851
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Perlmutter RM, Anderson SJ. Control of lymphopoiesis by non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 365:121-30. [PMID: 7887298 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0987-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Perlmutter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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852
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Anderson SJ, Levin SD, Perlmutter RM. Involvement of the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck in T cell signaling and thymocyte development. Adv Immunol 1994; 56:151-78. [PMID: 8073946 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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853
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Levelt CN, Mombaerts P, Iglesias A, Tonegawa S, Eichmann K. Restoration of early thymocyte differentiation in T-cell receptor beta-chain-deficient mutant mice by transmembrane signaling through CD3 epsilon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:11401-5. [PMID: 8248261 PMCID: PMC47990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.23.11401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic repertoire selection requires the expression of the alpha beta CD3 T-cell receptor (TCR) together with the coreceptors CD4 and CD8. The appearance of CD4 and CD8 on thymocytes is the hallmark of a complex maturation step, accompanied by downregulation of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) alpha chain, arrest of rearrangement (i.e., allelic exclusion) of the TCR beta-chain locus, a burst of cell divisions, and reduction in cell size. This maturation step is inhibited in TCR beta-chain-deficient mouse strains and may depend on surface expression of an immature TCR complex containing CD3 and TCR beta chains but no TCR alpha chain. Here we show that the CD4+8+ double-positive (DP) stage can be induced by treatment of fetal thymic organ cultures with anti-CD3 epsilon monoclonal antibodies in several TCR beta-chain-deficient mouse strains: severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice, mice carrying a mutation in the recombination activating gene 1 (Rag-1), or mice carrying a deletion in the TCR beta-chain locus itself. These findings suggest that CD3 epsilon is expressed on the thymocyte surface independent of and prior to the TCR beta chain. The data are consistent with the notion that in wild-type mice the DP stage is induced by transmembrane signaling through an immature CD3-TCR beta-chain complex, which can be bypassed by crosslinking of CD3 epsilon alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Levelt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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854
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Abstract
During the past year, we have witnessed a veritable explosion in the number of mutant mouse strains produced by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Many of the informative targeted mutants have relevance to the field of immunology. At least one mutant mouse strain now exists for most of the important genes in immunology, and this collection of mutant mice has greatly expanded the experimental repertoire of immunologists. New targeting techniques have been developed that have often found their first application in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mombaerts
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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855
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Levelt CN, Carsetti R, Eichmann K. Regulation of thymocyte development through CD3. II. Expression of T cell receptor beta CD3 epsilon and maturation to the CD4+8+ stage are highly correlated in individual thymocytes. J Exp Med 1993; 178:1867-75. [PMID: 7504052 PMCID: PMC2191302 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.6.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that maturation of CD4-8- double negative (DN) thymocytes to the CD4+8+ double positive (DP) stage is dependent on expression of the T cell receptor (TCR)-beta polypeptide. The exact mechanism by which the TCR-beta chain regulates this maturation step remains unknown. Previous experiments had suggested that in the presence of some TCR+ thymocytes, additional DN thymocytes not expressing a TCR-beta chain may be recruited to mature to the DP stage. The recent demonstration of an immature TCR-beta-CD3 complex on early thymocytes lead to the alternative hypothesis that signal transduction through an immature TCR-CD3 complex may induce maturation to the DP stage. In the latter case, maturation to the DP stage would depend on the expression of TCR-beta-CD3 in the same cell. We examined these two hypotheses by studying the expression of the intra- and extracellular CD3 epsilon, CD3 zeta, and TCR-beta polypeptides in intrathymic subpopulations during embryogenesis. CD3 epsilon and CD3 zeta were expressed intracellularly 2 and 1 d, respectively, before intracellular expression of the TCR-beta chain, potentially allowing immediate surface expression of an immature TCR-beta-CD3 complex as soon as functional rearrangement of a TCR-beta gene locus has been accomplished. Calcium mobilization could be induced by stimulation with anti-CD3 epsilon mAb as soon as intracellular TCR-beta was detectable, suggesting that a functional TCR-beta-CD3 complex is indeed expressed on the surface of early thymocytes. From day 17 on, most cells were in the DP stage, and over 95% of the DP cells expressed on the TCR-beta chain intracellularly. At day 19 of gestation, extremely low concentrations of TCR-beta chain and CD3 epsilon were detectable on the cell surface of nearly all thymocytes previously thought to be TCR-CD3 negative. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that maturation to the DP stage depends on surface expression of and subsequent signal transduction through an immature TCR-beta-CD3 complex and suggest that maturation to the DP stage by recruitment, if it occurs at all, is of minor relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Levelt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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856
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Groettrup M, von Boehmer H. A role for a pre-T-cell receptor in T-cell development. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1993; 14:610-4. [PMID: 7905740 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90201-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Expression of a productive T-cell receptor (TCR) beta gene has profound consequences for T-cell development, preceding an increase in thymocyte number, appearance of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors and suppression of further TCR beta-gene rearrangement. Here Marcus Groettrup and Harald von Boehmer discuss the data obtained in various experimental models and describe a novel signal transducing receptor complex on pre-T cells, which may regulate the TCR beta-induced developmental changes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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857
