851
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Szpilman AM, Carreira EM. Untersuchung der Biologie von Naturstoffen: systematische Strukturvariation durch umgelenkte Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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852
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Irie K, Yanagita RC, Nakagawa Y. Challenges to the development of bryostatin-type anticancer drugs based on the activation mechanism of protein kinase Cδ. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:518-35. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Ryo C. Yanagita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Yu Nakagawa
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory; Advanced Science Institute; RIKEN; Wako-shi Saitama Japan
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853
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Li XQ, Wang WK, Han YX, Zhang C. One-Pot Synthesis of Symmetrical 1,3-Diarylureas or Substituted Benzamides Directly from Benzylic Primary Alcohols and Effective Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols to Ketones Using Phenyliodine Diacetate in Combination with Sodium Azide. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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854
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Loertscher BM, Castle SL. Back to basics. Nat Chem 2010; 2:807-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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855
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Rose CA, Zeitler K. Efficient Catalytic, Oxidative Lactonization for the Synthesis of Benzodioxepinones Using Thiazolium-Derived Carbene Catalysts. Org Lett 2010; 12:4552-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101854r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Rose
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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856
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Burguete MI, Galindo F, Izquierdo MA, O'Connor JE, Herrera G, Luis SV, Vigara L. Synthesis and Evaluation of Pseudopeptidic Fluorescence pH Probes for Acidic Cellular Organelles: In Vivo Monitoring of Bacterial Phagocytosis by Multiparametric Flow Cytometry. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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857
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Nowak G, Fic G. Search for complexity generating chemical transformations by combining connectivity analysis and cascade transformation patterns. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1369-77. [PMID: 20681604 DOI: 10.1021/ci100146n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retrosynthetic analysis involved in a backward search for strategic disconnections is still the most powerful strategy, recently advanced by topology-based complexity estimation, for discovering the shortest sequences of transformations and chemical synthesis planning. Therein, we propose an alternative strategy that combines backward and forward search embodied within a mathematical model of generating chemical transformations. The backward reasoning involves a new concept of the strategic bond tree for alternative multibond disconnections of a target molecule. In the forward direction, each combination of the resulted structural fragments is examined for reconstruction of the target structure by means of biomimetic transformation patterns that describe one-pot multibond forming reactions. The algorithm has been implemented into the CSB system, and its performance is illustrated by examples of published complex molecule syntheses for comparison and analysis. This paper describes the strategy for discovering the shortest synthetic pathways based on the multibond forming cascade transformations for application in synthesis design and generating synthetically accessible product libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Nowak
- Departments of Physical Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstancow Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
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858
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Xiao KJ, Luo JM, Ye KY, Wang Y, Huang PQ. Direct, one-pot sequential reductive alkylation of lactams/amides with Grignard and organolithium reagents through lactam/amide activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3037-40. [PMID: 20301159 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jiong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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859
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Xu S, Toyama T, Nakamura J, Arimoto H. One-pot reductive cleavage of exo-olefin to methylene with a mild ozonolysis-Clemmensen reduction sequence. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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860
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Yazaki R, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Terminal Alkynes to α,β-Unsaturated Thioamides. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10275-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105141x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yazaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoya Kumagai
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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861
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Liu P, Sirois LE, Cheong PHY, Yu ZX, Hartung IV, Rieck H, Wender PA, Houk KN. Electronic and Steric Control of Regioselectivities in Rh(I)-Catalyzed (5 + 2) Cycloadditions: Experiment and Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10127-35. [PMID: 20586494 DOI: 10.1021/ja103253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Lauren E. Sirois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Ingo V. Hartung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Heiko Rieck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
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862
