801
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Abstract
The mammalian brain is a phenomenal piece of "organic machinery" that has fascinated scientists and clinicians for centuries. The intricate network of tens of billions of neurons dispersed in a mixture of chemical and biochemical constituents gives rise to thoughts, feelings, memories, and life as we know it. In turn, subtle imbalances or damage to this system can cause severe complications in physical, motor, psychological, and cognitive function. Moreover, the inevitable loss of nerve tissue caused by degenerative diseases and traumatic injuries is particularly devastating because of the limited regenerative capabilities of the central nervous system (i.e., the brain and spinal cord). Among current approaches, stem-cell-based regenerative medicine has shown the greatest promise toward repairing and regenerating destroyed neural tissue. However, establishing controlled and reliable methodologies to guide stem cell differentiation into specialized neural cells of interest (e.g., neurons and oligodendrocytes) has been a prevailing challenge in the field. In this Account, we summarize the nanotechnology-based approaches our group has recently developed to guide stem-cell-based neural regeneration. We focus on three overarching strategies that were adopted to selectively control this process. First, soluble microenvironmental factors play a critical role in directing the fate of stem cells. Multiple factors have been developed in the form of small-molecule drugs, biochemical analogues, and DNA/RNA-based vectors to direct neural differentiation. However, the delivery of these factors with high transfection efficiency and minimal cytotoxicity has been challenging, especially to sensitive cell lines such as stem cells. In our first approach, we designed nanoparticle-based systems for the efficient delivery of such soluble factors to control neural differentiation. Our nanoparticles, comprising either organic or inorganic elements, were biocompatible and offered multifunctional capabilities such as imaging and delivery. Moving from the soluble microenvironment in which cells are immersed to the underlying surface, cells can sense and consequently respond to the physical microenvironment in which they reside. For instance, changes in cell adhesion, shape, and spreading are key cellular responses to surface properties of the underlying substrate. In our second approach, we modulated the surface chemistry of two-dimensional substrates to control neural stem cell morphology and the resulting differentiation process. Patterned surfaces consisting of immobilized extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and/or nanomaterials were generated and utilized to guide neuronal differentiation and polarization. In our third approach, building on the above-mentioned approaches, we further tuned the cell-ECM interactions by introducing nanotopographical features in the form of nanoparticle films or nanofiber scaffolds. Besides providing a three-dimensional surface topography, our unique nanoscaffolds were observed to enhance gene delivery, facilitate axonal alignment, and selectively control differentiation into neural cell lines of interest. Overall, nanotechnology-based approaches offer the precise physicochemical control required to generate tools suitable for applications in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Shah
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor
Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Aniruddh Solanki
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor
Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor
Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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802
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Kaini RR, Shen-Gunther J, Cleland JM, Greene WA, Wang HC. Recombinant Xeno-Free Vitronectin Supports Self-Renewal and Pluripotency in Protein-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:85-90. [PMID: 26581311 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient safety is a major concern in the application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in cell-based therapy. Efforts are being made to reprogram, maintain, and differentiate iPSCs in defined conditions to provide a safe source of stem cells for regenerative medicine. Recently, human fibroblasts were successfully reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells using four recombinant proteins (OCT4, c-Myc, KLF4, and SOX2) fused with a cell-penetrating peptide (9R). These protein-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) are maintained and propagated on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Use of animal-derived products in maintenance and differentiation of iPSCs poses risks of zoonotic disease transmission and immune rejection when transplanted into humans. To avoid potential incorporation of xenogenic products, we cultured piPSCs on recombinant human matrix proteins. We then tested whether recombinant human matrix proteins can support self-renewal and pluripotency of piPSCs. After long-term culture on recombinant human vitronectin in xeno-free conditions, piPSCs retained the expression of pluripotent markers. The pluripotency of these cells was further evaluated by differentiating toward ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm lineages in vitro. In conclusion, recombinant human vitronectin can support the long-term culture and maintain the stemness of piPSCs in defined nonxenogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh R Kaini
- 1 Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Jane Shen-Gunther
- 2 Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center , JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffery M Cleland
- 1 Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Whitney A Greene
- 1 Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Heuy-Ching Wang
- 1 Ocular Trauma Task Area, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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803
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Metavarayuth K, Sitasuwan P, Zhao X, Lin Y, Wang Q. Influence of Surface Topographical Cues on the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:142-151. [PMID: 33418629 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cell research has been advanced in recent years because of the cells' attractive abilities of self-renewal and differentiation. Topography of materials is one of the key features that can be harnessed to regulate stem cell behaviors. Stem cells can interact with underlying material through nanosized integrin receptors. Therefore, the manipulation of topographical cues at a nanoscale level can be employed to modulate the cell fate. In this review, we focus our discussion on the different surface topographical cues, especially, with an emphasis on the viral nanoparticle-coated materials, and their effects on stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamolrat Metavarayuth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Pongkwan Sitasuwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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804
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Kato Y. Regulatory System for Stem/Progenitor Cell Niches in the Adult Rodent Pituitary. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010075. [PMID: 26761002 PMCID: PMC4730319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is a master endocrine tissue composed of five types of endocrine cells. Although the turnover rate of pituitary endocrine cells is as low as about 1.6% per day, recent studies have demonstrated that Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2)⁺-cells exist as pituitary stem/progenitor cells in the adult anterior lobe and contribute to cell regeneration. Notably, SOX2⁺-pituitary stem/progenitor cells form two types of niches in this tissue: the marginal cell layer (MCL-niche) and the dense cell clusters scattering in the parenchyma (parenchymal-niche). However, little is known about the mechanisms and factors for regulating the pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as the functional differences between the two types of niches. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms in the niches might enable us to understand the cell regeneration system that acts in accordance with physiological demands in the adult pituitary. In this review, so as to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of the two types of niche, we summarize the regulatory factors and their roles in the adult rodent pituitary niches by focusing on three components: soluble factors, cell surface proteins and extracellular matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Takako Kato
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Yukio Kato
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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805
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Hickman GJ, Boocock DJ, Pockley AG, Perry CC. The Importance and Clinical Relevance of Surfaces in Tissue Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:152-164. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Hickman
- Biomolecular & Materials Interface Research Group and ‡John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Boocock
- Biomolecular & Materials Interface Research Group and ‡John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- Biomolecular & Materials Interface Research Group and ‡John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Carole C. Perry
- Biomolecular & Materials Interface Research Group and ‡John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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806
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Regalado-Santiago C, Juárez-Aguilar E, Olivares-Hernández JD, Tamariz E. Mimicking Neural Stem Cell Niche by Biocompatible Substrates. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1513285. [PMID: 26880934 PMCID: PMC4736764 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1513285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) participate in the maintenance, repair, and regeneration of the central nervous system. During development, the primary NSCs are distributed along the ventricular zone of the neural tube, while, in adults, NSCs are mainly restricted to the subependymal layer of the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The circumscribed areas where the NSCs are located contain the secreted proteins and extracellular matrix components that conform their niche. The interplay among the niche elements and NSCs determines the balance between stemness and differentiation, quiescence, and proliferation. The understanding of niche characteristics and how they regulate NSCs activity is critical to building in vitro models that include the relevant components of the in vivo niche and to developing neuroregenerative approaches that consider the extracellular environment of NSCs. This review aims to examine both the current knowledge on neurogenic niche and how it is being used to develop biocompatible substrates for the in vitro and in vivo mimicking of extracellular NSCs conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlalli Regalado-Santiago
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Enrique Juárez-Aguilar
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Juan David Olivares-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
| | - Elisa Tamariz