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Abstract
Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID mice) have become a favored model system for the study of many parasitic diseases. In this review, Samuel Stanley Jr and Herbert Virgin IV provide a brief overview of the biology of the SCID mouse, and review some examples of how the SCID mouse model has been applied to the study of the immunology of a number of different parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Stanley
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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858
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Ohno H, Aoe T, Taki S, Kitamura D, Ishida Y, Rajewsky K, Saito T. Developmental and functional impairment of T cells in mice lacking CD3 zeta chains. EMBO J 1993; 12:4357-66. [PMID: 8223445 PMCID: PMC413732 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD3 zeta is a component of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex and is important for signal transduction. We have established mice selectively lacking CD3 zeta but able to express CD3 eta, a polypeptide produced from the same locus through alternative splicing, using the method of gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. In homozygous mutant mice, the numbers of thymocytes and peripheral T cells were greatly reduced and the expression levels of TCR on these cells were 5-fold lower than those on wild-type cells. By contrast, TCR gamma delta+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes were not obviously affected by the mutation. T cells from homozygous mutants exhibited an impaired proliferative response. These results imply that CD3 zeta has a critical role in the development and signal transduction of T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University, School of Medicine, Japan
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859
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Abstract
Intrathymic T-cell differentiation involves the generation, expansion and selection of distinct T-lymphocyte subsets. While positive and negative selection have been a focal point of T-cell development, these events represent the final stages in a complicated sequence of differentiation steps. Here, Dale Godfrey and Albert Zlotnik summarize recent advances in our understanding of early T-cell development and describe five 'control points' that identify key events in this sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Godfrey
- DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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860
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Owen
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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861
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Sadlack B, Merz H, Schorle H, Schimpl A, Feller AC, Horak I. Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell 1993; 75:253-61. [PMID: 8402910 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)80067-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1239] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient for interleukin-2 develop normally during the first 3-4 weeks of age. However, later on they become severely compromised, and about 50% of the animals die between 4 and 9 weeks after birth. Of the remaining mice, 100% develop an inflammatory bowel disease with striking clinical and histological similarity to ulcerative colitis in humans. The alterations of the immune system are characterized by a high number of activated T and B cells, elevated immunoglobulin secretion, anti-colon antibodies, and aberrant expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. The data provide evidence for a primary role of the immune system in the etiology of ulcerative colitis and strongly suggest that the disease results from an abnormal immune response to a normal antigenic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sadlack
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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862
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Mombaerts P, Mizoguchi E, Grusby MJ, Glimcher LH, Bhan AK, Tonegawa S. Spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease in T cell receptor mutant mice. Cell 1993; 75:274-82. [PMID: 8104709 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)80069-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe the spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in several immunodeficient mouse strains created via gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Chronic colitis was observed in T cell receptor (TCR) alpha mutant, TCR beta mutant, TCR beta x delta double mutant, or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mutant mice, but not in recombination-activating gene RAG-1 mutant mice or nude mice kept in the same specific pathogen-free animal facility. This clinical pattern suggests that the disease requires the presence of B lymphocytes and the absence of class II MHC-restricted CD4+ alpha beta T cells. IBD in the mutant mice has some of the features of the human disease ulcerative colitis. Based on these results, we suggest that dysfunction of the mucosal immune system may underly the pathogenesis of some types of IBD in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/etiology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genes, MHC Class II/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/etiology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Mutation
- Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Rectum/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mombaerts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 02139
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863
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Groettrup M, Ungewiss K, Azogui O, Palacios R, Owen MJ, Hayday AC, von Boehmer H. A novel disulfide-linked heterodimer on pre-T cells consists of the T cell receptor beta chain and a 33 kd glycoprotein. Cell 1993; 75:283-94. [PMID: 8402912 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)80070-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel signal-transducing protein complex, which consists of the T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain that is disulfide linked to a 33 kd glycoprotein and noncovalently associated with proteins of the CD3 complex on the surface of the pre-T cell line SCB.29. This 33 kd glycoprotein, provisionally designated gp33, represents neither of the known TCR chains and has escaped previous detection because it labels poorly by surface iodination. This glycoprotein is absent from the surface of mature T cell lines. A TCR beta complex with identical molecular masses before and after reduction can be immunoprecipitated from surface-iodinated large thymocytes of TCR alpha-deficient mice. The novel gp33-TCR beta complex may be entirely or partly responsible for control of early T cell development exerted by the TCR beta protein.
