M, Fettke J. The plastidial glucan, water dikinase (GWD) catalyses multiple phosphotransfer reactions. FEBS J 2012; 279:1953-66. [PMID: 22429449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The plant genome encodes at least two distinct and evolutionary conserved plastidial starch-related dikinases that phosphorylate a low percentage of glucosyl residues at the starch granule surface. Esterification of starch favours the transition of highly ordered α-glucans to a less ordered state and thereby facilitates the cleavage of interglucose bonds by hydrolases. Metabolically most important is the phosphorylation at position C6, which is catalysed by the glucan, water dikinase (GWD). The reactions mediated by recombinant wild-type GWD from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGWD) and from Solanum tuberosum (StGWD) were studied. Two mutated proteins lacking the conserved histidine residue that is indispensible for glucan phosphorylation were also included. The wild-type GWDs consume approximately 20% more ATP than is required for glucan phosphorylation. Similarly, although incapable of phosphorylating α-glucans, the two mutated dikinase proteins are capable of degrading ATP. Thus, consumption of ATP and phosphorylation of α-glucans are not strictly coupled processes but, to some extent, occur as independent phosphotransfer reactions. As revealed by incubation of the GWDs with [γ-(33) P]ATP, the consumption of ATP includes the transfer of the γ-phosphate group to the GWD protein but this autophosphorylation does not require the conserved histidine residue. Thus, the GWD proteins possess two vicinal phosphorylation sites, both of which are transiently phosphorylated. Following autophosphorylation at both sites, native dikinases flexibly use various terminal phosphate acceptors, such as water, α-glucans, AMP and ADP. A model is presented describing the complex phosphotransfer reactions of GWDs as affected by the availability of the various acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hejazi
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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828
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Xie F, Halley PJ, Avérous L. Rheology to understand and optimize processibility, structures and properties of starch polymeric materials. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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829
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Doutch J, Bason M, Franceschini F, James K, Clowes D, Gilbert EP. Structural changes during starch pasting using simultaneous Rapid Visco Analysis and small-angle neutron scattering. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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830
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Kusano M, Fukushima A, Fujita N, Okazaki Y, Kobayashi M, Oitome NF, Ebana K, Saito K. Deciphering starch quality of rice kernels using metabolite profiling and pedigree network analysis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:442-451. [PMID: 22180466 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The physiological properties of rice grains are immediately obvious to consumers. High-coverage metabolomic characterization of the rice diversity research set predicted a negative correlation between fatty acid and lipid levels and amylose/total starch ratio (amylose ratio), but the reason for this is unclear. To obtain new insight into the relationships among the visual phenotypes of rice kernels, starch granule structures, amylose ratios, and metabolite changes, we investigated the metabolite changes of five Japonica cultivars with various amylose ratios and two knockout mutants (e1, a Starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa)-deficient mutant and the SSIIIa/starch branching enzyme (BE) double-knockout mutant 4019) by using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics techniques. Scanning electron microscopy clearly showed that the two mutants had unusual starch granule structures. The metabolomic compositions of two cultivars with high amylose ratios (Hoshiyutaka and Yumetoiro) exhibited similar patterns, while that of the double-knockout mutant, which has an extremely high amylose ratio, differed. Rice pedigree network analysis of the cultivars and the mutants provided insight into the association between metabolic-trait properties and their underlying genetic basis in rice breeding in Japan. Multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the Hoshiyutaka and Yumetoiro cultivars were Indica-like, yet they are classified as Japonica subpopulations. Exploring metabolomic traits is a powerful way to follow rice genetic traces and breeding history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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831
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Castaño J, Bouza R, Rodríguez-Llamazares S, Carrasco C, Vinicius R. Processing and characterization of starch-based materials from pehuen seeds (Araucaria araucana (Mol) K. Koch). Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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832
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833
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Pelissari FM, Andrade-Mahecha MM, Sobral PJDA, Menegalli FC. Isolation and characterization of the flour and starch of plantain bananas (Musa paradisiaca). STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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834
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The starch granule associated proteomes of commercially purified starch reference materials from rice and maize. J Proteomics 2012; 75:993-1003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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835
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Andrulis ED. Theory of the origin, evolution, and nature of life. Life (Basel) 2011; 2:1-105. [PMID: 25382118 PMCID: PMC4187144 DOI: 10.3390/life2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Life is an inordinately complex unsolved puzzle. Despite significant theoretical progress, experimental anomalies, paradoxes, and enigmas have revealed paradigmatic limitations. Thus, the advancement of scientific understanding requires new models that resolve fundamental problems. Here, I present a theoretical framework that economically fits evidence accumulated from examinations of life. This theory is based upon a straightforward and non-mathematical core model and proposes unique yet empirically consistent explanations for major phenomena including, but not limited to, quantum gravity, phase transitions of water, why living systems are predominantly CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur), homochirality of sugars and amino acids, homeoviscous adaptation, triplet code, and DNA mutations. The theoretical framework unifies the macrocosmic and microcosmic realms, validates predicted laws of nature, and solves the puzzle of the origin and evolution of cellular life in the universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Andrulis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Wood Building, W212, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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836
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Structures of building blocks in clusters of sweetpotato amylopectin. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2913-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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837
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Manion B, Ye M, Holbein BE, Seetharaman K. Quantification of total iodine in intact granular starches of different botanical origin exposed to iodine vapor at various water activities. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2482-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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838