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, 91190 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
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807
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Yu Y, Wu RX, Yin Y, Chen FM. Directing immunomodulation using biomaterials for endogenous regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:569-584. [PMID: 32262939 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering hold considerable potential for innovative and transformative strategies to repair damaged tissue form and function. Although many approaches are adopting ex vivo expanded cells for transplantation, an alternative is to manipulate the biomaterial-host interactions that recruit the patients' own stem cells endogenously for regeneration. There are several considerations in targeting the biomaterial-host interactions therapeutically, not the least of which is the biomimetic design of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking materials and the administration of navigation cues and small molecules that target specific aspects of the native healing cascades to stimulate homing of endogenous stem cells and, thereafter, their expansion and differentiation. A sequence of coordinated interactions between the local niche cells and implanted biomaterials offers signals and sign posts that may instruct the cells traveling toward the injured tissues. Furthermore, stem cell function is critically influenced by extrinsic signals provided by the niche as well as by the implanted biomaterials. Novel strategies harnessing growth factors and immunological cues to design materials not only can modulate the behavior of stem cells but also can alter innate and adaptive immunity in a controlled manner. We envisage that successful and safe endogenous regeneration will involve at least three aspects, i.e., homing of sufficient stem cells, controlling cell fate determination, and blunting host immune responses to outside biomaterial devices. Improving our understanding of the biological and physicochemical signals of biomimetic biomaterials that govern immunomodulation for in situ tissue regeneration, particularly context-dependent macrophage (Mφ) polarization, will lead to a concurrent improvement in clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China.
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808
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Chueng STD, Yang L, Zhang Y, Lee KB. Multidimensional nanomaterials for the control of stem cell fate. NANO CONVERGENCE 2016; 3:23. [PMID: 28191433 PMCID: PMC5271342 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-016-0083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Current stem cell therapy suffers low efficiency in giving rise to differentiated cell lineages, which can replace the original damaged cells. Nanomaterials, on the other hand, provide unique physical size, surface chemistry, conductivity, and topographical microenvironment to regulate stem cell differentiation through multidimensional approaches to facilitate gene delivery, cell-cell, and cell-ECM interactions. In this review, nanomaterials are demonstrated to work both alone and synergistically to guide selective stem cell differentiation. From three different nanotechnology families, three approaches are shown: (1) soluble microenvironmental factors; (2) insoluble physical microenvironment; and (3) nano-topographical features. As regenerative medicine is heavily invested in effective stem cell therapy, this review is inspired to generate discussions in the potential clinical applications of multi-dimensional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy-Tsong Dean Chueng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Letao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
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809
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Corradetti B, Ferrari M. Nanotechnology for mesenchymal stem cell therapies. J Control Release 2015; 240:242-250. [PMID: 26732556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) display great proliferative, differentiative, chemotactic, and immune-modulatory properties required to promote tissue repair. Several clinical trials based on the use of MSC are currently underway for therapeutic purposes. The aim of this article is to examine the current trends and potential impact of nanotechnology in MSC-driven regenerative medicine. Nanoparticle-based approaches are used as powerful carrier systems for the targeted delivery of bioactive molecules to ensure MSC long-term maintenance in vitro and to enhance their regenerative potential. Nanostructured materials have been developed to recapitulate the stem cell niche within a tissue and to instruct MSC toward the creation of regeneration-permissive environment. Finally, the capability of MSC to migrate toward the site of injury/inflammation has allowed for the development of diagnostic imaging systems able to monitor transplanted stem cell bio-distribution, toxicity, and therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Corradetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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810
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Chen YS, Chen YY, Hsueh YS, Tai HC, Lin FH. Modifying alginate with early embryonic extracellular matrix, laminin, and hyaluronic acid for adipose tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:669-677. [PMID: 26514819 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix provides both mechanistic and chemical cues that can influence cellular behaviors such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study, a new material, HA-L-Alg, was synthesized by linking developmentally essential ECM constituents hyaluronic acid (HA) and laminin(L) to alginate (Alg). The fabrication of HA-L-Alg was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, and it was used to form 3D cell-carrying beads. HA-L-Alg beads had a steady rate of degradation and retained 63.25% of mass after 9 weeks. HA-L-Alg beads showed biocompatibility comparable to beads formed by Alg-only with no obvious cytotoxic effect on the embedded 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. HA-L-Alg encapsulated 3T3-L1 cells were found to have a higher proliferation rate over those in Alg-only beads. These cells also showed better differentiation capacity after 2 weeks of adipogenic induction within HA-L-Alg beads. These results support that HA-L-Alg facilitated cell survival and proliferation, as well as stimulated and maintained cell differentiation. Our results suggest that HA-L-Alg has a great clinical potential to be used as stem cell carrier for adipose tissue engineering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 669-677, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Shen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 22060, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Hsueh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chih Tai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
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811
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Petrescu AM, Moldovan L, Zarnescu O. Morphology and ultrastructure of the somatic cells in Astacus leptodactylus ovary. J Morphol 2015; 277:118-27. [PMID: 26453477 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We defined the somatic environment in which female germinal cells develop, and performed ultrastructural analyses of various somatic cell types, with particular reference to muscle cells and follicle cells, that reside within the ovary at different stages of oogenesis. Our findings show that ovarian wall of the crayfish is composed of long muscle cells, blood cells, blood vessels and hemal sinuses. The follicle and germinal cells lie within a common compartment of ovarian follicles that is defined by a continuous basal matrix. The follicle cells form branching cords and migrate to surround the developing oocytes. A thick basal matrix separates the ovarian interstitium from ovarian follicles compartment. Transmission electron microscopy shows that inner layer of basal matrix invaginates deeply into the ovarian compartment. Our results suggest that before being surrounded by follicle cells to form follicles, oogonia and early previtellogenic oocytes reside within a niche surrounded by a basal matrix that separates them from ovarian interstitium. We found coated pits and coated vesicles in the cortical cytoplasm of previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes, suggesting the receptor mediated endocytosis for transfer of material from the outside of the oocytes, via follicle cells. The interstitial compartment between the inner muscular layer of the ovarian wall and the basal matrix of the ovarian follicle compartment contains muscle cells, hemal sinuses, blood vessels and blood cells. Granular hemocytes, within and outside the vessels, were the most abundant cell population in the ovarian interstitium of crayfish after spawning and in the immature ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Petrescu
- Laboratory of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest, R-050095, Romania.,Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Kiseleff 1, Bucharest, R-011341, Romania
| | - Lucia Moldovan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, R-060031, Romania
| | - Otilia Zarnescu
- Laboratory of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest, R-050095, Romania
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812
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Van De Bor V, Zimniak G, Papone L, Cerezo D, Malbouyres M, Juan T, Ruggiero F, Noselli S. Companion Blood Cells Control Ovarian Stem Cell Niche Microenvironment and Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:546-560. [PMID: 26456819 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix plays an essential role for stem cell differentiation and niche homeostasis. Yet, the origin and mechanism of assembly of the stem cell niche microenvironment remain poorly characterized. Here, we uncover an association between the niche and blood cells, leading to the formation of the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell niche basement membrane. We identify a distinct pool of plasmatocytes tightly associated with the developing ovaries from larval stages onward. Expressing tagged collagen IV tissue specifically, we show that the germline stem cell niche basement membrane is produced by these "companion plasmatocytes" in the larval gonad and persists throughout adulthood, including the reproductive period. Eliminating companion plasmatocytes or specifically blocking their collagen IV expression during larval stages results in abnormal adult niches with excess stem cells, a phenotype due to aberrant BMP signaling. Thus, local interactions between the niche and blood cells during gonad development are essential for adult germline stem cell niche microenvironment assembly and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Van De Bor
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Geordie Zimniak
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Lise Papone
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Delphine Cerezo
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marilyne Malbouyres
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon-ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Thomas Juan
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon-ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Stéphane Noselli
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France.