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Schammel AW, Boal BW, Zu L, Mesganaw T, Garg NK. Exploration of the interrupted Fischer indolization reaction. Tetrahedron 2010; 66:4687-4695. [PMID: 20798890 PMCID: PMC2925302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A convergent method to access the fused indoline ring system present in a multitude of bioactive molecules has been developed. The strategy involves the condensation of hydrazines with latent aldehydes to ultimately deliver indoline-containing products by way of an interrupted Fischer indolization sequence. The method is convergent, mild, operationally simple, broad in scope, and can be used to access enantioenriched products. In addition, our approach is amenable to the synthesis of furoindoline and pyrrolidinoindoline natural products as demonstrated by the concise formal total syntheses of physovenine and debromoflustramine B. The strategy will likely enable the synthesis of more complex targets such as the communesin alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W. Schammel
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ben W. Boal
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Liansuo Zu
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tehetena Mesganaw
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Neil K. Garg
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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863
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Carpenter RD, Verkman AS. Synthesis of a sensitive and selective potassium-sensing fluoroionophore. Org Lett 2010; 12:1160-3. [PMID: 20148571 DOI: 10.1021/ol902836c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis is reported that delivers in 5 steps and 52% overall yield a new structurally simplified fluorescent K(+) sensor with improved K(+) sensitivity and selectivity over existing K(+) sensors. The synthesis procedure utilizes a new template-directed oxidative C-N bond-forming macrocyclization reaction and reports new approaches to Pd(0), Sandmeyer-like and metal-free aminoarylations, as well as organotitanium additions to vinylogous sulfonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Carpenter
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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864
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gaich
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, 92037 La Jolla, California
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, 92037 La Jolla, California
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865
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Ii K, Ichikawa S, Al-Dabbagh B, Bouhss A, Matsuda A. Function-oriented synthesis of simplified caprazamycins: discovery of oxazolidine-containing uridine derivatives as antibacterial agents against drug-resistant bacteria. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3793-813. [PMID: 20405928 DOI: 10.1021/jm100243n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rational simplification of the caprazamycin (CPZ) class of nucleoside natural products was carried out to address their molecular complexity. First, analogues 6-8, where the diazepanone ring of the CPZ was removed and a lipophilic side chain was attached to either the C-7' or N(6') atom, were used to investigate the conformation-activity relationship. On the basis of this relationship, we designed the oxazolidine-containing uridine derivatives 18-21 by restricting the conformation of 6-8. As a result, the (t)Bu ester derivatives 20 were found to be the most active against a range of bacterial strains containing VRE with a potency similar to that of the parent CPZs. This study provides a novel strategy for the development of a new type of antibacterial agent effective against drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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866
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Piersanti G, Varrese MA, Fusi V, Giorgi L, Zappia G. Short and straightforward synthesis of 1,7-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.04.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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867
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Dandapani S, Marcaurelle LA. Current strategies for diversity-oriented synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:362-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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868
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Kielland N, Catti F, Bello D, Isambert N, Soteras I, Luque F, Lavilla R. Boron-Based Dipolar Multicomponent Reactions: Simple Generation of Substituted Aziridines, Oxazolidines and Pyrrolidines. Chemistry 2010; 16:7904-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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869
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Samarakoon TB, Hur MY, Kurtz RD, Hanson PR. A formal [4 + 4] complementary ambiphile pairing reaction: a new cyclization pathway for ortho-quinone methides. Org Lett 2010; 12:2182-5. [PMID: 20394415 PMCID: PMC2888001 DOI: 10.1021/ol100495w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A formal, one-pot [4 + 4] cyclization pathway for the generation of eight-membered sultams via in situ generation of an ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) is reported. The pairing of ambiphilic synthons in a complementary fashion is examined whereby o-fluorobenzenesulfonamides are merged with in situ generated o-QM in a formal [4 + 4] cyclization pathway to afford 5,2,1-dibenzooxathiazocine-2,2-dioxide scaffolds under microwave (mW) conditions. The method reported represents the first use of an o-QM in a formal hetero [4 + 4] cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiwanka B. Samarakoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582 and the Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development at the University of Kansas (KU-CMLD), 2121 Simons Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Moon Y. Hur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582 and the Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development at the University of Kansas (KU-CMLD), 2121 Simons Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Ryan D. Kurtz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582 and the Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development at the University of Kansas (KU-CMLD), 2121 Simons Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Paul. R. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582 and the Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development at the University of Kansas (KU-CMLD), 2121 Simons Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047
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870
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Abstract
This review discusses the biosynthesis of natural products that are generated by trans-AT polyketide synthases, a family of catalytically versatile enzymes that have recently been recognized as one of the major group of proteins involved in the production of bioactive polyketides. 436 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Piel