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864
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Anderson SJ, Levin SD, Perlmutter RM. Protein tyrosine kinase p56lck controls allelic exclusion of T-cell receptor beta-chain genes. Nature 1993; 365:552-4. [PMID: 8413611 DOI: 10.1038/365552a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During T-cell development, site-specific DNA rearrangements mediating assembly of beta- and alpha-chain genes of the T-cell receptor (TCR) are developmentally ordered. In particular, assembly and expression of a complete beta-chain gene blocks further rearrangements at the beta-locus (a process referred to as allelic exclusion) and drives the generation and expansion of CD4+8+ cells. Although the mechanism used by TCR beta chains to deliver such signals is unknown, studies in transgenic animals have suggested that the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56lck may impinge on a similar signalling pathway. The hypothesis that TCR beta chains deliver intracellular signals via p56lck makes an explicit prediction: that interference with p56lck function will mitigate the effects of a simultaneously expressed TCR beta chain. Here we confirm this prediction through examination of allelic exclusion in mice expressing both a functional TCR beta chain transgene and a catalytically inactive form of p56lck.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, SL-15, Seattle 98195
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865
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866
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van Eggermond MC, Rijkers GT, Kuis W, Zegers BJ, van den Elsen PJ. T cell development in a major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient patient. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2585-91. [PMID: 8405058 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this report we show that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-negative thymus of a bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) patient contains a reduced CD4+ CD8- T cell population when compared to thymocytes derived from a MHC class II-expressing thymus. Of these CD4+ CD8- BLS thymocytes, approximately only one third co-expressed the CD3 antigen, moreover at a lower expression level when compared to control thymocytes. This suggests a partial maturation of the CD4+ CD8- T cells in the absence of MHC class II expression. Among the BLS thymocytes, CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes could easily be detected. Noteworthy, the number of CD4- CD8+ thymocytes was significantly increased. CD4+ CD8- T cells could also be found among the BLS peripheral blood mononuclear cells, albeit at reduced numbers. Despite the absence of peripheral MHC class II expression, the majority of these CD4+ CD8- T cells co-expressed the CD45RO marker. In the BLS patient, thymocytes as well as peripheral CD4+ CD8- T cells were not restricted in the use of the available T cell receptor (TcR) V gene family pool. However, the lack of detectable levels of thymic and peripheral MHC class II antigen expression in the BLS patient had altered the CD4-skewing patterns of TcR V gene families which were present in normal individuals. In conclusion, the lack of MHC class II expression in the BLS patient does not completely inhibit the CD4+ CD8- T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C van Eggermond
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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867
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matzinger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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868
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Sakai T, Agui T, Matsumoto K. Maturational arrest from CD4+8+ to CD4+8- thymocytes is caused by the bone marrow-derived cells in LEC mutant rats. Immunol Lett 1993; 38:145-52. [PMID: 8294142 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90180-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
LEC rats exhibit a congenital maturational arrest from CD4+8+ to CD4+8- but not to CD4-8+ cells in the thymus. To elucidate a cause of this mutation, bone marrow (BM) chimera rats were made between LEC and normal (WKAH) rats. In (WKAH-->LEC) BM chimera rats, donor-derived T cells matured normally, suggesting that LEC rat thymic stroma has a normal ability in supporting thymocyte differentiation. On the other hand in (LEC-->WKAH) BM chimera rats, LEC rat BM-derived T cells showed the arrest of maturation from CD4+8+ to CD4+8- cells in spite of having normal functions of WKAH rat-derived thymic stroma. In these chimeric rats, even though the maturational arrest from CD4+8+ to CD4+8- cells occurred in the thymus, CD4+ cells were found in peripheral lymph nodes (LNs), suggesting that these CD4+ cells differentiated extrathymically. These results suggest that the maturational arrest from CD4+8+ to CD+8- thymocytes is caused by BM-derived cells but not by thymic stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakai
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan
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869
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Abstract
POU domain proteins have been implicated in the regulation of a number of lineage-specific genes. Among the first POU domain proteins described were the immunoglobulin octamer-binding proteins Oct-1 and Oct-2. It was therefore of special interest when we identified a novel lymphoid POU domain protein in Southwestern (DNA-protein) screens of T-cell lambda gt11 libraries. This novel POU protein, TCF beta 1, binds in a sequence-specific manner to a critical motif in the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta enhancer. Sequence analysis revealed that TCF beta 1 represents a new class of POU domain proteins which are distantly related to other POU proteins. TCF beta 1 is encoded by multiple exons whose organization is distinct from that of other POU domain proteins. The expression of TCF beta 1 in a tissue-restricted manner and its ability to bind to multiple motifs in the TCR beta enhancer support a role in regulating TCR beta gene expression. The expression of TCF beta 1 in both B and T cells and the ability of recombinant TCF beta 1 to bind octamer and octamer-related motifs suggest that TCF beta 1 has additional roles in lymphoid cell function. The ability of TCF beta 1 to transactivate in a sequence-specific manner is consistent with a role for regulating lymphoid gene expression.