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813
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Masci VL, Taddei AR, Gambellini G, Giorgi F, Fausto AM. Ultrastructural investigation on fibroblast interaction with collagen scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:272-82. [PMID: 26375405 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Collagen-based scaffolds are used as temporary or permanent coverings to help wound healing. Under natural conditions, wound healing is affected by such factors as cell types, growth factors and several components of the extracellular matrix. Due to the complexity of the cell-to-matrix interaction, many cell based mechanisms regulating wound healing in vivo are not yet properly understood. However, the whole process can be partially simulated in vitro to determine how cells interact with the collagen scaffold in relation to such features as physico-chemical properties, matrix architecture and fiber stability. Under these conditions, cell migration into the collagen matrix can be easily assessed and causally correlated with these features. In this study, we aimed at providing a structural analysis of how NIH3T3 fibroblasts migrate and proliferate in vitro when seeded on a native type-I collagen scaffold. To this end, samples were collected at regular time intervals and analyzed by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through this experimental approach we demonstrate that collagen is gradually frayed into progressively thinner fibrils as fibroblasts migrate into the matrix, embrace the collagen fibers with long filopodia and form large intracellular vacuoles. A key role in this process is also played by microvesicles shed from the fibroblast plasma membrane and spread over long distances inside the collagen matrix. These observations indicate that a native type-I equine collagen provides favorable conditions for simulating collagen processing in vitro and eventually for unraveling the mechanisms controlling cell uptake and intracellular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Laghezza Masci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrifood and Forestry Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Taddei
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Great Equipment Center, Tuscia University, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gambellini
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Great Equipment Center, Tuscia University, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrifood and Forestry Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
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814
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Chen P, Cescon M, Bonaldo P. Lack of Collagen VI Promotes Wound-Induced Hair Growth. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2358-2367. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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815
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Wang H, Luo X, Leighton J. Extracellular Matrix and Integrins in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 8:15-21. [PMID: 26462244 PMCID: PMC4589090 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s30377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells with great therapeutic potentials. The in vitro differentiation of ESC was designed by recapitulating embryogenesis. Significant progress has been made to improve the in vitro differentiation protocols by toning soluble maintenance factors. However, more robust methods for lineage-specific differentiation and maturation are still under development. Considering the complexity of in vivo embryogenesis environment, extracellular matrix (ECM) cues should be considered besides growth factor cues. ECM proteins bind to cells and act as ligands of integrin receptors on cell surfaces. Here, we summarize the role of the ECM and integrins in the formation of three germ layer progenies. Various ECM–integrin interactions were found, facilitating differentiation toward definitive endoderm, hepatocyte-like cells, pancreatic beta cells, early mesodermal progenitors, cardiomyocytes, neuroectoderm lineages, and epidermal cells, such as keratinocytes and melanocytes. In the future, ECM combinations for the optimal ESC differentiation environment will require substantial study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xie Luo
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jake Leighton
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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816
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Lynch K, Pei M. Age associated communication between cells and matrix: a potential impact on stem cell-based tissue regeneration strategies. Organogenesis 2015; 10:289-98. [PMID: 25482504 DOI: 10.4161/15476278.2014.970089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent paper demonstrated that decellularized extracellular matrix (DECM) deposited by synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs), especially from fetal donors, could rejuvenate human adult SDSCs in both proliferation and chondrogenic potential, in which expanded cells and corresponding culture substrate (such as DECM) were found to share a mutual reaction in both elasticity and protein profiles (see ref. (1) ). It seems that young DECM may assist in the development of culture strategies that optimize proliferation and maintain "stemness" of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), helping to overcome one of the primary difficulties in MSC-based regenerative therapies. In this paper, the effects of age on the proliferative capacity and differentiation potential of MSCs are reviewed, along with the ability of DECM from young cells to rejuvenate old cells. In an effort to highlight some of the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon, we discuss age-related changes to extracellular matrix (ECM)'s physical properties and chemical composition.
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Key Words
- ACAN, aggrecan
- ADSC, adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BMSC, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell
- CBFA1, core binding factor α 1
- CFU-OB, colony forming unit of osteoblasts
- COL2A1, collagen type 2 alpha1
- DECM, decellularized extracellular matrix
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor basic
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HSC, haematopoietic stem cell
- IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I
- LOXL1, lysyl oxidase-like 1
- LPL, lipopolysaccharide
- LV, left ventricle
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- ON, osteonectin
- PPARG, peroxisome proliferator active receptor gamma
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2
- SD, Sprague-Dawley
- SDSC, synovium derived stem cell
- SIS-ECM, small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix
- SOX9, SRY (sex determining region-Y)-box 9
- SPARC, secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- UDSC, umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- aging
- differentiation
- extracellular matrix
- mRNA, mRNA
- mesenchymal stem cells
- miRNA, micro-RNA
- microenvironment
- proliferation
- tissue engineering
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lynch
- a Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Department of Orthopaedics ; West Virginia University ; Morgantown , WV USA
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817
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Integrated processes for expansion and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in suspended microcarriers cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 473:764-8. [PMID: 26385176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) expansion and differentiation can be limited in scalability and costly (due to their labor intensive nature). This can limit their use in cell therapy, drug screening and toxicity assays. One of the approaches that can overcome these limitations is microcarrier (MC) based cultures in which cells are expanded as cell/MC aggregates and then directly differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) in the same agitated reactor. This integrated process can be scaled up and eliminate the need for some culture manipulation used in common monolayer and EBs cultures. This review describes the principles of such microcarriers based integrated hPSC expansion and differentiation process, and parameters that can affect its efficiency (such as MC type and extracellular matrix proteins coatings, cell/MC aggregates size, and agitation). Finally examples of integrated process for generation cardiomyocytes (CM) and neural progenitor cells (NPC) as well as challenges to be solved are described.