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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871
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Bonne D, Coquerel Y, Constantieux T, Rodriguez J. 1,3-Dicarbonyl compounds in stereoselective domino and multicomponent reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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872
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Liu L, Floreancig PE. Structurally and stereochemically diverse tetrahydropyran synthesis through oxidative C-H bond activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3069-72. [PMID: 20309987 PMCID: PMC3140203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (USA)
| | - Paul E. Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (USA)
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873
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Liu L, Floreancig P. Structurally and Stereochemically Diverse Tetrahydropyran Synthesis through Oxidative CH Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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874
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Xiao KJ, Luo JM, Ye KY, Wang Y, Huang PQ. Direct, One-pot Sequential Reductive Alkylation of Lactams/Amides with Grignard and Organolithium Reagents through Lactam/Amide Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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875
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Martin DBC, Vanderwal CD. Concise synthesis of (-)-nakadomarin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2830-2. [PMID: 20301158 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The beautiful orchestration of new methods and synthesis design was instrumental to the very efficient synthesis of the manzamine alkaloid (-)-nakadomarin A. In only six operations, the two relatively simple compounds shown were converted into the hexacyclic natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B C Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2025, USA
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876
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877
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Wender PA, Sirois LE, Stemmler RT, Williams TJ. Highly Efficient, Facile, Room Temperature Intermolecular [5 + 2] Cycloadditions Catalyzed by Cationic Rhodium(I): One Step to Cycloheptenes and Their Libraries. Org Lett 2010; 12:1604-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100337m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Lauren E. Sirois
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - René T. Stemmler
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Travis J. Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
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878
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Cheung L, Yudin A. Synthesis of Highly Substituted Cyclobutane Fused-Ring Systems from N-Vinyl β-Lactams through a One-Pot Domino Process. Chemistry 2010; 16:4100-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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879
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Grondal C, Jeanty M, Enders D. Organocatalytic cascade reactions as a new tool in total synthesis. Nat Chem 2010; 2:167-78. [PMID: 21124474 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1310] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, has reached an extraordinary level of sophistication. We are, however, still far away from the 'ideal synthesis' and the state of the art is still frequently hampered by lengthy protecting-group strategies and costly purification procedures derived from the step-by-step protocols. In recent years several new criteria have been brought forward to solve these problems and to improve total synthesis: atom, step and redox economy or protecting-group-free synthesis. Over the past decade the research area of organocatalysis has rapidly grown to become a third pillar of asymmetric catalysis standing next to metal and biocatalysis, thus paving the way for a new and powerful strategy that can help to address these issues - organocatalytic cascade reactions. In this Review we present the first applications of such asymmetric organocascade reactions to the total synthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grondal
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
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880
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Repositioning of an existing drug for the neglected tropical disease Onchocerciasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:3424-9. [PMID: 20142509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0915125107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a neglected tropical disease caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus that affects more than 37 million people, mainly in third world countries. Currently, the only approved drug available for mass treatment is ivermectin, however, drug resistance is beginning to emerge, thus, new therapeutic targets and agents are desperately needed to treat and cure this devastating disease. Chitin metabolism plays a central role in invertebrate biology due to the critical structural function of chitin for the organism. Taken together with its absence in mammals, targeting chitin is an appealing therapeutic avenue. Importantly, the chitinase OvCHT1 from O. volvulus was recently discovered, however, its exact role in the worm's metabolism remains unknown. A screening effort against OvCHT1 was conducted using the Johns Hopkins Clinical Compound Library that contains over 1,500 existing drugs. Closantel, a veterinary anthelmintic with known proton ionophore activities, was identified as a potent and specific inhibitor of filarial chitinases, an activity not previously reported for this compound. Notably, closantel was found also to completely inhibit molting of O. volvulus infective L3 stage larvae. Closantel appears to target two important biochemical processes essential to filarial parasites. To begin to unravel closantel's effects, a retro-fragment-based study was used to define structural elements critical for closantel's chitinase inhibitor function. As resources towards the development of new agents that target neglected tropical diseases are scant, the finding of an existing drug with impact against O. volvulus provides promise in the hunt for new therapies against river blindness.