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870
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Kawaguchi M, Nanno M, Umesaki Y, Matsumoto S, Okada Y, Cai Z, Shimamura T, Matsuoka Y, Ohwaki M, Ishikawa H. Cytolytic activity of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in germ-free mice is strain dependent and determined by T cells expressing gamma delta T-cell antigen receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:8591-4. [PMID: 8378333 PMCID: PMC47403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have compared the cytolytic activities and the cellular compositions of the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (i-IEL) populations in three different combinations of conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) mice. Cytolytic activity of i-IELs expressing gamma delta T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) is strain dependent in CV mice (high vs. low), and this strain-dependent variability is unaltered in the GF condition. Although absolute numbers of gamma delta i-IELs are slightly decreased, the composition of CD8 alpha alpha+ and CD4-CD8- subsets and the usage of TCR gamma- and delta-chain variable gene segments by gamma delta i-IELs remain the same in GF mice. By contrast, cytolytic activity of alpha beta TCR-expressing i-IELs is uniformly high in CV mice but attenuated sharply in the GF condition. A conspicuous decrease in the total numbers of alpha beta i-IELs is also noted, and CD8 alpha beta+ and CD4+CD8+ subsets are reduced, whereas the CD8 alpha alpha+ subset is expanded in GF mice. These results indicate that microbial deprivation preferentially influences the alpha beta i-IEL population to decrease and become noncytolytic but has little effect on the pool size or characteristics of gamma delta i-IELs. Consequently, cytolytic activity of freshly isolated i-IELs from GF mice is determined by T cells expressing gamma delta TCRs and is found to be strain dependent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epithelium
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Intestines/cytology
- Intestines/immunology
- Kinetics
- Mast-Cell Sarcoma
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawaguchi
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan
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871
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Mombaerts P, Arnoldi J, Russ F, Tonegawa S, Kaufmann SH. Different roles of alpha beta and gamma delta T cells in immunity against an intracellular bacterial pathogen. Nature 1993; 365:53-6. [PMID: 8361537 DOI: 10.1038/365053a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several bacterial pathogens of medical importance are able to persist and replicate inside host mononuclear phagocytes. Protective immunity depends on specific T lymphocytes that induce granulomatous lesions at the sites of bacterial multiplication. Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen that replicates inside mononuclear phagocytes and hepatocytes of mice. Invasion from the phagosomal compartment into the cytoplasmic compartment is the principal mechanism of intracellular survival. Early in infection, resistance against L. monocytogenes is mediated by polymorphonuclear phagocytes which destroy infected liver cells, followed by natural killer cells which activate macrophages by means of interferon-gamma (refs 6, 7). A specific immune response by T cells then develops which leads to sterile eradication of the microbes. T cells are also responsible for the highly effective protection in vaccinated mice against secondary infections. Although the role of alpha beta T cells has been demonstrated in these immune responses, that of gamma delta T cells is unclear. Here we use mice that selectively lack either alpha beta or gamma delta T cells as a result of targeted germ-line mutations in their T-cell receptor genes to investigate the relative roles of these T-cell populations during experimental infection with L. monocytogenes. We find that in primary listeriosis, either alpha beta or gamma delta T cells are sufficient for early protection. Resistance to secondary infection is mediated mainly by alpha beta T cells but also involves gamma delta T cells. Thus alpha beta T-cell-deficient mice can be rendered partially resistant by vaccination, and gamma delta T cells are shown to be responsible for this protective effect. In infected gamma delta T-cell-deficient mice we noticed the appearance of unusual liver lesions, indicating that gamma delta T cells have a unique regulatory role in this bacterial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Female
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mombaerts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02319
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872
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Abstract
Intrathymic T-cell development is dependent upon signals provided by the thymic stromal cell microenvironment. However, loss of thymic T cells in natural and experimentally induced situations is associated with a reduction in the surrounding epithelium, suggesting an interdependence between thymocytes and their microenvironment. Here, the authors review the evidence in favour of this intrathymic symbiosis, and hypothesize that T cells may provide maturation and survival signals that are necessary for the development and maintenance of their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ritter
- Dept of Immunology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School
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873
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Messier H, Brickner H, Gaikwad J, Fotedar A. A novel POU domain protein which binds to the T-cell receptor beta enhancer. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:5450-60. [PMID: 8102789 PMCID: PMC360255 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.9.5450-5460.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
POU domain proteins have been implicated in the regulation of a number of lineage-specific genes. Among the first POU domain proteins described were the immunoglobulin octamer-binding proteins Oct-1 and Oct-2. It was therefore of special interest when we identified a novel lymphoid POU domain protein in Southwestern (DNA-protein) screens of T-cell lambda gt11 libraries. This novel POU protein, TCF beta 1, binds in a sequence-specific manner to a critical motif in the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta enhancer. Sequence analysis revealed that TCF beta 1 represents a new class of POU domain proteins which are distantly related to other POU proteins. TCF beta 1 is encoded by multiple exons whose organization is distinct from that of other POU domain proteins. The expression of TCF beta 1 in a tissue-restricted manner and its ability to bind to multiple motifs in the TCR beta enhancer support a role in regulating TCR beta gene expression. The expression of TCF beta 1 in both B and T cells and the ability of recombinant TCF beta 1 to bind octamer and octamer-related motifs suggest that TCF beta 1 has additional roles in lymphoid cell function. The ability of TCF beta 1 to transactivate in a sequence-specific manner is consistent with a role for regulating lymphoid gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Messier
- Division of Molecular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California 92037
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874
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Boyd RL, Tucek CL, Godfrey DI, Izon DJ, Wilson TJ, Davidson NJ, Bean AG, Ladyman HM, Ritter MA, Hugo P. The thymic microenvironment. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1993; 14:445-59. [PMID: 8216723 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90248-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Boyd
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, Monash Medical School, Prahran, Australia
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875