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818
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Lacraz G, Rouleau AJ, Couture V, Söllrald T, Drouin G, Veillette N, Grandbois M, Grenier G. Increased Stiffness in Aged Skeletal Muscle Impairs Muscle Progenitor Cell Proliferative Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136217. [PMID: 26295702 PMCID: PMC4546553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle aging is associated with a decreased regenerative potential due to the loss of function of endogenous stem cells or myogenic progenitor cells (MPCs). Aged skeletal muscle is characterized by the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which in turn influences the biomechanical properties of myofibers by increasing their stiffness. Since the stiffness of the MPC microenvironment directly impacts MPC function, we hypothesized that the increase in muscle stiffness that occurs with aging impairs the behavior of MPCs, ultimately leading to a decrease in regenerative potential. RESULTS We showed that freshly isolated individual myofibers from aged mouse muscles contain fewer MPCs overall than myofibers from adult muscles, with fewer quiescent MPCs and more proliferative and differentiating MPCs. We observed alterations in cultured MPC behavior in aged animals, where the proliferation and differentiation of MPCs were lower and higher, respectively. These alterations were not linked to the intrinsic properties of aged myofibers, as shown by the similar values for the cumulative population-doubling values and fusion indexes. However, atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation experiments revealed a nearly 4-fold increase in the stiffness of the MPC microenvironment. We further showed that the increase in stiffness is associated with alterations to muscle ECM, including the accumulation of collagen, which was correlated with higher hydroxyproline and advanced glycation end-product content. Lastly, we recapitulated the impaired MPC behavior observed in aging using a hydrogel substrate that mimics the stiffness of myofibers. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel evidence that the low regenerative potential of aged skeletal muscle is independent of intrinsic MPC properties but is related to the increase in the stiffness of the MPC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Lacraz
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke Research Center (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - André-Jean Rouleau
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke Research Center (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Couture
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke Research Center (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Söllrald
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Drouin
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke Research Center (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noémie Veillette
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke Research Center (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke Research Center (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Grenier
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke Research Center (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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819
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Horzum U, Ozdil B, Pesen-Okvur D. Differentiation of Normal and Cancer Cell Adhesion on Custom Designed Protein Nanopatterns. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5393-5403. [PMID: 26132305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is deregulated in metastasis. However, traditional surfaces used to study cell adhesion do not faithfully mimic the in vivo microenvironment. Electron beam lithography (EBL) is able to generate customized protein nanopatterns. Here, we used an EBL-based green lithography approach to fabricate homogeneous and gradient, single (fibronectin, K-casein) and double (fibronectin, laminin) active component protein nanopatterns with micrometer scale spacing to investigate differences in adhesion of breast cancer cells (BCC) and normal mammary epithelial cells (NMEC). Our results showed that as expected, in contrast to NMEC, BCC were plastic: they tolerated nonadhesion promoting regions, adapted to flow and exploited gradients better. In addition, the number of focal adhesions but not their area appeared to be the dominant parameter for regulation of cell adhesion. Our findings also demonstrated that custom designed protein nanopatterns, which can properly mimic the in vivo microenvironment, enable realistic distinction of normal and cancerous cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Horzum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berrin Ozdil
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Devrim Pesen-Okvur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla/Izmir, Turkey
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820
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Anayama H, Fukuda R, Yamate J. Adipose progenitor cells reside among the mature adipocytes: morphological research using an organotypic culture system. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1288-98. [PMID: 26095163 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The precise localization and biological characteristics of the adipose progenitor cells are still a focus of debate. In this study, the localization of the adipose progenitor cells was determined using an organotypic culture system of adipose tissue slices. The tissue slices of subcutaneous white adipose tissue from rats were placed on a porous membrane and cultured at the interface between air and the culture medium for up to 5 days with or without adipogenic stimulation. The structure of adipose tissue components was sufficiently preserved during the culture and, following adipogenic stimulation with insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, numerous multilocular adipocytes appeared in the interstitium among the mature adipocytes. Histomorphological 3-D observation using confocal laser microscopy revealed the presence of small mesenchymal cells containing little or no fat residing in the perivascular region and on the mature adipocytes and differentiation from the pre-existing mesenchymal cells to multilocular adipocytes. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that these cells were initially present within the fibronectin-positive extracellular matrix (ECM). The adipose differentiation of the mesenchymal cells was confirmed by the enhanced expression of C/EBP-β suggesting adipose differentiation and the concurrent advent of CD105-expressing mesenchymal cells within the interstitium of the mature adipocytes. Based on the above, the mesenchymal cells embedded in the ECM around the mature adipocytes were confirmed to be responsible for adipogenesis because the transition of the mesenchymal cells to the stem state contributed to the increase in the number of adipocytes in rat adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Anayama
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.,Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-Oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukuda
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-Oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
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821
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Naba A, Clauser KR, Ding H, Whittaker CA, Carr SA, Hynes RO. The extracellular matrix: Tools and insights for the "omics" era. Matrix Biol 2015; 49:10-24. [PMID: 26163349 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of multicellular organisms that provides mechanical and chemical cues that orchestrate cellular and tissue organization and functions. Degradation, hyperproduction or alteration of the composition of the ECM cause or accompany numerous pathologies. Thus, a better characterization of ECM composition, metabolism, and biology can lead to the identification of novel prognostic and diagnostic markers and therapeutic opportunities. The development over the last few years of high-throughput ("omics") approaches has considerably accelerated the pace of discovery in life sciences. In this review, we describe new bioinformatic tools and experimental strategies for ECM research, and illustrate how these tools and approaches can be exploited to provide novel insights in our understanding of ECM biology. We also introduce a web platform "the matrisome project" and the database MatrisomeDB that compiles in silico and in vivo data on the matrisome, defined as the ensemble of genes encoding ECM and ECM-associated proteins. Finally, we present a first draft of an ECM atlas built by compiling proteomics data on the ECM composition of 14 different tissues and tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Naba
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Karl R Clauser
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Huiming Ding
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Barbara K. Ostrom Bioinformatics and Computing facility at the Swanson Biotechnology Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charles A Whittaker
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Barbara K. Ostrom Bioinformatics and Computing facility at the Swanson Biotechnology Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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822
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Peloso A, Dhal A, Zambon JP, Li P, Orlando G, Atala A, Soker S. Current achievements and future perspectives in whole-organ bioengineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:107. [PMID: 26028404 PMCID: PMC4450459 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible end-stage organ failure represents one of the leading causes of death, and organ transplantation is currently the only curative solution. Donor organ shortage and adverse effects of immunosuppressive regimens are the major limiting factors for this definitive practice. Recent developments in bioengineering and regenerative medicine could provide a solid base for the future creation of implantable, bioengineered organs. Whole-organ detergent-perfusion protocols permit clinicians to gently remove all the cells and at the same time preserve the natural three-dimensional framework of the native organ. Several decellularized organs, including liver, kidney, and pancreas, have been created as a platform for further successful seeding. These scaffolds are composed of organ-specific extracellular matrix that contains growth factors important for cellular growth and function. Macro- and microvascular tree is entirely maintained and can be incorporated in the recipient's vascular system after the implant. This review will emphasize recent achievements in the whole-organ scaffolds and at the same time underline complications that the scientific community has to resolve before reaching a functional bioengineered organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peloso
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Department of General Surgery, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy. .,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Abritee Dhal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Joao P Zambon
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Peng Li
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Department of General Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27517, USA.
