851
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Zhu L, Yan H, Nguyen KT, Tian H, Zhao Y. Sequential self-assembly for construction of Pt(ii)-bridged [3]rotaxanes on gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4290-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17114g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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852
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Morais T, Soares ME, Duarte JA, Soares L, Maia S, Gomes P, Pereira E, Fraga S, Carmo H, Bastos MDL. Effect of surface coating on the biodistribution profile of gold nanoparticles in the rat. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:185-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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853
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Pelaz B, del Pino P. Synthesis Applications of Gold Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415769-9.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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854
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Krovi SA, Swindell EP, O'Halloran TV, Nguyen ST. Improved anti-proliferative effect of doxorubicin-containing polymer nanoparticles upon surface modification with cationic groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 22:25463-25470. [PMID: 23509417 DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) possessing a high density of drug payload have been successfully stabilized against aggregation in biological buffers after amine modification, which renders these PNPs positively charged. The resulting charge-stabilized PNPs retain their original narrow particle size distributions and well-defined spherical morphologies. This stabilization allows these PNPs to have an improved anti-proliferative effect on MDA-MB-231-Br human breast cancer cells compared to non-functionalized PNPs. As a non-cytotoxic control, similar surface-modified PNPs containing cholesterol in place of doxorubicin did not inhibit cell proliferation, indicating that the induced cytotoxic response was solely due to the doxorubicin release from the PNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Archana Krovi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA. ; Tel: +847-467-3347
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855
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Boeneman K, Delehanty JB, Susumu K, Stewart MH, Deschamps JR, Medintz IL. Quantum Dots and Fluorescent Protein FRET-Based Biosensors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 733:63-74. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2555-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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856
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Lira RB, Cavalcanti MB, Seabra MABL, Silva DCN, Amaral AJ, Santos BS, Fontes A. Non-specific interactions of CdTe/Cds Quantum Dots with human blood mononuclear cells. Micron 2011; 43:621-6. [PMID: 22197430 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to study biological events, researchers commonly use methods based on fluorescence. These techniques generally use fluorescent probes, commonly small organic molecules or fluorescent proteins. However, these probes still present some drawbacks, limiting the detection. Semiconductor nanocrystals - Quantum Dots (QDs) - have emerged as an alternative tool to conventional fluorescent dyes in biological detection due to its topping properties - wide absorption cross section, brightness and high photostability. Some questions have emerged about the use of QDs for biological applications. Here, we use optical tools to study non-specific interactions between aqueous synthesized QDs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. By fluorescence microscopy we observed that bare QDs can label cell membrane in live cells and also label intracellular compartments in artificially permeabilized cells, indicating that non-specific labeling of sub-structures inside the cells must be considered when investigating an internal target by specific conjugation. Since fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry are complementary techniques (fluorescence microscopy provides a morphological image of a few samples and flow cytometry is a powerful technique to quantify biological events in a large number of cells), in this work we also used flow cytometry to investigate non-specific labeling. Moreover, by using optical tweezers, we observed that, after QDs incubation, zeta potentials in live cells changed to a less negative value, which may indicate that oxidative adverse effects were caused by QDs to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B Lira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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857
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Im AR, Han L, Kim ER, Kim J, Kim YS, Park Y. Enhanced Antibacterial Activities of Leonuri Herba Extracts Containing Silver Nanoparticles. Phytother Res 2011; 26:1249-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A-Rang Im
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
| | - Lina Han
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
| | - E Ray Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Seoul National University; 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Seoul National University; 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
| | - Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy; Inje University; 607 Obang-dong; Gimhae; Gyeongnam; 621-749; Republic of Korea
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858
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Qiu P, Mao C. Viscosity gradient as a novel mechanism for the centrifugation-based separation of nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4880-5. [PMID: 21953725 PMCID: PMC3361505 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Penghe Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
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859
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Noble metal nanoparticles applications in cancer. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2011; 2012:751075. [PMID: 22007307 PMCID: PMC3189598 DOI: 10.1155/2012/751075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has prompted new and improved materials for biomedical applications with particular emphasis in therapy and diagnostics. Special interest has been directed at providing enhanced molecular therapeutics for cancer, where conventional approaches do not effectively differentiate between cancerous and normal cells; that is, they lack specificity. This normally causes systemic toxicity and severe and adverse side effects with concomitant loss of quality of life. Because of their small size, nanoparticles can readily interact with biomolecules both at surface and inside cells, yielding better signals and target specificity for diagnostics and therapeutics. This way, a variety of nanoparticles with the possibility of diversified modification with biomolecules have been investigated for biomedical applications including their use in highly sensitive imaging assays, thermal ablation, and radiotherapy enhancement as well as drug and gene delivery and silencing. Here, we review the available noble metal nanoparticles for cancer therapy, with particular focus on those already being translated into clinical settings.