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881
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Carter CF, Lange H, Ley SV, Baxendale IR, Wittkamp B, Goode JG, Gaunt NL. ReactIR Flow Cell: A New Analytical Tool for Continuous Flow Chemical Processing. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op900305v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. Carter
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Heiko Lange
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Brian Wittkamp
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Jon G. Goode
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
| | - Nigel L. Gaunt
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 21046, U.S.A., Mettler-Toledo AutoChem UK, 64 Boston Road, Beaumont Leys, Leicester LE4 1AW, UK
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882
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Afagh N, Yudin A. Chemoselectivity and the Curious Reactivity Preferences of Functional Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:262-310. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Afagh
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 (Canada)
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 (Canada)
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883
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Self-catalytic, solvent-free or in/on water protocol: aza-Friedel–Crafts reactions between 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline and 1- or 2-naphthols. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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884
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Xu CP, Xiao ZH, Zhuo BQ, Wang YH, Huang PQ. Efficient and chemoselective alkylation of amines/amino acids using alcohols as alkylating reagents under mild conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7834-6. [PMID: 20830335 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Pei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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885
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La Clair JJ. Natural product mode of action (MOA) studies: a link between natural and synthetic worlds. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:969-95. [DOI: 10.1039/b909989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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886
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887
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Carter CF, Baxendale IR, Pavey JBJ, Ley SV. The continuous flow synthesis of butane-2,3-diacetal protected building blocks using microreactors. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1588-95. [DOI: 10.1039/b924309g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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888
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Afagh N, Yudin A. Chemoselektivität und die eigentümlichen Reaktivitäten funktioneller Gruppen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Afagh
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 (Kanada)
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 (Kanada)
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889
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Nakai Y, Pellett S, Tepp WH, Johnson EA, Janda KD. Toosendanin: synthesis of the AB-ring and investigations of its anti-botulinum properties (Part II). Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:1280-7. [PMID: 20044261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the etiological agents responsible for botulism, a disease characterized by peripheral neuromuscular blockade and a characteristic flaccid paralysis of humans. The natural product toosendanin, a limonoid, is a traditional Chinese medicine that has reported anti-botulinum properties in animal models. Toosendanin effectively inhibits the biological activity of BoNT/A in neuronal cells at concentrations of 200 nM, and partial inhibition can be observed with concentrations as low as 8 nM. Mechanistically, toosendanin's inhibition is due to prevention of transduction of the BoNT LC through the HC channel. Intriguing questions as to the molecular architecture of toosendanin as related to its anti-botulinum properties have focused our attention on a synthesis of toosendanin's unusual AB-ring, containing a unique bridged hemi-acetal. Within the current work, a synthetic strategy allowing access to the AB-fragment of toosendanin was achieved from a trans-decalin system. In addition, this fragment was examined for its modulation of BoNT/A intoxication in a rat spinal cord cellular assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nakai
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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890
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Penkett CS, Woolford JA, Day IJ, Coles MP. The Double [3 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:4-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja906163s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clive S. Penkett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Jason A. Woolford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Iain J. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Martyn P. Coles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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891
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Protein kinase Calpha: disease regulator and therapeutic target. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 31:8-14. [PMID: 19969380 PMCID: PMC2809215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) is a member of the AGC (which includes PKD, PKG and PKC) family of serine/threonine protein kinases that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues. It is closely related in structure, function and regulation to other members of the protein kinase C family, but has specific functions within the tissues in which it is expressed. There is substantial recent evidence, from gene knockout studies in particular, that PKCα activity regulates cardiac contractility, atherogenesis, cancer and arterial thrombosis. Selective targeting of PKCα therefore has potential therapeutic value in a wide variety of disease states, although will be technically complicated by the ubiquitous expression and multiple functions of the molecule.