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27517, USA.
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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823
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Oliveira SM, Reis RL, Mano JF. Towards the design of 3D multiscale instructive tissue engineering constructs: Current approaches and trends. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:842-55. [PMID: 26025038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The design of 3D constructs with adequate properties to instruct and guide cells both in vitro and in vivo is one of the major focuses of tissue engineering. Successful tissue regeneration depends on the favorable crosstalk between the supporting structure, the cells and the host tissue so that a balanced matrix production and degradation are achieved. Herein, the major occurring events and players in normal and regenerative tissue are overviewed. These have been inspiring the selection or synthesis of instructive cues to include into the 3D constructs. We further highlight the importance of a multiscale perception of the range of features that can be included on the biomimetic structures. Lastly, we focus on the current and developing tissue-engineering approaches for the preparation of such 3D constructs: top-down, bottom-up and integrative. Bottom-up and integrative approaches present a higher potential for the design of tissue engineering devices with multiscale features and higher biochemical control than top-down strategies, and are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco- Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco- Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco- Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal.
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824
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The role of the microenvironment on the fate of adult stem cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:639-48. [PMID: 25985755 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells (SCs) exist in all tissues that promote tissue growth, regeneration, and healing throughout life. The SC niche in which they reside provides signals that direct them to proliferate, differentiate, or remain dormant; these factors include neighboring cells, the extracellular matrix, soluble molecules, and physical stimuli. In disease and aging states, stable or transitory changes in the microenvironment can directly cause SC activation or inhibition in tissue healing as well as functional regulation. Here, we discuss the microenvironmental regulation of the behavior of SC and focus on plasticity approaches by which various environmental factors can enhance the function of SCs and more effectively direct the fate of SCs.
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825
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Kohara Y, Soeta S, Izu Y, Amasaki H. Accumulation of type VI collagen in the primary osteon of the rat femur during postnatal development. J Anat 2015; 226:478-88. [PMID: 25943007 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, the long bone diaphysis is expanded by forming primary osteons at the periosteal surface of the cortical bone. This ossification process is thought to be regulated by the microenvironment in the periosteum. Type VI collagen (Col VI), a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the periosteum, is involved in osteoblast differentiation at early stages. In several cell types, Col VI interacts with NG2 on the cytoplasmic membrane to promote cell proliferation, spreading and motility. However, the detailed functions of Col VI and NG2 in the ossification process in the periosteum are still under investigation. In this study, to clarify the relationship between localization of Col VI and formation of the primary osteon, we examined the distribution of Col VI and osteoblast lineages expressing NG2 in the periosteum of rat femoral diaphysis during postnatal growing periods by immunohistochemistry. Primary osteons enclosing the osteonal cavity were clearly identified in the cortical bone from 2 weeks old. The size of the osteonal cavities decreased from the outer to the inner region of the cortical bone. In addition, the osteonal cavities of newly formed primary osteons at the outermost region started to decrease in size after rats reached the age of 4 weeks. Immunohistochemistry revealed concentrated localization of Col VI in the ECM in the osteonal cavity. Col VI-immunoreactive areas were reduced and they disappeared as the osteonal cavities became smaller from the outer to the inner region. In the osteonal cavities of the outer cortical regions, Runx2-immunoreactive spindle-shaped cells and mature osteoblasts were detected in Col VI-immunoreactive areas. The numbers of Runx2-immunoreactive cells were significantly higher in the osteonal cavities than in the osteogenic layers from 2 to 4 weeks. Most of these Runx2-immunoreactive cells showed NG2-immunoreactivity. Furthermore, PCNA-immunoreactivity was detected in the Runx2-immunoreactive spindle cells in the osteonal cavities. These results indicate that Col VI provides a characteristic microenvironment in the osteonal cavity of the primary osteon, and that differentiation and proliferation of the osteoblast lineage occur in the Col VI-immunoreactive area. Interaction of Col VI and NG2 may be involved in the structural organization of the primary osteon by regulating osteoblast lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kohara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Izu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Amasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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826
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Carneiro K, de Brito JM, Rossi MID. Development by three-dimensional approaches and four-dimensional imaging: to the knowledge frontier and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:1-8. [PMID: 25789860 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many advances have been taken on elucidating embryonic development and tissue homeostasis and repair by the use of experimental strategies that preserve the three-dimensional (3D) organization and allow quantitative analysis of images over time (four-dimensional). Ranging from the understanding about the relationship between blastomeres and the events that take place during gastrulation by the use of time-lapse imaging through 3D cultures that mimic organogenesis, the advances in this area are of critical value. The studies on embryonic development without disrupting the original architecture and the development of 3D organoid cultures pave a new avenue for unprecedented experimental advances that will positively impact the emergence of new treatments applying regenerative principles for both tissue repair and organ transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Carneiro
- Biomedical Institute of Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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827
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Mesenchymal stromal cells for sphincter regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:123-36. [PMID: 25451135 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), defined as the involuntary loss of considerable amounts of urine during increased abdominal pressure (exertion, effort, sneezing, coughing, etc.), is a severe problem to the individuals affected and a significant medical, social and economic challenge. SUI is associated with pelvic floor debility, absence of detrusor contraction, or a loss of control over the sphincter muscle apparatus. The pathology includes an increasing loss of muscle cells, replacement of muscular tissue with fibrous tissue, and general aging associated processes of the sphincter complex. When current therapies fail to cure or improve SUI, application of regeneration-competent cells may be an alternative therapeutic option. Here we discuss different aspects of the biology of mesenchymal stromal cells, which are relevant to their clinical applications and for regenerating the sphincter complex. However, there are reports in favor of and against cell-based therapies. We therefore summarize the potential and the risks of cell-based therapies for the treatment of SUI.