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860
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Shang L, Azadfar N, Stockmar F, Send W, Trouillet V, Bruns M, Gerthsen D, Nienhaus GU. One-pot synthesis of near-infrared fluorescent gold clusters for cellular fluorescence lifetime imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2614-2620. [PMID: 21809441 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A facile strategy to synthesize water-soluble fluorescent gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) stabilized with the bidentate ligand dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) is reported. The DHLA-capped Au NCs are characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Au NCs possess many attractive features including ultrasmall size, bright near-infrared luminescence, high colloidal stability, and good biocompatibility, making them promising imaging agents for biomedical and cellular imaging applications. Moreover, their long fluorescence lifetime (>100 ns) makes them attractive as labels in fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) applications. As an example, the internalization of Au NCs by live HeLa cells is visualized using the FLIM technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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861
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McNaughter PD, Bear JC, Steytler DC, Mayes AG, Nann T. A Thin Silica-Polymer Shell for Functionalizing Colloidal Inorganic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10384-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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862
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Cohen SM. Postsynthetic Methods for the Functionalization of Metal–Organic Frameworks. Chem Rev 2011; 112:970-1000. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200179u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1788] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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863
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McNaughter PD, Bear JC, Steytler DC, Mayes AG, Nann T. A Thin Silica-Polymer Shell for Functionalizing Colloidal Inorganic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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864
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Segets D, Marczak R, Schäfer S, Paula C, Gnichwitz JF, Hirsch A, Peukert W. Experimental and theoretical studies of the colloidal stability of nanoparticles-a general interpretation based on stability maps. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4658-4669. [PMID: 21545143 DOI: 10.1021/nn200465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The current work addresses the understanding of the stabilization of nanoparticles in suspension. Specifically, we study ZnO in ethanol for which the influence of particle size and reactant ratio as well as surface coverage on colloidal stability in dependence of the purification progress was investigated. The results revealed that the well-known ζ-potential determines not only the colloidal stability but also the surface coverage of acetate groups bound to the particle surface. The acetate groups act as molecular spacers between the nanoparticles and prevent agglomeration. Next to DLVO calculations based on the theory of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek using a core-shell model we find that the stability is better understood in terms of dimensionless numbers which represent attractive forces as well as electrostatic repulsion, steric effects, transport properties, and particle concentration. Evaluating the colloidal stability in dependence of time by means of UV-vis absorption measurements a stability map for ZnO is derived. From this map it becomes clear that the dimensionless steric contribution to colloidal stability scales with a stability parameter including dimensionless repulsion and attraction as well as particle concentration and diffusivity of the particles according to a power law with an exponent of -0.5. Finally, we show that our approach is valid for other stabilizing molecules like cationic dendrons and is generally applicable for a wide range of other material systems within the limitations of vanishing van der Waals forces in refractive index matched situations, vanishing ζ-potential and systems without a stabilizing shell around the particle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Segets
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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865
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Puertas S, Batalla P, Moros M, Polo E, Del Pino P, Guisan JM, Grazú V, de la Fuente JM. Taking advantage of unspecific interactions to produce highly active magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4521-8. [PMID: 21526783 DOI: 10.1021/nn200019s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several strategies for linking antibodies (Abs) through their Fc region in an oriented manner have been proposed at the present time. By using these strategies, the Fab region of the Ab is available for antigen molecular recognition, leading to a more efficient interaction. Most of these strategies are complex processes optimized mainly for the functionalization of surfaces or microbeads. These methodologies imply though the Ab modification through several steps of purification or the use of expensive immobilized proteins. Besides, the functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) turned out to be much more complex than expected due to the lack of stability of most MNPs at high ionic strength and non-neutral pH values. Therefore, there is still missing an efficient, easy and universal methodology for the immobilization of nonmodified Abs onto MNPs without involving their Fab regions during the immobilization process. Herein, we propose the functionalization of MNPs via a two-steps strategy that takes advantage of the ionic reversible interactions between the Ab and the MNP. These interactions make possible the orientation of the Ab on the MNP surface before being attached in an irreversible way via covalent bonds. Three Abs (Immunoglobulin G class) with very different isoelectric points (against peroxidase, carcinoembryonic antigen, and human chorionic gonadotropin hormone) were used to prove the general applicability of the strategy here proposed and its utility for the development of more bioactive NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puertas
- Biofunctionalization of Nanoparticles and Surfaces (BioNanoSurf), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro, Edifício I+D, Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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866
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Selective capturing and detection of Salmonella typhi on polycarbonate membrane using bioconjugated quantum dots. Talanta 2011; 84:952-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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867
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Larmour IA, Graham D. Surface enhanced optical spectroscopies for bioanalysis. Analyst 2011; 136:3831-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15452d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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868