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Bertoft E, Källman A, Koch K, Andersson R, Åman P. The cluster structure of barley amylopectins of different genetic backgrounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:441-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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839
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Redestig H, Kusano M, Ebana K, Kobayashi M, Oikawa A, Okazaki Y, Matsuda F, Arita M, Fujita N, Saito K. Exploring molecular backgrounds of quality traits in rice by predictive models based on high-coverage metabolomics. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:176. [PMID: 22034874 PMCID: PMC3305925 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing awareness of limitations to natural resources has set high expectations for plant science to deliver efficient crops with increased yields, improved stress tolerance, and tailored composition. Collections of representative varieties are a valuable resource for compiling broad breeding germplasms that can satisfy these diverse needs. RESULTS Here we show that the untargeted high-coverage metabolomic characterization of such core collections is a powerful approach for studying the molecular backgrounds of quality traits and for constructing predictive metabolome-trait models. We profiled the metabolic composition of kernels from field-grown plants of the rice diversity research set using 4 complementary analytical platforms. We found that the metabolite profiles were correlated with both the overall population structure and fine-grained genetic diversity. Multivariate regression analysis showed that 10 of the 17 studied quality traits could be predicted from the metabolic composition independently of the population structure. Furthermore, the model of amylose ratio could be validated using external varieties grown in an independent experiment. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the utility of metabolomics for linking traits with quantitative molecular data. This opens up new opportunities for trait prediction and construction of tailored germplasms to support modern plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Redestig
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Suehiro-cho, 1-7-22 Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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840
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Janeček Š, Svensson B, MacGregor EA. Structural and evolutionary aspects of two families of non-catalytic domains present in starch and glycogen binding proteins from microbes, plants and animals. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:429-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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841
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842
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Szydlowski N, Ragel P, Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Planchot V, Myers AM, Mérida A, d'Hulst C, Wattebled F. Integrated functions among multiple starch synthases determine both amylopectin chain length and branch linkage location in Arabidopsis leaf starch. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4547-59. [PMID: 21624979 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the impact on starch metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves of simultaneously eliminating multiple soluble starch synthases (SS) from among SS1, SS2, and SS3. Double mutant ss1- ss2- or ss1- ss3- lines were generated using confirmed null mutations. These were compared to the wild type, each single mutant, and ss1- ss2- ss3- triple mutant lines grown in standardized environments. Double mutant plants developed similarly to the wild type, although they accumulated less leaf starch in both short-day and long-day diurnal cycles. Despite the reduced levels in the double mutants, lines containing only SS2 and SS4, or SS3 and SS4, are able to produce substantial amounts of starch granules. In both double mutants the residual starch was structurally modified including higher ratios of amylose:amylopectin, altered glucan chain length distribution within amylopectin, abnormal granule morphology, and altered placement of α(1→6) branch linkages relative to the reducing end of each linear chain. The data demonstrate that SS activity affects not only chain elongation but also the net result of branch placement accomplished by the balanced activities of starch branching enzymes and starch debranching enzymes. SS3 was shown partially to overlap in function with SS1 for the generation of short glucan chains within amylopectin. Compensatory functions that, in some instances, allow continued residual starch production in the absence of specific SS classes were identified, probaby accomplished by the granule bound starch synthase GBSS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Szydlowski
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576 CNRS-Université Lille 1, sciences et technologies, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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843
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Zhu F, Corke H, Åman P, Bertoft E. Structures of clusters in sweetpotato amylopectin. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1112-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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844
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Morris VJ. Emerging roles of engineered nanomaterials in the food industry. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:509-16. [PMID: 21664709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at the atomic or molecular level. Nanotechnology involves the design, production and use of structures through control of the size and shape of the materials at the nanometre scale. Nanotechnology in the food sector is an emerging area with considerable research and potential products. There is particular interest in the definition and regulation of engineered nanomaterials. This term covers three classes of nanomaterials: natural and processed nanostructures in foods; particulate nanomaterials metabolized or excreted on digestion; and particulate nanomaterials not broken down on digestion, which accumulate in the body. This review describes examples of these classes and their likely status in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Morris
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK.
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845
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Phosphate esters in amylopectin clusters of potato tuber starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 48:639-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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846
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Zhu F, Corke H, Bertoft E. Amylopectin internal molecular structure in relation to physical properties of sweetpotato starch. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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847
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Kärkkäinen J, Lappalainen K, Joensuu P, Lajunen M. HPLC-ELSD analysis of six starch species heat-dispersed in [BMIM]Cl ionic liquid. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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848
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ISHINAGA M, UEDA A, MATSUNAKA C, TAMURA M. Distribution of Starch Lysophosphatidylcholine in Pasting and Gelation of Wheat Starch Suspensions. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.17.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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849
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Wellner N, Georget DMR, Parker ML, Morris VJ. In situ Raman microscopy of starch granule structures in wild type and ae mutant maize kernels. STARCH-STARKE 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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