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Andjelić S, Jain N, Nikolić-Zugić J. Ontogeny of fetal CD8lo4lo thymocytes: expression of CD44, CD25 and early expression of TcR alpha mRNA. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2109-15. [PMID: 8370393 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CD8lo4lo cells are the immediate precursors of immature CD8hi4loTcRlo, CD8lo4hiTcRlo and CD8hi4hiTcRlo double-positive (DP) thymocytes in the adult murine thymus. These cells are the first subset in the adult thymus to express accessory CD8 and CD4 molecules, to rearrange the T cell receptor (TcR) alpha chain genes and to express the TcR alpha beta heterodimer at low levels at the surface. Here, we investigate the fetal ontogeny of CD8lo4lo cells. We detect these cells on day 15 of fetal development. They dominate the thymus on day 15.5, to become progressively less prominent thereafter. An important characteristic of fetal CD8lo4lo cells is the early expression of TcR alpha mRNA (on fetal day 15, 36-48 h earlier than reported previously). Our results also suggest, but do not prove, that the receptor may be expressed on the surface as early as day 15.5. Fetal CD8lo4lo cells, like their adult counterparts, become DP in vitro. However, early fetal CD8lo4lo thymocytes express both CD44 and CD25--unlike the adult subset--and that links them to their putative precursors, fetal CD44+CD25+ double-negative cells. This finding underscores the difference between adult and fetal thymocytes in turnover of membrane molecules and/or the kinetics of progression through phenotypic stages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Fetus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andjelić
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
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876
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Palmer DB, Hayday A, Owen MJ. Is TCR beta expression an essential event in early thymocyte development? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1993; 14:460-2. [PMID: 8216724 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90249-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of a T cell through the thymus is characterized by several distinct morphological changes. The underlying mechanisms allowing a double negative thymocyte to mature to a double positive one expressing both CD4 and CD8 are still hazy. Here, Donald Palmer, Adrian Hayday and Michael Owen discuss the latest development in the field and data that underscore the crucial role of TCR components in the transition of double negative to double positive thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Palmer
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
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877
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Kasahara Y, Chen CH, Cooper MD. Growth requirements for avian gamma delta T cells include exogenous cytokines, receptor ligation and in vivo priming. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2230-6. [PMID: 8370403 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
These studies analyze growth requirements for the normal gamma delta T cell population in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Avian gamma delta T cells can respond well to T cell mitogens in the presence of alpha beta T cells, but our studies indicate that they do not grow well alone. Exogenous growth factors were required in order for gamma delta T cells to proliferate in response to receptor ligation by anti-T cell receptor antibodies or other T cell mitogens. Interleukin-2 was implicated as one of the necessary growth factors that the gamma delta cells cannot produce adequately on their own. The response to dual stimulation (receptor ligation plus exogenous T cell factors) was attributable to a discrete subpopulation of gamma delta T cells that could be identified by their cell surface CD8, major histocompatibility complex class II expression and relative increase in cell size. Conversely, non-responsive gamma delta T cells did not exhibit these activation markers. These observations suggest a physiological basis for the relatively late appearance of gamma delta T cells in inflammatory responses and their failure as a population to match the growth potential of alpha beta T cells. More importantly, the results imply that the biological role of gamma delta T cells must be understood within the context of their interaction with alpha beta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kasahara
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-3300
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878
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Love PE, Shores EW, Johnson MD, Tremblay ML, Lee EJ, Grinberg A, Huang SP, Singer A, Westphal H. T cell development in mice that lack the zeta chain of the T cell antigen receptor complex. Science 1993; 261:918-21. [PMID: 7688481 DOI: 10.1126/science.7688481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The zeta subunit of the T cell antigen receptor complex is required for targeting nascent receptor complexes to the cell surface and for receptor-mediated signal transduction. To examine the significance of the zeta subunit in T cell development, mice deficient for zeta expression were generated by gene targeting. These zeta-/- mice had few CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, and the generation of CD4+ and CD8+ single positive T cells was impaired but not completely abrogated. Peripheral T cells were present but were unusual in that they expressed small amounts of CD5 and few T cell receptors. Thus, zeta chain expression influences thymocyte differentiation but is not absolutely required for the generation of single positive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD5 Antigens
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mutation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Love
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
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879
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Abstract
Mouse strains with defined genetic defects engineered by the method of targeted gene disruption and homologous recombination have furthered our understanding of immune functions at the single gene level. More importantly, these mutant 'gene knockout' mice are powerful in vivo tools to dissect the complex mechanisms of lymphocyte development and function, complementing our broadening knowledge of congenital and acquired human immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Yeung
- University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, Canada
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880
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Lin T, Matsuzaki G, Kenai H, Nakamura T, Nomoto K. Thymus influences the development of extrathymically derived intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1968-74. [PMID: 8344361 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence suggests that the majority of murine small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are extrathymically derived. These IEL include those with T cell receptor (TCR) gamma delta and some TCR alpha beta (CD8 alpha alpha and Thy-1-). In contrast, congenitally athymic nude mice have low numbers of gamma delta TCR IEL as well as very few alpha beta TCR IEL, far less than that would be expected if one assumes that gamma delta TCR IEL and alpha beta TCR (CD8 alpha alpha and Thy-1-) IEL in euthymic mice are extrathymically derived. To examine this discrepancy, we followed extrathymic IEL differentiation in IEL of day 3-thymectomized (NTX) mice as another athymic mouse model and found that gamma delta TCR IEL and extrathymically derived alpha beta TCR IEL in NTX mice are markedly reduced, almost to the level of nude mice. We further show that it is probably the absence of a thymic stroma that is responsible for the lower amounts of extrathymically derived IEL in nude mice, as the low amounts can be corrected to euthymic levels by syngeneic fetal thymus grafting but not by direct injection of F1 thymocytes. Lastly, unlike TCR/CD3+ extrathymically derived IEL, we noted a large proportion of extrathymic CD3-CD8- and CD3-CD8+ IEL; they were threefold more frequent in nude and NTX than in euthymic mice. This suggests that the thymus influences extrathymically derived IEL in its development from CD3- to CD3+ at the small intestinal epithelium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Female