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892
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Cabirol FL, Lim AEC, Hanefeld U, Sheldon RA. Straightforward Enzymatic Process Based on HNL CLEA-Catalysis towards Cyanohydrin Derivatives. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op900207n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien L. Cabirol
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Biocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island S(627833), Singapore
| | - Angela E. C. Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Biocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island S(627833), Singapore
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Biocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island S(627833), Singapore
| | - Roger A. Sheldon
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands, and Biocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island S(627833), Singapore
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893
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Presset M, Coquerel Y, Rodriguez J. Microwave-Assisted Domino and Multicomponent Reactions with Cyclic Acylketenes: Expeditious Syntheses of Oxazinones and Oxazindiones. Org Lett 2009; 11:5706-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9024056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Presset
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, iSm2 - UMR CNRS 6263, Centre Saint Jérôme, Service 531, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Yoann Coquerel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, iSm2 - UMR CNRS 6263, Centre Saint Jérôme, Service 531, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, iSm2 - UMR CNRS 6263, Centre Saint Jérôme, Service 531, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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894
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Abstract
In this tutorial review the economies of synthesis are analysed from both detailed and macroscopic perspectives, using case-studies from complex molecule synthesis. Atom, step, and redox economy are more than philosophical constructs, but rather guidelines, which enable the synthetic chemist to design and execute an efficient synthesis. Students entering the field of synthesis might find this tutorial helpful for understanding the subtle differences between these economic principles and also see real-world situations where such principles are put into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Reinhard W. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg Germany
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895
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Virolleaud MA, Sridharan V, Mailhol D, Bonne D, Bressy C, Chouraqui G, Commeiras L, Coquerel Y, Rodriguez J. Consecutive reactions with sulfoximines: a direct access to 2-sulfonimidoylylidene tetrahydrofurans and 6-sulfonimidoylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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896
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Bindl M, Jean L, Herrmann J, Müller R, Fürstner A. Preparation, Modification, and Evaluation of Cruentaren A and Analogues. Chemistry 2009; 15:12310-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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897
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Lewis CA, Longcore KE, Miller SJ, Wender PA. An approach to the site-selective diversification of apoptolidin A with peptide-based catalysts. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1864-1869. [PMID: 19769383 PMCID: PMC2857549 DOI: 10.1021/np9004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the application of peptide-based catalysts to the site-selective modification of apoptolidin A (1), an agent that displays remarkable selectivity for inducing apoptosis in E1A-transformed cell lines. Key to the approach was the development of an assay suitable for the screening of dozens of catalysts in parallel reactions that could be conducted using only microgram quantities of the starting material. Employing this assay, catalysts (e.g., 11 and ent-11) were identified that afforded unique product distributions, distinct from the product mixtures produced when a simple catalyst (N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (10)) was employed. Preparative reactions were then carried out with the preferred catalysts so that unique, homogeneous apoptolidin analogues could be isolated and characterized. From these studies, three new apoptolidin analogues were obtained (12-14), each differing from the other in either the location of acyl group substituents or the number of acetate groups appended to the natural product scaffold. Biological evaluation of the new apoptolidin analogues was then conducted using growth inhibition assays based on the H292 human lung carcinoma cell line. The new analogues exhibited activities comparable to apoptolidin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Kate E. Longcore
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080
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898
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Gollner A, Altmann KH, Gertsch J, Mulzer J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a des-dihydropyran laulimalide analog. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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899
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Crisóstomo FRP, Feng Y, Zhu X, Welsh K, An J, Reed JC, Huang Z. Design and synthesis of a simplified inhibitor for XIAP-BIR3 domain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6413-8. [PMID: 19819692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on tetrapeptide AVPI, we were able to design and synthesize a new simplified scaffold to inhibit the BIR3 domain of the XIAP protein at low micromolar range. The uncomplicated synthesis and the binding activity of the molecule disclosed here represent an attractive alternative to develop new compounds targeting the protein-protein interaction of XIAP/caspase9.
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900
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Stokes BJ, Richert KJ, Driver TG. Examination of the mechanism of Rh(2)(II)-catalyzed carbazole formation using intramolecular competition experiments. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6442-51. [PMID: 19663433 PMCID: PMC2883892 DOI: 10.1021/jo901224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of a rhodium(II) carboxylate catalyst enables the mild and stereoselective formation of carbazoles from biaryl azides. Intramolecular competition experiments of triaryl azides suggested the source of the selectivity. A primary intramolecular kinetic isotope effect was not observed, and correlation of the product ratios with Hammett sigma(+) values produced a plot with two intersecting lines with opposite rho values. These data suggest that electronic donation by the biaryl pi-system accelerates the formation of rhodium nitrenoid and that C-N bond formation occurs through a 4pi-electron-5-atom electrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
| | - Kathleen J. Richert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061
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