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Baptista PV, Doria G, Quaresma P, Cavadas M, Neves CS, Gomes I, Eaton P, Pereira E, Franco R. Nanoparticles in molecular diagnostics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 104:427-88. [PMID: 22093226 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416020-0.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the available and emerging molecular diagnostic methods that take advantage of the unique nanoscale properties of nanoparticles (NPs) to increase the sensitivity, detection capabilities, ease of operation, and portability of the biodetection assemblies. The focus will be on noble metal NPs, especially gold NPs, fluorescent NPs, especially quantum dots, and magnetic NPs, the three main players in the development of probes for biological sensing. The chapter is divided into four sections: a first section covering the unique physicochemical properties of NPs of relevance for their utilization in molecular diagnostics; the second section dedicated to applications of NPs in molecular diagnostics by nucleic acid detection; and the third section with major applications of NPs in the area of immunoassays. Finally, a concluding section highlights the most promising advances in the area and presents future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro V Baptista
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Centro de Investigação em Genética Molecular Humana (CIGMH), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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869
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Abstract
Progress and development in biosensor development will inevitably focus upon the technology of the nanomaterials that offer promise to solve the biocompatibility and biofouling problems. The biosensors using smart nanomaterials have applications for rapid, specific, sensitive, inexpensive, in-field, on-line and/or real-time detection of pesticides, antibiotics, pathogens, toxins, proteins, microbes, plants, animals, foods, soil, air, and water. Thus, biosensors are excellent analytical tools for pollution monitoring, by which implementation of legislative provisions to safeguard our biosphere could be made effectively plausible. The current trends and challenges with nanomaterials for various applications will have focus biosensor development and miniaturization. All these growing areas will have a remarkable influence on the development of new ultrasensitive biosensing devices to resolve the severe pollution problems in the future that not only challenges the human health but also affects adversely other various comforts to living entities. This review paper summarizes recent progress in the development of biosensors by integrating functional biomolecules with different types of nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, inorganic/organic hybrid, dendrimers, and carbon nanotubes/graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra P. Singh
- Nanotechnology Application Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, India
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870
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Park Y, Hong Y, Weyers A, Kim Y, Linhardt R. Polysaccharides and phytochemicals: a natural reservoir for the green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2011; 5:69-78. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2010.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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871
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Cowles CL, Zhu X, Publicover NG. Fluorescence signal transduction mechanism for immunoassay based on zinc ion release from ZnS nanocrystals. Analyst 2011; 136:2975-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15274b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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872
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GAO Q, LIU F, JIANG Y, DAI H, FU T, KOU X. A Novel p-Nitroaniline Fluorescent Sensor Based on Molecular Recognition of Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin-capped ZnO/ZnS/MgO Nanocomposites. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:851-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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873
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Lard M, Bäckman J, Yakovleva M, Danielsson B, Hansson LA. Tracking the small with the smallest--using nanotechnology in tracking zooplankton. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13516. [PMID: 21060826 PMCID: PMC2966396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem when studying behavior and migration of small organisms is that many of the questions addressed for larger animals are not possible to formulate due to constraints on tracking smaller animals. In aquatic ecosystems, this problem is particularly problematic for zoo- and phytoplankton, since tracking devices are too heavy to allow the organism to act naturally. However, recent advances in nanotechnology have made it possible to track individual animals and thereby to focus on important and urgent questions which previously have not been possible to address. Here we report on a novel approach to track movement and migratory behavior of millimeter sized aquatic animals, particularly Daphnia magna, using the commercially available nanometer sized fluorescent probes known as quantum dots. Experimental trials with and without quantum dots showed that they did not affect behavior, reproduction or mortality of the tested animals. Compared to previously used methods to label small animals, the nano-labeling method presented here offers considerable improvements including: 24 h fluorescence, studies in both light and darkness, much improved optical properties, potential to study large volumes and even track animals in semi-natural conditions. Hence, the suggested method, developed in close cooperation between biologists, chemists and physicists, offers new opportunities to routinely study zooplankton responses to light, food and predation, opening up advancements within research areas such as diel vertical/horizontal migration, partial migration and other differences in intra- and interspecific movements and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Lard
- Institute of Biology, Limnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bäckman
- Institute of Biology, Limnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Yakovleva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Danielsson
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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874
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Nanostructured materials in potentiometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:171-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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875
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Schmid G, Fenske D. Metal clusters and nanoparticles. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:1207-1210. [PMID: 20156822 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Schmid
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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