- Fetus
- Intestines/cytology
- Intestines/immunology
- Lymphocytes/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Nude
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Thymus Gland/physiology
- Thymus Gland/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lin
- Department of Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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881
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Arstila TP, Toivanen P, Lassila O. Helper activity of CD4+ alpha beta T cells is required for the avian gamma delta T cell response. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2034-7. [PMID: 8344371 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the in vitro activation of chicken gamma delta T cells. Both splenic alpha beta and gamma delta T cells obtained from complete Freund's adjuvant-primed chickens proliferated in vitro when stimulated with mycobacterial sonicate or purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When CD4+ cells or alpha beta T cell receptor (TcR)-positive cells were removed, both the proliferation and the blast formation of gamma delta T cells in response to mycobacterial antigens were abrogated. The response was restored if supernatant from concanavalin A (Con A)-activated lymphocyte cultures (CAS) as a source of helper factors was added together with the specific antigen purified protein derivative. The CD4- or alpha beta TcR-depleted cells still proliferated in response to Con A, although a decrease of the response was observed. To analyze the gamma delta T cell response more specifically we stimulated peripheral blood cells with immobilized monoclonal antibodies against T cell receptor. Anti-gamma delta TcR antibody alone did not induce significant proliferation. When CAS was added together with the anti-gamma delta TcR monoclonal antibody, a strong proliferation of gamma delta T cells was observed. In contrast, both V beta 1- and V beta 2-expressing alpha beta T cells proliferated in vitro in response to stimulation with the relevant anti-TcR monoclonal antibody alone. Depletion of either V beta 1+ or V beta 2+ T cell subset alone had no negative effect on the proliferation or blast formation of gamma delta T cells stimulated with mycobacterial antigens. Taken together our results suggest that CD4+ alpha beta T cells (both V beta 1- and V beta 2-expressing) play a role in the activation and response of chicken gamma delta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Arstila
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Finland
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882
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Petrie HT, Livak F, Schatz DG, Strasser A, Crispe IN, Shortman K. Multiple rearrangements in T cell receptor alpha chain genes maximize the production of useful thymocytes. J Exp Med 1993; 178:615-22. [PMID: 8393478 PMCID: PMC2191132 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.2.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T lymphocytes each express surface T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains of a single specificity. These are produced after random somatic rearrangements in TCR alpha and beta germline genes. Published model systems using mice expressing TCR alpha and/or beta chain transgenes have shown that allelic exclusion occurs conventionally for TCR-beta. TCR alpha chain expression, however, appears to be less strictly regulated, as endogenous TCR alpha chains are often found in association with transgenic TCR beta chains in TCR alpha/beta transgenic mice. This finding, coupled with the unique structure of the TCR alpha locus, has led to the suggestion that unlike TCR beta and immunoglobulin heavy chain genes, TCR alpha genes may make multiple rearrangements on each chromosome. In the current study, we demonstrate that the majority of TCR-, noncycling thymocytes spontaneously acquire surface expression of CD3/TCR. Further, we show that cultured immature thymocytes originally expressing specific TCR alpha and beta chains may lose surface expression of the original TCR alpha, but not beta chains. These data provide evidence that not only must multiple rearrangements occur, but that TCR alpha gene rearrangement continues even after surface expression of a TCR alpha/beta heterodimer, apparently until the recombination process is halted by positive selection, or the cell dies. Sequential rearrangement of TCR alpha chain genes facilitates enhanced production of useful thymocytes, by increasing the frequency of production of both in-frame rearrangements and positively selectable TCR alpha/beta heterodimers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Petrie
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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883
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Abstract
The experimental dissection of the ways that the various cells and molecules of the immune system interact to promote virus clearance has been greatly facilitated by the availability of mice with targeted disruptions of key genes. New insights are emerging, and details of host resistance mechanisms that could only be inferred for the in vivo situation are now being clearly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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884
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Malissen B, Schmitt-Verhulst AM. Transmembrane signalling through the T-cell-receptor-CD3 complex. Curr Opin Immunol 1993; 5:324-33. [PMID: 8347295 DOI: 10.1016/0952-7915(93)90049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent data support the existence of activation motifs within different subunits of the T-cell-receptor-CD3 complex. This architecture generates a receptor composed of discrete modules, each capable of being coupled to an effector pathway. Although new T-cell specific protein tyrosine kinases have recently been identified, the nature of the proximal non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase linking the T-cell receptor complex to essential signalling effectors remains unknown. Developmentally regulated differences in T-cell-receptor-CD3 assembly or stability may lead to the expression of isoforms displaying different sets of activation motifs. Whether this may be the basis of differential signalling during T-cell development is still a matter of speculation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Consensus Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)
- Macromolecular Substances
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, France
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885
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Groettrup M, von Boehmer H. T cell receptor beta chain dimers on immature thymocytes from normal mice. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1393-6. [PMID: 8500533 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During T cell development the T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain is expressed before the TCR alpha chain. Experiments in TCR beta transgenic severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice have shown that the TCR beta protein can be expressed on the cell surface of immature thymocytes in the absence of the TCR alpha chain and that the TCR beta protein controls T cell development with regard to cell number, CD4/CD8 expression and allelic exclusion of the TCR beta chain. Subsequent experiments have shown that on the surface of thymocytes from TCR beta transgenic SCID mice the TCR beta protein can be expressed in a monomeric and dimeric form whereas only the dimeric form was found on the surface of a TCR beta-transfected, immature T cell line. The results presented here show that normal thymocytes from 16-day-old fetuses likewise express only the dimeric form and that the monomeric form on the surface of thymocytes from transgenic mice results from glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linkage. Our results show for the first time that under physiological conditions a TCR beta dimer can be expressed on the cell surface without the TCR alpha chain.