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828
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Mashinchian O, Turner LA, Dalby MJ, Laurent S, Shokrgozar MA, Bonakdar S, Imani M, Mahmoudi M. Regulation of stem cell fate by nanomaterial substrates. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:829-47. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are increasingly studied because of their potential to underpin a range of novel therapies, including regenerative strategies, cell type-specific therapy and tissue repair, among others. Bionanomaterials can mimic the stem cell environment and modulate stem cell differentiation and proliferation. New advances in these fields are presented in this review. This work highlights the importance of topography and elasticity of the nano-/micro-environment, or niche, for the initiation and induction of stem cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14177–55469, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lesley-Anne Turner
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Joseph Black Building, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Joseph Black Building, Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic & Biomedical Chemistry, NMR & Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- CMMI – Center for Microscopy & Molecular Imaging, Rue Adrienne Bolland, 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, PO Box 13169–43551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Imani
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Department, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), PO Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155–6451, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305–5101, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305–5101, USA
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829
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Trensz F, Lucien F, Couture V, Söllrald T, Drouin G, Rouleau AJ, Grandbois M, Lacraz G, Grenier G. Increased microenvironment stiffness in damaged myofibers promotes myogenic progenitor cell proliferation. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:5. [PMID: 25729564 PMCID: PMC4343274 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stiffness of the myogenic stem cell microenvironment markedly influences the ability to regenerate tissue. We studied the effect of damaged myofibers on myogenic progenitor cell (MPC) proliferation and determined whether the structural integrity of the microenvironment contributes to phenotypic changes. METHODS Individual myofibers were isolated and cultured for 6 days. During this period, the cytoskeleton of myofibers and transcription factors regulating MPC differentiation were characterized by immunostaining. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was performed to measure stiffness of cultured myofibers. Healthy and damaged myofibers, and their associated MPCs, were studied in skeletal muscle from dystrophic and tenotomy mouse models. MPCs were cultured on stiffness-tunable substrates, and their phenotypes were assessed by immunostaining of myogenic transcription factors. RESULTS We showed that individual myofibers tend to shrink or collapse when cultured ex vivo starting from day 1 and that this is associated with a marked increase in the number of proliferative MPCs (Pax7(+)MyoD(+)). The myofibers collapsed due to a loss of viability as shown by Evans blue dye uptake and the disorganization of their cytoskeletons. Interestingly, collapsed myofibers in mdx skeletal muscles were similar to damaged myofibers in that they lose their viability, have a disorganized cytoskeleton (actin and α-actinin), and display local MPC (MyoD(+)) proliferation at their periphery. In a tenotomy model that causes loss of muscle tension, the cytoskeletal disorganization of myofibers also correlated with the activation/proliferation of MPCs. A deeper analysis of collapsed myofibers revealed that they produce trophic factors that influence MPC proliferation. In addition, collapsed myofibers expressed several genes related to the basal lamina. Immunostaining revealed the presence of fibronectin in the basal lamina and the cytoplasm of damaged myofibers. Lastly, using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we showed that collapsed myofibers exhibit greater stiffness than intact myofibers. Growing MPCs on a 2-kPa polyacrylamide-based substrate, exempt of additional microenvironmental cues, recapitulated proliferation and reduced spontaneous differentiation compared to growth on a 0.5-kPa substrate. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the notion that collapsed or damaged myofibers increase the structural stiffness of the satellite cell microenvironment, which in addition to other cues such as trophic factors and changes in extracellular matrix composition, promotes the proliferation and maintenance of MPCs, required for myofiber repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Trensz
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Fabrice Lucien
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Vanessa Couture
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Thomas Söllrald
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Geneviève Drouin
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - André-Jean Rouleau
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Gregory Lacraz
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada ; New address: Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Grenier
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada ; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001-12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, QC Canada
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830
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Xu R, Taskin MB, Rubert M, Seliktar D, Besenbacher F, Chen M. hiPS-MSCs differentiation towards fibroblasts on a 3D ECM mimicking scaffold. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8480. [PMID: 25684543 PMCID: PMC4329554 DOI: 10.1038/srep08480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are ubiquitous cells that constitute the stroma of virtually all tissues and play vital roles in homeostasis. The poor innate healing capacity of fibroblastic tissues is attributed to the scarcity of fibroblasts as collagen-producing cells. In this study, we have developed a functional ECM mimicking scaffold that is capable to supply spatial allocation of stem cells as well as anchorage and storage of growth factors (GFs) to direct stem cells differentiate towards fibroblasts. Electrospun PCL fibers were embedded in a PEG-fibrinogen (PF) hydrogel, which was infiltrated with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) to form the 3D nanocomposite PFP-C. The human induced pluripotent stem cells derived mesenchymal stem cells (hiPS-MSCs) with an advance in growth over adult MSCs were applied to validate the fibrogenic capacity of the 3D nanocomposite scaffold. The PFP-C scaffold was found not only biocompatible with the hiPS-MSCs, but also presented intriguingly strong fibroblastic commitments, to an extent comparable to the positive control, tissue culture plastic surfaces (TCP) timely refreshed with 100% CTGF. The novel scaffold presented not only biomimetic ECM nanostructures for homing stem cells, but also sufficient cell-approachable bio-signaling cues, which may synergistically facilitate the control of stem cell fates for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruodan Xu
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Berat Taskin
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marina Rubert
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Menglin Chen
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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831
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Ko IK, Peng L, Peloso A, Smith CJ, Dhal A, Deegan DB, Zimmerman C, Clouse C, Zhao W, Shupe TD, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Bioengineered transplantable porcine livers with re-endothelialized vasculature. Biomaterials 2015; 40:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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832
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Janeczek AA, Scarpa E, A. Newman T, Oreffo ROC, S. Tare R, Evans ND. Skeletal Stem Cell Niche of the Bone Marrow. TISSUE-SPECIFIC STEM CELL NICHE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21705-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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833
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Lauer FM, Kaemmerer E, Meckel T. Single molecule microscopy in 3D cell cultures and tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:79-94. [PMID: 25453259 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
From the onset of the first microscopic visualization of single fluorescent molecules in living cells at the beginning of this century, to the present, almost routine application of single molecule microscopy, the method has well-proven its ability to contribute unmatched detailed insight into the heterogeneous and dynamic molecular world life is composed of. Except for investigations on bacteria and yeast, almost the entire story of success is based on studies on adherent mammalian 2D cell cultures. However, despite this continuous progress, the technique was not able to keep pace with the move of the cell biology community to adapt 3D cell culture models for basic research, regenerative medicine, or drug development and screening. In this review, we will summarize the progress, which only recently allowed for the application of single molecule microscopy to 3D cell systems and give an overview of the technical advances that led to it. While initially posing a challenge, we finally conclude that relevant 3D cell models will become an integral part of the on-going success of single molecule microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Lauer
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elke Kaemmerer
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, 4059 QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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834
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Álvarez Z, Hyroššová P, Perales JC, Alcántara S. Neuronal Progenitor Maintenance Requires Lactate Metabolism and PEPCK-M-Directed Cataplerosis. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:1046-58. [PMID: 25452568 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the metabolic requirements for neuronal progenitor maintenance in vitro and in vivo by examining the metabolic adaptations that support neuronal progenitors and neural stem cells (NSCs) in their undifferentiated state. We demonstrate that neuronal progenitors are strictly dependent on lactate metabolism, while glucose induces their neuronal differentiation. Lactate signaling is not by itself capable of maintaining the progenitor phenotype. The consequences of lactate metabolism include increased mitochondrial and oxidative metabolism, with a strict reliance on cataplerosis through the mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M) pathway to support anabolic functions, such as the production of extracellular matrix. In vivo, lactate maintains/induces populations of postnatal neuronal progenitors/NSCs in a PEPCK-M-dependent manner. Taken together, our data demonstrate that, lactate alone or together with other physical/biochemical cues maintain NSCs/progenitors with a metabolic signature that is classically found in tissues with high anabolic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Álvarez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia-IBEC, Barcelona, Spain Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petra Hyroššová
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, Medical School (Bellvitge Campus), University of Barcelona-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Perales
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, Medical School (Bellvitge Campus), University of Barcelona-UB, Barcelona, Spain
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835
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate network composed of an array of multidomain macromolecules organized in a cell/tissue-specific manner. Components of the ECM link together to form a structurally stable composite, contributing to the mechanical properties of tissues. The ECM is also a reservoir of growth factors and bioactive molecules. It is a highly dynamic entity that is of vital importance, determining and controlling the most fundamental behaviors and characteristics of cells such as proliferation, adhesion, migration, polarity, differentiation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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836
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Maeta E, Ishihara K. Cross-linkable and water-soluble phospholipid polymer as artificial extracellular matrix. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMECHANICS IN BIOENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.12989/bme.2014.1.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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837
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Zulkifli FH, Jahir Hussain FS, Abdull Rasad MSB, Mohd Yusoff M. Improved cellular response of chemically crosslinked collagen incorporated hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl) alcohol nanofibers scaffold. J Biomater Appl 2014; 29:1014-27. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328214549818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to develop biocompatible nanofibrous mats using hydroxyethyl cellulose with improved cellular adhesion profiles and stability and use these fibrous mats as potential scaffold for skin tissue engineering. Glutaraldehyde was used to treat the scaffolds water insoluble as well as improve their biostability for possible use in biomedical applications. Electrospinning of hydroxyethyl cellulose (5 wt%) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (15 wt%) incorporated with and without collagen was blended at (1:1:1) and (1:1) ratios, respectively, and was evaluated for optimal criteria as tissue engineering scaffolds. The nanofibrous mats were crosslinked and characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the mean diameters of blend nanofibers were gradually increased after chemically crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was carried out to understand chemical interactions in the presence of aldehyde groups. Thermal characterization results showed that the stability of hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) and hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol)/collagen nanofibers was increased with glutaraldehyde treatment. Studies on cell–scaffolds interaction were carried out by culturing human fibroblast (hFOB) cells on the nanofibers by assessing the growth, proliferation, and morphologies of cells. The scanning electron microscope results show that better cell proliferation and attachment appeared on hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol)/collagen substrates after 7 days of culturing, thus, promoting the potential of electrospun scaffolds as a promising candidate for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Hanani Zulkifli
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mashitah Mohd Yusoff
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
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838
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Roll L, Faissner A. Influence of the extracellular matrix on endogenous and transplanted stem cells after brain damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:219. [PMID: 25191223 PMCID: PMC4137450 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited regeneration capacity of the adult central nervous system (CNS) requires strategies to improve recovery of patients. In this context, the interaction of endogenous as well as transplanted stem cells with their environment is crucial. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms could help to improve regeneration by targeted manipulation. In the course of reactive gliosis, astrocytes upregulate Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and start, in many cases, to proliferate. Beside GFAP, subpopulations of these astroglial cells coexpress neural progenitor markers like Nestin. Although cells express these markers, the proportion of cells that eventually give rise to neurons is limited in many cases in vivo compared to the situation in vitro. In the first section, we present the characteristics of endogenous progenitor-like cells and discuss the differences in their neurogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. As the environment plays an important role for survival, proliferation, migration, and other processes, the second section of the review describes changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network that contains numerous signaling molecules. It appears that signals in the damaged CNS lead to an activation and de-differentiation of astrocytes, but do not effectively promote neuronal differentiation of these cells. Factors that influence stem cells during development are upregulated in the damaged brain as part of an environment resembling a stem cell niche. We give a general description of the ECM composition, with focus on stem cell-associated factors like the glycoprotein Tenascin-C (TN-C). Stem cell transplantation is considered as potential treatment strategy. Interaction of transplanted stem cells with the host environment is critical for the outcome of stem cell-based therapies. Possible mechanisms involving the ECM by which transplanted stem cells might improve recovery are discussed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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839
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Antebi B, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Lu Z, Chen XD, Ling J. Stromal-cell-derived extracellular matrix promotes the proliferation and retains the osteogenic differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells on three-dimensional scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:171-81. [PMID: 24965227 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, expansion of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is typically carried out on two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture plastic. Since this 2D substratum is very different from the physiological situation, MSCs gradually lose their unique multipotent properties during expansion. Recently, the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment ("niche") in facilitating and regulating stem cell behavior in vivo has been elucidated. As a result, investigators have shifted their efforts toward developing three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds capable of functioning like the native tissue ECM. In this study, we demonstrated that stromal-cell-derived ECM, formed within a collagen/hydroxyapatite (Col/HA) scaffold to mimic the bone marrow "niche," promoted MSC proliferation and preserved their differentiation capacity. The ECM was synthesized by MSCs to reconstitute the tissue-specific 3D microenvironment in vitro. Following deposition of the ECM inside Col/HA scaffold, the construct was decellularized and reseeded with MSCs to study their behavior. The data showed that MSCs cultured on the ECM-Col/HA scaffolds grew significantly faster than the cells from the same batch cultured on the regular Col/HA scaffolds. In addition, MSCs cultured on the ECM-Col/HA scaffolds retained their "stemness" and osteogenic differentiation capacity better than MSCs cultured on regular Col/HA scaffolds. When ECM-Col/HA scaffolds were implanted into immunocompromised mice, with or without loading MSCs, it was found that those scaffolds formed less bone as compared with regular Col/HA scaffolds (i.e., without ECM), in both cases of with or without loading MSCs. The in vivo study further confirmed that the ECM-Col/HA scaffold was a suitable mimic of the bone marrow "niche." This novel 3D stromal-cell-derived ECM system has the potential to be developed into a biomedical platform for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Antebi
- 1 Microencapsulation and Nanomaterials Department, Southwest Research Institute , San Antonio, Texas
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840