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886
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Blum MD, Wong GT, Higgins KM, Sunshine MJ, Lacy E. Reconstitution of the subclass-specific expression of CD4 in thymocytes and peripheral T cells of transgenic mice: identification of a human CD4 enhancer. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1343-58. [PMID: 8097522 PMCID: PMC2191022 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.5.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During thymic maturation, CD4-CD8-TCR- immature thymocytes differentiate through a CD4+CD8+TCRlo intermediate into two functionally distinct mature T cell subsets: helper T cells expressing CD4 and a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cell receptor (TCR), and cytotoxic T cells expressing CD8 and and MHC class I-restricted TCR. The mutually exclusive expression of CD4 and CD8 is maintained in the periphery during expansion of these mature T cell subsets. To elucidate the mechanisms controlling CD4 and CD8 expression on differentiating thymocytes and mature peripheral T cells, we have examined the expression of human CD4 gene constructs in the lymphoid tissues of transgenic mice. Our analyses demonstrate that sequences contained within or closely linked to the human CD4 gene are sufficient to reconstitute the appropriate regulation of human CD4 expression on all thymocyte and mature peripheral T cell subsets. Specifically, appropriate developmental regulation was dependent on two sets of sequences, one contained within a 1.3-kb restriction fragment located 6.5 kb upstream of the human CD4 gene, and the other present within or immediately flanking the gene. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified the 1.3-kb restriction fragment as the likely human homologue of an enhancer found 13 kb upstream of the mouse CD4 transcription initiation site. The human CD4 transgenic mice provide a useful system for the identification and characterization of additional sequence elements that participate in human CD4 gene regulation and for the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms governing the developmental program mediating the maturation of the CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Blum
- DeWitt Wallace Research Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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887
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Abstract
The differentiation of B lymphocytes from their progenitors progresses through a series of successive stages that are defined by sequential rearrangement of Ig loci and surface expression of various stage-specific markers, including Ig heavy and light chain proteins. Considerable evidence suggests that the appearance of cells with an orderly progression of Ig gene rearrangements is linked to the expression of the rearranged Ig gene products. Recent experiments have clarified our understanding of mechanisms by which rearrangement of Ig gene segments is controlled and how Ig gene products participate in the regulation of the B-cell differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston
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888
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Rodewald HR, Awad K, Moingeon P, D'Adamio L, Rabinowitz D, Shinkai Y, Alt FW, Reinherz EL. Fc gamma RII/III and CD2 expression mark distinct subpopulations of immature CD4-CD8- murine thymocytes: in vivo developmental kinetics and T cell receptor beta chain rearrangement status. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1079-92. [PMID: 8096236 PMCID: PMC2190966 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.4.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently identified a dominant wave of CD4-CD8- (double-negative [DN]) thymocytes in early murine fetal development that express low affinity Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma RII/III) and contain precursors for Ti alpha/beta lineage T cells. Here we show that Fc gamma RII/III is expressed in very immature CD4low single-positive (SP) thymocytes and that Fc gamma RII/III expression is downregulated within the DN subpopulation and before the CD3-CD8low SP stage in T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha/beta lineage-committed thymocytes. DN Fc gamma RII/III+ thymocytes also contain a small fraction of TCR-gamma/delta lineage cells in addition to TCR-alpha/beta progenitors. Fetal day 15.5 DN TCR-alpha/beta lineage progenitors can be subdivided into three major subpopulations as characterized by cell surface expression of Fc gamma RII/III vs. CD2 (Fc gamma RII/III+CD2-, Fc gamma RII/III+CD2+, Fc gamma RII/III-CD2+). Phenotypic analysis during fetal development as well as adoptive transfer of isolated fetal thymocyte subpopulations derived from C57B1/6 (Ly5.1) mice into normal, nonirradiated Ly5.2 congenic recipient mice identifies one early differentiation sequence (Fc gamma RII/III+CD2(-)-->Fc gamma RII/III+CD2(+)-->Fc gamma RII/III-CD2+) that precedes the entry of DN thymocytes into the CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) TCRlow/- stage. Unseparated day 15.5 fetal thymocytes develop into DP thymocytes within 2.5 d and remain at the DP stage for > 48 h before being selected into either CD4+ or CD8+ SP thymocytes. In contrast, Fc gamma RII/III+CD2- DN thymocytes follow this same developmental pathway but are delayed by approximately 24 h before entering the DP compartment, while Fc gamma RII/III-CD2+ display accelerated development by approximately 24 h compared with total day 15.5 thymocytes. Fc gamma RII/III-CD2+ are also more developmentally advanced than Fc gamma RII/III+CD2- fetal thymocytes with respect to their TCR beta chain V(D)J rearrangement. At day 15.5 in gestation, beta chain V(D)J rearrangement is mostly, if not entirely, restricted to the Fc gamma RII/III-CD2+ subset of DN fetal thymocytes. Consistent with this analysis in fetal thymocytes, > 90% of adult thymocytes derived from mice carrying a disrupting mutation at the recombination-activating gene 2 locus (RAG-2-/-) on both alleles are developmentally arrested at the DN CD2- stage. In addition, there is a fivefold increase in the relative percentage of thymocytes expressing Fc gamma RII/III in TCR and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement-incompetent homozygous RAG-2-/- mice (15% Fc gamma RII/III+) versus rearrangement-competent heterozygous RAG-2+/- mice (< 3% Fc gamma RII/III+). Thus, Fc gamma RII/III expression defines an early DN stage preceding V beta(D beta)I beta rearrangement, which in turn is followed by surface expression of CD2. Loss of Fc gamma RII/III and acquisition of CD2 expression characterize a late DN stage immediately before the conversion into DP thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Rodewald