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Minuth WW, Denk L. Tannic acid label indicates abnormal cell development coinciding with regeneration of renal tubules. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:34. [PMID: 25071418 PMCID: PMC4112905 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem/progenitor cells are in the focus of research as a future therapeutic option to stimulate regeneration in diseased renal parenchyma. However, current data indicate that successful seeding of implanted stem/progenitor cells is prevented by harmful interstitial fluid and altered extracellular matrix. To find out possible parameters for cell adaptation, the present investigation was performed. Methods Renal stem/progenitor cells were mounted in an artificial interstitium for perfusion culture. Exposure to chemically defined but CO2-independent culture media was tested during 13 days. Cell biological features were then analyzed by histochemistry, while structural details were investigated by transmission electron microscopy after conventional and improved fixation of specimens. Results Culture of renal stem/progenitor cells as well in Leibovitz’s L-15 Medium as CO2 Independent Medium shows in fluorescence microscopy spatial development of numerous tubules. Specimens of both media fixed by conventional glutaraldehyde exhibit in electron microscopy a homogeneous cell population in developed tubules. In contrast, fixation by glutaraldehyde including tannic acid illuminates that dispersed dark marked cells of unknown function are present. The screening further demonstrates that the dark cell type does not comply with cells found in embryonic, maturing or matured renal parenchyma. Conclusions The actual data show that development of abnormal cell features must be taken into account, when regeneration of renal tubules is simulated under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will W Minuth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Denk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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841
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Barthes J, Özçelik H, Hindié M, Ndreu-Halili A, Hasan A, Vrana NE. Cell microenvironment engineering and monitoring for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: the recent advances. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:921905. [PMID: 25143954 PMCID: PMC4124711 DOI: 10.1155/2014/921905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the conditions in the immediate vicinity of the cells have a direct effect on cells' behaviour and subsequently on clinical outcomes. Physical, chemical, and biological control of cell microenvironment are of crucial importance for the ability to direct and control cell behaviour in 3-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds spatially and temporally. In this review, we will focus on the different aspects of cell microenvironment such as surface micro-, nanotopography, extracellular matrix composition and distribution, controlled release of soluble factors, and mechanical stress/strain conditions and how these aspects and their interactions can be used to achieve a higher degree of control over cellular activities. The effect of these parameters on the cellular behaviour within tissue engineering context is discussed and how these parameters are used to develop engineered tissues is elaborated. Also, recent techniques developed for the monitoring of the cell microenvironment in vitro and in vivo are reviewed, together with recent tissue engineering applications where the control of cell microenvironment has been exploited. Cell microenvironment engineering and monitoring are crucial parts of tissue engineering efforts and systems which utilize different components of the cell microenvironment simultaneously can provide more functional engineered tissues in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Barthes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 1121, “Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie”, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Hayriye Özçelik
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 1121, “Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie”, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Hindié
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2 Avenue Adolphe Chauvin, 95302 Cergy Pontoise, France
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-S 1121, “Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie”, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Protip SAS, 8 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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842
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Jeong Y, Choi J, Lee KH. Technology advancement for integrative stem cell analyses. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:669-82. [PMID: 24874188 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have endeavored to use stem cells for a variety of applications ranging from basic science research to translational medicine. Population-based characterization of such stem cells, while providing an important foundation to further development, often disregard the heterogeneity inherent among individual constituents within a given population. The population-based analysis and characterization of stem cells and the problems associated with such a blanket approach only underscore the need for the development of new analytical technology. In this article, we review current stem cell analytical technologies, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each, followed by applications of these technologies in the field of stem cells. Furthermore, while recent advances in micro/nano technology have led to a growth in the stem cell analytical field, underlying architectural concepts allow only for a vertical analytical approach, in which different desirable parameters are obtained from multiple individual experiments and there are many technical challenges that limit vertically integrated analytical tools. Therefore, we propose--by introducing a concept of vertical and horizontal approach--that there is the need of adequate methods to the integration of information, such that multiple descriptive parameters from a stem cell can be obtained from a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- 1 BK21+ Department of BioNano Technology, Hanyang University , Seoul Campus, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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843
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Dynamic haematopoietic cell contribution to the developing and adult epicardium. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4054. [PMID: 24905805 PMCID: PMC4059938 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium is a cellular source with the potential to reconstitute lost cardiovascular tissue following myocardial infarction. Here we show that the adult epicardium contains a population of CD45+ haematopoietic cells (HCs), which are located proximal to coronary vessels and encased by extracellular matrix (ECM). This complex tertiary structure is established during the regenerative window between post-natal days 1 and 7. We show that these HCs proliferate within the first 24 h and are released between days 2 and 7 after myocardial infarction. The ECM subsequently reforms to encapsulate HCs after 21 days. Vav1-tdTomato labelling reveals an integral contribution of CD45+ HCs to the developing epicardium, which is not derived from the proepicardial organ. Transplantation experiments with either whole bone marrow or a Vav1+ subpopulation of cells confirm a contribution of HCs to the intact adult epicardium, which is elevated during the first 24 weeks of adult life but depleted in aged mice. The murine epicardium forms an envelope around the heart and contains cells that can participate in cardiac repair. Here the authors discover a population of epicardial cells derived from blood cells, which proliferate and change their surrounding extracellular matrix in response to cardiac injury.
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844
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Ibrahim SA, Hassan H, Götte M. MicroRNA-dependent targeting of the extracellular matrix as a mechanism of regulating cell behavior. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2609-20. [PMID: 24462576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs which regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by inducing mRNA degradation or translational repression. MicroRNA-dependent modulation of the extracellular matrix and its cellular receptors has emerged as a novel mechanism of regulating numerous matrix-dependent processes, including cell proliferation and apoptosis, cell adhesion and migration, cell differentiation and stem cell properties. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we will present different mechanisms by which microRNAs and extracellular matrix constituents mutually regulate their expression, and we will demonstrate how these expression changes affect cell behavior. We will also highlight the importance of dysregulated matrix-related microRNA expression for the pathogenesis of inflammatory and malignant disease, and discuss the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MicroRNAs and matrix-dependent signal transduction processes form novel regulatory circuits, which profoundly affect cell behavior. As misexpression of microRNAs targeting extracellular matrix constituents is observed in a variety of diseases, a pharmacological intervention with these processes has therapeutic potential, as successfully demonstrated in vitro and in advanced animal models. However, a deeper mechanistic understanding is required to address potential side effects prior to clinical applications in humans. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A full understanding of the role and function of microRNA-dependent regulation of the extracellular matrix may lead to new targeted therapies and new diagnostics for malignant and inflammatory diseases in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Turner LA, J. Dalby M. Nanotopography – potential relevance in the stem cell niche. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1574-1594. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanotopographical cues observed in vivo (such as in the sinusoid and bone) closely resemble nanotopographies that in vitro have been shown to promote niche relevant stem cells behaviours; specifically, retention of multipotency and osteogenic differentiation on ordered and disordered nano-pits respectively. These and other observations highlight a potential role for nano topography in the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley-Anne Turner
- Centre for Cell Engineering
- Institute of Molecular
- Cell and Systems Biology
- College of Medical
- Veterinary and Life Sciences
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for Cell Engineering
- Institute of Molecular
- Cell and Systems Biology
- College of Medical
- Veterinary and Life Sciences
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