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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889
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Borst J, Brouns GS, de Vries E, Verschuren MC, Mason DY, van Dongen JJ. Antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes: parallels in organization and function. Immunol Rev 1993; 132:49-84. [PMID: 8349297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Borst
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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890
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Abstract
B lymphopoiesis in the mouse and in man can be divided into two phases, one in which the compartments of the B lineage are filled with cells, and a second in which these compartments are maintained by regeneration, turnover and selection. Once the immune system has been built it contains around 5 x 10(8) and 10(12) cells of the B-lymphocyte lineage in the mouse and in man, respectively, of which nearly 10 per cent are precursors that are active in regeneration, whereas over 90 per cent are resting, mature B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rolink
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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891
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Abstract
Gamma delta T cells consist of multiple lineages of cells with distinct antigen receptor repertoires, tissue localization and function. Recent evidence suggests that the ordered appearance of these sublineages during development is a result of programmed rearrangement of V gamma-gene segments. It appears that the T-cell receptor repertoire, at least of the gamma delta T cells with invariant receptors, is the result of site-directed rearrangement and cellular selection does not play a major role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains/genetics
- Mice, Mutant Strains/immunology
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Allison
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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892
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Abstract
Developing T cells in the thymus are subject to a screening process, through interactions with thymic stromal cells, from which T cells with appropriate T-cell receptors are selected. The recent generation of T-cell receptor transgenic mice and mice homozygous for disrupted T-cell receptor genes have now supplied tools that improve the prospect for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this thymic selection process. In addition these model systems appear to indicate a role for a, not yet fully characterized, pre-T cell receptor complex in survival and further differentiation of pre-T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Apoptosis
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Epithelial Cells
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Nuclear Proteins
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kruisbeek
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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893
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Itohara S, Mombaerts P, Lafaille J, Iacomini J, Nelson A, Clarke AR, Hooper ML, Farr A, Tonegawa S. T cell receptor delta gene mutant mice: independent generation of alpha beta T cells and programmed rearrangements of gamma delta TCR genes. Cell 1993; 72:337-48. [PMID: 8381716 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
T cells bearing T cell receptor (TCR) gamma and delta chain heterodimers are first generated early in ontogeny. They form distinct subsets that differ in their TCR repertoires and tissue distribution. Disruption of the mouse TCR C delta gene segment by a gene targeting method caused the complete loss of T cells bearing TCR gamma delta chains, but had little or no effect on the development of T cells bearing TCR alpha beta chains. The analyses of TCR gamma and delta genes in the mutant mice suggest that intracellular mechanisms acting at the level of DNA rearrangement play key roles in the differential gamma and delta gene rearrangements and in the generation of the highly restricted junctional sequences during fetal thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Itohara
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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894
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Shinkai Y, Koyasu S, Nakayama K, Murphy KM, Loh DY, Reinherz EL, Alt FW. Restoration of T cell development in RAG-2-deficient mice by functional TCR transgenes. Science 1993; 259:822-5. [PMID: 8430336 DOI: 10.1126/science.8430336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of TCR alpha transgene, TCR beta transgene, or both into RAG-2-/-mice differentially rescues T cell development. RAG-2-/- mice have small numbers of TCR-CD4-CD8-(double negative, DN) thymocytes that express CD3 gamma delta epsilon and zeta proteins intracellularly. Introduction of a TCR beta transgene, but not a TCR alpha transgene, into the RAG-2-/- background restored normal numbers of thymocytes. These cells were CD4+CD8+ (double positive, DP) and expressed small amounts of surface TCR beta chain dimers in association with CD3 gamma delta epsilon but not zeta. RAG-2-/- mice that expressed alpha and beta TCR transgenes developed both DP and single positive thymocytes. Thus, the TCR beta subunit, possibly in association with a novel CD3 complex, participates in the DN to the DP transition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Base Sequence
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shinkai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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895
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Heikkila JJ. Heat shock gene expression and development. II. An overview of mammalian and avian developmental systems. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1993; 14:87-91. [PMID: 8482020 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020140202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Heikkila
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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896
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Freitas AA, Rocha BB. Lymphocyte lifespans: homeostasis, selection and competition. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1993; 14:25-9. [PMID: 8442858 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90320-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Freitas
- Unité d'Immunobiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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